home » Terms » Business plan for the production of sunflower seeds. Business idea: how to make money growing sunflowers? Our sunflower is the most oily

Business plan for the production of sunflower seeds. Business idea: how to make money growing sunflowers? Our sunflower is the most oily

The cost of products (works, services) is the costs of the enterprise associated with the production of products, the performance of work, the provision of services.

The purpose of cost accounting and determining the cost of products (works, services) is a documentary, timely, complete and reliable reflection of products to ensure control over the use of material, labor and financial resources.

The unit cost calculation is carried out to determine the effectiveness of planned and actually implemented agrotechnical, organizational and economic measures aimed at developing and improving production, and to justify the pricing policy of the enterprise.

The calculation of the cost of production is the final stage of accounting for the production process. During the year, only a part of the main costs is reflected in the analytical accounts for accounting for sunflower cultivation costs. The other part of them is accounted for separately as independent accounting items.

Therefore, at the end of the year, when calculating the cost of production, the work is performed in the following sequence:

1) distribute between individual crops the costs of maintaining fixed assets,
2) determine the cost of works and services of auxiliary production and write off the calculation differences between their actual and planned cost,
3) write off from the costs of crop production the amount of extraordinary costs,
4) distribute overhead costs,
5) determine the total amount of costs for each crop,
6) determine the unit cost of production.

The object of costing is the main product - sunflower seeds. By-products in the cultivation of sunflower - stems, are not used on the farm, so its cost is not calculated.

The actual cost of 1 quintal of sunflower seeds in OJSC Agrofirma Razdolie is determined by dividing the total cost by the mass of seeds after processing.

The resulting grain waste after processing and drying of grain (dead waste) in the physical mass is reversed by posting Dt 43/1 Kt20/1

Thus, the cost of sunflower in the farm is calculated as follows:

Received from the harvested sunflower areas 8342 centners of grain in mass after refinement, and the total cost of sunflower cultivation amounted to 4310000 rubles.

The cost of sunflower grain will be:

4310000 / 8342 = 516.66 rubles.

The actual cost price at the end of the year is adjusted with the planned "Red Reversal" method or additional posting.

Crop products as they become available are taken into account during the year at planned prices. The actual cost of production is determined at the end of the year. That requires bringing the planned cost of production to the actual one. For this purpose, the difference between them is determined. The calculation difference is written off to the corresponding accounts in proportion to the mass of products in the directions of their use. An additional entry is made for the excess of the actual cost over the planned one. If the actual cost is lower than the planned cost, then the cost difference is written off using the “red reversal” method.

At the end of the year, according to the calculation of the actual cost of manufactured and used products and according to the data on the balances in warehouses, a register is drawn up for writing off the calculation differences between the actual and planned cost.

Based on the calculation of the write-off of accounting differences, the amounts of the differences are recorded in the journal-order No. 10APK.

If at the end of the year part of the sunflower turned out to be non-threshed, then the distribution of costs for threshed and non-threshed grain is carried out in the following order. Previously, the costs of threshing and the removal of products from the field are excluded from the total cost. The remaining costs are distributed between threshed and non-threshed areas in proportion to the number of hectares. When determining the cost of production of the current year, the costs of threshing and removing products from the field are added to the total costs for this crop. The costs of non-threshed areas are transferred as work in progress for the next year. Accordingly, next year, in order to obtain the actual cost, the costs of threshing, cleaning and transporting products are added to the cost of non-threshed crops that have been transferred from the previous year.

According to experienced farmers, sunflower yield depends on many factors. First of all, these are the climatic conditions of a particular growing region and crop variety. Also, the yield of sunflower per 1 ha is affected by the technology of tillage and seeds, fertilization, weed and pest control.

To obtain good yields, every effort must be made to destroy weeds. Cereal crops are considered the best predecessors of sunflower. After grain is harvested, the field is stubbled to help remove weeds and encourage the incorporation of organic debris into the ground. To increase the yield of sunflower, organic fertilizers are spread. In autumn, manure is crushed across the field. With the advent of spring, this useful substance is plowed and the soil is leveled. The ideal option for obtaining high yields of sunflower is the introduction of manure under the previous crop.

With the advent of spring, 1-2 months before sowing, the seed material is treated with disinfectants and microfertilizers, which will increase the percentage of seed germination of the crop and protect the plant from many diseases and pests. Mineral fertilizers are applied at the time of sowing. This will allow the granules to dissolve. After sowing the grain, the surface of the field is rolled with rollers.

Actively germinating weeds will contribute to a decrease in sunflower yield from 1 hectare. To combat them, soil herbicides are used, which are applied to the soil 1-2 days after sowing. The chemicals will slow the growth of weeds until the main crop has developed. The second option for dealing with unwanted plants is pre-emergence harrowing and row spacing.

The average sunflower yield for our country in terms of a hectare of field in recent years has amounted to 12-15 centners per hectare. A better result can be achieved if the crop was properly cared for or new promising varieties and hybrids were used. From the information provided by the breeders:

the maximum yield of Yason sunflower is 4.4 tons per hectare;
variety Lux - 3-3.4 t/ha;
variety Oreshek - 3-3.2 t/ha;
Serbian hybrid President - up to 5.5 t/ha.
American sunflower hybrid Pioneer - about 4.5 tons per 1 ha of usable area.

The article examined the yield of the most promising varieties, our zoned crops are distinguished by a much lower grain yield. For example, Lakomka sunflower yields no more than 2.4 tons of grain per hectare. The low yield of the described crop in our country is due to adverse weather conditions.

Sunflower seeds are used for the production of vegetable oil, in the confectionery industry (halva, gozinaki, as a filler for sweets, in the preparation of cakes). From 1 hectare of sunflower crops, you can get 3 centners of vegetable oil. The processing of sunflower seeds, in addition to oil, produces other products that are well used for animal feed as feed additives, these are meal (extraction method - 35%) and cake (press method - 33%). To date, of the total number of feed additives, they make up at least 85% produced in Russia.

Plan. sunflower cultivation is one of the most profitable ways to make money. Profitability for many agricultural organizations reaches 200%, and for some - above 300% (in the Oryol and Krasnodar regions).

Sunflower is a spring crop. The growing cycle begins in spring and ends in autumn, lasting only 90-120 days.

Sunflower is best grown in sunny areas, it does not like clay, heavy soil, it grows well in the area where winter rye was grown before it. The site should be prepared in the fall - dug up to a depth of 20 cm and filled with rotted manure - 1-2 buckets per 1 sq. m. Sunflower should be sown when the ground at a seeding depth (7-10 cm) warms up to 10 ° C. Sunflower care is simple: weeding, loosening and watering. In dry years, sunflowers need three waterings: three weeks before flowering, when plants grow very quickly; at the very beginning of flowering; 10 days after mass flowering. You can start harvesting sunflowers, as a rule, 35-40 days after flowering, cutting off the heads with a sickle or knife. Seeds with moisture up to 12% can be left for sowing next year.

The most early ripening variety is the ESAUL variety (undersized, yield - up to 25 kg of seeds per hundred square meters), ripening already 70 days after germination. Usually used for the production of oil varieties with a later maturation period - up to 100 days.
Intensive cultivation technology will help to obtain a sunflower yield of up to 20 or more centners per 1 ha with an oil content of seeds up to 50%.

For sowing on an area of up to 3 hectares, up to 25 kg of seeds will be required. Sowing seeds on such an area can be carried out by two people in 2-3 days. If it is possible to allocate a large area for sunflower cultivation - 100-200 hectares - you will need special agricultural equipment (tractor, seeder) and about 1.5 tons of seeds.

According to manufacturers, taking into account all the costs of fertilizers, equipment, the purchase of seeds, payment for harvesting and seed processing (up to 2,500 rubles per 1 ha), with a yield of up to 20 centners per 1 ha, you can get a net profit of up to 10 thousand rubles, profitability at this reaches about 270%. Thus, growing sunflower even on an area of up to 100 hectares, you can make a profit of up to 900 thousand rubles.

With 1 kg of roasted seeds, selling them in cups, you will receive up to 70-80 rubles of profit.

Your income will directly depend on the area that you can allocate for sunflower cultivation.

To begin with, you can start growing sunflower in a small area, gradually expanding the plantations. This is a less expensive, but more time-consuming method. In this case, it is better to grow early-ripening varieties with a yield of up to 25 kg of seeds per hundred square meters, and organize the sale of roasted seeds.

With large areas, it is not necessary to immediately purchase the necessary equipment, you can always agree to rent it from large farms. In addition, when cultivating sunflower in large volumes, it makes sense to simultaneously produce vegetable oil and process cake for livestock feed. All equipment can be purchased gradually with the receipt of funds (see the idea "Vegetable oil production").

Hand over the grown sunflower to processing enterprises (vegetable oil producers), sell it through retail outlets in the markets, to shops.

Initial costs: 18 thousand rubles (for 10 hectares).
Income: 100-150 thousand rubles (when sold fried).

Growing Plants - Ideas

Sunflower cultivation technology

Place in crop rotation.

Sunflower is placed in the tilled field of crop rotation after winter cereals and corn for silage, as well as on fields clean of malicious weeds - after barley, spring wheat, oil flax, etc. Sunflower cannot be sown after sugar beet, alfalfa and Sudanese grass, since these crops strongly and deeply dry up the soil. Rapeseed, peas, soybeans, beans have several common diseases with sunflower (sclerotinia, white, gray rot, etc.), so sunflower cannot be sown after them. In crop rotation, it can be returned to its former field no earlier than after 8-10 years to prevent the accumulation of broomrape seeds and pathogens of infectious diseases in the soil.

Fertilizer.

Under plowing, organic, as well as phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied, depending on the level of soil fertility. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied under pre-sowing cultivation and in the form of dressings. With an excess of nitrogen nutrition, plants become less resistant to drought and disease, and the oil content of seeds decreases.

Soil cultivation.

The main requirement for the main tillage is the complete suppression of perennial weeds, good surface evenness, moisture conservation. In fields that are not littered with perennial weeds, an improved plowing system or semi-fallow cultivation is used.

On fields littered with perennial weeds (thistle, thistle, lettuce, bindweed, etc.), layer-by-layer tillage is used. First, the stubble is peeled to a depth of 6...8 cm with disc tools, after the growth of perennial weeds, the soil is cultivated to a depth of 10...12 cm with ploughshares, heavy disc harrows or flat-cutting cultivators. After the re-growth of weeds, the plowing is plowed in September - October to the depth of the arable layer.

In areas subject to wind erosion, a system of flat-cut tillage is used with stubble left on the soil surface: two small tillage, in September - October - loosening to a depth of 20 ... 25 cm. To increase the moisture reserves in the soil, snow retention is carried out in the fields.

In the spring, when the physical ripeness of the soil occurs, harrowing is carried out with the leveling of the fallow and cultivation to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm.

For sowing, seeds of zoned varieties and hybrids are used, large (mass of 1000 seeds is 80 ... 100 g for varieties and at least 50 g for hybrids), the first reproduction, with a germination rate of at least 95%. Modern high-oil varieties and hybrids with thin-skinned seeds have higher heat requirements. They should be sown in well-warmed soil when the temperature at the seed sowing depth (8...10 cm) reaches 10...12°C. In this case, the seeds germinate quickly and amicably, their field germination increases, which ensures more uniform development and maturation of plants, and an increase in yield.

The density of plants, depending on the moisture supply by the beginning of harvesting, should be: in humid forest-steppe regions and adjacent steppe regions 40...50 thousand, in semi-arid steppe 30...40 thousand and in arid steppe 20...30 thousand plants per 1 ha. When cultivating sunflower hybrids, they are recommended to be increased by 10…15%, but not more than 55…60 thousand/ha.

Amendments to the seeding rates are set taking into account the field germination of seeds (it is 10 ... 15% lower than the laboratory one), the death of plants during harrowing of crops by seedlings (8 ... 10%) and the natural waste of plants (up to 5%).

Sunflower sowing is carried out in a dotted way with a row spacing of 70 cm.

The normal sowing depth of seeds of varieties is 6 ... 8 cm, in arid conditions 8 ... 10, on heavy soils in a cool and humid spring 5 ... 6 cm. Seeds of small-seeded hybrids in moist soil are sown to a depth of 4 ... 5 cm.

Crop care. The modern technology of sunflower cultivation completely eliminates manual weeding. Crop care is carried out mainly by mechanical methods (herbicide-free option), if necessary, herbicides are used, which are applied mainly by the tape method simultaneously with sowing.

After sowing, if it is carried out in loose soil and in dry weather, the soil is rolled with ring-spur rollers. For the destruction of weeds, harrowing is carried out before germination and after germination in combination with the processing of row-spacings by cultivators equipped with weeding and powdering devices. Pre-emergence harrowing is carried out across the rows or diagonally 5-6 days after sowing. Harrowing by seedlings is also carried out with medium tooth harrows when 2 ... 3 pairs of true leaves are formed in sunflower during the daytime, when plant turgor decreases. When using soil herbicides, seedling harrowing is not used.

At the first inter-row cultivation, the cutout width is set to 50 cm, at the second - 45 cm, the processing depth is 6 ... 8 and 8 ... 10 cm, respectively.

By applying soil herbicides in the pre-sowing or pre-emergence period, in combination with agricultural practices, crops can be kept clean. On sunflower crops, the following are used: nitran, treflan, gezagard 50. It is economical to apply herbicides by the tape method simultaneously with sowing. In this case, a strip is processed along a row with a width of 30 ... 35 cm, and the hectare dose of the herbicide is halved.

For cutting guide slots simultaneously with sowing, two slot guides are attached to the additional frame of the seeder, following the track of the caterpillar tractor. The depth of the slot is 25…30 cm. During inter-row cultivation, guide knives mounted on the cultivator frame go along these slots, which keeps it from moving to the sides and, therefore, reduces damage to plants. However, the described technique also has disadvantages: additional energy costs are required, sunflower roots are damaged during cultivation, the soil cracks more and moisture loss increases.

In the fight against empty grains of sunflower, good results are provided by additional pollination of crops with the help of bees (at the rate of 1.5 ... 2.0 families per 1 ha of crops).

Sunflower is affected by the following diseases: white, gray, ashy rot, downy mildew, rust, phomosis. White rot appears throughout the growing season, but more intensely during the maturation of the baskets. Gray rot affects seedlings, stems, flowers, and especially often baskets. Ash rot causes general wilting and drying of the whole plant, brittleness of the stem. Downy mildew infects leaves, stems, baskets. The disease manifests itself when 3-4 pairs of leaves are formed, the plants lag behind in growth, the yield decreases.

Pests cause great damage to sunflowers: wireworms, lingering insects, steppe cricket, meadow moth, aphids, plant bugs.

Measures to protect sunflower from diseases and pests include seed treatment and treatment of plants with chemicals.

Cleaned and sorted sunflower seeds 1.5 ... 2.0 months before sowing (but not later than 2 weeks) are treated with disinfectants: TMTD is used against sulfur rot, sclerotinia, 80% s. n. (2 ... 3 kg / t), against downy mildew - apron, 35% s. (4 kg/t) mixed with microelements (zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate - 0.3…0.5 kg/t). When treating seeds, it is advisable to apply pesticides together with the NaCMC film former (0.2 kg/t).

General sunflower protection measures include the following: compliance with crop rotation, meeting the requirements of seed production, dressing seeds, growing 2 ... 3 varieties or hybrids on the farm that differ in the length of the growing season and resistance to broomrape.

Sunflower is a drought-resistant plant, however, it gives the largest yields when irrigated. Even in the main areas of sunflower cultivation, its need for water is satisfied only by 60%, and in arid regions (Volga region) - by 40%. Plants especially suffer from a lack of moisture in the soil during the periods of formation of baskets and flowering - seed filling. It is at this time that it is advisable to irrigate. Autumn water-recharging (1200...2000 m 3 /ha, the soil is soaked to a depth of 2 m) and early vegetation irrigation of sunflower (along furrows or sprinkling) are of great importance.

Irrigation rate depending on soil moisture varies from 600 to 800 m 3 /ha. Vegetative irrigation should be distributed as follows: the first watering with a lack of moisture at the beginning of the formation of heads (2 ... 3rd pair of leaves), the second - in the phase of formation of heads - the beginning of flowering, the third - at the beginning or at the height of flowering.

Harvest.

The signs by which the maturation of sunflower is judged include: yellowing of the back side of the basket, wilting and falling off of reed flowers, color of achenes normal for varieties and hybrids, hardening of the core in them, drying of most leaves.

According to the moisture content of the seeds and the color of the baskets, three degrees of ripeness are distinguished: yellow, brown and full. With yellow ripeness, the leaves and the back side of the baskets acquire a lemon-yellow color, the moisture content of the seeds is 30 ... 40% (biological ripeness); at brown ripeness, the baskets are dark brown, the moisture content of the seeds is 12 ... 14% (economic ripeness); at full ripeness, the moisture content of seeds is 10 ... 12%, the plants are dry, brittle, the achenes crumble.

For sunflower harvesting, combine harvesters are used, which are equipped with choppers to grind and spread the stems across the field. The stems remaining on the vine are cut with heavy disc harrows.

Growing pumpkin for seed as a business with minimal investment

Pumpkin seeds are gaining more and more popularity among profitable farm crops. Europe has long appreciated the benefits of this product and its abundance of healing, gustatory properties. The business idea of growing pumpkin seeds is suitable for large and small plots of cultivated land. In any case, the profitability remains at a high level. Average price 1t. pumpkin seeds in our area is 1000€. Cultivation of some varieties may increase the price of the product (for example, seeds without husks). Pumpkin is an unpretentious plant, its seed material is reliably protected, and the high price is due to the high medicinal and taste properties of the product. The technology of growing pumpkins for seeds does not require large expenses and is within the power of even the smallest farm. If you have a large garden, this business can be organized at home. The demand for pumpkin seeds is growing every year.

Pumpkin seeds were interested all over the world

Pumpkin is an unpretentious plant that is grown all over the world and in all climatic zones. Native Americans started growing pumpkins 3,000 years ago. From America, the seeds were brought to Europe and distributed by trade routes throughout the world. Farmers willingly engaged in the cultivation of the largest vegetable in the world. In the Middle Ages, a small bottle of Styrian pumpkin seed oil was worth the price of a gold ring. Various varieties were bred (more than 200 varieties of pumpkin are known): table and fodder, annual and perennial, medium-fruited, large-fruited and with giant fruits (more than 100 kg titanium variety). The largest pumpkin weighing 922kg. was grown in America for the traditional competition among farmers. The record pumpkin in Japan weighed 458kg. The content of seeds in pumpkin is 1-2% depending on the variety. Pumpkin seeds are in great demand all over the world. They have many healing properties. Various medicines are produced from pumpkin seeds.

Oil squeezed from pumpkin seeds is used in cooking, cosmetology and medicine. Raw and roasted pumpkin seeds are used in cooking and for the prevention of the treatment of many diseases. Pumpkin seeds are actively purchased for retail sale in fried form with or without husks, as a tasty and healthy product with a high content of: zinc, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamins.

The most expensive oil is produced from pumpkin seeds

The main export of pumpkin seeds goes to Austria and other European countries. Local manufacturers can be found via the Internet. Thus, you can sell the crop at a price of 2.8€ per 1kg. In a lean year, the price reaches 4 € per 1 kg. In lean years, traders travel around the villages and buy pumpkin seeds from grandmothers for sale abroad. In Austria, a very popular vegetable oil is made from pumpkin seeds. It is used in cooking for cooking delicacies in restaurants. Also, pumpkin seed oil in Austria has gained popularity in the treatment of many diseases and in cosmetology. Pumpkin seed oil is a powerful antioxidant and is used as a rejuvenating agent. The seed material for this business can be used Austrian. These are mainly naked varieties with a high content of linoleic acid and, accordingly, a lower content of oleic acid. Linoleic acid is more valuable than oleic. Pumpkin seed oil, high in linoleic acid, has a spicy flavor (with nutty notes) and a high price. Its intense taste allows just a few drops to change the taste of the cooked dish. The best pumpkin seed oil in the world was produced in Styria (land in Austria). It even developed its own special variety, Styrian butter gourd (Cucurbita pepo styriaca). Styrian butter gourd seeds are dark green or black in color due to their high chlorophyll content. In Austria, Styrian pumpkin seeds are sold for 15€ per 1kg. Consumption during sowing is 4.5 kg per hectare of seeds of this variety. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the most expensive vegetable oils.

The interest of consumers in pumpkin seeds is growing every year

The average purchase price of pumpkin seeds in the domestic market is 1000€ per ton. But first you need to get a harvest. The right variety of plants is the key to the success of any agricultural business. High-yielding seed varieties of pumpkins produce 1.5 tons-2 tons of seeds per hectare (in the presence of irrigated systems, the yield of pumpkin seeds can be more than 2 tons). These varieties include: Bolgarka (Lady's nail), Kherson watermelon, Ukrainian multiple. Seeds of oil-bearing varieties of pumpkins have a higher price, but have a slightly lower yield (600-800 kg per hectare). In our area, the following oily pumpkin varieties are popular, the seeds of which contain a lot of linoleic fatty acid: Muscat Novinka, Polevychka, Valok. But in general, you need to think carefully before choosing a variety. For example, the Bulgarian variety has the lowest price of a seed product. But it gives one of the highest yields. It does not need washing seeds, which also significantly reduces the cost of drying the product. In addition, there are gymnosperm varieties of pumpkins that do not need to be husked, but should be dried delicately. Naturally, pumpkin seeds without husks are easier to interest the buyer and can be sold much more expensive (in retail, fried seeds without husks are 40% more expensive).

There are not many varieties of this type of pumpkin: Golosemyannaya 14, Naked round, Styrian oily. The disadvantages of gymnosperms include: low yields and yields (seeds do not have a protective shell and can quickly rot). To choose the right variety, you need to take into account climatic factors. When choosing cucurbit seed varieties, cost calculations will also help to anticipate the desired profit.

The technology of growing pumpkins for seeds does not require large expenditures

The technology of growing pumpkin seeds requires a small financial investment. Growing pumpkins will incur the following costs:

Plowing and cultivation in soil preparation - 20€ per hectare.
Seed material - 68€ per hectare.
Fertilizers - 47 € per hectare.
Weeding for 2 times 70€ per hectare.
Seed washing 20€ ton. (an important feature of the Bulgarian variety, which does not need washing).
Drying on a drying table with a Bizon heat generator requires no more than 8 € per 1 ton of crop.

As a result, the total costs are 233€. Even in a lean year, a business idea is a very attractive investment. The technology of growing pumpkins for seeds is not complicated, but it has its own characteristics. Soil preparation is standard, but with deep autumn plowing (27-30 cm). Pumpkins need loose, well-draining soil. Under plowing, organic humus (10-15 tons) and mineral fertilizers of the brand - N60, P90, K60 should be applied. In the spring, when the earth at a depth of 10 cm warms up to +12 degrees, sowing should be done according to the scheme indicated in the seed variety. For example, the Bulgarian should be planted with a row spacing of only 0.7 meters, and in the rows it is better to leave the distance the same (scheme 70 X 70 cm.). This scheme requires 7kg/ha. sowing variety Bolgarka. This will allow perpendicular cultivation. Such images often do not even need to be weeded. The appearance of the first gatherings should be expected in the first 7-10 days. Scourges and the first flowers will appear in 20 days. The first ovary begins after 30-40 days, the second 60-70. Full maturation occurs after 120 days. Harvesting with the help of machinery is carried out in 3 stages:

Separation of fruits from plants (manually).
Rolling fruits into rolls (by a tractor with a special blade).
Harvesting pumpkin harvester.

A pumpkin harvester crushes the pumpkin, separating the seeds from the pulp. And the pulp itself scatters right on the field. The use of pulp as a fertilizer increases the fertility of the soil. On small farms, productive seeds can be harvested by hand. There is inexpensive stationary equipment for separating seeds from pulp. Low-budget fields with small crops allow harvesting and manual separation of the seeds from the pulp.

When grown, pumpkin plants themselves are not whimsical to care for. Growing pumpkin does not require special knowledge and technology. The seed material is reliably protected by a thick layer of pulp. When leaving, you just need to remember that the pumpkin loves a lot of sun and moisture. This type of plant does not tolerate even mild frosts (favorable temperature environment +28).

Pumpkin seeds have the most useful and healing properties

Pumpkin seeds contain many rare nutrients: zinc, mangy, vitamin K, phosphorus. Pumpkin seeds are recommended for:

It is important to add that decoctions of ground seeds are recommended to be taken to get rid of insomnia.

Pumpkin seed oil is very useful in the treatment of tuberculosis and bile in the stomach. Useful properties for the treatment of pumpkin seeds due to their unique composition with abundant nutrients.

100 grams of pumpkin seeds contains:
Squirrels	24.6 g
Fats	45.9 g
Carbohydrates	13.5 g
Cellulose	4.3 g
Ash	4.9 g
Water	8.4 g
Vitamins:
Vitamin A (beta-carotene)	228 mcg
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)	0.2 mg
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)	0.32 mg
Niacin (vitamin B3 or vitamin PP)	1.7 mg
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)	0.35 mg
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)	0.23 mg
Folic acid (vitamin B9)	57.5 mcg
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	1.9 mg
Vitamin E (tocopherol)	10.9 mg
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	51.4 mcg
Trace elements:
Zinc	7.45 mg
Copper	1.39 mg
Iron	14.96 mg
Manganese	3.01 mcg
Selenium	5.6 mcg
Macronutrients:
Potassium	807 mg
Calcium	43 mg
Magnesium	535 mg
Sodium	18 mg
Phosphorus	1174 mg
Calories:
100 g of the product contains on average about 541 kcal.

Thanks to pumpkin seeds, the body is supplied with a useful element - Arginine (an acid for the formation of nitric oxide).

Arginine is responsible for the functioning of the heart and the state of blood vessels, the restoration of cellular structures and the structure of muscles. Only 40g. seeds contain the daily rate of Arginine. But frequent husking of seeds can harm tooth enamel.

Pumpkin is recommended as the most useful product for a mono-diet

The pumpkin itself contains many useful substances and properties for the human body. It also contains a lot of zinc, vitamin E. Together with pumpkin, we use medicinal and healthy elements such as selenium and manganese. They help to strengthen the immune system of the human body, useful for fighting viruses and microbes. Just like seeds, pumpkin has an abundant amount of trace elements and vitamins. It is ideal for a mono diet (a diet in which only one food is present in the diet). Mono-diet helps to lose weight and cleanse the body as a whole (we are what we eat). An interesting fact is that carotene (provitamin A) is five times more in pumpkin than in carrots. Carotene improves vision, skin elasticity, improves immunity. In addition, the composition of the largest vegetable in the world includes:

all groups of vitamins;
iron;
potassium;
calcium;
phosphorus;
fluorine.

Regular consumption of pumpkin strengthens teeth and gums due to its high fluoride content. A glass of freshly squeezed pumpkin juice lowers blood cholesterol, improves blood circulation, cleanses the liver and removes radioactive elements and toxins from the human body. It is not recommended to consume pumpkin in large quantities in case of indigestion, as it lies heavily on the stomach and can harm it. Any excess is harmful to nature.

Experts are waiting for a record sunflower harvest - up to 7 million tons, if we take into account the collection from lands that are not taken into account by official statistics. The yield may also break the record, which, according to the optimistic scenario, should be 12 centners per hectare. No wonder: farmers are switching to new technologies, sowing highly productive hybrid seeds, and sunflower has more than doubled in price over the past year.

Experts predict another record sunflower harvest this year. “Taking into account the areas that are not included in official statistics, up to 6 million tons can be collected,” she said. Agro-investor» Analyst of the Institute for Agricultural Market Studies ( IKAR) Alina Mirsagatova. “Now agricultural producers are actively switching to imported hybrids, so that the harvest, under favorable weather conditions, in August can reach 7 million tons.” In 2007, according to IKAR, 5.7 million tons were harvested. The same figures for last year's harvest are given in the Analytical Center under the government. Its analysts are also expecting a sunflower harvest of 6.5-7 million tons (see table).

Demand is growing

The record collection can be obtained, among other things, due to the intensification of crop production, which results in an increase in yields, says Mirsagatova. According to IKAR, in 2007 it amounted to 10.74 c/ha in Russia (data from the Analytical Center under the Government, which uses information Rosstat, — 11.3 kg/ha of harvested area). And in 2008, she compares, “according to optimistic forecasts,” 12 centners can be harvested per hectare. Another favorable factor for agricultural producers, which motivated them to increase crops and invest in new technologies, is the rapid rise in sunflower prices (more than 100% over the past year). “Now it costs about 16 thousand rubles / ton, and in the free sale of this agricultural crop [oilseeds of the 2007 harvest - AI] in early July there was almost no more,” the analyst explains. “In September last year, sunflower seeds cost 12,000 rubles per ton, and in April 2008, they traded at 23,000 rubles per ton.”

Previously, the price level was different: for example, in the 2006/2007 agricultural year, sunflower rose in price from 5 to 7 thousand rubles per ton. Mirsagatova believes that one of the factors strengthening the price is the decrease in the 2007 harvest by 1 million tons compared to 2006. While oil extraction plants (OEPs) continued to increase capacity, the demand for seed increased while its supply decreased. In this agricultural year (2008/2009), prices will not be as high as in the past, Mirsagatov reassures processors, but, of course, they will not fall to the level of 2006/2007 agricultural year either.

But the demand for sunflower will continue to rise despite the growth of its crops, she adds, as the country continues to build new and reconstruct existing oil refineries: only one plant Bunge in the Voronezh region, introduced at the end of last year, is designed for more than 500 thousand tons / year of raw materials. The area sown with sunflower in 2008, according to Rosstat, 400 thousand hectares more than last year. And according to Mirsagatova, the growth of sunflower crops recovered after 2006 - then 6.17 million hectares were sown with them, in 2007 they decreased to 5.26 million hectares, and in 2008 they amounted to 5.5 million hectares.

Processors confirm that they do not always have enough sunflower raw materials. Some replace it with rapeseed (see inset). Director of Tomsk Krasnaya Gorka (MEZ of the Prodex group) Mikhail Rodionov cites as an example another enterprise of the holding - Stepnye Klyuchi from the Altai Territory with a capacity of 30 thousand tons of raw materials per year. It works on sunflower, and since June it has been stopped: there is simply no raw material in the region, since in 2007 there was a crop failure, Rodionov makes a helpless gesture. Now, according to him, it will be possible to launch this oil extraction plant only in October, when the raw materials collected in 2008 will enter the market. It is unprofitable to bring it from other regions, the director states.

Our sunflower is the most oily

Company market research manager Bunge Svetlana Ivashura, like Mirsagatova, draws attention to the high profitability of sunflower - 100-400% "depending on the season." Now for agricultural producers, it is perhaps the most profitable of all agricultural crops, she suggests. The decrease in its production in 2007 Ivashura, in addition to the reduction in crops, explains the drought, primarily in the southern regions. This year, the sunflower area has increased, she confirms the IKAR data, and the weather is favorable, so the harvest will not only be large in volume, but also of good quality. High oil content is generally a distinctive feature of our sunflower: usually it is 45-47%, while the standard for international trade is 42-44%. “We have no problems with the quality of raw materials,” agrees the co-owner of the oil and fat holding “ Efko» Valery Sergachev. The oil content of sunflower, purchased by the Altai oil refinery "Prodex", is 48%, and Rodionov is also satisfied. The company helps local farmers to improve the quality: it buys highly productive imported seed hybrids and advances farms with them, and they sell the grown crop to Prodex. “So we increased the oil content by 10-12% in just a year,” Rodionov sums up. “Oil content is one of the main indicators of quality and directly affects the price of sunflower,” explains Ivashura. — Of course, it fluctuates depending on weather conditions, but a lot also depends on the farmers themselves. Some people sow sunflowers on the same area for several years in a row, which leads not only to the spread of diseases, a decrease in soil fertility and crop volume, but also to a drop in the quality of raw materials [including oil content].” Crop rotations, according to Ivashura's observations, are mostly not observed by small farms with an arable area of less than 1,000 hectares. In pursuit of quick profits, they rarely think about tomorrow, she states.

With proper observance of technology, it is customary to sow sunflowers in the same field every few years. Although, for example, in the West they do it differently, says Ivashura: sunflower is placed on the same site every two years, or even two years in a row. But there, the use of chemical plant protection products is widespread, as well as the introduction of a large amount of mineral fertilizers - several centners per hectare. In our country, many farms do not use fertilizers at all, and even more so chemicals, Ivashura compares, so they only have to maintain soil fertility with the help of proper crop rotation. The quality of sunflower by 90% does not depend on crop rotation, but on natural factors - the degree of insolation of fields and the amount of precipitation, Sergachev expresses his opinion. “And non-observance of crop rotations and low-quality seeds are secondary indicators that only slightly affect quality,” he says.

Over the past eight years, there has been a continuous increase in the use of mineral fertilizers for sunflower by agricultural organizations - from 22 thousand tons (in terms of 100% nutrients) in 2000 to 59 thousand tons in 2008. The introduction of new varieties of seeds into circulation is also proceeding quite intensively, Ivashura is pleased. “So, we can hope for a further increase in sunflower yields,” she has no doubts.

Rarely sown

Farmers oppose the frequent sowing of sunflower despite its high profitability. Even those who use high-quality means of protection, apply enough fertilizers and buy imported hybrids, place it on the same site no more than once every five years.

At the Dzerzhinsky State Farm (Rostov Region), sunflower is sown in the same field every 8-9 years and supplied to Rostov and Krasnodar oil and fat enterprises. 1-1.2 thousand hectares are annually allocated for this agriculture out of 10 thousand hectares of arable land. “After sunflower, we have winter wheat or corn [in crop rotation], followed by sugar beets, spring crops and peas,” lists the director of the company Nikolay Zasko. The profitability of sunflower in the farm is high - about 200%. However, the head of the state farm does not plan to increase his crops or adjust crop rotation in order to harvest more often. This will lead to soil depletion, Zasko is sure. “We just try to plant crops with high profitability. For the same wheat, it is about 70%,” he adds. But the transition to new sunflower seeds is in full swing in the company. Previously, only Russian ones were used, but Zasko was dissatisfied with the low yield, which over the past few years has not exceeded 25-28 c/ha. Now he buys imported hybrids and expects 28-35 q/ha (the average is 30 q/ha). “This year they already occupy 70% of our sunflower area, while earlier it was only 30%,” says Zasko.

In the Volgograd company "MT-Agro", 40 thousand hectares are occupied with sunflower, the yield of imported hybrids is 18 centners per hectare, the cost price is 4 thousand rubles per ton. According to the general director of the farm, Dmitry Mikhailenko, the profitability exceeds 100%, although a few years ago it was no more than 70%. Prices for sunflower rose strongly, the director is pleased. In one place, it is sown more often in MT-Agro than in the Dzerzhinsky State Farm: every five years. “By using intensive technologies and using complex fertilizers, we manage to organize crop rotation so that the soil after sunflower is not depleted,” Mikhailenko says. “The next year after it, the land remains fallow, and in the remaining four years we sow winter wheat, spring crops, peas and corn.”

Rapeseed alternative
Despite the high profitability of sunflower, farmers sometimes refuse to grow it or reduce crops to a minimum, and MEZs from processing in order to switch to rapeseed. “Now we are only refining and packaging sunflower oil under the Ideal and Oleina brands for Bunge,” says Sergey Kruglov, CEO of Orelrastmasl. “We only produce rapeseed oil. And the production of sunflower oil was abandoned two years ago.” Kruglov explains this decision by the fact that the demand for rapeseed oil is growing rapidly and this segment is not yet saturated, unlike sunflower oil. In addition, in the Orel, as well as in the neighboring Lipetsk and Kursk regions, a lot of rapeseed is grown. These regions have a good resource base, explains Kruglov.
“Industrial processing of rapeseed in the near future can compete with sunflower processing,” he believes. “Although, of course, consumer preferences in the retail segment will remain the same: sunflower oil has always been the most popular in Russia.” Orelrastmaslo modernizes and increases production capacity for rapeseed. After the first stage of modernization, the volume of processing at the enterprise amounted to 300 tons / day, and next season it is planned to increase it to 1 thousand tons / day. “In the coming years, other plants processing this agricultural crop will be opened,” Kruglov has no doubts. “After all, rapeseed oil is cheaper than sunflower oil by an average of 10%. “We process only rapeseed,” Mikhail Rodionov, director of the Tomsk Krasnaya Gorka plant (part of the Prodex group), echoes him. “We produce 10-12 thousand tons / year ".
Farmers are also rushing to take their place in the rapeseed sector. “We stopped growing sunflower last year,” says Sergey Bigachev, commercial director of the Imtep group. - They sowed it once every seven years, strictly observing crop rotations, and now they have completely switched to rapeseed. The fact is that the demand for this crop is growing rapidly, but the sunflower market is stable. In addition, we plan to make rapeseed oil ourselves.”

My name is Rogozin Ivan. I have lived all my life in the city of Krasnodar. Despite my city life, I just love agriculture, so I connected my life with sunflower cultivation.

The fields of the Krasnodar Territory turned out to be very prolific. Within a few years, the business began to bear good fruit in the form of profit. Gradually, I increased the area under sowing and today I have about 30 hectares of land at my disposal.

The total yield is about 600 centners.
Net profit - from 300 thousand rubles.
The overall profitability is from 270%.
There is also an additional income - the sale of roasted sunflower seeds at a price of 70-90 rubles per kilogram. Income from this direction - from 100 thousand rubles.
Initial costs - from 60 thousand rubles.
Staff - 4 people.

As an introduction

Today, sunflower cultivation is one of the most profitable types of business. This explains the popularity of growing this crop not only in our country, but also in the world.

Even Peter I became a legislator of “fashions” for sunflower, from which butter, soap, margarine and halva were made. A separate conversation is seeds, without which it is difficult to imagine modern life.

What are the business benefits?

The advantage of sunflower is its unpretentiousness. It thrives in dry climates and under the scorching sun. Sunflower cultivation is very popular in Ukraine, Turkey, Russia and even Argentina.

If we take in Russia, then the ideal conditions for business in the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories. The area of land occupied by sunflower is constantly increasing.

It is believed that in a few years about 8 million hectares of land will be occupied by this agricultural crop.

Sunflower is a plant that is resistant to drought and cold. As a result, it is perfectly adapted to our climate. The duration of cultivation is only 80-120 days (it all depends on the type of variety and the chosen technology).

Is business difficult?

The sunflower growing business is very profitable, and the sunflower growing technology is simple and accessible even to a beginner. That is why many farmers prefer to earn on the fruits of this crop. From one hectare of land, you can harvest up to 18-30 centners of the crop.

What should the land be like?

You must clearly understand the features of growing sunflower, as well as the importance of quality soil. In particular, the land must contain all the necessary mineral and organic fertilizers.

You can sow sunflower in the same place no earlier than after 7-8 years. Otherwise, even black soil is quickly depleted and becomes unsuitable for planting agricultural products. Therefore, sunflower plots should alternate.

It is necessary to prepare the soil for planting in the fall. The harrowing process is carried out from the beginning of spring, and after that, pre-sowing cultivation begins.

To protect plants from the negative effects of harrowing, it is worth trimming the surface of the field before planting sunflowers. Sowing can be started when the air temperature reaches 11-13 degrees Celsius.

Sunflower cultivation in Russia will be effective at a planting depth of about 8-10 centimeters. For cultivation, it is better to select clay-type soil, and the site itself should be open to the sun.

Sunflower grows best in areas where winter rye was grown before.

How to care?

Sunflower does not require any special care. All he needs is timely weeding, loosening and water.

If the period is too dry, then it is necessary to water the sunflower at least three times - 20-22 days before flowering, the second time - at the beginning of flowering, and the third time - 10-12 days after the completion of the flowering process.

What sunflower to plant?

The highest quality are hybrid sunflowers. Their advantage is the same size and equal ripening time. In this case, the growing season lasts about 100-110 days.

The nominal amount of seeds to be sown per hectare is about 60,000.

But check the seeds to make sure they are of high quality.

It is easy to determine this - one thousand seeds should have a mass of about 50-60 grams.

In your country house, you can plant a sunflower bear cub for decoration, the cultivation of which does not cause difficulties even for amateur gardeners.

By the way, today decorative sunflower is very fashionable and its cultivation, by the way, is gaining momentum among start-up entrepreneurs.

Another good variety ESAUL. It is characterized by good yield and short stature. At the same time, ripening can be expected within 65-70 days after sowing.

You can use later varieties. It takes about 8 kilograms of seeds and 8-10 hours of time to sow a hectare. The cost of a kilogram of seeds is 80-120 rubles.

How to sow?

Pay special attention to the density of sowing. Here everything will depend on the variety of sunflower and the climate of the region where it is grown. It is believed that in the semi-arid steppes it is best to sow about 40-45 thousand plants per hectare, and in the steppe region their number can be increased to 60 thousand.

So, if you decide to plant sunflower, be sure to study the growing areas in Russia. Sowing is not desirable to stretch over time - it is better to do the work within 1-2 days.

Remember that sunflowers are grown from seeds, so the recommended planting depth must be strictly maintained (about 20 cm).

What is needed from personnel and equipment?

To perform all the work, it is necessary to involve several people (at least 2-3). In addition, just before harvesting, one or two watchmen may be needed.

The salary of a sower and a picker is from 20,000 rubles, and a watchman - from 15,000 rubles.

From the equipment you will need a seeder, a tractor and a truck in which fertilizers and seeds can be transported. You do not need to buy equipment - you can rent it. On average, one hour will cost from 2,000 rubles per hour.

What about fertilizers?

For a full "feed" sunflower should receive about 5 kg of nitrogen per centner. It is worth making an accurate calculation of the required amount of fertilizer. In case of exceeding or lowering the norm, you can completely be left without a crop.

During the period of sunflower growth, it is desirable to pay attention to weed harvesting. If there is a need to use herbicides, then it is enough to make a one-time treatment (but only when the plant height reaches 40 cm).

This will provide the best dropout rate and minimal damage when harvesting.

It should be borne in mind that sunflower can hurt. The most common disease is verticillosis. The probability of its infection is about 40-50%. To avoid damage, seeds must be treated with fungicides.

To increase the yield of sunflower, it is desirable to grow it on irrigation. It will not be superfluous to provide for watering (in this case, additional treatment with herbicides will be required).

The cost of purchasing various formulations and processing - from 2,000 rubles.

Sunflower production

When to harvest?

In order not to make a mistake with the timing, you should have a technological map of sunflower cultivation at hand. As a rule, it is necessary to harvest when 10-13% of plants with yellow heads remain on the field. The rest should be dry and brown in color.

It is desirable to collect sunflower as soon as possible - within 5-7 days. Certain losses should not be ruled out. As practice shows, they can be from 3 to 5% of the total crop.

It is quite possible to achieve a reduction in crop loss if sowing and harvesting is carried out in a timely manner. In this case, it is desirable to collect at a humidity of not more than 20%.

No more than 3% of the sunflower should remain behind the harvester. Every 2-3 hours it is necessary to stop and check the quality of the cleaning process. The task of the combine is separation, threshing, accumulation and cleaning of grain.

Potential of consumers of sunflower oil production in Russia

What is the profitability of the business?

As for the main factor for an entrepreneur - profitability, it will be the higher, the more the territory is sown. From one hectare of land, you can get up to 10 thousand rubles on average.

Thus, the sunflower growing business is a very attractive direction. If measured as a percentage, then in some regions of Russia profitability can reach 200-300%.

Growth of participants in the oil production market according to the data of the 1st quarter of 2014
in relation to the 1st quarter of 2013

Summing up:

The total costs for harvesting and seed processing - from 2000 rubles per hectare.
Starting investments - from 60 thousand rubles.
Net profit per hectare - from 10 thousand rubles.
Fertilizers, processing (costs) - from 2000 rubles.
Staff salaries - from 35 thousand rubles.
Business profitability - 200-300%.
The payback period is one year.

Thus, sunflower cultivation is one of the safest, most profitable and interesting types of business. At the same time, do not forget that it requires certain knowledge and a responsible approach to business from you.