Introduction

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that entrepreneurship is one of the most important components of the modern economy. In market economy countries, entrepreneurship has become widespread and makes up the vast majority of all forms of organizations.

The main part of Belarusian entrepreneurship is small and medium business. The main task of the entrepreneur is to manage the enterprise, which includes the rational use of resources, the organization of the process on an innovative basis and economic risk, as well as responsibility for the final results of their activities.

The transition to a market economy is a transition to an entrepreneurial economy. Creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship is the most important component of transformational changes transition economy. In this regard, the identification of the essential features and patterns of entrepreneurship development is extremely important. This determines the relevance of the topic of the course work.

The purpose of the work is to reveal the concept of entrepreneurship, its role and functions in the national economy, as well as the features and prospects for development in the Republic of Belarus.

In accordance with the purpose of the work, the following tasks are put forward:

1) reveal the concept, content, main features of entrepreneurship, risk, uncertainty in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial income;

2) to analyze the business environment in the Republic of Belarus;

3) to propose ways for the development of entrepreneurship in the transformational economy of the Republic of Belarus.

The object of research is the national economy of the Republic of Belarus.

The subject of the course work is the concept of entrepreneurship as a factor of production.

Research methods: comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, description, historical, logical.

The research topic has been sufficiently developed both by Belarusian and foreign scientists. The most complete concept of entrepreneurship, as well as its role and features in the Republic of Belarus, was disclosed by N. I. Bazylev, M. N. Bazyleva, S. I. Mazol, M. G. Lapusta, M. I. Balashevich, etc. Yu. M. Osipov and M.G. Lapust revealed the necessity and impact of entrepreneurship on the development of a market economy.

Theoretical Foundations of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship as a factor of production

Entrepreneurial activity in the modern economy is a specific factor of production that combines other factors of production within an economic unit. As a result, disparate production factors form the economic system and acquire new properties - the ability to efficiently produce products and create new resources.

Thus, entrepreneurial ability is usually understood as a special kind of human resource, which consists in the ability to most effectively use all other factors of production. The specificity of this type of human resource lies in the ability and desire in the production process on commercial basis introduce new types of manufactured product, technologies, forms of business organization and opportunities to incur losses. Risk is the main distinguishing feature of an entrepreneur, and the goal of entrepreneurial activity is to maximize income by identifying the most efficient combination of production factors. No one guarantees the entrepreneur that the end result of his activity will be a loss or he will receive income.

Part this resource it is customary to include: firstly, entrepreneurs, which include company owners, managers who are not their owners, as well as business organizers, combining owners and managers in one person; secondly, the entire entrepreneurial infrastructure of the country, namely: the existing institutions of a market economy, i.e. banks, exchanges, Insurance companies, advisory firms; thirdly, entrepreneurial ethics and culture, as well as the entrepreneurial spirit of society.

In general, an entrepreneurial resource can be characterized as a special mechanism for the realization of people's entrepreneurial abilities, based on the current model of a market economy. All of the above provides a basis for defining entrepreneurship as a factor of production.

All factors of production interact with each other.

Entrepreneurship combines the economic resources of land, capital, labor in one enterprise

Entrepreneurship as a factor of production is a set of human abilities to use a certain combination of resources to produce a product, make reasonable and consistent decisions, apply innovations and take justified risks.

The author of the theory of factors of production is Jean-Baptiste Say. Based on A. Smith's "Research on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", he showed that in the daily process of production of goods, the owners of factors of production interact, which, depending on their own importance, receive one or another income.

Entrepreneurship as a factor of production is closely related to the risk factor.

First of all, let's define the initial, basic concept of "risk", bearing in mind that it is a threat, the danger of losses that can cause damage economic security enterprises. In this understanding, entrepreneurial (economic) risk is characterized as the danger of a potentially possible, probable loss of resources or shortfall in income in comparison with the option designed for the rational use of resources in this type of entrepreneurial activity. In other words, the risk is the threat that the entrepreneur will incur losses in the form of additional expenses in excess of those provided for by the plan, the program of his actions, or will receive income below those he expected. When establishing economic risk, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "expense", "losses", "losses". Any economic activity is inevitably associated with costs, while losses and losses occur under unfavorable circumstances, miscalculations and represent additional costs in excess of those planned.

In absolute terms, the risk can be determined by the amount of possible losses in material (physical) or cost (monetary) terms, if only the damage can be measured in such a way. In relative terms, risk is defined as the amount of possible losses related to a certain base, in the form of which it is most convenient to take either the property state of the enterprise, or the total cost of resources for this type economic activity, or the expected income (profit) from business transaction(project). Applied to the enterprise as a basis for determining relative magnitude risk, it is advisable to take the cost of fixed assets and working capital of the enterprise or the planned total costs for this type of economic activity, bearing in mind both current costs and investments, or estimated income (profit). The choice of one or another base is not of fundamental importance, but one should prefer an indicator determined with a high degree reliability.

In the future, the basic indicators used for comparison, we will call the calculated, or expected, indicators of profit, costs, revenue. The values ​​of these indicators are determined during the development of a business plan, in the process of a feasibility study of an operation, project or transaction.

The central place in the assessment of entrepreneurial risk is occupied by the analysis and forecasting of possible losses of resources in the implementation of the production and economic activities of the enterprise.

This does not mean the consumption of resources, objectively determined by the nature and scale of economic activity, but random, unforeseen, but potentially possible losses arising from the deviation of the real course of economic activity from the plan.

In order to assess the probability of certain losses due to the development of events according to an unforeseen option, it is necessary, first of all, to determine all types of losses associated with the implementation of the project, and be able to calculate them in advance or measure them as probable forecast values. At the same time, it is natural to want to quantify each type of loss and be able to bring them together, which, unfortunately, is not always possible to do.

Speaking about the calculation of probable losses in the process of their forecasting, it must be borne in mind that a random development of events that affects the course and results of economic activity can lead not only to losses in the form of overestimated resource costs and a decrease in the final result, but also a decrease in the costs of another resource. Therefore, if a random event has a double impact on the final results of a project, operation or transaction, has adverse and favorable consequences, then both should be equally taken into account when assessing the risk.

Losses that may be in economic activity, it is advisable to divide into material, labor, financial, loss of time, special types of losses.

Material losses are manifested in additional costs not provided for by the entrepreneurial project or direct losses of equipment, property, products, raw materials, energy, etc. In relation to each individual of the listed types of losses, their own units of measurement are applicable.

It is most natural to measure material losses in the same units in which the quantity of a given type is measured. material resources, that is, in physical units of weight, volume, area, etc. However, it is not possible to bring together the losses measured in different units and express them in one value. Therefore, it is almost inevitable to calculate losses in value terms, in monetary units. To do this, losses in the physical dimension are converted into a cost dimension by multiplying by the unit price of the corresponding material resource.

For a significant amount of material resources, the cost of which is known in advance, the losses can immediately be estimated in monetary terms.

Labor losses represent the loss of working time caused by random, unforeseen circumstances. In direct measurement, labor losses are expressed in man-hours, man-days, or simply hours of working time. The translation of labor losses into value, monetary terms is carried out by multiplying the number of labor hours by the cost (price) of one hour.

Financial loss is a direct monetary loss associated with unforeseen payments, payment of fines, payment of additional taxes, loss of Money And valuable papers. In addition, financial losses may occur if there is a shortfall or non-receipt of money from the provided sources, if debts are not returned, if the buyer does not pay for the products delivered to him, if the revenue decreases due to a decrease in prices for products and services sold. Special types of monetary damage are associated with inflation, changes in the exchange rate, additional to the legal withdrawal of funds from enterprises to the state budget. Along with the final irretrievable losses, there may also be temporary financial losses caused by the freezing of accounts, untimely disbursement of funds, and deferment of debt payments.

Losses of time exist when the process of economic activity is slower than planned. A direct assessment of such losses is carried out in hours, days, weeks, months of delay in the intended result. In order to translate the assessment of time losses into a cost dimension, it is necessary to establish what losses of income and profits can lead to random losses of time.

Special types of losses manifest themselves in the form of damage to the health and life of people, the environment, and the prestige of the enterprise. Most often, special types of losses are extremely difficult to quantify, even more difficult in terms of value.

Naturally, for each type of loss, the initial assessment of the possibility of their occurrence and magnitude should be made for a certain time, covering the month, year, and duration of the project. When conducting complex analysis probabilistic losses for risk assessment, it is important not only to establish all sources of risk, but also to identify which sources prevail. Analyzing the types of losses listed above, it is necessary to divide the probable losses into determining and secondary losses based on the very overall assessment their magnitudes.

When determining business risk, collateral losses can be excluded in a quantitative assessment of the level of risk. If among the losses under consideration one type is singled out, which, either in magnitude or in probability of occurrence, deliberately suppresses the others, then only this type of losses can be accepted when quantifying the level of risk. In addition, it is necessary to take into account only random losses that are not amenable to direct calculation, direct forecasting and therefore not taken into account in the entrepreneurial project. If losses can be foreseen in advance, then they should be considered not as losses, but as unavoidable costs and included in production costs.

In addition to risk, it is necessary to consider the uncertainty in which the entrepreneurial function manifests itself and its income is formed. It is uninsurable uncertainty, not taken into account in the expectations of entrepreneurs, that becomes the "environment" of the entrepreneur's activity. The rest of the income that the entrepreneur receives is formed after the satisfaction of all obligations, including risk insurance. The size of this balance depends partly on entrepreneurial abilities and the ability to overcome uncertainty, as well as on the nature of the combination of random factors with the surrounding ones. economic conditions. As a result, only that risk leads to entrepreneurial profit, which is the unique uncertainty resulting from the assumption of ultimate responsibility, which by its very nature cannot be insured, capitalized, or compensated by salaries.

Uncertainty about the future is an inherent feature of every day, and only those individuals who deal with it constantly in their economic expectations are entrepreneurs.

R. Cantillon believed that the function of entrepreneurship is to act in uncertainty, to find in it a source of satisfaction of one's material needs, and this function formed the basis of his concept of a market system.

It was this interpretation of the entrepreneur that marked the direction for researchers who shared the point of view of R. Cantillon on risk as the most important aspect entrepreneurial function.

The motive of personal responsibility for decisions made under conditions of uncertainty is also distinguished by G. Shekl's studies. It is characterized by a general denial of the state of equilibrium, outside of which only an entrepreneur can exist, and the violation of which is the direction of his activity. At the same time, he singles out the transfer of uncertainty and decision-making as the most important functions. The latter is carried out on an intuitive or instinctive level with full responsibility for him.

Uncertainty is also a "state of mind", something subjective, however, limited by both personal and environmental possibilities.

F. Knight's studies of the nature of entrepreneurial income formed the basis of modern points of view on risk and uncertainty. Its results provide an opportunity to assess the boundaries between traditional corporate governance and entrepreneurship.

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………3

Chapter 1. The content of entrepreneurship…………………………………………….5

1.1.The essence of entrepreneurship and its functions…………………………………….5

1.2. Entrepreneurial activity as a special form of economic

activity………………………………………………………………………………….6

1.3. Entrepreneurship as a phenomenon and process………………………………………………………………12

Chapter 2 Typology of Entrepreneurship…………………………………………...14

2.1.Types and types of entrepreneurship………………………………………………….14

2.2. Intermediary business activities…………………………….16

2.3. Illegal entrepreneurship and false entrepreneurship………………...17

Chapter 3 Conditions for doing business…………….18

3.1. Entrepreneurial idea and its choice……………………………………………….18

3.2. Entrepreneurial capital. Ways of its formation…………………...20

3.3.Entrepreneurial type of thinking and behavior………………………………22

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….23

List of used literature …………………………………………………24

Introduction.

The theme of this course work is entrepreneurship as a factor of production in modern conditions. This topic is very interesting and important at the present time.

The relevance of the chosen topic of the course work is confirmed by the fact that in modern conditions there is a problem of organization and development of entrepreneurial activity. In addition, during the period of development of the market system, the role of entrepreneurship is enhanced, so you need to know and understand the essence of entrepreneurial activity.

The object of study of this course work is entrepreneurship as a factor of production.

The purpose of this course work is to study the place and role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy and identify its features.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set in the work:

Explore the essence of entrepreneurship as a factor of production of a special kind;

Consider types and types of entrepreneurial activity;

To study the conditions under which entrepreneurship is carried out.

In most countries of the world, entrepreneurship is a powerful engine of economic and social development. Without entrepreneurs, people's needs cannot be fully met. In addition, entrepreneurship performs managerial, organizational, market functions and forms elements of creativity in the socio-economic life of society. Through entrepreneurship, innovations in trade, management, and information technologies are implemented. In today's world, entrepreneurship is one of the critical factors production. Entrepreneurship is developed mainly in Western countries. In Russia, it is poorly developed, since there is no own experience in entrepreneurial activity. For the development of entrepreneurship, it is now necessary to accelerate the formation of a set of conditions for entrepreneurial activity, the creation of a favorable entrepreneurial climate. For example, privatization will help revive private property as the basis for entrepreneurship.

In this course work will be considered a variety of types and types of entrepreneurship, its content and the conditions without which it is impossible to successfully carry out entrepreneurial activity.

This course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter 1. The content of entrepreneurship.

1.1. The essence of entrepreneurship and its functions.

Entrepreneurship in the existing post-industrial society plays a very important role. Entrepreneurship is a factor of production that is used to meet the needs of consumers for goods and services and to make a profit for the development of further production. Entrepreneurship is associated with the desire to do something new, come up with something new, or improve something that already exists. Entrepreneurship is primarily associated with the efficient use of all factors of production for economic growth and meeting the needs of individuals and society as a whole.

Entrepreneurship is organically linked to economic freedom. Economic freedom complements personal freedom and allows everyone to develop on the basis of their own views and values. Denying economic freedom means denying personal dignity and the right of any person to control his own destiny. Economic freedom makes it possible to organize production and distribute wealth without the arbitrary intervention of the authorities, the dictates of the regime. In free economic systems, wealth is produced and distributed in a democracy and market relations.

In a developed market economy, entrepreneurship as an integrated set of entrepreneurial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, as well as complex associations of entrepreneurial organizations performs the following functions: general economic, creative and search (innovative), resource, social, organizational.

Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods (performing work, rendering services) and bringing them to specific consumers: households, other entrepreneurs, the state, which, first of all, predetermines the general economic function. The most important function is resource. Entrepreneurship development involves the efficient use of both reproducible and limited resources, and resources should be understood as all material and non-material conditions and factors of production. The most important function of entrepreneurship is organizational, which is manifested in the adoption by entrepreneurs of an independent decision to organize their own business, in the formation of entrepreneurial management, in the creation of complex entrepreneurial structures, in changing the strategy of an entrepreneurial firm, etc. In the process of establishing a market economy, entrepreneurship acquires social function which manifests itself in the ability of each capable individual to be the owner of the business, to show their individual talents and capabilities with the greatest return. Entrepreneurship is characterized by an innovative function, associated not only with the use of new ideas in the process of activity, but also with the development of new means and factors to achieve the goals. The essence of entrepreneurship is most comprehensively manifested in the combination of all its inherent functions that are objectively characteristic of civilized entrepreneurship.

1.2. Entrepreneurial activity as a special form of economic activity.

Competition is an integral part of the business system. This is a mechanism that encourages entrepreneurs to quickly respond to all changes that occur in the economy. All activities of entrepreneurs in a market economy are subject to changeable laws (value, monetary circulation, competition). The law of competition determines that each commodity producer seeks to obtain the most profitable terms for the production and sale of goods (services). Thus, the interests of commodity producers clash, and they are forced to be active in order to avoid bankruptcy. During the period of transition to a market economy, competition should promote the growth of entrepreneurial activity, the intensive development of the economy, and a more complete satisfaction of the needs for diverse and high-quality products and services.

In the conditions of developed market relations, one of the most important moments in the successful functioning of entrepreneurship is the organization of business management, which allows developing solutions aimed at the efficient use of available material, financial, labor and other types of resources. This task is performed by the management apparatus - a group of managers and specialists who are entrusted with managerial functions. The solution of specific management problems is associated with management - a system for managing the production and marketing of products or services, used to increase their efficiency and obtain the highest profit. The totality of all types and forms of management in business is called management, and those who manage the activities of firms are called managers. The leading role in the management of the company belongs to its owner, but he does not always manage all the affairs of the company himself, i.e. prefers to hire experienced managers. The entrepreneur makes fundamental decisions in all major areas of the company's activities, takes risks, namely: takes economic and legal responsibility for decision-making and performance results. The manager is engaged in the organization of the production process and the activities of personnel aimed at achieving high results and maximizing profits. The activities of entrepreneurs are associated with commercial risk: new circumstances can bring success or lead to failure. Naturally, the firm seeks to make this risk as less likely as possible. To do this, it needs to foresee in a timely manner what will happen during some immediate and more distant periods of time. This is what forecasting is.

Economic activity is a form of participation of an individual in social production and how to get financial resources to ensure the livelihoods of himself and his family members. This form of participation of the individual in social production is one social functional duty or a combination of them when acting as:

The owner of any objects, real estate, etc. that bring him a constant and guaranteed income (the owner of an enterprise or a house for rent, etc.);

A hired worker who sells his labor power (turner at a factory, a teacher at a school, etc.);

An individual producer (a "freelance" artist who lives on income from the sale of his works, or a driver who uses a car as a taxi and lives on income from such activities, etc.);

State or municipal employee;

Manager (manager of another company);

A student or student (as preparatory stage to participate in future social production in any particular firm);

Entrepreneurship acts as a special type of economic activity, because it First stage associated, as a rule, only with the idea - the result of mental activity, subsequently taking a materialized form. Entrepreneurship is characterized by the obligatory presence of an innovative moment - whether it is the production of a new product, a change in the profile of activity or the foundation of a new enterprise. New system production management, quality management, the introduction of new methods of organizing production or new technologies - these are also innovative moments.

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. The consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee and business partners.

The object of entrepreneurial activity is a product, product, service, that is, something that can satisfy someone's need and what is offered on the market for purchase, use and consumption. Separate integrity, which is characterized by such indicators as quantity, price, appearance etc., is called a trade item. The professional approach of an entrepreneur to his activities implies, first of all, attention to quality, consumer properties, price, etc., and only then - to the quality of commodity units (if the activity is not of an adventurous nature or a one-time entry into the market).

The purpose of entrepreneurial activity is the production and supply to the market of such a product for which there is a demand and which brings profit to the entrepreneur. Profit is the excess of income over expenses resulting from the implementation of an entrepreneurial decision to produce and supply goods to the market, in respect of which the entrepreneur has identified unsatisfied or hidden consumer demand. Expenses are understood as all that the entrepreneur spends on the production of such a product, that is, all his costs associated with the production of a particular product. Income is everything that comes to the account of the entrepreneur as payment for any actions of the entrepreneur.

Making a profit is characteristic not only of entrepreneurial, but also of any other form of business activity. In this regard, it is important to pay attention to the selection of such economic category as entrepreneurial profit, or entrepreneurial income. Entrepreneurial income should be understood primarily as additional income, income from management, the surplus received by the entrepreneur due to his natural qualities or his special ability to analyze and combine production factors in a new way depending on external conditions. The profit of the entrepreneur is made up of two elements: the ordinary profit of the businessman and the surplus over the ordinary profit of the businessman. The second element acts as entrepreneurial income, i.e. forms of public reward for the shown innovative approach, innovation in production. Every entrepreneur thus acts as a business person, but not every business person can be classified as an entrepreneur if we are talking about the actual phenomenon of an entrepreneur.

The implementation of entrepreneurial activity at an effective level is possible only in the presence of a certain social situation - the entrepreneurial environment, which is understood primarily as a market, a market system of relations, as well as the personal freedom of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial environment - a social economic situation, including the degree of economic freedom, the presence of an entrepreneurial corps, the dominance of the market type of economic relations, the possibility of forming entrepreneurial capital and using necessary resources. The formation of an entrepreneurial environment is a manageable process. The methods of managing such a process, however, cannot be of an administrative or directive nature. They are based on measures that are not related to the impact on business entities, but to the construction of favorable conditions for the emergence and rapid development of such entities. The development of entrepreneurship leads to the growth of national wealth and the welfare of the nation, (but not vice versa). The formation of an entrepreneurial environment is not only a national problem, but also an intercountry one. Within the framework of closed interstate groupings (for example, the European Union), the process of creating a single business space is taking place, i.e. conditions for the implementation of entrepreneurial functions is becoming increasingly complex in all these countries. The problem of its inclusion in the European and world entrepreneurial production. Only in the case of such inclusion can the process of “leakage” of Russian capital abroad be stopped.

Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity, as a specific form of self-employment of a part of the population and the creation of new jobs, enjoys government support in all industries. developed countries. State support usually created entrepreneurial structures are covered up to the moment of their transition to the category of medium or large enterprises.

Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity should be proactive, because the entrepreneur in his activities focuses on the market. The market is a set of interests and actions of real and potential buyers and sellers, as well as the conditions characterizing the state and change of their interests and actions. A market-oriented entrepreneur is obliged to clearly represent and even anticipate changes in the market situation. Due to this orientation, the actions of the entrepreneur always carry an element of risk. Entrepreneurial risk is an indicator of the degree of knowledge of the market both at the time of delivery of goods, and in the future, near and far. Before the delivery of goods to the market, it is difficult to predict, to predict the reaction of the market to such a supply. An entrepreneur in this sense acts “at his own peril and risk”, since he independently, intuitively must answer questions that boil down to the eternal economic triad:

What to produce;

How to produce;

1.3. Entrepreneurship as a phenomenon and as a process.

Entrepreneurship as a phenomenon reflects the totality of relations (economic, social, organizational, personal and others) associated with the organization of their business by entrepreneurs, with the production of goods and obtaining the desired result in the form of profit. Entrepreneurship as a phenomenon reflects the whole system of relations (financial, economic, social) that entrepreneurs objectively have with each other, with consumers, suppliers of all factors of production with banks and other market entities, with employees and, finally, with the state represented by the relevant executive authorities, as well as with authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government. Entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon reflects the commodity nature of entrepreneurs' relations with other economic entities based on the operation of the economic laws of a market economy (supply and demand, competition, cost, etc.) and all the instruments of commodity production and circulation. Entrepreneurship as a process is a complex "chain" of purposeful actions of entrepreneurs, starting from the moment an entrepreneurial idea arises and ending with its implementation in a specific entrepreneurial project. Entrepreneurship is the process of creating new goods, works, services that have value for consumers, the process of meeting ever-growing needs, a process carried out on the basis of a constant combination of production factors, the efficient use of available resources to achieve the best results. This process is continuous, constantly renewed, as the needs that entrepreneurs satisfy are constantly changing. This process requires large expenditures of all factors of production, is often doomed to temporary failure, but in the end the entrepreneur receives personal satisfaction from the monetary income he has achieved.

Chapter 2. Typology of entrepreneurship.

2.1. Types and types of entrepreneurship.

Taking into account the direction of entrepreneurial activity, the object of capital investment and obtaining specific results, the following types of entrepreneurship are distinguished.

The first type is manufacturing business. This is the process of producing specific goods, performing work and providing services for their sale (sale) to consumers (buyers). Since industrial entrepreneurship is carried out in the sphere of material production, it is classified depending on the branch of economic activity into industrial, construction, agricultural, etc. Accordingly, entrepreneurship is distinguished by sub-sectors, for example, in industry, entrepreneurial activity is organized in mechanical engineering, machine tool building, etc. From the economic point of view, industrial entrepreneurship is decisive, since these organizations (firms, companies, enterprises) produce products (goods) for industrial purposes and consumer goods necessary for households, firms, the state as a whole. All types of goods, works and services for specific consumers (the population, business firms, states) are produced by the subjects of industrial entrepreneurship. Of course, industrial entrepreneurship is not absolutely independent (not dependent on other types of entrepreneurial activity), but the economic growth and the level of social development of society. Naturally, it is not necessary to produce all types of goods in one country. Based on the international division of labor international specialization manufacturing enterprises for the production of important types of goods and their export (import) to other countries. Specialization and growth in the production of a certain type of goods based on the latest technologies lead to an increase in the volume of production, a reduction in production costs, and an increase in the level of quality of goods. Therefore, the products of domestic manufacturing entrepreneurs are difficult to compete with foreign goods, since they are cheaper than domestic ones and entrepreneurs engaged in trade prefer imported goods. Thus, in Russia up to 50% of agricultural products and food products foreign origin. A similar picture emerges with many industrial goods.

Structural restructuring of the economy did not provide necessary conditions for the development of industrial entrepreneurship, therefore, industrial entrepreneurship in Russia is the most risky occupation. The risk of non-sale of manufactured products, chronic non-payments, numerous taxes, fees and duties hinder the development of entrepreneurship in the manufacturing sector, although commercial and trade entrepreneurship as the second type of entrepreneurial activity is developing at a relatively high pace. This activity is mobile, quickly adapts to the needs, as it is directly related to specific consumers. It is believed that at least two basic conditions are necessary for the development of trade entrepreneurship: a relatively stable demand for the goods sold (therefore good knowledge of the market is necessary) and a lower purchase price of goods from manufacturers, which allows merchants to recover trading costs and receive the necessary profit. Trade entrepreneurship is associated with a relatively high level of risk, especially when organizing trade in manufactured durable goods.

The third type of entrepreneurship is financial and credit. This is a specialized area of ​​business activity, characteristic feature which is that the subject of sale and purchase are securities (stocks, bonds, etc.), currency values ​​and national money. For the organization of financial and credit entrepreneurship, a specialized system of organizations is formed: commercial banks, financial and credit companies (firms), stock, currency exchanges and other specialized organizations. Entrepreneurial activity of banks and other financial and credit organizations is regulated by both general legislative acts and special laws and regulations Central Bank of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. In accordance with legislative acts, entrepreneurial activity in the securities market must be carried out by professional participants. Participants in the securities market are commercial organizations that issue securities.

2.2. Intermediary entrepreneurial activity.

In a developed market economy, an important activity is intermediary entrepreneurial activity. In the process of its organization, the subjects themselves economic activity do not produce or sell goods directly, but act as intermediaries between producers and consumers. An intermediary is a person (legal or natural) representing the interests of a producer or consumer, but not being one himself. Intermediaries can conduct entrepreneurial activities independently or act on the market on behalf (on behalf of) producers or consumers. Wholesale supply and marketing organizations, brokers, dealers, distributors, stock exchanges, to some extent commercial banks and others act as intermediary business organizations in the market. credit organizations. Intermediary entrepreneurial activity is largely very risky, so the intermediary entrepreneur sets the price level in the contract, taking into account the degree of risk in the implementation of intermediary operations. For the development of intermediary business, two important conditions are necessary: ​​a stable demand in the market for the goods offered and the prices for the purchase of goods must be lower than the price of their sale to "final" consumers.

2.3. Illegal entrepreneurship and false entrepreneurship.

In accordance with Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, illegal entrepreneurship is understood as the implementation of entrepreneurial activities without registration or in violation of the registration rules, as well as representation to the body that carries out state registration legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, documents containing deliberately false information, or carrying out entrepreneurial activities without a special permit (license) in cases where such a permit (license) is mandatory, or in violation of licensing requirements and conditions, if this act caused large-scale damage to citizens, organizations or the state, or is associated with the extraction of income on a large scale. Pseudo-entrepreneurship is the creation of a commercial organization without the intention to carry out entrepreneurial or banking activities, with the aim of obtaining loans, exempting from taxes, deriving other property benefits or covering up prohibited activities that caused large damage to citizens and organizations. In accordance with the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation "On judicial practice on cases of illegal entrepreneurship and legalization (laundering) of funds or other property acquired by criminal means” entrepreneurial activities without registration will take place only in cases where there is no record of the creation of this legal entity or the acquisition by an individual of the status individual entrepreneur or contains a record of liquidation of a legal entity or termination of activities individual as an individual entrepreneur.

Chapter 3. Conditions for the implementation of entrepreneurial activity.

3.1. Entrepreneurial idea and its choice.

The first step to starting a business is creating an entrepreneurial idea. The presence of a real entrepreneurial idea for the implementation is the main factor in entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurial activity as a process begins with an idea, which, under certain conditions, is realized in a specific entrepreneurial project, the essence of which should be based on the principle: to find a need and satisfy it. The idea is realized for the purpose - in the organization of a certain type of business. The goal must be clearly formulated by the entrepreneur himself, the head of the firm, communicated to all employees who will translate it into concrete results of work. higher purpose any business organization - the formation of market needs, meeting customer demand. The goal should be commensurate with the capabilities of the company, with its technical, intellectual, personnel, financial level and raw material capabilities. The art of goal setting is the art of managing a company, the ability to control the course and result of achieving a goal, etc. Therefore, the first goal of the entrepreneur is to determine a set of goals, the choice of goals. There are several ways to select an idea: brainstorming, product attributes research, external tools, idea selection.

When brainstorming, participants put forward their ideas, adhering to the following principles:

No idea can be ignored;

Negative reaction is not allowed;

All participants should contribute, regardless of the possible absurdity of the comments;

There should not be a chairman at such a meeting, but one member of the group should write down all the ideas.

The essence of the study of product attributes is to compile a table consisting of two columns: the first column lists the characteristics of the product that are going to be sold, and the second column lists the benefits for the consumer. The task is to try to find a more profitable product by applying incentive methods, making it more attractive to the consumer.

External tools include information obtained from popular magazines, from industry publications. Often interesting ideas can be learned by getting acquainted with the activities of other firms, organizations, etc.

The method of selecting ideas is to choose the most attractive entrepreneurial idea for a given firm.

First of all, it is necessary to abandon those ideas that:

Does not meet the requirements of the consumer;

Incompatible with the purpose of your organization;

Financially unfavorable.

An entrepreneurial idea based on the objective possibilities of the economic situation, analysis of the state of a particular market, etc. can be considered potentially successful. Features of the state of the market make it more profitable and growing certain types business.

3.2. Entrepreneurial capital. Ways of its formation.

Without the possession of capital, there can be no entrepreneurship. The more efficient or powerful the capital at the disposal of the entrepreneur, the more significant the result of his activity, the greater the volume of social needs he can satisfy. A society with a reasonable organization cannot resist the desire of the entrepreneur to possess ever-increasing capital, because it is the total volume of entrepreneurial capital that largely determines the level of national wealth. Capital means:

All technical means of production (buildings, structures, equipment, machine tools, transport, etc.) used legally;

Material elements of working capital (raw materials, materials, devices, qualification level work force);

Working capital (in cash - fund wages, funds for the purchase of raw materials necessary for the organization of production);

Intellectual property is an entrepreneurial idea, a way of producing or processing a product or raw material.

Thus, entrepreneurial capital is equal to the sum of all these components. Starting a business of any type requires initial capital. The initial capital is called the capital put into circulation at the time of the start of the implementation of the entrepreneurial project.

There are ways to form initial capital:

Financial results of previous business activities;

Personal savings (not only in cash, but also in commodity form);

Borrowed funds, i.e. funds borrowed under obligations.

The capital of any enterprise is divided into fixed and circulating. Fixed capital includes all those technical means of production, without which it is impossible to organize a normally functioning production process. Working capital is everything that "passes" through the enterprise and is intended for industrial or personal consumption or sale.

Based on a preliminary "estimate" of the need for initial capital, the entrepreneur makes specific plan for investments, i.e. a reasonable plan for investing money in the project. At the project implementation stage, the entrepreneur makes a decision on choosing the most appropriate way to form the initial capital. He bases his decision on the results of a comparative analysis of the possibilities of attracting capital, i.e. all the sources of capital formation identified by him. An entrepreneur cannot proceed only from his own calculations based on needs to start implementing an entrepreneurial idea. To make a decision, he needs confidence that the forthcoming capital investment will be really beneficial for him.

3.3. Entrepreneurial type of thinking and behavior.

Entrepreneur - the most basic factor in entrepreneurial activity. It is the entrepreneur who combines the factors of production to achieve certain goals. It is the ability to implement an effective combination of factors of production that acts as an indicator of the level of entrepreneurial skill. The problem of combining factors of production is considered in the theory of production and costs - the main concept of company management. The theory of production and costs comes down to identifying possible relationships between the volume of output and various combinations of production factors. To identify such a relationship and select possible forms of combination of factors, a graphical method is usually used. Isoquants are constructed, i.e. curves reflecting all combinations of production factors, the use of which provides the same volume of output.

Entrepreneurial mentality - a special mindset, various psychological properties and qualities of an entrepreneur. The entrepreneurial mentality is expressed in a special type of his thinking, which allows him to notice everything new, to find, analyze and outline specific forms of using new ideas, to improve previously created ones. The entrepreneurial mentality is modified into a system of special entrepreneurial thinking, which is embodied in the system of business entrepreneurial design of the optimal combination of resources in order to maximize profits.

Conclusion.

World experience shows that without an independent producer, without entrepreneurial activity, no prosperity of society is possible. History itself has proven that entrepreneurship has been and will be the main component of economic system of a society that calls itself civilized. Entrepreneurship as one of the specific forms of manifestation public relations contributes not only to increasing the material and spiritual potential of society, but also leads to the unity of the nation, the preservation of its national spirit and national pride.

Production in Russia now needs big investments as a pledge sustainable development. Russian entrepreneurship still has many unresolved problems. However, measures to promote business development are already being taken not only by federal, but also by regional authorities. But they should also be developed with a thorough analysis of the markets, taking into account the needs of the entrepreneurs themselves. Entrepreneurship in Russia is the future. In many respects, positive achievements and changes in the economy depend on self-confidence of entrepreneurs, on their ability to unite to protect free enterprise.

The main problem of entrepreneurship is the problem of choosing how, with unlimited needs, it is better to use limited resources to achieve the greatest profit, how to reduce production costs and ensure the necessary output to ensure the profitability of the enterprise.

The essence of entrepreneurship lies in a fundamentally new type of management based on the innovative behavior of the owners of the enterprise, on the ability to find and use ideas, to translate them into specific entrepreneurial projects.

List of used literature.

1. Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 1998.

2.Denisova N.I. Diyanova S.N. Shtessel E.M. Organization of entrepreneurship in the field of commerce. Publishing house Master. M.: 2008.

3. Kamaev V.D. Economic theory. Publishing house VLADOS. M.: 2004.

4. Krutik A.B. Pimenova A.L. Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Publishing house Polytechnic. St. Petersburg: 1995.

5. Lapusta M.G. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 2008.

6. Simionov Yu.F. Economics of entrepreneurship. Phoenix Publishing. Rostov n / a.: 2008.

7.Criminal Code Russian Federation. Publishing house Prospekt. M.: 2006.

Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 1998. pp. 17-18.

Lapusta M.G. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 2008. pp. 48-49.

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Publishing house Prospekt. M.: 2006. pp. 82-83.

Denisova N.I. Diyanova S.N. Shtessel E.M. Organization of entrepreneurship in the field of commerce. Publishing house Master. M.: 2008. pp. 197-198, 200-202.

Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 1998. pp. 101-103.

Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 1998. pp. 103-105,110,113-115.

Busygin A.V. Entrepreneurship. Publishing house INFRA-M. M.: 1998. pp. 121-122.

Entrepreneurship in the broad sense of the word is the ability of a subject to decide on something and realize his decision. This ability is inextricably linked with the creative nature of man and is rooted in the foundations of civilization.

Economic entrepreneurship is a narrower concept, limited by the ability of the subject to receive income from the use of initial capital. But creativity, of course, dominates here. Economic entrepreneurship is the ability to invent new way income generation. Not all people are capable of such inventions. Sociologists have determined that only 2-4% of the total population of any country are capable of being entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurship is a specific factor of production. Features of entrepreneurship: a) this factor is intangible; b) entrepreneurship is not a special object of sale and purchase.

innovative, creative function- realization of the ability to find non-traditional ways of economic activity and a new source of income.

Mobilization function- activities to search for and mobilize cash savings, skilled workers and other conditions necessary for the implementation of entrepreneurial ideas.

Organizing function- activities for the rational combination of the main factors of production: workers, natural resources, capital.

risk function– decision-making under the threat of loss of property.

Entrepreneurship In the process of business activity -

and business. In reality, a new way of generating income is not always invented, and the owner of capital does not always have to take risks. Therefore, there is another way of using capital, based on well-known, repeatedly tested directions, when the risk of novelty disappears. In the definition of this method, the term "business" is becoming more common.

Business(profitable business) – activities for the appropriation of income in any way: production activity, resale, stock speculation, clever scam, deceit, etc. "Do business" - to make money in any way. Entrepreneurship and business are often intertwined in the activities of the same entity. But a much larger number of people are already able to engage in business - up to 20% of the population of any country.

The differences between entrepreneurship and business are most clearly seen in the functions of entrepreneurship. If the first and fourth functions (innovative and risky) are "purely" entrepreneurial functions, then the second and third (mobilization and organizational) functions serve to manifest both entrepreneurship and business.

V Russian practice there is no clear division between entrepreneurship and business. Any activity to organize your own business is called entrepreneurship.

Terms Entrepreneurial activity

entrepreneurship. ness can exist and develop in any country only in the presence of certain objective and subjective conditions. TO objective conditions for successful entrepreneurship include the following.

Firstly, favorable legal environment is the existence of state legal laws that allow and encourage entrepreneurship.

Secondly, favorable economic environment, expressed as a set of necessary conditions of an economic nature: private or collective ownership of capital, product and income; freedom of choice of activity within the limits of the legislation of the country; freedom to set prices, freedom to choose where to use labor power; competition.

Thirdly, favorable social environment- this is a benevolent, or at least tolerant, attitude of the entire population towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. If the country is dominated by envy of entrepreneurs, irritation about entrepreneurial activity, or threats against entrepreneurs, no state laws will be able to stimulate the growth of entrepreneurial activity.

All of the above refers to the objective conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, i.e. those that do not depend directly on the entrepreneurs themselves, but are dictated by the socio-economic conditions of the country.

Along with the objective conditions, the subjective factor is also of great importance for successful entrepreneurship. Subjective the factor means the internal readiness of the subject for entrepreneurship and is determined by the natural abilities and accumulated knowledge of the subject. The subjective factor includes three components of the moment: want(want) to do something for income; know, how to do; be able to make.

Structure The structure of entrepreneurial

entrepreneurship. activity is diverse depending on the criterion of activity differentiation.

Depending on the areas of functioning capital, there are five main types of entrepreneurship.

Production- production of goods for sale.

Commercial Entrepreneurship is the purchase of a commodity in order to resell the same commodity at a higher price.

Financial Entrepreneurship is a form of commercial activity when money or securities act as a commodity. At the same time, securities are sold, and money is given on credit. Financial entrepreneurship is the sale of present money for future money.

Intermediary Entrepreneurship - the entrepreneur himself does not produce or sell goods, but acts as a link. Main function- the connection of two parties interested in a mutual transaction. In general, intermediary business is the provision of services to the subjects of a market economy.

Insurance Entrepreneurship is a guarantee to the entrepreneur of compensation for possible damage. This is also a service.

Depending on the quantities business units (enterprises, shops, firms, etc.) distinguish three forms of entrepreneurship. Big business(joint stock company, joint ventures, associations, corporations). small business– small enterprises, cooperatives, individual (private) activities. Possible and average by business size.

Depending on the speed capital turnover and the rate of income generation, two types of entrepreneurship are distinguished:

active business - trade, mediation, production;

passive business - the acquisition of securities, capital contributions to bank accounts, the transfer of property for rent.

Depending on the way implementation of entrepreneurial activities are distinguished: business on equity; business on borrowed capital; business for hire, when a hired entrepreneur-manager operates.

Depending on the impact on the economic environment, two categories of business are distinguished: civilized (legitimate, normal) business; wild (black, underground, shadow) business.

Civilized business is the consistent realization of personal abilities for entrepreneurship in a favorable environment. external environment within the framework of existing legislation. Civilized business credo: respect for laws, marketing, profit.

Wild business is a manifestation of the ability to entrepreneurship in spite of all restrictions, including state legislation. The wild business creed is maximum income by any means.

Entrepreneurship is an integral component of the market economy. Distinctive feature entrepreneurship as a factor of production is the presence of free competition. Today's understanding of this term has specific features associated with the economic realities of society.

Term Features

The concept of entrepreneurship as a factor of production has appeared in the modern economy. In connection with privatization, only part of the enterprises remains in the hands of the state, all the rest have passed into private ownership. For example, medium and small businesses are represented in Russian entrepreneurship.

The main task of any entrepreneur is the full-fledged management of the enterprise, which includes the reasonable use of resources, the organization of work based on innovation, and responsibility for the final results of one's own activities.

Features of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship as a factor of production is associated with the social economy, certain conditions of activity. The environment for full-fledged work is a combination of personal interest, economic freedom. It is she who is considered the main feature of the entrepreneurial environment.

It is no coincidence that entrepreneurship is called the fourth factor of production, because it is it that ensures the development of the market, affects the economic condition of the country. The driving motive for the development of entrepreneurship is self-interest.

The process of transition to the market version of management presupposes the emergence of an entrepreneurial economy.

Let us find out what is the specificity of entrepreneurship as a factor of production. To do this, consider the specifics of this term. Its essence lies in the ability of economic entities to influence the alleged source of material gain.

Entrepreneurship is proactive, having an economic risk, aimed at identifying the best ways to use resources by activities. It leads to additional profit, an increase in property.

Entrepreneurship as a factor of production is the link between the product and the market economy. It manifests itself in extracting the maximum benefit from the sale of the finished product. In order for a simple exchange to become a source of entrepreneurship, it must become an integral part of the systemic economic turnover, a function of economic entities.

Exchange: features, importance

It is the exchange that stimulates the search for new opportunities, characterizes entrepreneurship as a factor of production. In the modern economy, it helps to find a source of potential benefits, is considered as a motive for successful activity.

By exchanging products with others, the entrepreneur perceives work not only as a way to make a profit, but also as an opportunity to establish personal contacts.

Entrepreneurship - as a combination of factors of production - implies a social character, the interconnection of many factors.

signs

What are the main features and factors of production? Labor, land, entrepreneurship, profit - all these terms are interconnected. There are certain signs that characterize the economic nature of modern entrepreneurship: commercial risk, initiative, responsibility, innovation, a combination of production factors.

Such activity is impossible without initiative. Only a constant desire to look for something new can contribute to its development. For example, mastering innovative technologies, markets for products, is a condition for the functioning of entrepreneurship.

Modern entrepreneurship as a factor of production involves the realization of those opportunities that are provided by the process of market exchange, which implies the mutual benefit of all participants in the process. Many analysts view entrepreneurship as a factor of production. The profit of the entrepreneur should not be the result of deceiving consumers, but the result of honest and fruitful work.

Despite the fact that the initiative is considered an integral quality of the human personality, it is not manifested in all people. nature itself market form management contributes to the development of this quality in those who are involved in commercial activities.

Modern entrepreneurship as a combination of factors of production implies a certain economic freedom based on information.

It is necessary to have reliable information about prices, changing market conditions, consumer preferences in order to respond in a timely manner to market fluctuations.

Commercial risk

reality surrounding modern entrepreneur, represents an uncertainty beyond its control, so there is a commercial risk.

Considering entrepreneurship as a factor of production, let us briefly dwell on the characteristics of commercial risk. Despite the fact that it is considered a component of management, it involves a sober calculation, analysis and consideration of all possible negative consequences from actions and transactions.

To get real profit from risky transactions, an entrepreneur conducts serious analytical work, attracts specialists who are able to assess possible risks.

It is quite possible to imagine entrepreneurship as a factor of production, an opportunity for the development of society. In order to reduce the risks that accompany such activities, you can use insurance. When it comes to creating an innovative product, the developer has significant problems with a reliable assessment of the possible risk. To solve this problem, you can combine your efforts with other persons interested in obtaining maximum profit. In this case, not only the income from the sale of the created product will be divided, but also the possible production risks will be evenly divided.

Entrepreneurship, as a factor in the production of new goods and services, is the driving force behind technological progress.

Risk management system

In order to avoid contradictions between the desire to minimize risk and the motivated desire for it, a system for managing such situations is being created that reflects entrepreneurship as a factor of production. The essence and features of such a system:

• search for sources of risk and possible consequences of entrepreneurial activity;
• development and implementation of adaptive measures aimed at overcoming undesirable consequences.

The risk also has a certain general economic significance. Its presence forces the owner of the company to carefully study all possible alternatives, choose the most promising ways to lead to progressive actions, increase output, which characterizes entrepreneurship as a factor of production. Briefly, we can consider commercial risk as a way of progressive shift of productive forces, effective change and expansion of the economy.

Arbitration

How can the factors of production be effectively changed? Labor, land, capital - entrepreneurship calls the main components of a full-fledged activity. To solve this problem, resources are being moved to markets where they can generate a large income. Arbitrage can be identified in exchange activity and in trading. This process is characterized by the following parameters:

• the use of non-equilibrium market situations as a source of new opportunities;
• search for a rational distribution of resources as an opportunity for additional income;
• establishment of market equilibrium through the redistribution of material wealth.

In addition, to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, they combine factors of production, for example, modernize hard work. Information is a factor of production. Social infrastructure, entrepreneurship - concepts that complement each other. Without their combination, there will be no economic growth, positive development of society.

With the rational replacement of one production factor with another, the entrepreneur not only guarantees a transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also to the use of new technologies that can significantly simplify hard work. Information is a factor of production.

Social infrastructure - a new type of entrepreneurship that allows you to get the desired profit - is accompanied by high-quality and affordable services for the population. Combining the "principle of substitution" with the "spirit of rationalism" is feature modern entrepreneurship, its distinctive characteristic.

Motives and goals of entrepreneurship

Since such activity is aimed at meeting the needs of society, it is expressed not only in obtaining material income by the entrepreneur himself, but also in obtaining satisfaction from consumers.

Not every income can be considered the result of a full-fledged entrepreneurship. It acts as such only in situations where it assumes the best result of the use of factors of production. That is why interest on capital, profit from rent is not considered as income from entrepreneurial activity.

What is the main goal of the modern entrepreneur? The hypothesis, according to which it consists only in maximizing profits from sales, is refuted by analysts.

After there was a significant modernization of the structure of firms, functional features were dispersed among the participants in the entrepreneurial process. Therefore, the purpose of the activity is based on the influence of the interests of representatives of different parties who are actively involved in the implementation of the entrepreneurial function. We have to constantly respond to all external changes, adapt to the market situation, based on differentiation, concretization of attitudes towards medium-term, short-term, long-term forecasts.

The result of such work is the modification of the actions of the entrepreneur, the development of new market segments, the increase in sales, the economic growth of the company.

Of course, the new realities do not mean that profit ceases to be the target of modern entrepreneurship. Despite the differences in the goals of different firms, any of them is acceptable only if a reasonable minimum benefit is provided. Such a limitation is far from accidental, because it is profit that is important for the development of production, the launch of new technologies, and the development of innovative products.

The business owner always strives to create ideal conditions for the development and full implementation of the entrepreneurial function. Its task is to balance the forces that make it possible to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. As well as ensuring maximum profitability from the resources used.

Entrepreneurship development

It is not considered a frozen and formed phenomenon. There is a constant change in the form, content, scope of this term. Entrepreneurship is associated with the state of the market economy, as well as with numerous social aspects. Trade has always been his starting point. Merchants assessed the demand for products and correlated it with their capabilities, made adjustments depending on changes observed in the market.

The main source of income in those days was the difference in price received when selling the same product in different markets. This option assumed serious rice, therefore, when the demand for goods fell, the merchants went bankrupt and completely lost their production.

During the transition to industrial production, the branches of material production began to be considered as a priority area of ​​entrepreneurship. Instead of attractive markets for sales, attention began to be paid to the rational use of various factors of production. At this stage, the entrepreneurial function ceased to be the monopoly of the owner.

The post-industrial stage was characterized by the growth of non-material activity, socialization, which caused new priorities and guidelines in management. Particular importance in entrepreneurial activity began to be given not to adaptation to constantly changing market conditions, but to the transformation of the essence of management, anticipation of the prospects for the development of social production.

Apart from rational use resources, the forms of their use began to act as the key activity of the entrepreneur. As new areas that began to cover the activities of business executives, we single out science and finance. Setting strategic goals allows you to maximize the result obtained by mobilizing efforts to engage in entrepreneurial process many participants.

In any historical era, entrepreneurship has been an indispensable element of a market economy. It is also customary to consider it as an economic category, a type of economic thinking.

To assess the relationship of entrepreneurship with the economy, it is necessary to note the existence of a relationship between objects and subjects. The latter types can be not only individuals, but also representatives of large-scale production, who work independently or involve other persons in the activities. For example, cooperatives, rental collectives, joint-stock companies involved in a certain kind economic activity.

In a market economy, private, collective, and also state entrepreneurship is possible.

The object is the most efficient combination of production factors, which allows minimizing costs and increasing income.

Thanks to a variety of new combinations of economic resources, the improvement of technological processes, the search for new technologies, an entrepreneur is constantly changing his production, has advantages over an ordinary business executive.

The main condition for the fruitful work of small or medium-sized businesses is independence, complete independence of the subjects, the formation of an algorithm of work, the choice of sources of financing, the method of marketing finished products, rational disposal of profits.

Conclusion

In modern conditions, entrepreneurship is a driving factor for the economy. The entrepreneur constantly depends on the market, the dynamics of supply and demand, the price level, commodity-money relations. Due to the high risk associated with constant fluctuations in the economy, many entrepreneurs are forced to close their production facilities or do not have the opportunity to develop their business, they are forced to “stagnate” in order to withstand competition.

In countries with high entrepreneurial potential, medium and small companies are of particular importance. For example, in the USA they are considered a "forge" of personnel, therefore they are supported by various government programs.

In our country, entrepreneurial potential is characterized by an intermediate state of the economy. Russia has already shown its ability to create an entrepreneurial infrastructure, but there are still many tasks to be solved before the share of small and medium-sized businesses becomes significant and noticeable on a national scale.

Real programs that would have a positive impact on the development of domestic entrepreneurship do not yet exist. It is this that negatively affects the speed of the spread of entrepreneurship at the initial and medium levels, and is the cause of “stagnation” in the economy.

With effective measures state regulation economy, it is possible to stimulate the development of the market, increase the quality and standard of living of the population of the country. Otherwise, it will be difficult to talk about positive changes in the social, political, scientific sectors, about economic stability.

Regardless of the form of ownership used in the state, the main engine of the development of society has always been trade, represented in our time by entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is an essential attribute of a market economy, the main distinguishing feature of which is free competition. It is a specific factor of production, firstly, because, unlike capital and land, it is intangible. Secondly, we cannot interpret profit as a kind of equilibrium price by analogy with the labor market, capital and land.

The modern understanding of entrepreneurship was formed during the formation and development of capitalism, which chose free enterprise as the basis and source of its prosperity.

The views of the classics were one of the starting points of the Marxist concept of entrepreneurship. K. Marx saw in an entrepreneur only a capitalist who invests his capital in his own enterprise, and in entrepreneurship - an exploitative essence. Only much later, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. economists have recognized it as crucial to economic progress. A. Marshall added to the three classical factors of production - labor, land, capital - the fourth - organization, and J. Schumpeter gave this factor its modern name - entrepreneurship, and defined the main functions of entrepreneurship:

creation of a new material good, not yet familiar to the consumer, or a former good, but with new qualities;

the introduction of a new method of production that has not yet been used in this industry;

the conquest of a new market or the wider use of the former;

the use of a new type of raw material or semi-finished products;

the introduction of a new organization of business, for example, a monopoly position or, conversely, overcoming a monopoly.

To characterize entrepreneurship as an economic category, the central problem is the establishment of its subjects and objects. Subjects entrepreneurship may be, first of all, private individuals (organizers of sole, family, as well as larger productions). The activities of such entrepreneurs are carried out on the basis of both their own labor and hired. Entrepreneurial activity can also be carried out by a group of persons linked by contractual relations and economic interests. The subjects of collective entrepreneurship are joint-stock companies, rental teams, cooperatives, etc. V individual cases business entities also include the state represented by its relevant bodies. Thus, in a market economy, there are three forms of entrepreneurial activity: state, collective, private, each of which finds its own niche in the economic system.

Entrepreneurship object is the most efficient combination of factors of production to maximize income. “Entrepreneurs combine resources to produce a new good unknown to consumers; discovery of new production methods (technologies) and commercial use of existing goods; development of a new sales market and a new source of raw materials; reorganization in the industry with the aim of creating one's own monopoly or undermining someone else's,” 1 J. Schumpeter said.

For entrepreneurship as a method of managing the economy, the first and main condition is independence And independence of business entities, the presence of a certain set of freedoms and rights for them to choose the type of entrepreneurial activity, sources of financing, the formation of a production program, access to resources, marketing of products, setting prices for it, disposing of profits, etc.

The second condition for entrepreneurship is responsibility for decisions, their consequences and associated risk. Risk is always associated with uncertainty and unpredictability. Even the most careful calculation and forecast cannot eliminate the unpredictability factor; it is a constant companion of entrepreneurial activity.

The third condition for an entrepreneur is commercial success orientation, the desire to increase profits.

But the entrepreneurial factor is rewarded not only from normal profit, which is included in economic costs, but also from a possible excess of income that exceeds explicit and implicit costs, i.e. from economic profit. These surpluses are formed as follows. Market structures are distinguished by a certain imperfection of competition: lack of information, concentration of production in the hands of a few firms, release of new, previously unknown products - in a word, the economy is in a state of continuous development, dynamic transformation, which gives it a certain uncertainty. Basically, this state of the economic system is due to the actions of entrepreneurs who are looking for their niches in the market and using them to their advantage. This leads to a disruption of the existing market equilibrium, and for some period some entrepreneurs find themselves in a more advantageous position than others, their competitors, and seek to realize this benefit for their own benefit. But this benefit is far from obvious, not obvious in advance. An entrepreneur always takes a risk when he decides to start a new business, to carry out some innovations, to buy someone's securities, to put his products on an unknown market, etc. This creates a state of uncertainty in which one has to look for right decisions etc.

But entrepreneurship is not always associated with making a profit; losses are also possible. The threat of losses and bankruptcy also serves as a powerful incentive for efficient management, as well as making a profit.