Social services: principles and types. The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services Basis for the classification of social services

At the present stage, the socio-economic and political situation in Russia is unstable, which becomes the reason for the increase in the number of citizens in need of state support. The solution to these issues is carried out by social services. The principles of this system are in accordance with the latest standards of the organization. different forms assistance and were formulated taking into account the specifics of the emerging

Factors in the development of the sphere of social services

The concept and services have been repeatedly changed and transformed, as various approaches to the consideration of these issues have appeared. With the development of statehood and civil society, they have become much more complex and expanded. However, the principles of this work as an activity took shape back in the nineteenth century, therefore, relatively recently, the organization of assistance to people in need has acquired such a form as social services. The principles were formed under the influence of philosophical, sociological, economic paradigms social work. At the present stage, their content also meets the requirements of the legislation.

A new stage in the development of the Russian social assistance system began after the events of 1991.

Social services: definition and legal framework

The domestic sphere of state aid to the needy population is being reformed and improved everywhere. The concept and services not only characterize the rule-making activity of the state in many ways, but also reflect the directions of social policy in relation to the vulnerable layers of society.

The clients of social services are citizens who have found themselves in a difficult life situation. This term refers to a situation (illness, disability, single motherhood, unemployment, old age, etc.) that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen, which cannot be overcome on his own.

The concept and principles of social services for the population determine the specifics of the organization. new law"On the basics of social services for citizens in Russian Federation", Which determined the economic, social and legal basis and the procedure for organizing this type of activity. In addition, powers were re-established that fall within the competence of state authorities and regional authorities in the field of servicing citizens and providing them with qualified social assistance. At the same time, the rights and obligations of the recipients were approved social services... They included both persons who have Russian citizenship and foreigners who do not have this status, but who reside permanently on the territory of the country, for example, refugees. That is, any citizen legally recognized as needing social assistance can be a recipient of services.

The new legislation has established the concept, principles, forms of social services. It is a purposeful activity to provide a whole range of social services different categories needy citizens. A social service is understood as an action or actions provided on a permanent, periodic, one-time basis to improve living conditions or increase the ability to independently resolve life's difficulties.

Of course, social services have a completely different meaning in other countries. The principles, forms of work with the population in our country and abroad are determined by the territorial, economic, cultural and other characteristics of a particular state or region.

The structure of social service bodies

Today in Russia a multi-level system is developed, consisting of forms and technologies of work, institutions, organizations providing social services. The principles must be adhered to by each supplier implicitly and regardless of agency affiliation.

The state social service system is complex and includes:

• at the federal level, whose task is to develop and implement the provisions of state policy and legal regulation in the field of social services;
• organ state power the regional level, which is authorized to implement the state guarantees of social assistance adopted by the legislation;
• directly organizations and institutions of social services to the population, which are under the jurisdiction of federal, regional and local executive authorities;
• non-profit and commercial (non-governmental) organizations that have the right (permission) to provide social services to citizens in need;
• individual entrepreneurs specializing in social services.

The law also defines the subjects (suppliers) and objects (recipients) who participate in the process and have the legal right to affordable social services. The principles, the procedure for organizing the work of public institutions are developed taking into account the regional characteristics of the subject of Russia. The clients of social services are most often people with disabilities, pensioners, single-parent families and large families, military personnel, and the unemployed.

Changes taking place at the state level have a direct impact on social services for the population. The principles, types, functions should demonstrate the effectiveness of work in emergency situations and in multitasking conditions.

Main functions of the system

Researchers of the foundations of social work have identified two main groups of functions that relate to social services:

1) essential-activity preventive, adaptive, social-rehabilitation, security-protective);

2) moral and humanistic (personal and socio-humanistic).

They manifest themselves at the macro and micro levels of social services. The optimal operation of elements and subsystems of social services is directly related to their practical implementation.

It should be noted that the functions and principles of social services apply not only to one recipient, but also to a group of people united by a common problem. That is, this activity is carried out at both the individual and group levels.

Principles for the provision of social services

The principles of social services for the population are characterized as comprehensive, integrated, acting in the interests of the recipients of services. The basis of work with citizens from vulnerable layers of the population is the provisions on the observance of the rights and freedoms of each person, respect for him as an individual, it does not allow insults to the dignity and honor of a person, pursues a humane attitude towards clients.

The fundamental principles of the provision of social services are:

• Free and equal access for a citizen of any age, gender, language, religion, nationality, beliefs, place of residence, membership in public associations permitted in the state. From this it follows that the principles of social service guarantee those in need the same opportunities to receive the necessary services.
• Targeted provision of all types of social assistance, that is, a complex of social services should be carried out taking into account the needs of a particular client, his internal resources.
• Social service providers should be close to the recipient's area of ​​residence, the required number of providers to ensure customer satisfaction, and the optimal number of human, financial, informational and other social service providers' capabilities.
• Maximum preservation of the client's usual favorable environment;
• Voluntary start.
• Confidentiality of work: the social service provider undertakes to store and not disclose personal data about the client, personal information and other information. In addition, it is not allowed to disclose confidential, proprietary information. Violation of this principle entails bringing the perpetrator to justice, as provided for by Russian law. Only after receiving the written consent of the recipient (legal representative) of social services is it allowed to transfer, copy information by other persons in the interests of the recipient. However, there are legal grounds that allow you to violate the principle of confidentiality and request information: a request from the authorities of the court, investigation, inquiry and others in connection with the conduct of court proceedings and other procedures, when processing on the portal of public services or other portals in accordance with the law.

When organizing work with a client, all the principles of social services for the population should be involved. Thus, it would be appropriate to assert an integrated approach to organizing relief activities.

It should be noted that the principles of social services for citizens are taken into account in the development of state standards and administrative regulations for the provision of services to those in need at all levels: from a federal department to a local institution.

Guaranteed rights for recipients of social services

The principles of the law of social services reflect the level of humanity of the state and society in relation to citizens in need.

Social service clients are entitled to:

• respect and humane treatment;
• receiving, on a free and accessible basis, information about their own rights and obligations, types, terms, procedure, conditions, tariffs for rendering services in the institution, in addition, the client can always receive information about the service provider, about the possibility of receiving assistance free of charge;
• citizens have the right to an independent and voluntary choice of an institution to which they can be provided with the necessary service;
• to refuse the service;
• guarantee of protection of legal rights and interests;
• ensuring the social and hygienic requirements of the conditions of stay and proper care in social service institutions;
• free visit of the recipient by legal representatives, notaries, lawyers and other persons during the evening and daytime;
• the right of social support.

The specified rights by the client cannot be violated, otherwise the consumer has legal grounds to seek clarifications from higher authorities or send a statement of claim to the court.

Obligations of recipients

V regulatory documents The responsibilities of each client are also spelled out, that is, any recipient of social services must:

• provide documents and information that are necessary for the provision of social services;
• promptly inform the provider about changes in personal data or circumstances affecting the process of providing assistance;
• not to violate the terms of the service agreement, which include timely and full payment, if any;
• not to violate the generally accepted rules and norms of behavior in society, discipline in the institution.

Due to violation of one or several rules, the social service has the right to temporarily suspend work with the client or completely refuse the requested service.

It also provides for the rights and obligations of suppliers. Each of them is obliged to fully provide a set of requested services, to carry out this work in a timely manner, in accordance with the legislation and existing regulations.

Conditions for the provision of social assistance

The institutionalized principles of social services affect the way in which all types of assistance are provided. The basis is a personal statement of the client (legal representative), submitted to the institution, or an appeal to state and local authorities, within the framework of the organization of interdepartmental interaction.

On a gratuitous basis, social services can be provided to persons affected by man-made, natural disasters and others emergency situations, during interethnic and armed clashes, as well as children under 18 years of age.

The application is considered within the time limits established by the regulations, after which the institution carries out the procedure for recognizing the applicant as needing social assistance. If the supplier refuses to provide the required service to the client, the latter has the right to appeal the decision in court.

The basic principles of social services also serve as a criterion for assessing the performance of service providers. If they are met, then the solution to customer problems is at a high level.

Financing the social services sector

The sources of financing for the system of social services for the population include budgetary funds (federal, regional, local levels of government); voluntary donations or charitable contributions; payment by citizens for social services provided to them; funds from entrepreneurial activities or other sources that are not prohibited by law.

Forms and types of social services

In fact, social services are an irreplaceable part of the social sphere. The concept, principles, types constitute its content.

The main forms of providing social services are:

• home service;
• semi-stationary service, that is, services are provided only at certain times of the day;
• inpatient service, namely: customer service is carried out permanently or temporarily, five days a week in conditions of permanent residence in the institution.

However, not only the principles were legalized in the normative document. The types of social services imply a wide range of measures designed to solve a complex of consumer problems.

Social protection institutions provide clients with the following types of services:

• social, providing assistance in the household sphere of the client in the process of life;
• socio-medical, which are aimed at maintaining and preserving the health of the recipient of the service by organizing proper care for him, providing support for health-improving activities, organizing monitoring of the state of health and general well-being to prevent the occurrence of deviations;
• social and psychological services provide for correctional assistance in the process of adaptation to new social conditions, as well as the provision of emergency assistance in difficult life situations by telephone hotline;
• socio-pedagogical, the purpose of which is the prevention of deviations in the development of personality, the reinforcement of positive interests, teaching the correct forms of organizing leisure activities; assistance to any family in matters of raising children;
• social and labor workers are designed to assist in the client's employment and help him cope with the problems that have arisen at the station of adaptation to the workplace;
• social and legal provide for the provision of legal assistance, protection of the rights and interests of the recipient;
• services aimed at improving the communication skills of a client with disabilities;
• various types of urgent social services: provision of food kits or hot meals; clothes and shoes; essentials; assistance in finding temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance; issuance of one-time financial assistance; legal advice and other services.

Citizens in need, if necessary, can be provided with assistance that is not related to social services, otherwise - social support.

The degree of complexity, the duration of the provision of services, the level of their adequacy and compliance with the requirements are at the heart of the criteria for the effectiveness of social services in relation to various categories of citizens. Compliance with legal regulations, code of ethics and local regulations will make social services of high quality, the result of their action - effective, which together will help reduce social tension in society.

Discipline: Sociology
The type of work: Diploma
Topic: Social services and types of social services

"Social services and types of social services"

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. The concept of social service and its meaning. 5

1.1. Social service, its purpose, meaning, objectives. 5

1.2. The ratio of social service and social service. 10

Chapter 2. Types of social services, their classification. thirteen

2.1. State bodies social service. thirteen

2.2. Municipal social service bodies. eighteen

2.3. Non-governmental bodies of social services. 25

Chapter 3. Types of social services, their content. 35

3.1. General social services. 34

3.2. Special social services. 44

Conclusion 64

References 66

Introduction

Many social protection programs implemented at the local level are often characterized by overestimated unit (including administrative) costs per participant, and at the same time cover a small proportion of potential beneficiaries of assistance from among the poor. Various programs of social assistance and employment promotion are not sufficiently interconnected, there are no unified databases on the provision of social assistance through various channels, the registration of poor households and recipients of social assistance does not reflect the full picture of poverty in the region, there is no targeted poverty monitoring and performance assessment social programs at the regional level.

The relevance of our research is due to the acute social problems of modern Russian society, the need to improve the quality of social services, and the development of social services.

The object of the research is the relationship of social services between citizens in difficult life situations and social service bodies, the procedure for the creation and functioning of state, municipal and private institutions of social service.

The subject of research is regulations regulating the procedure for the creation and operation of social service bodies, the rights and obligations of persons in need of social service, existing social service centers.

The aim of the work is to identify shortcomings in the efficiency of the bodies of social services to the population, ways to improve social work.

To achieve these goals, the following tasks have been set:

Analyze the current regulations governing social services;

Assess the level of social services in Russia;

Comparison of social services in Russia and foreign countries;

Study the work of existing social service centers;

To identify areas for further improvement of social services in various forms.

When writing the work, the current Russian legislation, legislation of foreign countries, data on the work of social centers, educational and periodical literature.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, seven paragraphs, a conclusion and a bibliography.

Chapter 1. The concept of social service and its meaning

Social service, its purpose, meaning, objectives

Integral element state system social security in the Russian Federation is social services for the elderly, disabled and families with children, which includes various types of social services aimed at meeting the special needs of this contingent of persons.

Modern Russian social security and its financing are almost the most acute problems of the state. Social payments in Russia have a symbolic size and the financing of social security in the Russian Federation today is the work of those provided themselves. They solve this problem in different ways: those who are helped by relatives, and those who do not have such relatives, are forced to go out into the street with an outstretched hand in order to finance their social security to a level that will allow them not to die of hunger.

Over the past decade, an infrastructure of a new type of institution has been formed in the country - social services for citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation: lonely pensioners, disabled people, street and neglected children, victims of domestic violence, people experiencing psychological problems, persons without a fixed abode and other categories of citizens. at a high risk of being poor. Millions of Russians use social services every year.

However, the social services sector turned out to be practically not affected by market transformations, which led to a decrease in the quality of many social services, ineffective use of resources, and ignorance of the real needs of certain groups of the population. The regulatory legal framework is outdated.

In order to meet the sustainable needs of certain categories of the population in social services, the optimization of the system of rendering social services will be carried out, aimed at improving the quality and increasing the volume of services, including the rehabilitation and social integration of people with disabilities.

Improving the quality and availability of social services will require the development of insurance, market mechanisms, a competitive environment, partnerships with civil society and business organizations, and new models of social infrastructure management. To solve this problem, it is planned to carry out work on the formation of a market for social services with equal opportunities for their suppliers, representing state and non-state social services, on the creation of new organizational and legal forms of social service institutions. Priorities will be determined for the provision of social services to the most needy citizens, primarily single elderly citizens for home care. The process of unbundling of boarding schools, the creation of boarding schools and gerontological centers of small capacity is being activated.

Refusal from the estimated financing of public social services will require the determination of the actual cost of each social service, the transition to the provision of social services based on the state order, as well as their full or partial payment by citizens with a sufficient level of income.

Particular attention should be paid to the use of the potential of social services for the formation of skills and abilities of self-sufficiency among low-income groups of the population, the development of family forms of small business, the creation of self-help groups based on the principle of a common place of residence, common family and professional interests.

To bring the regulatory legal framework in line with the tasks set, it is assumed:

Ensure uniform requirements for the standardization of the provision of social services to the population, develop a package of model standards for the quality of social services to help the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

To develop standards for the provision of social services to various groups of the population, depending on the real need1.

An integral part of the state social security system in the Russian Federation is social services for the elderly, disabled and families with children, which includes various types of social services aimed at meeting the special needs of this contingent of persons. The main laws have been adopted, which constituted the legal basis for its functioning: Federal Law of 10.11.95 No. 195-FZ \ "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation \"; Federal Law of 02.08.95 No. 122-FZ \ "On social services for elderly citizens and the disabled \"; Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ \ "On social protection of disabled people \" and others.

Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations2.

For the first time in domestic legislation, the concept of such a socially significant circumstance as a difficult life situation has been formulated. A difficult life situation is a situation that objectively disrupts the vital activity of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own. The reasons for its occurrence can be a variety of circumstances: disability, old age, illness, orphanhood, abuse in the family, unemployment, lack of a definite place of residence, etc.

Social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity.

The state system of social services is a system consisting of both state enterprises and social service institutions that are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal state authorities, and from state enterprises and social service institutions that are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation3.

The following persons have the right to social services: citizens of the Russian Federation; foreigners and stateless persons, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Social service is based on the following principles 4.

Targeting, i.e. the provision is personalized to a specific person. The work to identify and create a data bank of such persons is carried out by local bodies of social protection of the population at the place of residence of the disabled, the elderly, large and single families. Public education authorities also have information about orphans, single and large families; about refugees - the migration service; about persons without a fixed abode - internal affairs bodies, etc.

Availability. The possibility of free and partially paid receipt of social services is provided, which are included in the federal and territorial lists of social services guaranteed by the state. Their quality, volume, procedure and conditions for their provision must comply with state standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Reduction of their volume at the territorial level is not allowed5.

The lists of social services are determined taking into account the subjects to whom they are intended. Federal list state-guaranteed social services for elderly citizens and people with disabilities, provided by state and municipal institutions social services, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.10.95 No. 1151. On its basis, territorial lists are developed. Financing of services included in the lists is carried out at the expense of the corresponding budgets.

Voluntariness. Social services are carried out on the basis of a voluntary appeal of a citizen, his guardian, trustee, another legal representative, a government body, a local government body or a public association. At any time, a citizen can refuse to receive social services.

Humanity. Citizens residing in inpatient facilities, have the right to be free from punishment. The use of drugs, physical restraints, and isolation is not allowed for the purpose of punishing or creating convenience for personnel. The persons who committed these violations are subject to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability.

Priority provision to minors.

Confidentiality. Personal information that has become known to employees of a social service institution when providing social services is a professional secret. The workers guilty of disclosing it bear established by law a responsibility.

1.2. The ratio of social service and social service.

Social services are included, are included in a broader definition - social work. In July 2001, the international definition of social work as a profession was adopted, which states: “The social work profession promotes social change, solving problems in human relations, and inspiring and freeing people to improve their overall well-being. Applying theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the stages when people interact with their environment. The principles of rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. ”

In accordance with the specialty standard 350500 - social work, social work specialist:

conducts professional practical work(mediation, counseling, specialized assistance, etc.) in social services, organizations and institutions, etc .;

provides social assistance and services to families and individuals, various age and gender, ethnic, etc. groups of the population;

organizes and coordinates social work with individuals and groups with special needs, those with disabilities who have returned from special institutions and places of detention, etc .;

conducts research and analytical activities (analysis and forecasting, development of social projects, technologies) on the problems of the social status of the population in the supervised area (microdistrict), in order to develop projects and programs of social work;

participates in the organizational, managerial and administrative work of social services, organizations and institutions;

promotes the integration of the activities of various state and public organizations and institutions for the provision of the necessary social protection and assistance to the population;

conducts educational activities in social services, secondary special educational institutions(subject to additional education in this area).

It is assumed that the place of professional activity of a social work specialist can be state and non-state social services, organizations and institutions of the system of social protection of the population, education, health care, the army, law enforcement agencies, etc.

The objects of professional activity of a specialist in the field of social work are individuals, families, population groups and communities in need of social support, assistance, protection and service.

V general view all activities that fall under the international definition of social work can be classified into the following categories:

Social services - providing social services to support the livelihoods of clients

Social counseling - providing information about the state of social services and the conditions of their functioning, as well as about the possible consequences of contacting social services, while only the client himself bears responsibility for the decisions made

Social patronage - the implementation of operational support of the client in his life, protection of his interests (legal and social advocacy)

Social training and education - teaching self-service skills and social interaction, transferring information to the client about social space in a form accessible to him and suitable for direct or indirect use

Social security - the transfer of material resources and services to clients free of charge at the expense of government or other sources

Social insurance is the accumulation of material and other funds for their use in insurance cases.

Despite the fact that social work as a professional activity was officially recognized in Russia in the 90s of the 20th century, in practice it existed for a long time both in state institutions and in the form of social movements and classes in social security of citizens. Therefore, it can be rightfully argued that the structure and directions of modern social work in Russia "grew" on the basis of social security and bear many of its features. It is no coincidence that in the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, the concept of social work is often replaced by the concept of social service, which is the activity of providing social services6.

Chapter 2. Types of social services, their classification

2.1. State bodies of social service

The state system of social services consists of state enterprises and social service institutions that are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies, of state enterprises and social service institutions that are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of the state power bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The municipal system of social services includes municipal enterprises and social service institutions under the jurisdiction of the authorities ...

Pick up file

The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services.

The mechanisms of social assistance are “switched on” when other methods of support have been exhausted (psychological, moral, contractual, legislative).

Institutions of social services for the population: their types and specificity of activities

The system of social services for the population: principles, functions, types and forms of activity

Plan

Bibliographic list

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2. Voronin V.F., Zhiltsova Yu.V. Statistics: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: Economist, 2004.

3. Gusarov V.M. Statistics: Textbook. manual for universities. - M .: UNITY-DATA, 2001.

4. Eliseeva II Social statistics: Textbook. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2003.

5. The course of socio-economic statistics: a textbook for universities, edited by M.G. Nazarov. M .: Finstatinform, 2002.

6. Luginin O.E. Statistics in a market economy. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2006.

7. Socio-economic statistics: textbook edited by V.N. Salina, E.P. Shpakovskaya. M .: YURIST, 2001.

8. Socio-economic statistics: textbook for universities, edited by BI Bashkatov. M .: UNITI-DANA, 2002. - S. 703;

9. Socio-economic statistics: study guide edited by Ya.S. Melkumov. M .: Publishing house OOOIMPE-PABLISH, 2004. - P. 256;

10. Finance statistics: textbook. It is important to note that for university students studying in the specialty "Statistics" / ed. M.G. Nazarov. - M: Publishing house Omega-L, 2005.

11. Workshop on statistics: Textbook. textbook for universities / Ed. V. M. Simchera / VZFEI. - M .: Finstatinform, 1999.

12.http: //www.gks.ru/

Social services are provided through the system of social services.

The concept of "social service" refers to the basic concepts in social services to the population and is defined as a system of state and non-state structures that carry out social work and include special institutions for the provision of social services and their management bodies.

Social service as an instrument of social work organizes its activities in two directions: social protection and social assistance. The implementation of activities is based on the following approaches:

- assistance should be of a reintegrating nature;

- when providing assistance, carry out individual approach to the client's request;

- social assistance is provided on the basis of the principle of subsidiarity;

- the beneficiary must be active;

The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.

The municipal social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.

To non-state social service include institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.

In the context of these approaches, a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation can receive the following support based on his requests (Fig. 1).

State social services are focused mainly on providing people in need with various kinds of services. This determines the totality and content of its functions, among which, according to the Concept for the Development of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation (1993), the following are distinguished: 1

Client assistance system in the social service system

a) the function of social assistance, which includes: international

International

Identifying, accounting for families and individuals most ____ __________________ support

(low-income citizens, families with minor children and other disabled members),

provision of material (financial, in-kind) assistance and provision of temporary housing to those in need, etc .;

Poverty prevention: creating conditions for families to independently ensure their well-being, family entrepreneurship;

Necessary services for those in need of outside care (delivery of food, medicine, transportation for treatment, home health monitoring, etc.);

Assistance in the development of non-traditional forms of preschool, school and out-of-school education;

Organization of temporary forced stay of a child outside the parental family, his further placement in a child care institution, under guardianship (guardianship), adoption;

b) the function of consulting, which includes:

Consulting specialists (lawyers, sociologists, teachers, doctors, psychologists, etc.);

Participation in the preparation of young people for the choice of a profession;

Preparing young men and women for marriage and conscientious parenting;

Parental medico-psychological all-education;

c) the function of social correction and rehabilitation, which includes:

Social medical and psychological rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior, neglected children and adolescents, children left without parental care;

Medical and social rehabilitation and rehabilitation of children and adolescents with disabilities and families raising them;

d) function of information of the population, study and forecasting of social needs, within the framework of which there are three directions:

Providing the client with information, which is extremely important for resolving a difficult life situation;

Dissemination of medical - psychological, pedagogical and other knowledge among the population;

Study by specialists in social work, specially created institutions, as well as with the help of scientific organizations, the needs of their clients and social problems that give rise to crisis situations in the region, the development and implementation of specific measures aimed at eliminating them;

e) the function of participation in the implementation of emergency measures to overcome the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts:

Participation of social service specialists in the development of emergency programs;

Formation within the framework of rescue services organized at the central and other levels, teams of social workers, etc.

The main areas of social services for the population are defined Federal Lawʼʼ On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation (1995 ᴦ.):

Providing material assistance to citizens in difficult life situations, in the form of cash, food, etc., as well as special Vehicle, technical means for the rehabilitation of disabled people and persons in need of outside care;

Social services at home, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ carried out by providing social services to citizens in need of outside or temporary non-stationary social services;

Social services in inpatient institutions, carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and who need constant outside care, and ensuring the creation of living conditions appropriate for their age and health status, carrying out medical, psychological, social activities, nutrition, care, as well as the organization of feasible work, rest and leisure;

Provision of temporary shelter in specialized social service institutions for orphans, neglected minor children, citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation, citizens without a fixed place of residence, victims of psychological or physical violence and other social service clients who need to determine a temporary shelter;

Organization day stay in social service institutions with the provision of social, social, medical and other services to elderly citizens and disabled people who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement, as well as to other persons, incl. minors in difficult life situations;

Advisory assistance on issues of social - household and social - medical support of life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, social and legal protection;

Rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities, juvenile offenders, other citizens who are in a difficult life situation and in need of professional, psychological, social rehabilitation.

Social services are based on the principles:

Equal opportunities for citizens regardless of nationality, gender and age;

Availability;

Volunteering;

Promoting self-reliant social adaptation;

Targeting, priority of assistance to citizens in a dangerous or helpless state;

Humanity, benevolence, confidentiality;

Preventive focus;

Legality and accounting of international standards.

Social service is formed on the basis of legality, humanism, justice and democracy. At the same time, uniform for the entire social service system are general principles, the widespread adherence to which makes this system integral and consistent:

The principle of the priority of state principles in organizing social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services and assistance in difficult life situations means that the state ensures individual rights, sovereignty, honor and freedom, and protects it from all kinds of encroachments. It provides the social service system with the necessary materials, finances, personnel resources, determines the responsibilities of institutions, governing bodies and social service workers.

The principle of reliance on public participation means that the social dimension is extremely important in the operation and management of social services. Moreover, in cases where social services require social vocational training, public participation is possible only as an aid to the main subjects of this activity.

The principle of territoriality means that the social service is as close as possible to the population and therefore to the maximum extent available for direct use. This principle makes it possible to solve the problems of integrating departmental interests and opportunities for a comprehensive solution to the problems of social services, to preserve the diversity of activities with uniform goals.

The principle of awareness means that institutions and governing bodies of the social service have the right to collect information, to receive, upon a reasoned request from state and public bodies, information that is necessary for their functions and to help clients.

The functions of managing the issues of social services to the population in the subordinate territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. Οʜᴎ build their activities in cooperation with health authorities, public education, culture, physical education and sports law enforcement agencies, government services on youth affairs and employment and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charities and funds.

b> ... Institutions of social services for the population: their types and specificity of activities

The social services system includes a network of specialized institutions designed to serve the relevant population groups.

An important place in this system belongs to the territorial centers of social services for the population.

Territorial social service is a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units of the Russian Federation: in regions, urban and rural areas, microdistricts, etc.

The functions of managing social services to the population in the subordinate territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. Local authorities (as well as non-governmental, public, private and other organizations with a license) create specialized social service institutions, the leading place among which is given to territorial social service centers. In accordance with the approximate Regulations on the Center for Social Services (order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 137 dated 20.07.1993), the Center for Social Services is an institution for social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities on the territory of a city or district to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly citizens, people with disabilities and groups of the population in need of social support. 1 Social service centers may have in their structure various social service units, incl. day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance services, and others, created taking into account the utmost importance and available opportunities. Such centers provide comprehensive social assistance of various types: psychological, legal, rehabilitation, social - pedagogical, medical - social, preventive, etc.

The territorial service may also include functional specialized centers, institutions and social service enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership.

Figure 2 shows the main centers of social services for the independent population and the relationship between state, non-state and municipal services.

p> Zainyshev I. G. Technology of social work. Publisher: Vlados, 2002

Fig. 2.

Today, one can observe how the network of institutions and social service enterprises is constantly developing, new types of them are emerging, which makes it possible to cover a wider spectrum of social problems of various strata and groups of the population. The social service system is still in the stage of formation.

Financing of social service institutions is carried out, as a rule, on a budgetary basis. So, the financial resources of the social service are formed from:

Normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;

Proceeds from the fund for social support of the population at the expense of allocating part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;

Funds from federal budget to perform statutory tasks;

Finance as a result of reallocation of funds between committees and service divisions at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;

p> Khizhny N. State system of social protection of citizens in Western Europe. Publisher: INION RAN, 2006

Additional funds for the regional and local budgets to ensure targeted measures to adapt the income of the population to the growth in the cost of living, and more;

Income from paid services and from the economic activities of service institutions;

Charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.

The funds of specialized centers are formed based on the type of activity and the type of organization of their financing: budgetary, self-supporting or mixed. When the center organizes paid services to the population and makes a profit, it is directed to the further development of the center's main activities and is exempt from taxation in terms of funds credited to the local budget.

The basic principle of the organization of social services in the Russian Federation is the territorial principle. At the same time, social services of various ministries and departments are considered as integral components (or sectors) of territorial social services. Local community social service institutions sometimes have dual administrative lines and multiple sources of funding. At the same time, practice proves that it is extremely important to establish a subsystem of social services within individual departments, for example, social protection of the population, education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the employment service, youth.

At the same time, the development of social service institutions is constrained today following factors:

Weak legal basis for the social service system;

Limited financial resources at the disposal of federal and regional government bodies, as well as local government bodies;

Lack of coordination in the activities of ministries and departments in the field of social services;

Lack of staff trained in social work;

Short social status and inadequate salaries for social workers;

Insufficient use of the financial, economic and intellectual capabilities of non-governmental institutions.

> Firsov M., Studenova E. Theory of social work: a textbook for university students. Publisher: Vlados, 2000

The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services." 2017, 2018.

Social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity.

Two types of social services: Social service centers and urgent social services.

Depending on the focus of social services: shelters, consultations, social rehabilitation centers, social service centers, helpline, nursing home.

The social protection system is based on the principles of consistency and complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as an integral formation made up of parts, as a complex of interrelated structural elements that form a certain integrity in the process of integration. The most important elements of the social protection system are subjects and objects, the content of which is disclosed in terms of goals, objectives, functions, means. When forming the system, it is important to ensure that its objects are a hierarchically organized, integral social system, that the subjects carrying out activities reflect this integrity, and the link connecting the object and the subject - forms, methods, systems, technologies of social work - is an interconnected process of rendering help and support to a person in need.

Complexity is closely related to consistency in the organization and content of social protection, i.e. ensuring close unity of the entire range of economic, social, legal and other measures to ensure the minimum level of social protection guaranteed by the state.

Comprehensiveness is provided by:

unity of goals, principles and directions of activity;

a combination of historical experience and traditions with modern practice of helping people;

a comprehensive study of the object of social protection (individual, social group, territorial community, labor collective);

coordination and consistency of actions of subjects of social protection;

control over the implementation of measures to provide assistance and support to people.

The essence of social services as a social system in its statics is revealed by identifying and understanding the structure of types, forms and methods of social services, the structure of individual institutions of social services to the population; subsystems and elements of the system of territorial and departmental social services (state, municipal, public, church, private and others); social service organizations (institutions and enterprises); social service management; resource provision of social services (property, financial, personnel, scientific and methodological, informational). The structure of the listed subsystems and elements characterizes the Social Service System in terms of sustainability, stability, qualitative certainty, making it an effective area of ​​social protection of the population. This is undoubtedly an important but insufficient characteristic. Therefore, the essence of social services is revealed by analyzing the functions of social service institutions, various subjects of social work and comprehending the essence of the functioning of social services in general. There are two groups of functions of the social service system:

essential-active functions (preventive, social-rehabilitation, adaptation, security-protective, social patronage);

moral and humanistic functions (personal and humanistic, social and humanistic).

Their internal structure is being improved: half of all social service centers have day care departments, and a third have departments of social assistance to families and children.

Social work implements the most important functions of social services:

a) provision of social assistance:

identification and registration of persons in greatest need of social assistance, provision of material (financial, in-kind) assistance to them, provision of temporary housing, etc .;

creation of conditions for those in need for independent provision of their well-being, family entrepreneurship, which is also the prevention of poverty; o providing home-based services to families and individuals in need of outside care (delivery of food, medicine, transportation to medical institutions, home health monitoring, etc.);

assistance in the development of non-traditional forms of preschool and out-of-school education (creation of a kindergarten at home, walking groups, etc.);

organization, together with public education authorities, of a temporary forced stay of a child outside the family, his further placement in children's institutions, under guardianship (guardianship), adoption;

b) counseling:

consulting specialists (lawyer, sociologist, teacher, doctor, psychologist, etc.);

participation in the preparation of young people for the choice of a profession;

preparing young men and women for marriage and conscious parenting;

parental medical and psychological universal education;

c) social correction and rehabilitation:

social, medical and psychological rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior, neglected children and adolescents left without parental care or persons replacing them;

medical and social rehabilitation and rehabilitation of children and adolescents with disabilities and their families;

d) informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs, within the framework of which there are three relatively independent areas:

providing the client with the information necessary to resolve a difficult life situation;

dissemination of medico-psychological, pedagogical and other knowledge among the population;

the study by specialists in social work, specially created institutions, scientific organizations of the needs of their clients and social problems that give rise to crisis situations in the region, the development and implementation of specific ways to eliminate them;

e) participation in the implementation of emergency measures to overcome the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts:

participation of social service specialists in the development of emergency programs;

the formation within the framework of rescue services organized at the central (inter-republican, republican, regional levels) brigades of social workers, ready, if necessary, to arrive in the area of ​​a natural disaster or in the territory, the population of which has become involved in a social conflict, to provide professional, rehabilitation, psychological and other help.

Possession modern technologies social work allows specialists to timely meet the vital needs of people, ensure their survival in times of crisis and directly influence the formation of the quality and standard of their life.

"It is not true that life is gloomy, it is not true that it contains only ulcers and groans, grief and tears! .. It has everything that a person wants to find, it has the strength to create something that is not in it."

M. Gorky

"Look at every morning dawn, as at the beginning of your life, and at every sunset, as at the end of it. Let each of these short lives be marked by some good deed, some victory over yourself or acquired knowledge."

A- Ruskin

Social service is a structure created for professional assistance to people in the field of social relations. Where there is staff position at least one professional specialist, a social service can be created that performs very specific tasks and uses other professionals and volunteers. Therefore, it is possible, for example, to talk about the social and pedagogical service of a school, kindergarten, boarding school, teenage club at the place of residence, polyclinic, etc., wherever they work with people, provide them with certain social services: in the field health protection, education, leisure activities, employment, recreation, crime prevention, etc.

Of particular importance is the allocation of grounds for the typology of social services. The classification of various types and forms of social work may be based on various grounds, but they all ultimately boil down to the following: work with the client's problem; work with other services, institutions, organizations.

Within these two forms, in turn, there is a classification of various types of social work. So, in the first case, one can speak, on the one hand, about the nature of the client's problem (divorce, loss of job, death of a loved one, disability, etc.); the other - about the characteristics of the client, since both a person and a group, including society as a large social group, can act as a client. In the second case, on the one hand, we are talking about a field of activity, in the process of which problems of interaction with other services, institutions, associations arise (for example, the field of education, health care, everyday life, etc.); on the other, about the status of these organizations (state, private, public, charitable, etc.).

If we take the client's problem as the basis for the classifications of social services, then in this case we can talk about the following services: behavior of parents and children, lonely, elderly people) and assisting them in obtaining material, medical, legal, psychological, pedagogical, social, household and other necessary assistance, with the involvement of specialists - lawyers, psychologists, teachers, etc .; b) social rehabilitation service: social assistance to persons who have found themselves in a difficult life situation, who have returned from places of imprisonment, medical and educational institutions; c) services for the provision of various types of family assistance: family counseling; dating services; various types of family education and self-education; sexology and pediatric offices; pedagogical consultations, etc.

If we take the sphere of activity as the basis for the classification, then we can talk about the following services: a) service of social and household assistance: provision of services to the elderly, lonely, disabled people; assistance in the construction of special residential buildings for this category of people; development and improvement of the system for providing disabled people with prosthetic and orthopedic care and special products for compensation

defect and ease of life, etc .; b) family leisure service: stimulation of family tourism, family excursions, organized family recreation, the creation of family leisure centers, family clubs, clubs for young and large families; c) service for social prevention of deviant behavior: prevention of crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, vagrancy, delinquency and other asocial phenomena among minors; assistance to the creation and functioning of a system for the prevention of social maladjustment of minors in educational institutions.

Legal provisions serve as the basis for the functioning of social service institutions and its differentiation.

The main document on the basis of which the activities of social service employees are carried out is the Regulation, developed on the basis of the current legislation.

Its main points are:

1) general provisions... This section defines the status of the social service, the sources of its funding;

2) tasks. This section highlights the main tasks that determine the specifics of the service;

3) main directions of activity;

4) forms of work.

Currently, there are already dozens of provisions on various social services, both approved by the ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, and prepared in certain regions of Russia.

In all the variety of social services in modern Russia, of particular interest are: medical-psychological-pedagogical family service; general social services service; special social assistance service; employment service, "helpline", "household consultation" and some others.

Medical-psychological-pedagogical family service - with many substructures and divisions of different departmental affiliation, working according to a single program based on the cooperation of funds, personnel, material

real base, equipment, with a well-thought-out system of scientific and methodological support and professional development of personnel, with mandatory lower level training - pre-vocational and primary vocational education of children and youth in the field of social pedagogy and social work, with strong public (volunteer) support - aims at medical, psychological and pedagogical prevention, strengthening the moral and physical health of a person, family, environment, identification of problems and conflicts at the earliest possible stage.

A social teacher of a "family profile" works in society at the place of residence of the client, independently coming into contact with the family (at the rate of 1 social teacher for 25-30 families), personality, delves into the inner world, relationships, living conditions of people, into the nature of problems, to the solution of which specialists, social workers are then involved. Medical, psychological and pedagogical family service is a kind of foundation, basic (horizontal) infrastructure in the system of social services, which is closest to the family, the sphere of relationships and communication of people of different ages, professions, generations, adults and children, which opens institutions of various departments, funds to the family , the public, commercial structures.

Priority areas of family service social work:

Conducting timely comprehensive diagnostics of society, environmental factors, the nature of the interests and needs of the family, its capabilities and existing difficulties, problems;

Analysis and differentiation of the problem of the family as an aggregate client of social services;

Mediating between the client and the executing services in providing the family with the appropriate types of services and social assistance;

Providing a mechanism for social self-protection, self-service of the population, the development of voluntary principles in social work, the inclusion of residents in social assistance and care for the most vulnerable groups, children, the disabled and the elderly.

Bearing in mind that such a system in any administrative center does not start from scratch, which always

there is one or another set of personnel, material base, there are specially allocated budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, we can talk about rationalizing and optimizing the local system of social services, complementing it, and this already has two undoubted advantages: cost savings and the possibility of narrow specialization of personnel, which increases professionalism in solving problems of the family as a whole and individual social groups... In addition, partial self-financing of these services is possible precisely due to the provision of scarce social services by highly qualified specialists. However, this reduces the ability to "reach everyone."

The service of general social services in the field of valeology, strengthening of mental and physical health, legal and economic protection, leisure and social-pedagogical animation works with all categories of the population on the basis of a differentiated approach to each of them.

Streamlining and systematization of diagnostic data on the needs and capabilities of the population; differentiated analysis for its various groups (age, age, interests, health status, etc.);

Formation of a list of social services, creating conditions for their implementation and encouraging clients to solve their own problems;

Informing and consulting the population;

The organizer worked to provide social services to the population.

A special social assistance service: assistance in employment and professional adaptation, the development of children's and youth social initiatives, rehabilitation and social assistance services for the disabled, the elderly and other disabled citizens - works with specific categories of the population, relying on the medical, psychological and pedagogical family service in everyday contact with the client and his family.

Priority areas of social work:

Collection and analysis of information about clients, their families and the nature of problems;

Development of forecasts and formation of a data bank on the possibilities of solving problems;

Coordinating mediation work for the provision of social assistance to those in need;

Organizational and financial support, protection of the rights and interests of clients.

Role social worker in employment services, it comes down, firstly, to the operational accounting of job offers, informing those who do not work, being able to work, and secondly, to facilitating the organization of retraining or advanced training of workers with the aim of their optimal inclusion in socially useful activities, finally, thirdly, to the provision of social assistance to those who are temporarily unemployed, to control over the implementation of legislation regulating assistance to partially or completely unemployed. In addition, the duties of a social worker of employment services include the study of employment problems, their legal, sociological, socio-psychological and ethical aspects.

Make a map of social services and social services in your city (village). To do this, with the help of the executive authorities, the media, reference materials, select the institutions that can help you in solving the social problems of clients. Visit these institutions by gathering information using the following questions: parent organization (if applicable); full name of the institution or association (in Russian and national language); date of creation; place and date of registration; territory of action (according to the charter, statute); full address (with zip code, phone numbers, faxes); purpose of creation; areas of activity; the types of services provided for the population; operating mode; forms of work; material base available on the basis of property rights (land, structures, transport, equipment, etc.); sources of financing; availability of paid services and the procedure for their provision; the contingent of those served (age, gender, number, conditions for receiving clients).

Funding for social services comes from:

Normative deductions from the budget of the corresponding level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;

Proceeds from the fund for social support of the population as a result of the allocation of part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;

Funds from the federal budget for the implementation of statutory tasks;

Reallocation of funds between committees and service departments of various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;

Additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the population's income to the growth in the cost of living;

Income from paid services and from the economic activities of institutions and service enterprises;

Income from the privatization of state property, as well as from specials (income from video salons, bars, slot machines and other leisure industry), commercial stores, private and cooperative lease of municipal property, payments for land and other natural resources, etc .;

Charitable donations and contributions from businesses, public associations and individuals, proceeds from charitable events.

Despite the variety of social services, the practical effect of the already carried out and ongoing modernization of them is small. A significant part of social work is carried out, albeit in new forms, but on the basis of traditional structures of life support for the population: the state system of social and pension services, institutions of medicine, education, law enforcement, and the army. New structures, institutions of social work are just developing, a mechanism for their interaction with the state and the population is being formed.

At the same time, it is obvious that the system of social work in Russia has already acquired a new look. It relies to a large extent on the new legal framework, the renewed personnel potential, and the new social policy of the state.

Questions for self-control

What social services are based on this statement below? What moments in the organization and functioning of the social service were not reflected in it?

Social services. General Provisions.

The service is designed to provide emergency, qualified, anonymous, free social and psychological assistance to various age and social categories citizens.

The main tasks of the service:

Ensure the availability and timeliness of qualified social and psychological assistance for citizens, regardless of their social status and place of residence;

Help clients to cope with conflicts and other traumatic situations;

Promote the expansion of the range of socially and personally acceptable means for clients to independently solve emerging problems and overcome existing difficulties;

Help clients to actualize creative, intellectual, personal, spiritual and physical resources to get out of a crisis state;

Contribute to strengthening the self-esteem of clients and their self-confidence;

To facilitate the appeal of the population for help to professional psychologists and other specialists;

Provide conditions for professional development and personal development of service employees;

Promote an increase in the level of psychological validity of decisions made and implemented by state and other bodies and organizations.

Social services should:

Conduct customer service at their request, provide emergency social and psychological assistance, provide counseling;

To address clients to other services, organizations, institutions, where their requests can be satisfied more fully and professionally;

to analyze the causes and sources of increased mental stress of various age and social groups of the population;

through the press, organs government controlled and other channels to influence the adoption of measures to reduce the level of psychological discomfort among the population.

In Sweden's 1988 Social Service Act, the objectives of social services are defined as follows:

The social service of a society based on democracy and solidarity should contribute to the economic and social protection of people, equality of living conditions and their active participation in public life. Taking into account the responsibility of a person for his own social situation and for the social situation of others, social service should be aimed at the liberation and development of his own capabilities of the individual and groups of people. Its activities should be based on respect for the right of people to determine their own destiny and the inviolability of their private life.

Do you agree with this definition of the goals of social services? What goals should social services have in modern Russian society?

Situation "

Vera is from Yerevan. She has two children - two years and ten months. The husband left for Greece, and Vera does not know anything about him. She talks about scary phone calls at night, cut wires, scandals in the stairwell. She lost her job. Go to Russia! Vera left the apartment to her neighbor, who helped to get the container and paid for it. However, the container did not arrive in Russia. Vera never found out where he disappeared. She and her children are at a broken trough. She has no apartment or things. Huddles with children with relatives in the suburbs. You should have seen how Vera wrote down a certain address in Chelyabinsk region where there seems to be work and living corner. Vera was noticeably revived: at least they promise something. And she had no fear that in the winter with two ma-

When she is young, she will have to go to the Urals without her belongings, not knowing what awaits her in a new place.

Develop a system of rehabilitation and preventive measures for people who were forced to leave their places of previous residence.

Practical tasks

Getting to know social service

Multipurpose practice. In the process of passing it, trainees should see:

The accepted attitude in the service towards the customer. The way a client is received and treated is an indicator of the degree of respect for him.

Social service working style. Students have the opportunity to become familiar with the functions performed by service employees and general attitudes in working with clients. They receive general idea on the establishment and organization of its activities.

Causes of social problems. Students are introduced to a variety of theories that explain the roots of social problems, as well as the overall strategy of the service.

Specific activities of employees. Trainees learn not only from their teacher-mentor, but also from his colleagues. They have the ability to take the best from each of them.

Different approaches to working with clients. Working in social services, teens learn different ways interpretation of situations. There are no universal recipes in social work, so it is very important to master different methods, test them in work, and develop your own individual style of activity.

Psychological games and exercises by Igor Viktorovich Vachkov

Exercise "Lynching"

The name of this game does not at all mean an unauthorized reprisal against a person suspected of a crime, without the knowledge of the authorities. Closer to the truth, the literal interpretation of this word is judgment on oneself. Teaching

The members of the group (volunteers) are invited to weigh their merits and demerits as a future social worker on the symbolic scales of justice. Cards are prepared in advance, each of which says one personal quality- positive or negative (25 - 30 cards in total). On the large sheet Whatman paper the presenter makes a symbolic image of the scales. On the right side of the scales, the player is invited to add his own merits, which he, as it seems to him, was able to demonstrate in the group during the lessons, on the left side - his negative features, which also manifested themselves in the lessons.

Quality cards can be attached to the sheet with a magnet if the drawing fits on a metal board, or with pieces of tape. It is convenient when cards are leaflets with an adhesive surface on one side.

The procedure for carrying out the exercise is as follows: the player alternately selects cards with positive and negative qualities, reads out the inscription loudly and attaches the card to the sheet with the image of the scales of justice. The rest of the participants, at the signal of the presenter, demonstrate their decision (whether they agree with the player's opinion or not): a hand with a raised thumb up means agreement, a hand with a thumb lowered down - a denial. A preselected "judicial secretary" counts and records the number of votes "for" and "against" each quality in a special protocol.

The presenter warns all participants about the need to be extremely sincere in this exercise, to give up the temptation to "stroke" the main player. If you emphasize only its merits and "point-blank not to see" the shortcomings, then the exercise loses its original meaning and turns into an exotic form of giving compliments. It is unlikely that a person who has risked "lynching" expects this. It is worth asking the player himself about it directly. Is he ready to get a true picture of opinions about his qualities? Are you able to accept sincere, if perhaps impartial, feedback? As a rule, if a person has already decided to participate in this exercise, then an honest assessment of how correctly he sees himself in the group is important for him.

The player carrying out "lynching" has the right to stop at any time, even after the first two cards, and give up his place to another volunteer. When there are no more people willing (perhaps he will be alone, in no case should you put pressure on the participants), the players share their feelings.

The exercise is quite tough, but it can give a lot to the main participant. In any case, having decided on "lynching," he has already committed a bold act and therefore is a winner, even if he received confirmation of his negative qualities. He "suffered the truth" and is worthy of respect. It makes sense for the presenter to say this at the end of the discussion of the game.

List of used literature

Bocharova V.G. Pedagogy of social work. - M .: 5uK-Argus, 1994.

Grigoriev S.I., Guslyakova L.G., Elchaninov V.A. and others. Theory and methodology of social work. - Moscow: Nauka, 1994. Guslyakova LG, Kuvshinnikova VA, Sintsova LK. Collection of tasks and exercises on social work), Moscow: Nauka, 1994.

Fundamentals of Social Work: Textbook / Otv. ed. P.D. Pav-lenok. - M .: INFRA-M, 1997.

A reference book on social work / Ed. A.M. Panova, E.I. Single .- M .: Jurist, 1997.

Theory and methodology of social work: In 2 hours / Ed. I.G. Zainysheva. - M .: MGSU, 1994.

Theory and Methods of Social Work: A Short Course / Ed. Zhukova V.I. - M .: Union, 1994.

Theory and methodology of social work / Ed. P.D. Pav-Lenka.- M .: GASBU, 1993, 1995. Issue 1-2.

SOCIAL WORK WITH RISK GROUPS

"The higher the level of education and culture, the more we come closer to the person."

Wilhelm von Humboldt

"The only deficit in our world of abundance is that of human participation."

Helen Hayes

"Risk groups" are categories of people whose social status according to one criterion or another, it does not have stability, for which it is practically impossible to overcome the difficulties that have arisen in their lives alone, which can result in the loss of their social significance, spirituality, moral character, biological death. The "risk group" includes the following categories of people: disabled people, orphans, children with deviant (asocial, deviant) behavior, single mothers, single-parent families, the elderly, single, elderly and mentally retarded, refugees, people who have been subjected to violence, alcoholics, drug addicts, homeless people, victims of environmental disasters, sexual minorities, criminals, AIDS patients, people involved in prostitution. This group also includes gifted people who experience difficulties in communication and become "difficult" for others.

The critical situation in which these people find themselves, psychological stress, financial distress, and often just poverty, a complete lack of livelihood, a socially low standard of living are destructive not only for the listed clients of the social service, but also have an indirect and sometimes direct impact on atmosphere and level of civilization of society.

Social protection of this category of the population is carried out in the following main areas: pensions, social services and social assistance.

Social work with people with disabilities

The main result of social work with disabled people is the achievement of such a state of a disabled person when he is capable of performing social functions inherent in healthy people. At the same time, social functions (they are also called social skills) mean work, learning, the ability to read, write, independent movement, communication ability, etc. While most people can learn social skills with minimal formal training, people with disabilities need thorough and systematic training in these skills. The main goal is to teach a disabled person from childhood motor and social skills, the basics of literacy and numeracy (for example, dressing, washing, the ability to use cutlery, handle money, shop and prepare food, use the phone, transport, etc.). Disabled children of school age have the opportunity, within the framework of medical and social rehabilitation, to study academic disciplines and prepare for working life.

Social work with disabled people and their rehabilitation is acquired in social policy weighty value. At the present time, day hospitals have been organized, in which the conditions for carrying out a complex of rehabilitation measures and the necessary conditions for leisure are provided.

Social services organizing and carrying out medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people are guided by the basic principles: the earliest possible start of the implementation of rehabilitation measures; continuity and phasing of their implementation; the complex nature of rehabilitation programs with the implementation of their medical, pedagogical, psychological, professional, social and domestic, technical aspects; an individual approach to determining the volume, nature and

orientation of rehabilitation measures. This is ensured by the concentration in institutions of specialists of various professions (doctors, teachers, psychiatrists, social workers, speech therapists, labor therapists, prosthetics technicians, vocational training specialists, etc.), as well as the necessary equipment and equipment.

In order to vocational training and retraining in various regions, special vocational rehabilitation institutions or specialized subdivisions have been organized as part of rehabilitation centers. For employment, special enterprises and specially equipped workshops, sparing regime, home work are used.

The most important role in medical and social rehabilitation is played by the organization of the recovery of a disabled person, not only within the framework of social institutions, in outpatient-sanatorium conditions, but also at the place of residence - providing assistance to families in which children with disabilities are brought up. In such families, many complex problems arise, including medical, economic, problems of raising and caring for a sick child, psychological problems associated with both a serious illness of a child and difficulties in establishing and maintaining contact with him, the acquisition of special equipment, social and professional problems (change of place of work and the nature of work, taking into account the interests of a disabled child, the formation of a specific way of life of the family), etc. ...

Social work with refugees

After the collapse of the USSR, the sovereignization of the regions, the formation and strengthening of new states, the migration mobility of the population increased.

Beginning in 1989, the category of "refugees" began to noticeably stand out in the migration movement, and, accordingly, a number of social problems of the "risk group" of this nature emerged.

Deterioration of the financial situation, change of place of residence, environmental and climatic changes, lack of housing and social conditions lead to increased indicators of health problems among internally displaced persons.

Most of the refugees are family people (for example, in Moscow - about 54.3%, in the Stavropol Territory - about 73.6%). Trying to solve the vital problems associated with the forced change of place of residence, parents do not attach much importance to the psychological trauma that their child is going through. In situations where children lose their parents, one or both, this cannot but lead to serious social consequences.

For social assistance to refugees, accommodation is organized, temporary meals, health care... Social protection specialists remove or reduce the psychological consequences of such categories as trauma, loss, and cruel deprivation. Such stressful situations negatively affect the health status of refugees, causing serious consequences for many years. The main task of social work with refugees is to develop their ability to overcome difficulties on their own.

Refugee children are often traumatized by witnessing the killing of their parents. The reaction to traumatic events, the forms of behavior in which children usually manifest themselves during stressful conditions, depend on the age, stage of development of children, as well as on the ability to attract various means for their salvation.

For example, preschool children, especially those who are attached to their parents, in traumatic situations show in their behavioral manner an even more passionate attachment to them. Children of primary school age, having survived stressful situations, become irritable, rude, they complain of poor health. Usually, after the experience, their school performance drops sharply.

The category "loss" is defining characteristic feature refugee status. At the same time, children are deprived of their homes, familiar things, their friends, and often parents and close relatives. For most children, the loss of parents is a complete catastrophe, causing severe mental disorders that can occur repeatedly throughout their later life. Such children are characterized by neuroses, depression, deterioration of mental abilities.

stey, weakening of activity. The danger of being among the criminals is not excluded for them.

Refugee children also experience severe deprivation due to lack of food, water, lack of medical care, and adequate housing. All this leads to physical exhaustion of the body. As a result, the child's development slows down, and his emotional potential is depleted.

There are situations when a child may be at risk associated with a direct threat to his life or the so-called sociocultural risk, in which he is deprived of vital social and psychological conditions for normal further development... Strengthening one or the other can cause mental illness, behavior disturbance, which often manifests itself in an addiction to alcohol and drugs. Such circumstances can make the child a criminal or push him to commit suicide.

The situation of refugee children in school is very often detrimental to their self-esteem. For example, ignorance of the language and culture of the country of the new settlement leads to the fact that they feel uncomfortable, lag behind other students in the study of school subjects. And the desire to preserve their own identity, adherence to old values ​​only exacerbate the problems of staying at school.

One of the measures to prevent the "difficulty" of refugees is the early selection of regions of possible resettlement of refugees with a predetermined system of social protection infrastructure (housing, transport, medical care, socio-cultural sphere, etc.).

Social work with victims of violence

The constantly changing situation of the development of society gives rise to the problem of violence.

The following social forms of violence are distinguished.

1. Physical, including bodily harm.

2. Emotional or mental: in the form of verbal abuse, constant aggressive attacks, deliberate terrorism.

3. Sexual, carried out both within a group of young people and by representatives of older ages.

4. Disdainful, indifferent, deliberately inattentive attitude to the needs, interests of an individual or to young people in general in a particular social group.

A decisive place among social protection measures is taken by social control to contain and overcome the manifestation of aggression and violence.

Any categories of the population are susceptible to violence: children, youth, women, the elderly, men, immigrants, migrants, foreigners, etc. criminal activity... In 1995, their number increased by 3 times in comparison with 1990.

According to studies conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom, 20-30% of adult women and 10% of men experienced various sexual abuse during childhood. They were mainly applied by someone from relatives or friends. In only 25% of cases, the sexual trauma was caused by the actions of strangers. 90% of this kind of violence was committed by men. Girls are 3 times more likely to be victims of violence than boys. However, violence against the latter takes on more aggravated forms. Cases of sexual violence have been identified in all social strata of society. However, the role of rapists is most often played by people with low intelligence, alcoholics, psychopaths, and the mentally ill.

The abused child is usually in a state of acute fear and excitement. He needs support and reassurance from adults. It is best to ensure that he quickly returns to normal family life.

Educators should guard against overwhelming class curiosity or derisive attitudes. In cases of intrusive and tactless interference of others, the best way out is to change school or even place of residence. Many parents hide the fact of abuse of their child. But the actions of the rapist in the future are unpredictable and can

transfer to other children. Therefore, one should immediately and decisively take protective measures in response, up to and including contacting the police and the court.

Adequate supervision by adults and preparation of children greatly helps to reduce the likelihood of sexual misconduct among children. V.E. Kagan advises to explain to children simple truths: people are different, some have bad thoughts in mind; there is no need to be afraid of all people, but you do not need to go where no one can protect you if necessary, you should not take sweets and gifts from strangers, go for a walk or ride with them, etc.

Social hotels and crisis centers are being created in Russia for victims of violence; telephone and face-to-face counseling for victims of domestic violence; helplines, psychological relief departments, counseling departments in social services operate.

Social work with the homeless

In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova, a homeless person is interpreted as "a person who does not have a place to live or a shelter."

Homelessness as a social phenomenon is inherent in humanity throughout its entire existence. As a rule, its aggravation or "explosion" occurs during periods of social upheavals: wars, famine, local ecological disasters, earthquakes, floods, various crisis processes, etc.

For Russia, the reasons aggravating the emergence of the problem of homelessness are currently:

Lack of sufficient housing, as well as its high cost;

Unemployment resulting in a shortage of funds to pay for housing;

Low incomes of many families and individuals;

Social ill health in society (the proportion of the mentally ill, people with deviant behavior, drug addicts, alcoholics; unhealthy relationships in the family; the situation of people who have left prison).

The factors behind the growth in the number of homeless people in the Russian Federation and in the CIS as a whole are:

THE USSR; instability in the relationship of the newly formed states; interethnic and interethnic conflicts; consequences market economy; regulation of registration.

The main categories that characterize the homeless are: former convicts who have lost social ties; hiding from official bodies or individuals; inhabitants of attics and basements; dwellers of hostels, shelters, houses intended for demolition; nomadic gypsies; foreigners who studied or worked under a contract in Russia; street children; the invalids, alcoholics, drug addicts remaining "on the street". But people who have lost their homes for reasons beyond their control require special attention: refugees; forced migrants; servicemen who have changed the place of deployment of the unit; migrants.

The forms and methods of social work with the homeless are varied: overnight houses and shelters are open; "helplines" are being organized for homeless people and vagabonds; shelters, canteens and showers with laundries operate; social centers, etc. In 1992, the Russian Fund for Aid to Refugees "Compatriots" was created; the fund has branches in 20 regions of Russia. There are examples of the creation of housing and construction partnerships and associations of farms, which provide comprehensive assistance to migrants.

Working with the homeless requires a special approach: not to humiliate or repulse, to give an opportunity to feel the human attitude. The offer of basic services (accommodation, food, medical care) should not cause resentment and bitterness for one's position, but, on the contrary, inspire hope for a positive solution to the problem both on its own and with the help of social protection authorities. True, mercy alone is clearly not enough here - perhaps this is the case when the real solution to the issue completely depends on finances. To solve the housing problem of the homeless, Russian economists propose to attract funds from the population through the introduction of a new, differentiated system of payment for apartments, the expansion of housing cooperatives, material assistance to individual housing construction.

Social work with children of deviant behavior

It is more correct to speak of "deviant behavior".

The rate and degree of deviation from it are most often determined by test and experimental methods. However, not all parameters of deviant behavior can be theoretically interpreted and measured. Then symptomatic observation is carried out.

Deviant (asocial, deviant) is a behavior in which deviations from social norms are consistently manifested:

Selfish orientation (offenses and misdemeanors associated with the desire to obtain material, monetary, property benefits: theft, theft, speculation, patronage, etc.);

Aggressive orientation (actions directed against the person: insult, hooliganism, beatings, rape, murder);

Socio-passive orientation (the desire to escape from active social life, avoidance of duties and responsibilities, unwillingness to solve personal and social problems: avoidance of work and study, vagrancy, alcohol and drug use, toxic drugs, suicide, suicide).

Deviant (deviant) behavior can be divided into two levels: pre-criminogenic (delinquent), when a person has not become a subject of a crime, and criminogenic, expressed in criminal criminally punishable actions, when a person becomes a subject of crimes that are considered by the investigative and judicial authorities and represent serious public danger.

The main violations of behavior in adolescence can be classified as follows: 1) truancy (individual lessons, whole school days); 2) escaping from home; 3) theft; 4) robbery (with the use of threat or force); 5) participation in fights; 6) frequent conflicts (with the class teacher, individual teachers, school administration, family members, classmates, peers, members of the opposite sex, etc.); 7) introduction to al-

kogol, drugs, sleeping pills and tranquilizers, smoking (simulation, playing with a cigarette, relaxation method, image support, habit; 8) deviations of sexual behavior (masturbation, petting, early sexual activity, etc.); 9) suicidal behavior; 10) fears (darkness, loneliness, separation from family and friends, etc.); 11) obsessive tics, actions and rituals (blinking, wrinkling of the forehead and nose, twitching shoulders, grunting, sucking fingers, biting nails, rituals and ritual actions that protect from failure, obsessive thoughts, etc.); 12) foul language; 13) features of deviant behavior (swagger, negative attitude towards "activists", passion for gambling, carrying cold weapons (knives, brass knuckles, etc.); tattoos; specific details of clothing, etc.).

A large-scale category of children has appeared in society, who until recently have been in the status of "nobody's". They live under the same roof with their parents, but their ties with the family are atrophied or destroyed. Lack of proper care and maintenance, neglect of the interests and needs of a developing personality, abuse in the parental family creates a real threat to the psychophysical and moral development of a neglected child. The school is not able to fully solve the problems of social protection and rehabilitation of such children. Children themselves often join the ranks of the homeless. Children spend the night at train stations, often go hungry, and have developmental abnormalities.

The problem of alcohol and drug abuse by some schoolchildren is especially important. Reasons: 1) curiosity (what effect will alcohol have on me?) - to prevent this phenomenon, parents need to systematically monitor their child's behavior and explain the harm of alcohol to the human body, especially children; 2) joining a youth group, the purpose of which is to obtain and jointly drink alcoholic beverages and use drugs - these are mainly adolescents with a low level of mental development, deprived of useful collective activities and entertainment, unsure of

yourself, passive. To distract all these schoolchildren from the addiction to alcohol requires their involvement in the activities of a healthy group of peers, where they would develop spiritually and assert themselves.

Another motivation for drunkenness is associated with the entry of some schoolchildren into criminal groups. It was initiated by young people for whom alcohol and drugs are the basis of all entertainment and necessary condition leisure activities. They are imitated by less determined and strong-willed teenagers. This is done out of a sense of solidarity. Intoxication is required for such schoolchildren not by itself, but to establish themselves as an adult and independent person. It is important for these students to truly reveal valuable qualities modern person and arouse the desire to follow them, forming their character and developing their abilities, asserting themselves in a useful business.

The drunkenness of girls testifies to a significant deformation of the personality. In such cases, comprehensive control over leisure activities should be established and persistent and continuous work should be carried out to restore their true moral attitudes and values.

In adolescence, there are cases of chronic alcoholism. It is important for a social worker to know that society provides for certain legal measures against adolescent drinking. So, it is forbidden to sell and drink alcoholic beverages to them. The appearance of schoolchildren in a drunken state entails a fine for the parents. Soldering minors leads to administrative responsibility, and the same influence in case of service dependence or in the commission of a crime - to criminal punishment. The same measures are provided for the systematic drinking of a teenager.

In any cases, when combating the abuse of alcohol by young people, there is not enough censure or prohibition, the elimination of harmful influences from the outside, a lot of work is needed to develop the morality of students, instill in them diverse and broad interests.

Illegal actions of children under 14 years old do not entail criminal liability for them. Parents or educators are responsible for the children. In the period from 14 to 18 years old, schoolchildren are punished only for grave crimes, and measures of restraint are applied to them significantly less severe than in relation to adults.

To provide assistance to such children, specialized institutions are created for the social rehabilitation of children who have lost family ties, who have refused to live in residential institutions, left without care, permanent residence, or means of subsistence. These institutions include social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children and adolescents, centers for helping children left without parental care.

Social work with street children

The problem of street children, as in the years of the Civil, Great Patriotic War and the post-war period has emerged in the last decade. According to some reports, there are more than two million street children in modern Russia. Sometimes a teenager is driven to run away from home by an inclination to fantasy and a desire to get strong impressions. But during periods of social instability, aggravating family trouble, leaving children from home becomes not such a rare phenomenon and has socio-economic and socio-pedagogical reasons.

Children under 7 years old practically do not leave the house. At 7-9 years old. this usually happens due to the pedagogical incompetence of the parents, as well as when some children strive for increased communication. Most often, teenagers run away from home at the age of 10-13. The reasons may include the lack of proper care of their parents, frequent complaints and abuse in their address in the family, punishment for trifles.

The main incentives for flight are: belonging to a socially disadvantaged family; shame for parents (for example, alcoholics who behave unworthily with people around them, etc.); indifference of parents to the difficulties of their children in school. Favorable

A new way out of such situations is largely associated with the help of the student from the teachers and the social worker. Their duty, seeing the trouble in the behavior of the child, is to deeply understand everything that is happening around him at school and in the informal environment of communication (various companies, youth associations in the courtyard of the house and other places). In any conflict, a social worker must always take the side of the child and his family, and strongly support them.

Escapes of adolescents from home can be accomplished under the influence of companions. In such cases, it is necessary not only to suppress the vagrant lifestyle of the teenager, but also to make it attractive for him to stay in the family, the student body of a public organization. The social worker can, with the help of the adolescent's companions in the yard company, examine the area of ​​movement, establish connections with the vagrant children living there, etc.

Teenagers can leave their homeland also because of excessive control and authoritarian behavior of their parents. Added to this is the craving for travel. In such cases, the teenager pre-selects and studies the escape route, prepares the necessary things and a certain amount of food, and searches for companions. Sometimes children with increased activity of behavior run away from home. This is due to the fact that their great liveliness and restlessness cause negative reactions from adults and often lead to conflict. In addition, vagrancy opens up full scope for the manifestation of their activity and initiative. To prevent escapes, such schoolchildren should be involved in interesting and intense socially significant activities in which they could usefully show their energy, perseverance, and invention.

The longest in the escape are those who do not succeed in the row academic subjects teenagers. Shy, withdrawn schoolchildren decide to leave home, usually under the influence of older and more experienced comrades.

In recent years, a noticeable number of homeless teenagers has appeared in Russia. They are often kidnapped by members of criminal organizations and used to

slave labor in agricultural production, in spontaneous markets, are involved in child prostitution and drug addiction, which increases the likelihood of the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Almost every Russian city has a mafia structure that uses street children. Another danger is hooliganism, petty theft, robbery and extortion, caused by the need to have a piece of bread. The social worker must not lose sight of children left out of school and provide them with timely assistance.

For street children, reception centers are organized, one of the main tasks of which is to prevent neglect and illegal

When considering the issue innovative technologies social work with orphans, children from low-income and single-parent families, children with disabilities, the DIMSI program "Dialogue of Individuals", developed on the basis of the American program "Big Brothers / Big Sisters", is of interest. The objectives of the program are to harmonize the child's social field; promoting family education; organization of joint activities of a child and an adult who have found each other with the help of a social worker; solving social problems, developing civic and social activity. The program assumes the conclusion of a quadripartite standard contract between a social worker (consultant and supervisor of joint activities of younger and older brothers and sisters), parents (guardians) of a child, a child (younger brother / sister) and a volunteer (older brother / sister). In most cases, volunteers are university students (at least 18 years old), teachers, young people under 35 years old who do not have their own children. Couples junior - senior communicate, help each other in solving problems, jointly prepare homework, attend concerts, exhibitions, entertainment events, go in for sports, organize excursions to other cities. One of the Russian features of this work is the joint collective creative work of several couples at once, the use of research methods, the obligatory generalization and analysis of the work carried out with their fixation in social and pedagogical diaries.

action among children. The reception center accepts children: thrown; lost; those left without the care of their parents or persons replacing them; directed by the decision of the commissions for juvenile affairs; those in need of special conditions of upbringing; those who left their families without permission; those who have left orphanages, boarding schools, special schools and vocational schools without permission. The terms of detention in the reception center depend on the reasons and circumstances of placement in the reception center, but do not exceed 60 days. Unfortunately, many street children who have been left without education, vocational training, and their own housing, after going through reception centers and shelters, end up mainly in pre-trial detention centers and prisons.

There are dozens of public organizations and foundations in Russia whose activities are aimed at preventing homelessness. There are special social services, social ambulance services, shelters (boarding houses for living up to one year with subsequent return to the family and shelters-communities for long-term residence for children whose stay in a family is impossible).

The main task of the social worker is to penetrate into the family's problems and provide assistance to her before the child becomes homeless; it is necessary to keep the child in the family, not to let him leave, because it is a thousand times cheaper to prevent the migration of children to the street than to subsequently look for them, treat, rehabilitate and rehabilitate.

Social work with people with suicidal behavior

Suicide, suicide, suicidal behavior (from Lat. Ai! - oneself, sayege - to kill) - intentional deprivation of oneself. Suicide is understood as: 1) an individual behavioral act, the deprivation of life by a specific person; 2) relatively massive voluntary death of a certain number of people. In a narrow, medico-legal sense, suicide means a kind of violent death with an indication of its cause. In a broad sense, suicide is a type of self-destructive behavior to which

drunkenness, smoking, drug use, overeating (gluttony), mountaineering, motorcycle racing, etc. are worn. Suicidal behavior unites all manifestations of suicidal activity - thoughts, intentions, statements, threats, attempts at assassination. It has three main types and is divided into:

Demonstrative suicidal behavior (theatrical performance of scenes depicting suicide attempts without any intention of actually committing suicide, sometimes with the expectation that they will be rescued in time). Its purpose is to attract or return lost attention, the desire to evoke pity, sympathy, get rid of impending troubles, punish the offender by drawing the indignation of others on him, or to cause him serious trouble. The place where the demonstration takes place testifies to whom it is addressed: at home - to relatives, in the company of peers - to one of its members, when arrested - to the internal affairs bodies, etc. Girls most often resort to poisoning, boys - to images of self-hanging attempts, cuts in veins, poisoning with non-toxic substances;

Affective suicidal behavior - suicidal attempts committed in a state of passion (a strong and relatively short-term emotional experience), which can last only a few minutes, but sometimes due to a stressful situation it can stretch for hours and days. At some point in this situation, the thought of parting with life usually flashes, or such an opportunity is allowed. However, here, too, the component of demonstrativeness is most often present. Depending on the degree of its manifestation, psychologists distinguish: an affective demonstration, an affective demonstration with a desire to "make an impression", a true attempted suicide at the height of an affective reaction. Approximately 27% of these attempts are made while intoxicated. In form, these are most often attempts at self-hanging and poisoning, less often - cuts of veins;

True suicidal behavior is a deliberate, often gradually nurtured, intention to commit suicide. In such situations, behavior is structured like this,

so that the suicide attempt is effective, so that the suicidal actions are not interfered with. The notes left usually contain ideas of self-accusation, the notes are more addressed to oneself than to others, or are intended to get rid of the accusations of loved ones. Capable of drunkenness 47% of such attempts are made. Girls most often choose poisoning, boys - self-hanging, less often poisoning.

The number and level of suicides increases during periods of economic crisis and unemployment, and decreases during the years of war. A low suicide rate is noted in countries with a strong influence of Orthodoxy, which considers suicide to be one of the main human sins. Eastern religions, such as Brahmanism and Buddhism, following the doctrine that everything that calls a person to life is the cause of suffering, are calm about renouncing the flesh. The lowest percentage of suicides is in backward and developing countries, the peak falls on the most civilized and industrialized the developed countries where the flow of information, stresses and superstresses, conflicts are quite frequent phenomena. Low social status or its sharp decline in such countries often serve as an impetus for suicide.

V Lately in Russia, the proportion of suicides among young people has increased; the age bracket for suicide is declining, and today there is already talk of a surge in adolescent suicide. In the first place among the problems typical for adolescents (up to 70%) are relationships with parents, in the second place - difficulties with school, in third - the problem of relationships with friends.

Suicide of a teenager is a way to influence other people: to demonstrate their condition; getting rid of abuse; demonstration of love; influencing another; call for help. Raising his hand, the child resorts to the last argument in a dispute with adults - an argument that, in his opinion, cannot but be heard. Not fully feeling the insurmountable border between life and death, the child often imagines death as a kind of state that has a beginning and an end. Sincerely wishing to die in an unbearable situation for him, he really

"supposes to live." There is no cold calculation and attempts at blackmail, which are not uncommon among adults, but there is a naive belief: let at least his death bring parents to their senses, then all troubles will end, and they will again heal in peace and harmony (N. Farberow).

Marital status affects the genesis of suicidal behavior: loneliness, especially in old age, contributes to the adoption of a tragic decision; family conflicts also serve as a suicidal factor. There is a stable seasonal pattern: the maximum of suicides occurs in the spring-summer season (March-July), the minimum - in the autumn-winter (September-December). The rate of suicide attempts is 5-10 times higher than the rate of completed suicides.

For people with suicidal behavior, suicidal services, social and psychological assistance services, helplines are organized, and charitable societies are functioning. Very important preventive work with children: education of character, life optimism, a sense of resilience.

Social work with patients with alcoholism and drug addiction

Alcoholism and drug addiction give rise to qualitative changes in the gene pool of the nation towards degradation and physical deformity, and also disrupt the social health of society.

The WHO estimates that alcohol consumption is responsible for a third of all deaths. From 25 to 30% of divorces occur due to drunkenness of one of the spouses.

Drugs are an opportunity to stand out or, conversely, dissolve in the gray mass of their own kind. The forbidden fruit is sweet: even the danger of contracting AIDS is perceived as heroism. Bragging about large acquisition costs or terrible painful (and even legal) consequences is also pride. Drugs are one of the main topics of conversation of modern youth: "screw" constantly talk about "parishes", "good cooks", "troubles", "furiks", "bayans"; heroin addicts - about "getting off", "breaking", "blacks", "balls", "checks"; ma-rihuanists discuss possible sizes cigarettes,

special devices, smoking methods, color and quality of "weed".

Most people (from 50% to 70% according to the estimates of various researchers) have tried drugs at least once in their lives. In some cases, the reason for use is either curiosity or a desire to get pleasure (to drown out the pain).

Harm of drugs: "withdrawal" -consequence; deterioration of health; decreased mental ability; falling into the "risk group" of contracting AIDS; lack of a future.

Social work presupposes the withdrawal of the client from the conventionally designated stage of "alcoholic", "drug addict" and rendering assistance to him in the process of adaptation in society.

To work with patients with alcoholism and drug addiction, specialized treatment centers are being created.

To identify the locations of drug addicts, special street patrols and brigades operate.

To work with patients with alcoholism and drug addiction, centers "Sobriety and Family", "To Alcoholism - No", drug rehabilitation centers are currently being created, various methods are being developed to facilitate the accelerated treatment of these diseases. Of interest is the program of the Student Youth Association of the Russian Youth Union "Thank you, no", which includes a set of preventive measures used by teachers, parents and the children themselves.

Social work with sexual minorities Homosexuality is the exclusive or predominant orientation of attraction to persons of the same sex, the desire for emotional and physical intimacy with them. Homosexuality can be masculine (pederasty) and feminine (lesbianism), active ("masculine" behavior and treating a partner as a woman) and passive ("feminine" behavior and treating a "partner as a man).

If homosexual contact occurs as a result of the inability to communicate with the opposite sex (prison, army, isolated same-sex group) or is associated with mental illness,

this is not homosexuality. Transient adolescent homosexuality is distinguished - a violation of sexuality, in which attraction is directed to persons of the same sex. In adolescents, this behavior is the result of a weak differentiation of sexual desire or the inability to satisfy the latter in a natural way. With age, this distortion of sexuality wears off. It is known that up to 30% of men and up to 20% of women have ever had sexual contact with a person of the same sex in their lives, but the direction of their attraction has not changed from this.

For many years in our country there was an unspoken ban on scientific research of homosexual attraction, literature on this topic was declared pornographic or ideologically harmful, in Soviet society, sexual relations between men entailed criminal punishment. In 1993, this article of the criminal code was abolished in Russia.

The prevalence of homosexuality in various countries of the world is constant: 3-4% among men and 1-2% among women. Homosexuality is an expression of a personality, often formed as a result of an innate predisposition.

The world is fighting for the recognition of the rights of "sexual minorities" to open, not condemned by society, intimate relationships of this kind. Special test studies do not reveal any significant differences in the personality of homosexuals from other people, most of them are quite well socially adapted. Nevertheless, many of them need psychological support and expert advice.

The discovery of an atypical attraction in a teenager, a young person, leads to a personality crisis, depression, a neurotic state, massive alcoholism, and unnecessary medication.

In a person who accepts his homosexual identity in one form or another, but hides it from others, the balance between the sexual and non-sexual aspects of life is disturbed. The sphere of sexual interests occupies a disproportionately high place in the hierarchy of personality values. Multiple

feelings about their appearance, actions, actions and relationships of others, the degree of attractiveness are combined with obsessive thoughts finding a sexual partner. In new chaotic and frequent sexual contacts, the opportunity is sought for self-affirmation, confirmation of one's desirability and escape from imaginary or real loneliness, which, however, only intensifies the feeling of a dead-end situation.

The number of suicides among 16-18-year-old homosexuals is 5-7 times higher than the number of suicides among heterosexuals.

The stereotype of the heterosexual family and the nature of the division of roles in it hinder the formation of stable partnerships among homosexual couples and lead to inevitable conflicts. Middle-aged and older people who have not formed partnerships, have lost their attractiveness and have not gained peace of mind, feel loneliness and uselessness more acutely, often involve adolescents and young people in sexual relations, or find a way out of this situation in taking large doses of drugs, alcohol, drugs, and suicide is frequent among them.

The group of sexual minorities, along with homosexuals, traditionally includes transsexuals - people who perceive themselves as members of the opposite sex and strive to change their gender. These people reject their bodily form, suffer from the fact that others treat them, for example, as men, while they feel like women. According to world statistics, transsexuals are 1: 100,000 among men and 1: 300,000 among women. Currently, such people are given the opportunity to undergo an examination, have an operation and receive a passport with a new name. There are families where one of the spouses has changed sex. Research shows that most transgender people have a negative attitude towards people with homosexual attraction and do not consider themselves to be homosexual.