The fixed assets of industrial enterprises include buildings, structures, transmission devices, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, perennial plantations and other means of labor that operate for a long time.

The creation of new and restoration of worn-out fixed assets of industrial enterprises of the Ministry of Defense is carried out through capital investments. overhaul at the expense of sources of financing shown in fig. 7.

Working and power machines and equipment, production inventory are paid centrally and released to the enterprises of the Ministry of Defense free of charge in accordance with the volumes of supplies approved by the supplying authorities, necessary to fulfill production plans.

Capital investments for the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises are carried out at the expense of appropriations provided for in the capital investment plans of the central departments of the Ministry of Defense.

The Communist Party organically connects the turn to an intensive path of industrial development with the consistent pursuit of a line towards faster technical re-equipment, production, creation and production of machinery and equipment that will improve working conditions and increase its productivity, save material resources. With this in mind, material and financial resources are directed primarily to technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing enterprises, and not for their expansion.

The technical re-equipment of existing enterprises is carried out without performing construction and installation work related to the expansion of existing production areas, and consists in carrying out measures to improve the technical level of individual production areas to modern requirements by introducing new technology and technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, as well as to improve other performance indicators of enterprises.

During the reconstruction of existing enterprises, construction and installation work is carried out related to the complete or partial re-equipment and re-equipment and re-organization of production carried out under a single project with the replacement of obsolete and worn-out equipment. At the same time, the reconstruction is carried out, as a rule, without the construction of new and expansion of existing workshops of the main industrial purpose. Through reconstruction, disproportions in technological links and auxiliary services are eliminated, which ensures the improvement of technical and economic indicators at lower costs and in a shorter time than when building new or expanding existing enterprises.

Funds invested in the technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing enterprises pay off on average two times faster than when creating similar production facilities through new construction.

In addition to budget appropriations as the main source of financing capital investments for the creation of new, expansion and reconstruction of fixed assets of enterprises, own funds of enterprises related to non-centralized sources of financing are also used for these purposes; funds of the depreciation fund intended for major repairs and the production development fund, as well as funds for incentives and consumer goods (in the part intended for housing construction). Enterprises are allowed to use the depreciation fund intended for the overhaul of fixed assets to purchase new equipment to replace obsolete equipment, the overhaul of which is not economically feasible.

All the named own funds of enterprises can be used to finance state capital investments within the limits approved for the central departments by the Minister of Defense, and in permitted cases - even in excess of the approved limits.

Since the reproduction of fixed assets in the Ministry of Defense is carried out mainly at the expense of budgetary appropriations, no profit is used for this purpose, and deductions to the production development fund from the amount of depreciation intended for the full restoration (renovation) of fixed assets are not made. In this regard, the role of the production development fund is growing, the funds of which can be used to introduce new equipment, mechanize and automate production, and carry out other measures for its technical re-equipment.

The overhaul of fixed assets of the enterprise is carried out at the expense of depreciation deductions intended for overhaul.

The total amount of depreciation charges, sources of their formation and directions of use are determined in financial plans industrial enterprises. The calculation of depreciation deductions in the financial plan is made for all fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.

The main initial data for planning depreciation charges are the book value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, plans for the commissioning of fixed assets and their receipt from other enterprises and organizations in the planning period, information on the expected retirement of fixed assets, reporting data for the past period and current depreciation rates.

To carry out the planned calculation of depreciation charges, enterprises combine fixed assets according to established groups and determine their average annual cost. In these calculations, average depreciation rates calculated according to accounting data for groups of fixed assets can be used.

The total amount of depreciation charges for the planned year for all depreciable fixed assets is determined by adding the depreciation amounts calculated for all groups of fixed assets.

Depreciation is calculated monthly from the book value of fixed assets in the amount of 1/12 of the annual rate and applies to: production assets- at cost industrial products, in terms of fixed assets for non-production purposes - for the estimates of the storage department, housing and communal services and other non-industrial facilities.

Depreciation deductions for the full restoration of fixed assets are accumulated on 19 extra-budgetary funds by the Central financial management to whom these contributions are transferred financial service military districts of fleets enterprises of central subordination.

Depreciation deductions intended for overhaul constitute the trust fund of the enterprise and are spent by it on its own for overhaul and modernization of fixed assets, for the replacement of equipment. The costs of the enterprise for the overhaul of buildings and structures are included in full in the capital construction plans of the relevant central departments and are provided by these departments as a matter of priority with the necessary material resources.

Financing of work on the overhaul of fixed assets and modernization of equipment is carried out within the funds of the depreciation fund available to enterprises, intended for this purpose. If there are not enough funds to ensure the measures provided for by the capital repair plan for fixed assets, then the enterprise can receive from the central administration the missing amount from the depreciation reserve for capital repairs. This reserve is formed at the expense of contributions by enterprises of depreciation deductions in the percentage established by the central administrations, but not more than 15 percent of the accrued depreciation amount for major repairs.

The formation and spending of the reserve are provided for in the financial plans of the central departments and in the balance sheets of income and expenses of enterprises. Financing of these works is carried out only if there is an approved technical documentation and a plan for the overhaul of fixed assets.

At the expense of the depreciation fund for capital repairs, only certain costs provided for by the capital repair plan can be made, namely:

overhaul of fixed assets, including the cost of transportation and installation of equipment, machines and mechanisms;

modernization of equipment, carried out simultaneously with a major overhaul, in order to improve the means of labor;

acquisition of new equipment to replace obsolete equipment, the overhaul of which is not economically feasible;

design estimates and survey work for all activities related to the overhaul;

replacement of worn-out structures and parts in buildings and structures or replacement of suitable structures and parts with more durable and economical ones that improve the operational capabilities of the repaired facilities, according to the list of works provided for in the Regulations on the conduct of preventive maintenance of buildings and structures approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

Capital repairs and modernization of fixed assets can be carried out by contract and economic methods.

With the contract method, work is carried out by specialized organizations on the basis of a work contract and paid for at their estimated cost. With the economic method, work is performed by the enterprises themselves and paid for at actual costs, but within the planned cost. In this regard, in the balance of income and expenses of the enterprise, savings are planned from reducing the cost of capital repairs carried out by an economic method, which is directed to the full restoration of fixed assets and transferred to type No. 19 of extra-budgetary funds.

Important tasks to ensure the effective use of public funds allocated for the renewal and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises are carried out by the content and financial bodies of the Ministry of Defense. They achieve a rational and economically justified distribution of material and financial resources directed to the reproduction of fixed assets of industrial enterprises, monitor the implementation of their plans for technical re-equipment and reconstruction, comparing costs with the final results of enterprises in terms of increasing production capacities and return on assets.

FC classification

depending from the subject performing FC, the main areas of control differ:

· state The FC ensures the interests of the state and society, checks the fulfillment of the obligations of individuals and legal entities before the state-tion and observance of the rule of law;

· on-farm FC protects the interests of households. the subject and his team from abuse, theft and mismanagement, and also provides an increase in the efficiency of its financial and economic activity;

· legal FC carried out in the interests of the whole society, carried out by law enforcement agencies in the form of audits, forensic accounting examinations and other inspections;

· independent (auditing) control pursues the interests of participants in economic processes (suppliers and buyers, banks and other organizations) through inspections financial stability and creditworthiness of enterprises, reliability of accounting and reporting data;

· public control is carried out public organizations(e.g. trade unions). V modern conditions has no real power.

By time distinguish between preliminary, current and subsequent FC.

Preliminary FC is carried out before performing operations on the formation, distribution and use of financial resources. In this case, documents subject to approval and execution that serve as the basis for financial activities are checked - draft budgets, financial plans and estimates, credit and cash applications, etc. ( The object of control is compliance with financial legislation - norms, regulations, limits, etc..)

Current FC - is control in the making financial transactions(in the course of fulfilling financial obligations to the state, receiving and using Money for administrative expenses, capital construction, etc.)

Subsequent FC- this is the control exercised after the financial transactions (after the execution of budgets, financial plans and estimates, the payment of taxes, etc.). In this case, the state of financial discipline is determined, its violations, ways of prevention and measures to eliminate them are identified.

By FK methods distinguish:

§ observation- involves a general acquaintance with the state of the financial activities of the object of control;

§ examination- Concerns the main issues of fin. activities and is carried out on the spot using balance sheet, reporting and other documents to identify violations of the fin. discipline and elimination of their consequences;

§ survey- is made in relation to individual parties of the fin. activity and relies on a wider range of indicators, which distinguishes it from verification. The survey uses methods such as surveys and questionnaires. The results of the survey are usually used to assess the financial. position of the object of control, the need for reorganization of production, etc.;

§ analysis– is carried out on the basis of the current or annual accounts and is distinguished by a systematic and factor-by-factor approach, as well as the use of such analytical methods as average and relative values, groupings, index method, etc.;

§ revision- is carried out in order to establish the legality of Fin. discipline on a particular object. Legislation establishes the mandatory and regular nature of the audit. It is carried out on the spot and is based on the verification of primary documents, accounting registers, accounting and statistical reporting, the actual availability of funds.

As a rule, the audit is carried out on the basis of a predetermined work program of auditors, who are endowed with broad rights:

o check on audited objects source documents, boo. reporting, plans, estimates, etc.;

o conduct partial or complete inventories, seal warehouses, cash desks, storerooms;

o attract specialists and experts to conduct audits;

o receive written explanations from officials and materially responsible persons on issues arising during the audit, etc.

Audits are divided into several types

By content	documentaries - include checking the availability of fin. documents actual– checking the availability of money, the Central Bank, material assets
By implementation time	planned - in accordance with the plan unscheduled
For the period under review	frontal- All financials are checked. activity of the subject for a certain period selective (partial)- checking financial activity over a short period of time
By volume of audited activity	complex- the financial activity of the subject in various fields is checked. Auditors of several bodies take part in them at the same time thematic- are reduced to the examination of any area of ​​fin. activities

(TC RF, ch. 25, art. 256-259)

1. The concept of fixed assets (PF)

OF- these are means of labor, the value of which is transferred to the manufactured product in parts, as they are worn out over a number of circuits and their natural material form does not change.

In practice, fixed assets include tools with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum wages.

OF are subdivided into tangible and intangible.

The composition of m material funds includes objects production and non-production destination. The former include OFs for industrial, construction, agricultural purposes, transport, trade, etc. Non-production PFs are designed to serve the needs of housing and communal services, health care, education, culture and sports.

In the structure of the OF, there are passive part (buildings, structures) and active part (machines, equipment, etc.).

TO intangible OF (intangible assets) include computer software, databases, high-tech industrial technologies, technologies integrated circuits, know-how, trade marks, patents and other objects of intellectual property, the ownership of which allows the enterprise to both sell these funds and use them in production for more than one year.

OF are evaluated according to original, replacement and residual value.

Initial cost - the sum of the actual costs of the organization for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of PF facilities, including the costs of delivery and installation, at prices valid at the time of commissioning. A change in the initial cost of the fixed asset is allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation of the relevant facilities. The increase (decrease) in the initial cost of the FC is attributed to the additional capital of the organization.

The main ways of receiving FC in the KO are:

acquisition of fixed assets through long-term investments;

transfer of PF objects as a contribution to the Criminal Code;

gratuitous receipt of OF objects from government agencies, legal entities and individuals.

replacement cost represents the cost of reproduction of the OF at a given moment in modern prices and conditions. It allows you to take into account the cost of FCs that differ in terms of the commissioning period at the same prices. The replacement cost is determined by multiplying the book value by the conversion factor. The coefficient is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the State Statistics Committee.

The CA has the right not more than once a year (as of January 1 of the current year) to re-evaluate the objects of the OF in whole or in part.

In current practice, the accounting value of fixed assets, at which they are reflected in the reporting and balance sheet, is usually called book value. If we subtract the depreciation of each object or their combination from the book value, we get the estimated value residual value OF.

2. Sources of financing for the reproduction of the OF

In the process of activity of the CO OF, they perform an economic cycle, which consists of the following stages:

§ depreciation of the OF;

§ depreciation;

§ accumulation of funds for the full restoration of the OF;

§ their replacement by making capital investments.

Distinguish wear physical and moral .

Physical- under the influence of physical forces, technical and economic factors. Physical deterioration is partially restored through repair, reconstruction and modernization.

Moral wear is manifested in the fact that obsolete OF in their design, performance, quality of products do not meet modern requirements.

OF, participating in the production process, transfer their value to the newly created product in parts, as they wear out. This process is called depreciation . Each unit of a commodity contains a part of the value of the means of labor. When the goods are sold, this value as part of the proceeds is returned to the enterprise, separated and accumulated in depreciation fund.

In accordance with Art. 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, depreciable property, depending on the useful life, is combined into 10 depreciation groups (the classification is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation).

Art. 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines two methods for calculating depreciation:

· linear;

· nonlinear.

The amount of depreciation is determined by the company on a monthly basis. Depreciation is calculated separately for each item of depreciable property.

Line method depreciation is applied to buildings, structures, transmission mechanisms included in depreciation groups 8-10 (useful life over 20 years), regardless of the timing of commissioning of these facilities.

For the rest of the OF, the CA has the right to apply both linear and non-linear methods.

(Depreciation is charged in relation to an object of depreciable property in accordance with the depreciation rate determined for this object based on its useful life.

When applying the straight-line method, the depreciation rate for each item of depreciable property is determined by the formula:

K = x 100%

K - depreciation rate as a percentage of the original (replacement) cost of the depreciable property;

n is the useful life of this depreciable property, expressed in months.

When applied nonlinear method the amount of depreciation accrued for one month in relation to an object of depreciable property is determined as the product of the residual value of an object of depreciable property and the depreciation rate determined for this object.

K = x 100%

K - depreciation rate as a percentage of the residual value applied to this depreciable property;

n is the useful life of this depreciable property, expressed in months - no need to learn!).

Thus, the depreciation fund is one of the main internal sources OF reproduction. Another source can be considered the profit remaining at the disposal of the CO.

In the conditions of expanded production, own sources for the reproduction of OP are usually not enough. Therefore, KOs resort to using external sources :

bank loans;

funds of other legal entities and individuals;

· share in construction;

budget credit;

investment tax credit;

In market conditions, the successful development of an enterprise presupposes the presence of certain investments, i.e. investment of funds in objects entrepreneurial activity(means of production, securities, intellectual property, etc.). At the same time, investment in the creation and reproduction of fixed assets is carried out in the form of capital investments.

Sources of financing of capital investments of the enterprise are:

• - own financial resources and reserves;
• - attracted financial resources;
• - borrowed funds;
• - funds of enterprises centralized by associations (unions);
• - budget allocations;
• - foreign investments.

When determining the sources of financing of capital investments, first of all, the possibilities are considered own funds.

Own financial resources of the enterprise include the initial contributions of the founders invested in fixed assets, depreciation, profit; funds raised during the construction process.

Depreciation charges make up a significant part of the funds directed to finance capital investments. The accumulation of depreciation of fixed assets occurs monthly, and their renewal is carried out at the end of their service life. As a result, the enterprise generates free cash, which is used for simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets. This is facilitated by the financial policy of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

Another major source of funds in the composition of own resources is profit. Part of the net profit of the enterprise can be directed to capital investments in production and social character. The importance of this source lies in the fact that its value directly depends on the results of production and economic activities. Such a source encourages enterprises to improve their financial performance.

With the development of the market valuable papers enterprises can attract financial resources, primarily through the sale of shares, issuance of bonds, promissory notes. Raised financial resources also include shares and other contributions of members of labor collectives, citizens, legal entities.

Borrowed funds include bank and budget credits, loans from other creditors against promissory notes and other debt obligations, and bonded loans.

Long-term loans for the reproduction of fixed assets, reconstruction and technical re-equipment contribute to the strengthening of commercial calculation, timely commissioning of facilities. The provision of credit on terms of repayment and payment enhances the material interest of enterprises in improving the efficiency of construction.

For enterprises that can provide a sharp increase in the output of cost-effective products that are in high demand, the use of borrowed funds becomes more profitable than raising funds with the payment of a share of profits in the form of dividends.

A promising direction in accelerating the processes of reproduction of fixed assets may be the development of financial leasing.

Leasing as an economic and legal category is special kind entrepreneurial activity aimed at investing temporarily free or attracted financial resources, when under a financial lease (leasing) agreement the lessor (lessor) undertakes to acquire ownership of the property stipulated by the agreement from a certain seller and provide this property to the tenant (lessee) for a fee for temporary use for entrepreneurial goals.

The acquisition of leased property is financed by lessors (leasing companies or credit organizations) at the expense of own or borrowed funds. Leasing is similar to a loan granted for the purchase of equipment, it can be considered as a property relationship based on the provision of a loan by the lessor to the lessee on the terms of: urgency; returnability; payment.

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INTRODUCTION

The material and technical base of any enterprise, which primarily includes fixed assets (often referred to in the economic literature and in practice as fixed assets) is one of the critical factors any production. Its condition and effective use directly affects the final results of the economic activity of the enterprise.

Of course, in order for the normal functioning of the enterprise, it is necessary to have certain means and sources. The main production assets, consisting of buildings, structures, machinery, equipment and other means of labor that are involved in the production process, are the most important basis for the company's activities. Without them, nothing could have happened. Naturally, for the normal functioning of each enterprise, not only fixed assets are necessary, but also working capital, which is, first of all, cash that is used by the enterprise to acquire working capital and circulation funds.

In conditions market economy most firms are private, and nearly all the capital needed to keep these firms running comes from private sources. The Russian economy is rapidly moving towards a market, industrial enterprises, mostly privatized, so many companies are faced with a completely new situation for themselves, when they can no longer ask for help from the state, but must look for other sources of funding. This means that those companies that will succeed will be those that learn how to find access to private capital, that is, learn to recognize the factors that determine the “attractiveness” of a company for investors, and understand what responsibility a company has to its investor. In addition, companies will need to know where to find investors and how to present their proposals to them.

In order to maintain, at least at the initial level, the capacity of an existing enterprise, it is necessary to periodically invest in modernization, medium-term and overhaul of equipment, reconstruction of production, and replacement of physically unusable fixed assets.

The reproduction of fixed capital in enterprises can be carried out either through direct investment, or by transferring fixed capital objects by the founders on account of contributions to the authorized capital, or through a gratuitous transfer by legal and individuals. The main method of expanded reproduction of fixed capital is direct investment (capital investment).

Fixed assets participate in the production process for a long time, serve a large number of production cycles and, gradually wearing out in manufacturing process, partly transfer their value to manufactured products, while maintaining their natural form. This feature of fixed assets makes it necessary to use them as efficiently as possible.

The main task of the course work should be considered the search for problems of reproduction of fixed assets of the enterprise and ways to solve these problems.

The topic of this course work - "Sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets, their composition and structure" is very relevant, since a properly organized accounting and analysis reveal the state of security of the enterprise and its structural divisions fixed assets, determine the composition and technical level funds, as well as the need for them; study technical condition fixed assets and a number of other equally important issues related to fixed assets.

A correctly and competently conducted analysis gives an idea of ​​the state of the material and technical base, and of its wear and tear. Once again, we note that fixed assets have a direct direct impact on the final result of the activity of a trading enterprise.

So, main goal this course work is: to explore the economic essence of fixed assets, their classification and evaluation, to note the classification features, sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets, to consider legal regulation accounting and reporting on the movement of fixed assets at the enterprise OJSC "Promtractor", to analyze and study the dynamics of the movement of fixed assets, to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of their use.

To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve a number of interrelated particular tasks:

1. Explore theoretical aspects economic essence fixed assets, their classification and evaluation, sources of financing of fixed assets.

2. Conduct a deep and comprehensive analysis of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets in the enterprise, which includes analysis of the availability, composition and structure of fixed assets; analysis of the composition and movement of fixed assets; analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

3. Depreciation charges as a source of business financing.

CHAPTER 1. ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF FIXED ASSETS

1.1 Concept, composition and structure of fixed assets

reproduction of fixed assets

fixed assets- part of the property used as a means of labor in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services) or for the management needs of the company for a period exceeding 12 months or a normal operating cycle.

Fixed assets include buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computers, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantations. Fixed assets also include capital investments made by an enterprise (firm) in perennial plantations and directed to radical land improvement (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation work) and leased fixed assets. At the same time, these costs are included in fixed assets annually in amounts related to the areas accepted for operation, regardless of the completion of the entire range of works. In addition, fixed assets include land plots owned by the company, objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources).

They do not belong to fixed assets and are accounted for by the company as part of working capital:

items with a useful life of less than 12 months (regardless of their value);

* items, regardless of their value and useful life (fishing gear - trawls, nets, nets, etc.; special tools and devices, interchangeable equipment, etc., special clothing and footwear, as well as bedding; uniforms; temporary (non-titular) structures; young and fattening animals, birds, rabbits, fur-bearing animals, families of bees, service dogs; perennial plantings grown in nurseries as planting material; gasoline-powered saws, delimbers, floating rope; seasonal roads; objects intended for rental under a rental agreement).

Also not included in fixed assets:

machinery, equipment and other similar items listed as finished goods in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations involved in their sale;

items handed over for installation or to be installed, which are in transit:

capital and financial investments and other long-term investments.

Depending on the intended purpose and the functions performed in the production process, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production according to their composition. Production fixed assets operate in the sphere of material production, repeatedly participate in the production process, wear out gradually and transfer their value to the created product (work performed, services rendered) in parts, as they wear out. Production fixed assets constitute the material and technical base of the company and the basis of its authorized capital. As part of fixed production assets in accordance with All-Russian classifier fixed assets allocate fixed assets that, according to their functions and purpose, belong to a different industry than the fixed assets of the enterprise as a whole.

Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the production process and are intended for the purposes of non-productive consumption. These include healthcare facilities listed on the company's balance sheet (hospitals, medical units, health centers, health resorts, etc.); physical culture and sports (sports palaces, swimming pools, skating rinks, sports facilities, sports schools and etc.); housing and communal and socio-cultural spheres (dormitories, residential buildings, baths, clubs, kindergartens and nurseries, theaters, etc.).

Production fixed assets, depending on their purpose and physical attributes in accounting and reporting, are divided into types, groups and subgroups. Share of cost certain types fixed assets (buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, etc.) in their total cost forms the specific structure of fixed assets. The type of fixed assets "Machinery and equipment" is divided into groups: "Power machines and equipment" (generators, transformers, switchboards, etc.), « Working machines and equipment" (machines, presses, conveyors, hoisting and transport mechanisms, etc.), "Measuring and control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment", "Computer technology" (electronic computers, control and analog machines, digital computers and devices, etc.), “Other machines and equipment” (automatic telephone exchanges, fire engines, mechanical fire escapes, etc.). From the group “Working machines and equipment”, the subgroup “Automatic machines and equipment” stands out, in which the operations of the production process are carried out with a certain rhythm, without the direct participation of a person. Automatic equipment is also considered to be computer-controlled equipment, automatic machines for welding, for sewing and decorative coatings of products, automatic equipment for heat treatment of metal, etc.

In the practice of planning and technical and economic analysis, production fixed assets are divided into: active and passive.

The active part of fixed assets affects the object of labor, moves it in the production process, etc. exercises control over the course of production (machines, vehicles, tools). The passive part creates conditions for the smooth functioning of the active part (buildings, structures, inventory and accessories, other fixed assets).

1. 2 Depreciation and amortization. Types of fixed assets

Fixed assets serve for several years and are subject to replacement only as they become physically and morally obsolete.

Depreciation of fixed assets - partial or complete loss of fixed assets consumer properties and cost, both during operation and when they are idle.

Fixed assets are subject to depreciation of two kinds - moral and physical.

Obsolescence of fixed assets decrease in the cost of existing fixed assets as a result of the emergence of new types of them, cheaper and more productive.

Physical depreciation of fixed assets means the loss of consumer value of fixed assets and it can occur either as a result of intensive use, or as a result of the impact and influence of the natural forces of nature, occurs before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.

Like moral, physical depreciation can be complete and partial. Complete wear and tear requires the replacement of old equipment with new. Partial wear is eliminated by overhaul and modernization of existing machinery and equipment. Establishing the degree of depreciation is necessary to determine the real residual value of fixed assets, planning the replacement of old machines and equipment with new ones.

Useful life - the period during which the use of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the organization or serve to fulfill the goals of its activities. if the term is not approved in a centralized manner and is not in the technical documentation of the facility, then the enterprise calculates it independently.

The concept of "wear and tear" is primary in relation to the concept of "depreciation". First of all, depreciation is material, measurable and does not depend on the methods of accounting. Depreciation is intangible, it cannot be measured, but can only be quantified, that is, accrued, moreover, in one way or another, which is laid down in the accounting policy of the organization. Depreciation should be understood as the process of constant transfer of the value of fixed assets as they wear out to manufactured products, turning it into a monetary form and accumulating financial resources for the purpose of subsequent reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation deductions --- monetary expression of the amount of depreciation corresponding to the degree of depreciation of fixed assets.

At present, the meaning given to the concept of "depreciation" has expanded and changed. Thus, depreciation charges (or depreciation) are related to expenses for ordinary activities and are considered as a means of recovering the cost of fixed assets, intangible and other assets.

Depreciation deductions represent the attribution to the cost of the accrued depreciation of the property. In other words, the cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation. At the same time, depreciation is not charged for certain fixed assets, including:

fixed assets non-profit organizations, items of fixed assets that are not used in entrepreneurial (commercial) activities;

housing stock (depreciation is accrued once a year when drawing up the annual report);

objects of external improvement and other similar objects of forestry and road management;

specialized structures providing navigation;

productive livestock (buffaloes, oxen, deer);

perennial plantings that have not reached the operational age;

purchased publications (books, brochures, etc.);

objects of nature management;

land.

Depreciation of fixed assets is carried out using one of the following methods for calculating depreciation:

1) linear method;

reducing balance method;

method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life;

method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined by:

with the straight-line method - based on the initial cost of the object and the depreciation rate calculated taking into account the useful life of this object;

in the case of a diminishing balance method - based on the residual value of the object at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated taking into account the useful life of this object;

with the method of writing off the cost by the sum of numbers of years - based on the initial cost of the object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the object.

with the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production - based on the natural indicator of the volume of production in reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the object and the estimated volume of production for the entire period of use of fixed assets.

1.3 Sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets

Sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets are divided into: own and borrowed.

Reproduction has two forms:

simple reproduction, when the cost of compensating for the depreciation of fixed assets corresponds to the amount of accrued depreciation;

extended reproduction, when the cost of reimbursement for depreciation of fixed assets exceeds the amount of accrued depreciation.

In modern conditions of scientific and technical progress, situations arise when depreciation charges are sufficient for expanded reproduction of fixed assets. This is most characteristically manifested when a certain proportion of computer and organizational equipment is present in the structure of fixed assets. This is due to a constant decrease by several times in the prices of this equipment and with a simultaneous increase in its productivity.

Capital expenditures for the reproduction of fixed assets are of a long-term nature and are carried out in the form of long-term investments (capital investments) for new construction, for the expansion and reconstruction of production, for technical re-equipment and for supporting the capacities of existing enterprises.

· depreciation;

issue of shares.

The Chart of Accounts does not provide for the creation of a special depreciation fund. Depreciation funds are the first source of the company's own funds, they come as part of the sales proceeds to the company's settlement account, and all expenses in various areas of capital investments are paid directly from the settlement account.

Through the mechanism of accelerated depreciation, enterprises have the opportunity to regulate the amount and terms of financing the reproduction of funds from this source. The actual amounts of depreciation charges, falling along with the proceeds from the sale to the current account of the enterprise, are included in its working capital and begin to move independently, without regard to the depreciable property. They can remain free, directed to capital investments or invested in other types of working capital. However, the fact that the sources of funds practically do not differ in the circulation of enterprise funds does not mean that the nature of the formation of these funds does not affect the speed and efficiency of their use.

The sufficiency of sources of funds for the reproduction of fixed capital (as well as working capital) is of decisive importance for the financial condition of the enterprise. Therefore, this controlled parameter of the financial condition is always in the field of view of the financial manager.

The second source of the company's own funds to finance the reproduction of fixed assets is the depreciation of intangible assets.

Intangible assets come to enterprises through the following channels:

when purchased for a fee;

as a contribution to the authorized capital;

upon receipt free of charge.

The characteristic features of intangible assets are:

Lack of material and material structure;

the ability to make a profit;

· Uncertainty about the size of the profits.

Depreciation on intangible assets is charged according to the norms determined by the enterprise itself. The initial cost and the planned period of use of intangible assets are taken as the basis for calculating the norms.

The actual amount of depreciation is credited to the settlement account of the enterprise along with the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) and is in circulation.

The third source of the enterprise's own funds for financing the reproduction of fixed assets is the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise ( net profit). Directions for the use of net profit of the enterprise are determined in their financial plans independently.

The fourth source of the enterprise's own funds for financing the reproduction of fixed assets is budgetary earmarked allocations. If an enterprise fulfills a target state order, which is provided for in the state development budget, then the latter allocates targeted financing to the enterprise.

bank loans;

· share;

Bank loans are provided to the enterprise on the basis of a loan agreement, the loan is provided on the terms of payment, urgency, repayment against security: guarantees, pledge of real estate, pledge of other assets of the enterprise.

Many enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, are created with very limited capital. This practically does not allow them to fully carry out their statutory activities at their own expense and leads to their involvement in the turnover of significant credit resources.

Not only large investment projects are credited, but also the costs of current activities: reconstruction, expansion, reorganization of production, redemption of leased property by the team and other events.

The source of financing for the reproduction of fixed assets is also borrowed funds from other enterprises, which are provided to the enterprise on a reimbursable or non-reimbursable basis with a strategic interest. Loans to enterprises can also be provided by individual investors (individuals).

Other sources of financing for the reproduction of fixed assets are budget allocations on a returnable basis from federal and local budgets, as well as from sectoral and intersectoral trust funds.

The issue of choosing sources of financing for capital investments should be decided taking into account many factors:

cost of attracted capital;

efficiency of return from it;

ratio of own and borrowed capital, which determines financial condition enterprises;

· degree of risk of various sources of financing;

economic interests of investors and lenders.

CHAPTER 2GRADEEFFICIENCY OF USE OF FIXED ASSETS AT THE ENTERPRISEOJSC "Promtractor"

2.1 Eeconomic characteristicJSC "Promtractor»

JSC "Promtractor" is one of the leaders in the production of multipurpose industrial tractors and occupies a stable position in the market of tractor equipment, characterized by a stable growing demand.

Main activities

1 Manufacture of machinery and equipment for mining and construction;

2 Tool production;

3 Processing of metals and coating of metals;

4 Processing of metal products using basic technological processes mechanical engineering;

5 Technical testing, research and certification;

6 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles and their engines;

7 Wholesale waste and scrap;

8 Other wholesale trade;

9 Provision of installation, repair, maintenance and rewinding of electric motors, generators and transformers;

10 Manufacture of technological equipment;

11 Investigations and security;

12 Production of finishing works;

13 Project Development industrial productions relating to mechanical engineering;

14 Training and advanced training of workers and other workers;

The main consumers are enterprises of the following industries:

oil production and refining,

building,

gold mining,

road and industrial construction,

forest industry,

attachment factories.

Mission of JSC "Promtractor"

Solving consumer problems for completing and maintaining life cycle wheeled and tracked vehicles and technological complexes for excavation, movement of bulk materials, pipeline construction and logging.

The economic indicators of 2007 testify to the dynamic development of the enterprise.

In 2007, compared to 2006, the following changes occurred: sales proceeds increased by 1,702,631 thousand rubles and amounted to 6,935,497 thousand rubles, an increase of 32.54%. There was also an increase in the cost of goods sold by 1,437,046 thousand rubles, which is 36.72% as a percentage. Gross income increased by 265,585 thousand rubles. and amounted to 1,584,475 thousand rubles, an increase of 20.14%.

Profit from sales in 2007 increased compared to 2006 by 224 585 year thousand rubles or by 25.459%., and in 2007. net profit amounted to 579 945 thousand rubles, which is 26.46% more than in the same period of 2006.

The average annual cost of fixed assets increased by 223,304 rubles. and amounted to 1485845 thousand rubles. Return on assets increased by 53 kopecks. and amounted to 4.67 rubles. Capital intensity in the reporting year decreased by 12 kopecks. The return on equity increased to 0.03 rubles, the increase was 0.39 rubles.

Costs per 1 rub. marketable products amounted to in 2007. 82.2 kop. against 81.3 kop. in 2006

Return on sales indicators are decreasing in 2007 as compared to 2006. at 5.33.

In 2007, the return on equity was 20.1%.

In 2007 proceeds from the sale of products, goods and services increased compared to 2006. by 32.5%, including more earth-moving and road machines sold by 181 units. or by 28.9% in value terms. The largest share of sales in the total volume of tractor equipment was reserved for bulldozer-loosening equipment of traction class 11 - 18.3%, as well as class 35 - 16.6%. The volume of sales of spare parts increased by 35.9% or by 116.4 million rubles.

In 2007, 970 units were sold. tractor equipment in the amount of 5,195.3 million rubles. without VAT, which is more than planned by 7 units.

Fig.2 Structure of product sales in 2007

Fig.2 Structure of product sales in 2006

The increase in the share of sales through cooperation from 1% in 2006 to 4% in 2007 in the total sales volume was caused by the assembly of tractors T-9.01 (JSC VgTZ)) and PK-60.01 (JSC KMZ), transferred from 01.01.07 into production at the enterprises of the Concern.

Table 1

Implementation by types of tractor equipment 2006-2007.

	fact 2006.	fact 2007.
	volume of sales		volume of sales
Bulldozers rippers
Pipelayers
Wheel loaders
Wheeled bulldozers
Under direct contracts
Shipment through the sales company JSC "CHETRA"

As a result of sales in 2007, the share of bulldozers in total sales increased from 65.1% in 2006 to 69.9%, the share of sales of pipe-laying cranes decreased to 29.4% (31.4% in 2006), loaders - up to 0.7% (3.5% in 2006).

Shipment of tractor equipment in 2007 was mainly carried out through the sales company OJSC CHETRA-PM (91.0% of the total sales volume of tractor equipment).

table 2

Personnel, labor and wages 2006-2007

	Indicators		Periods (years)	Pace (2007/2006)	Rejection-
	Average headcount all staff
	basic workers
	support workers
	Payroll for all staff
	basic workers
	support workers
	Average monthly salary of all staff
	Growth rate
	basic workers
	Growth rate
	support workers
	Growth rate
	Average monthly labor productivity
	Growth rate
	essential workers
	Growth rate

In 2007 JSC Promtractor revised organizational structure, as a result of which the Foundry was merged in May, and SKB in September, while being withdrawn from the OJSC structure in September TsKhORiB. The average headcount of all personnel in 2007 decreased by 33 people, while the number of key workers increased by 314 people. or by 13.9%. In this regard, the structure of personnel has changed: the share of key workers is growing, the share of auxiliary is falling. The task is set to bring the structure of employees to general industrial standards: the main share - the main workers, the share of managers, specialists and employees should not exceed 25%.

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Fig.3 Personnel structure 2006-2007

The average salary of all personnel in 2007 increased by 2512.0 rubles. (by 35.4%) and amounted to an average of 9608.5 rubles for the year, the growth rate of wages exceeded the consumer price growth index. The average wage is 2.7 times the subsistence minimum (for the able-bodied population) in the region.

The excess of the growth rate of the average monthly salary of auxiliary workers (43.3%) over the growth rate of the wage fund (32.3%) is due to a decrease in the number of personnel: the number of auxiliary workers decreased by 193 people.

The average monthly labor productivity of industrial and production personnel amounted to 73,226 rubles. (135.3% compared to 2006), the average monthly salary per 1 PPP amounted to 9771.5 rubles. (135.2% by 2006). The average monthly productivity of 1 main worker was 200,434 rubles. (119.1% compared to 2006) and wages - 11540.5 rubles. (138.7% against 2006) wages over the growth of labor productivity, which is justified by an increase tariff rates, salaries in connection with the change in the minimum wage in Russia, the merger with OAO Promtractor SKB from September 1, 2007.

Work is underway to improve the organization of labor of production workers, organizational and technical measures are being introduced to reduce labor costs that reduce the cost of production.

In order to identify the reserves of working time, improve the efficiency of the use labor resources and quality checks of the current labor standards are regularly timed. During 2007, 659 timings and 357 full-day photographs of the working day were taken. The results of the FRD were communicated to the heads of departments to develop measures to reduce the loss of working time.

In connection with the change minimum size wages in Russia was revised and put into effect on September 1, 2007, a new “Regulation on wages and work rationing of employees of JSC Promtractor”, which provides for the accrual of earnings to an employee in accordance with the quantity and quality of his work, the results of the worker's work and the maximum size does not limit it.

For the purpose of material interest in the constant increase in the volume of products, the provisions on the motivation of remuneration for the heads of workshops and their deputies, line personnel engaged in the manufacture of tractor products, auxiliary workers engaged in the repair of equipment, crane operators, and other categories of personnel have been revised and updated.

JSC "Promtractor" has developed close partnerships with a number of major commercial banks, including Sberbank, Vneshtorgbank, Rosbank. Relations with them are built on a mutually beneficial basis. JSC "Promtractor" has a positive credit history in all credit institutions that have ever financed the activities of the enterprise.

In the reporting period, as a whole, JSC "Promtractor" significantly increased the cost of attracted credit resources. The volume of attracted credit resources depends on the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole and the possibility of providing them with both movable and immovable property. If there is a lack of security, alternative sources of attracting financial resources can be used, such as bonds, bills of exchange, etc.

Table 3

Accounts payable for the 1st quarter of 2006-2007

	Payment due date	Deviation
	Up to one year (for the 1st quarter of 2006)	Up to one year (for I quarter 2007)
Accounts payable to suppliers and contractors, thousand rubles
Accounts payable to the personnel of the organization, thousand rubles
Accounts payable to the budget and state off-budget funds, thousand roubles.
Loans, thousand rubles
Loans, total, thousand rubles
including overdue, thousand rubles.
Other accounts payable, thousand rubles

In absolute terms, accounts payable for the I quarter. 2007 is 3745943, which is 628593 thousand rubles. more than I quarter. 2006

In the I quarter 2007 in comparison with the I quarter. In 2006, the following changes took place: the amount of loans increased by 306,205 thousand rubles. and amounted to 2624201 thousand rubles, an increase of 13.21%. There was also an increase in accounts payable to the organization's personnel by 5,786 thousand rubles, which is 17.80% as a percentage. Loans for Q1 2007 decreased by 62031 thousand. rubles, there was also a decrease in accounts payable to suppliers and contractors by 25453 thousand rubles.

Budget credits and budget funds in 2006-2007. not granted.

2.2 Aanalysiscomposition and structure of fixed assetsOJSC "Promtractor"

The analysis of the material and technical base usually begins with the study and evaluation of the composition and structure of production fixed assets.

Let's study the composition and structure of industrial and non-industrial fixed assets of Promtractor OJSC, while compiling tables.

Analysis of the structure and composition of fixed assets of JSC "Promtractor" 2007 shows that the largest share in the structure of fixed assets of the organization is occupied by machinery and equipment. Their share at the beginning and end of 2007 was 60.87% and 61.14%, respectively. Machinery and equipment were received in the amount of 362,795 thousand rubles, and 124,979 thousand rubles were withdrawn. The second largest group of fixed assets is Buildings. Their share at the beginning and end of 2007 was 25.13% and 26.0%, respectively. The smallest share is occupied by other types of fixed assets 0.04%.

Fig.4. The structure of fixed assets in OAO Promtaktor at the beginning of 2006

2.3 Gradeefficient use of fixed assets of Promtractor JSC

To assess the movement of fixed assets and their impact on trade and production processes, the following indicators are determined:

Table 4

The cost of fixed assets of JSC "Promtractor" in 2006-2007, thousand rubles.

Table 5

Analysis of the movement and composition of fixed assets for 2006-2007, in %

According to the coefficient of physical depreciation, the fixed assets of OJSC "Promtractor" are almost half worn out and require immediate renewal.

Despite the fact that in 2006-2007. renewal coefficients amounted to 20.87% and 25.22%, respectively. Physical depreciation is still high.

The retirement rate indicates the retired fixed assets. As you can see, the level of retired fixed assets is very small. The highest level of retirement was in 2007 (11.77%). The level of put into operation significantly exceeds the level of retired fixed assets.

The growth rate of fixed assets was the highest in 2007 and amounted to 11621%, in 2006 the growth of fixed assets amounted to 118.96%.

The use (consumption) of fixed assets is characterized by indicators of capital productivity, capital intensity, capital profitability, capital-labor ratio.

Currently, capital productivity is used as the main indicator of efficiency. This indicator is calculated as the ratio of revenue to the average annual cost of fixed assets, i.e. according to the formula

The level and dynamics of capital productivity is influenced by various factors:

* change in the structure of fixed assets,

* change in the degree of use of fixed assets under the influence of extensive and intensive factors.

When calculating the return on assets, along with own fixed assets, leased funds are also taken into account; fixed assets that are on conservation, in reserve and leased to other business entities are not taken into account.

The growth of capital productivity leads to relative savings in the use of fixed assets and an increase in the volume of trade.

Along with the return on assets, the indicator of capital intensity is used in analytical work. Capital intensity is measured by the ratio of the average annual amount of fixed assets to revenue. Capital intensity is an indicator that is inverse to capital productivity.

Return on assets and capital intensity are generalizing indicators of the use of fixed assets.

The value and dynamics of capital productivity and capital intensity are influenced by various factors, depending and independent of the enterprise. The value of capital productivity depends on the volume of turnover, the share of high-quality and new equipment in the total cost of fixed assets.

The capital-labor ratio is calculated by dividing the average annual cost of fixed assets by the average annual number of employees employed in the economy (industry), i.e.

Profitability is the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets, i.e.

Table 6

Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of Promtractor LLC for 2006-2007.

Calculations made:

1. Capital productivity of fixed assets in 2006:

522866/1262505 = 4 rubles 14 kop.

2. Capital intensity of fixed assets in 2006:

1262505 / 5262866 = 0.24 rubles = 24 kop.

3. Profitability of fixed assets in 2006:

458604 / 1262505 \u003d 0.36 rubles \u003d 36 kopecks.

4. Capital-labor ratio:

1262505/7347 = 171.84 rubles/person

Table 10 shows that the return on assets in 2007 compared to 2006 increased by 0.53 rubles, or 12.80%. The capital intensity in 2007 was 0.12 rubles. and decreased compared to 2006 by 0.12 p. The return on equity in 2007 increased by 0.03 rubles.

Generalizing indicators for assessing the provision of enterprises with production fixed assets are the capital-labor ratio. The growth of capital-labor ratio leads to an increase in labor productivity. In 2007 it was 203.15.

CHAPTER 3THE ROLE OF PROFIT ANDAMORTIZATION DEPOSIT IN FINANCING OF FIXED ASSETS

The most reliable are our own sources of investment financing. Main own sources financing investments in any commercial organization are net income and depreciation.

The main goal of the enterprise in the market is to maximize profits. It is the main financial result of the enterprise.

The purpose of depreciation deductions is to ensure the reproduction of fixed production assets and intangible assets. Depreciation charges are a sustainable source of financial resources. Depreciation deductions are made only until the complete transfer of the balance sheet value of funds to the cost of products (works, services) and distribution costs. Depreciation deductions can be accrued by uniform or accelerated methods. V Russian Federation The straight-line method of depreciation is used for the most part. Under the straight-line method, depreciation is charged according to uniform depreciation rates, set as a percentage of the initial cost of fixed assets. Depreciation rates can be adjusted depending on deviations from the standard conditions for the use of fixed assets.

The balance sheet profit at the enterprise consists of the profit received from the sale of products (works, services), profit from the sale of the property of the enterprise, income received from non-sales operations minus expenses associated with non-sales operations.

Gross profit is the taxable base for calculating income tax. The enterprise is interested in the profit that remains at its disposal, i.e., net profit, which is defined as balance sheet profit minus taxes and other obligatory payments paid from profit.

Profit should be directed to the development of the enterprise if the level of technical development of the enterprise is low, which is a brake on the production of competitive products and possible cause enterprise bankruptcy. The distribution of profits in the enterprise must be justified in economic and social terms. Profit must contribute to the implementation of a long-term plan for the development of the enterprise. The use of profit as a source of financing real investments aimed at expanding, reconstructing and technically re-equipping an enterprise has a positive aspect for the enterprise in the sense that this profit is not subject to income tax under the existing tax legislation. This exemption may not reduce the actual amount of income tax (calculated before the deduction of exemptions) by more than 50%. But even in this case, the company receives a substantial income tax benefit. Depreciation deductions are also the main source of reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation is the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to manufactured products during their normative term services.

Depreciation deductions are designed to ensure not only simple, but also, to a certain extent, expanded reproduction. V developed countries world depreciation charges up to 70-80% cover the needs of enterprises in investments.

The advantage of depreciation as a source of investment compared to others is that for any financial situation of the enterprise, this source exists and always remains at the disposal of the enterprise.

Due to the fact that depreciation charges acquire their own form of existence and movement and cease to be an expression of the physical depreciation of fixed capital, the boundaries between the depreciation fund and net income, compensation and accumulation funds are blurred. Thus, the financial base for investment is expanding and becoming more stable. Consequently, depreciation deductions become an important tool for regulating the investment activity of an enterprise (firm).

Depreciation deductions at the enterprise should be used to finance real business activities, namely:

For the purchase of new equipment instead of retired;

On the mechanization and automation of production processes;

To conduct research and development work;

For the modernization and renewal of manufactured products in order to ensure their competitiveness;

For reconstruction, technical re-equipment and expansion of production;

For new construction.

Unfortunately, in many enterprises, depreciation deductions are used for completely different purposes that are not characteristic of their economic purpose, in particular, to replenish working capital. For more efficient use of depreciation deductions as investment resources at enterprises, it is necessary to pursue a depreciation policy, which includes: a policy of reproduction of fixed assets, improvement of methods for calculating depreciation deductions, selection of priority areas for using depreciation deductions.

CONCLUSION

Summing up under the done course work, we can state that fixed assets are one of the most important factors affecting the development of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. The state, development and efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise have a great influence on the implementation of the plan and the dynamics of turnover.

Fixed assets are important economic potential JSC "Promtractor" Their condition predetermines both the prerequisites for economic recovery and the level of competitiveness of production.

The ability of the economy of any market entity to stabilize and economic growth depends on competent accounting and analysis of fixed assets.

Fixed assets include tools used in the production process, performance of work and provision of services or for the management of the organization, during a useful life of more than 12 months.

Sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets are divided into: own and borrowed.

The sources of the enterprise's own funds for financing the reproduction of fixed assets include:

· depreciation;

depreciation of intangible assets;

the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise,

· budget allocations,

issue of shares.

The borrowed sources of financing the reproduction of fixed assets include:

bank loans;

Borrowed funds from other enterprises and organizations;

· share;

funding from the budget on a returnable basis;

financing from extrabudgetary funds.

The conducted economic analysis allows us to conclude that the largest share in the structure of fixed assets at OJSC Promtractor at the beginning and end of 2007 is occupied by machinery and equipment (60.87 and 61.14%). The specific gravity of the building is 60.87 and 61.14%.

Despite the fact that in 2006-2007. the renewal coefficients were 0.21 and 0.25, respectively; physical wear is still high.

According to the coefficient of physical depreciation, the fixed assets of OAO Khimprom are almost half worn out and require immediate renewal. Depreciation of fixed assets of OAO Khimprom is currently 0.55 and 0.58.

The level of retired fixed assets is very low. The highest dropout rate was in 2007. The level of put into operation significantly exceeds the level of retired fixed assets.

The growth rate of fixed assets was the highest in 2007 and amounted to 1.19%, in 2006 the growth of fixed assets amounted to 1.16%.

As you can see, there is a downward trend in the growth of fixed assets in the organization.

That the return on assets in 2007 compared to 2006 increased by 0.53 rubles, or 12.80%. The capital intensity in 2007 was 0.12 rubles. and decreased compared to 2006 by 0.12 p. The return on equity in 2007 increased by 0.03 rubles.

In absolute terms, accounts payable for the I quarter. 2007 is 3745943, which is 628593 thousand rubles. more than I sq. 2006

In the I quarter 2007 in comparison with the I quarter. In 2006, the following changes took place: the amount of loans increased by 306,205 thousand rubles. and amounted to 2624201 thousand rubles, an increase of 13.21%. Budget credits and budget funds in 2006-2007. not granted.

The introduction of full automation of accounting and analysis of fixed assets will reduce the time for processing information on accounting and analysis of fixed assets, thereby reducing labor costs.

Summing up the results of the course work done, it can be stated that the use of fixed assets in JSC "Promtractor" can be made with even more full-fledged returns and high efficiency, but this requires literacy management decisions accepted by the management of the joint-stock company.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

1. Abryutina M.S. Enterprise economy. textbook. - M.: publishing house "Business and Service". 2007. - 528s.

2. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization: textbook / ed. Makarieva V.I. - M.: INFRA-M., 2007. - 601s.

3. Basovsky L.E. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity: Proc. allowance. M .: publishing house "Business and Service", 2008. - 528s.

4. Bukhalkov M.I. Planning at the enterprise: Textbook - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: INFRA - M, 2006 - 416 p.

5. Kovalev V.V. The financial analysis: methods and procedures. - Spanish and additional - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008. - 5620s.

6. Kovalev V.V., Volkova O.N. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: PBOYuL Grizhenko E.M.. 2007 - 424p.

7. Savitskaya G.V. Economic analysis activities of the enterprise: textbook - 3rd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2006.- 500s.

8. Selezneva N.N. Financial management: Proc. allowance. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008. - 496s.

9. Finance of organizations: tutorial for universities in the specialties "Finance and Credit", " World economy» / A.N. Gavrilova, A.A. Popova. - ed. 2nd, - M.: KnoRus, 2008. - 536s.

10. Shulyak P.N. Enterprise finance: textbook. - 2nd ed. - M: Publishing House"Dashkov and K", 2008. - 752s.

11. Economics of an organization (enterprise): textbook / ed. prof. B.N. Chernysheva, prof. Gorfinkel. - M.: high school textbook, 2008. - 536s.

12. Economic analysis and fundamentals of financial management: Proc. allowance / author-comp.: L.P. Kurakov, E.N. Ryabinina, M.P. Vladimirovna, V.L. Kurakov. - M.: university and school, 2007 - 310s.

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