Problems and prospects for the development of innovative activities. Russian experience of innovative development: problems and prospects

The last two decades for Russia have been characterized by attempts to move into a post-industrial society. This is reflected in the growing influence of science on socio-economic development, intensification of the processes of creation and dissemination of knowledge, as well as the activation of innovation activities... In all this, research organizations play a primary role - the main generators of new knowledge.

The search for new knowledge is a key stage in scientific and technological progress, and with a sufficient variety of modern institutional forms of production and implementation of knowledge, science still serves as their main sources and carriers. Its core consists of legally independent specialized research organizations, namely, scientists engaged in research activities in them.

According to official statistics, from 1990 to 2005, the number of scientists in Russia fell from 1.119 million to 381 thousand, that is, almost three times. To this number it is imperative to add graduate students. Now in the country there are 72 thousand budget-funded places for graduate students with a recruitment of 26 thousand per year. There are about 450 thousand researchers in total. However, even those researchers who are on the staff of numerous research institutes are not ready to fully engage in research activities. Thus, out of 450 thousand specialists, only 100 thousand spend more than half of their working time on scientific work and the rest make money in commercial organizations.

If we pay attention to the migration of scientific personnel, then in internal migration the main stream of scientific personnel is directed to business, private entrepreneurship and state structures where people with good education... This is because scientific activity in Russia is not very profitable, because science is what makes knowledge out of money, and innovation is what makes money out of knowledge.

As a result of external migration, the United States has been the main consumers of Russian scientists for almost 20 years. They account for about 30% of the emigrated specialists. Germany hosts 20% of Russian scientists, in Israel they make up about 40% of the total number of scientists. However, in last years the geography of the distribution of Russia's scientific potential began to change. The countries of the East are showing great interest in our researchers in connection with the development of nuclear programs. A lot of Russian nuclear scientists work in Iran, China and South Korea, North Korea.

As mentioned earlier, the main reason for the migration of Russian scientists is insufficient funding. Following the results of 2009 Russia spends about $ 2 billion on research and development, which is almost 4 times less than in China, 7 times less than Japan and 17 times less than the United States.

According to the government, in 2010 Russia will allocate 200 billion rubles for science: 80 billion for fundamental, 120 billion for applied. You can calculate whether this is a lot or a little. It is most convenient to count in "graduate student / years". As a guideline, the salary of a graduate student can be set at 45 thousand rubles. ($ 1500, € 1150) - less than most European countries, but close to Spain and South Korea. In a year with taxes (13% of personal income tax, 26.2 -34% of the UST) and overhead costs (15%), this turns out to be 1 million rubles. That is, there is some competitiveness. For the successful development of science, the salary of employees (scientists, engineers, etc.) must be higher, i.e. it is necessary to count at least 1.5 million rubles. per person per year. The total will be: 381 thousand scientists * 1.5 million rubles. +72 thousand postgraduates * 1 million rubles. = 650 billion rubles. per year, only for wages and invoices (in fact, the maintenance of the "office"). If you add to this the costs of equipment, travel, conference organization, etc., then the total budget should be 1 trillion. rub. per year, i.e. should be 5 times more than planned.

However, it is not only the state that is to blame for the low level of development of Russian innovative business; there is a share of the blame in the extremely low level of R&D funding in Russia by the private sector. There is no demand for innovation in the country. The share of costs for technological innovation in our industry is 1.2%, including the extractive industry - only 0.8%. Russian business expenditures on R&D are only about 0.3% of GDP (7-10 times less than in developed countries).

In terms of government spending on R&D per capita ($ 86), Russia lags behind the leaders by 2-4 times, and in private spending - 10-20 times. Even China, with its huge population, is already almost one and a half times ahead of Russia in terms of per capita expenditures of the private sector on R&D.

Russia is the only country in the world where the share of spending on civil science (0.4% of GDP) is less than on defense R&D (0.6%). But even this is not able to ensure the maintenance of the military-strategic balance with the United States, Europe and China. The degradation of the scientific and technical complex led to the fact that, despite the growth of the state defense order, the production of weapons fell to a scanty level. The military-industrial complex cannot become an oasis of technological progress against the background of the growing primitivization of the Russian economy as a whole. Indeed, in the United States for several decades, the most modern technologies from the civilian sector to the military, and not vice versa.

As for enterprises engaged in R&D, in modern Russia, state-owned enterprises prevail among them. unitary enterprises(GUP) and government agencies, and their ability to transfer the results of scientific and technical activities (RSTD) and the creation of new companies are limited. This leads to serious difficulties in the commercialization of their research and development results, complicates the establishment of new technology companies and, accordingly, hinders the development of public-private partnerships.

Currently, more than 80 technology parks, even more innovation and technology centers, more than 100 technology transfer centers, 10 national innovation and analytical centers, 86 scientific and technical innovation centers, over 120 business incubators, 15 innovation consulting centers and other organizations are registered in Russia. innovative infrastructure. There are 688 innovation infrastructure organizations in total.

Only 9.4% of Russian enterprises are implementing innovations. Even in Eastern European countries, there are at least twice as many innovative enterprises, and in Germany, for example, 8 times. Our share of innovative products is only 5.5%. Even in the field of aircraft and spacecraft production, only 34.3% of enterprises are engaged in innovations. Only 2.3% of industrial enterprises were engaged in marketing innovations in 2006. The industry leading by this parameter among low-tech is the production of cigarettes (8.6%), which is explained by "intense competition". The highest share of innovators is among large enterprises integrated into holdings, as well as among not very large high-tech companies. But in small business there are very few innovators - even among those who are engaged in high-tech business. Innovation is not very effective. 1995-2006 the annual cost of innovation has doubled, and the volume of innovative products - by only 49%.

Features of the current stage of development of the world community are manifested in integration economic activity and the globalization of the economic space, which leads to an exacerbation of competition in the world market, as a result of which an improvement in social and economic situation occurs exclusively in the most efficient countries. The need for Russia's transition to an innovative functioning model is associated with growing contradictions in the effectiveness of the existing development model, the absence of significant economic diversification and ...

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Ryabtsev Nikolay Timofeevich

Postgraduate study at SU-HSE

Moscow

Innovative development of Russia: problems of formation and development prospects.

Features of the current stage of development of the world community are manifested in the integration of economic activity and the globalization of economic space, which leads to an aggravation of competition in the world market, as a result of which the improvement of the socio-economic situation occurs exclusively in the most efficient countries.

The most effective method of competition since the end of the 20th century has been the use of intellectual resources in all spheres of economic activity. In this connection, a system of its reproduction and commercialization is being formed within the framework of the national economy.

The need for Russia's transition to an innovative model of functioning is associated with growing contradictions in the effectiveness of the existing development model, the lack of significant diversification of the economy, and, ultimately, with a significant dependence of Russian state policy on the situation in the natural resources market.

Changing the development model is a multidirectional process, therefore, state regulation of the country's innovative development should be built taking into account the peculiarities of the intellectual resource:

• unlimited resource requires an orientation not towards the management of functioning, but towards the management of development;
• the position of the innovation environment on the border between science, economy and industry requires a high level of intersectoral interaction; the integration of human capital and a developed industrial base should take place on the basis of network and streaming components;
• the presence of a close correlation between the economic state of society, the scale of the tasks facing it and the possibilities for their solution determines the participation in the formation of innovative processes of market mechanisms; as a result, the decision of an entrepreneur in the field of innovations is based on the demand for innovations by the majority of business entities, the economy as a whole, and not on proposals from science, which determines the need for a targeted government influence on the factors of development of this process, by creating technological, intellectual, structural, institutional, motivational prerequisites for an innovative type of economic growth;
• the dependence of the differentiation of innovations on market fluctuations determines the need state regulation innovations on the basis of encouraging innovations that modify, improve equipment and technologies without drastically changing them, during the period of the peak of growth. In times of crisis - on the basis of stimulating radical innovations, allowing you to enter a qualitatively new round of economic growth.

The problematic points hindering the development of innovative activity in Russia include the following:

• imperfection legislative framework

The questions of legislative consolidation of the conceptual apparatus of innovation remain open; the adoption of the law on innovation; the use of the norms of general civil legislation in the formation of the innovation infrastructure; lack of statutory status scientist, measures of his social protection; measures to stimulate the creation and operation of small innovative enterprises; putting on the balance sheet of intellectual property objects; a mechanism for comprehensive legal regulation of innovation policy issues; improvement of the legislation on state orders; regulation of legislative norms on direct and indirect financial support science from scientific foundations; contradictory legislation governing the commercialization of the results of scientific and technical activities 1 ... At the same time, the imperfection of the legal framework increases the risks of doing business, which by its nature is already considered high-risk, which is reflected in the volume of investment in the non-state sector.

• low level of funding for science

Insufficient participation of the non-governmental sector; character entrepreneurial activity that does not provide for investments with a long payback period, the problem of “long money” in the banking sector; relative availability of foreign technologies; scarce financial support of science for a long time or its provision on a leftover principle creates conditions for the physical and moral obsolescence of the material and technical base of the science sector. This creates the prerequisites for low-efficiency work in the research and development sphere. Question financial security science raises the problem of budgetary policy, the efficiency of spending budget funds, the problem of corruption, the problem of competitive distribution of tenders.

• demographic policy

The dynamics of the total population, the number of the able-bodied population and the number of people employed in the economy has a negative trend; there is an aging tendency labor resources, strong differentiation of the population in terms of income, the presence of a significant stratum of the population with an income level below the subsistence level. There is a problem of social insecurity of a researcher, the issue of regulation of migration processes.

• innovative activity of enterprises

The rather low share of Russian enterprises engaged in technological innovation, along with the purchase of high-tech products abroad, stimulates the development of foreign high-tech production (Figure 1). The relatively closed access of enterprises to developments carried out at the expense of budgetary financing and the orientation of the business sector towards projects with a payback period of up to three years are also characteristic of the current situation.

Figure 1 - Comparison of innovation activities of enterprises in different countries 2

• competitiveness of education

Compliance problem Russian education modern requirements of global competition and mobility work force, problem staff universities, the problem of teaching staff rotation, the problem of aging of the material and technical base of universities.

• level of development of innovation infrastructure

The lack of significant demand for domestic innovative developments, the development of the institution of venture financing, the low susceptibility of the science sector to modern requirements for the level of technology (as a result, the development of technologies that, at the final stage of their implementation, completely exhaust their innovative potential - a direct link with the obsolescence of material and technical bases of the science sector).

• efficiency of public administration

The problem of the effectiveness of lawmaking, budget financing, control of budget execution, taxation, centralization, excessive bureaucracy and an excessive number of civil servants, a high proportion of corruption, the level of coordination of measures of state innovation policy, the problem of inconsistency and untimely action, as one of the reasons for the decline in efficiency.

• environmental policy

The impact of this factor is indirect, but it determines the stability of the conditions for carrying out economic activities. The presence of at least three of the most acute environmental issues: threatening pollution of water resources, imperfection of the production and consumption waste management system, excessive air pollution as a result of emissions from industrial enterprises and functioning road transport... Chains of influence of the environmental factor are being formed: ecology - human health - quality of labor resources - labor productivity - innovative development; ecology - business conditions - distraction financial resources for the restoration of the habitat - innovative development.

It should be noted that these problem areas are closely related, which indicates the need to use integrated approach when solving them, as well as the presence of many levers of influence, which determines the broad possibilities of state regulation.

The prospects for the development of an innovative economy in Russia can be determined on the basis of such components as the interest of the authorities state power in implementation this direction development, the possibilities of the national economy to change the development model, geopolitical environment.

A comparative analysis of the Anti-Crisis Action Program of the Government of the Russian Federation for 2009 and the American Plan of Revival and Reinvestment of 2009 indicates that the anti-crisis actions of the Government of the Russian Federation are oriented towards ensuring social stability. While the US program provides for the development of strategic interests to a greater extent: reducing energy dependence, developing science. However, the priority of the innovative development of the Russian Federation is laid down in other bylaws: “The concept of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 "," Strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and innovation for the period up to 2015 "- providing for the achievement of targets (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Target guidelines for the socio-economic development of Russia 3

The possibilities of the national economy can be significantly limited by the low level of competitiveness of the manufacturing sector with the increasing role of the service sector. This indicates the formation of a "virtual economy", however, for successful implementation an innovative development model requires a developed production base.

The current geopolitical position indicates that the production of knowledge in the field of military technologies, medical and space products can be concentrated in the United States, while the key factors in the development of the economy will remain science, education, and healthcare. In Europe, the problem of staff aging is causing significant difficulties. This significantly increases the demographic burden and the requirements for fulfilling social obligations. As a result, we can expect a decrease in the rate of innovative development and activation in the field of migration policy, the development of grant programs. Development models of India, China, Brazil deserve special attention.

Thus, the variety of problem areas in the formation of an innovative economy poses a challenge for Russia to use an integrated approach in solving them simultaneously with the “pinpoint” adjustment of the economy. At the same time, the increasing global competition and the gradual displacement of traditional fuel sources will have a significant impact on the rate of change in the functioning model.

1 New economy. An innovative portrait of Russia. Information and analytical publication. - M.: Center for Strategic Partnership, 2008. - p. thirty

2 Russia and the countries of the world. 2008: Stat.sb. / Rosstat. - M., 2008 .-- p. 306, 313

3 The concept of socio-economic development of Russia for the period up to 2020 [ Electronic resource] / President of Russia - to young scientists and specialists. 2009. Administration of the President of Russia. - Access mode: http://www.youngscience.ru/840/index.shtml, free. - Title from the screen.

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Annotation. The article deals with the problems of innovation and its development in the Stavropol Territory. Attention is drawn to the importance of innovative activity for the development of a modern economy, the conditions for the development of innovative activity on regional level... The statistical analysis of the determinants of innovation activity in the Stavropol Territory is carried out, the main directions of the implementation of the innovative potential of the region are presented.

Keywords: innovation, innovation activity, investment, innovative development, technological equipment, infrastructure.

Innovation is understood as the process of development and implementation of innovations, which is a cyclical, discrete algorithm and is defined as a set of structurally interrelated actions.

Innovation activity is one of the basic foundations for the development of a modern economy due to the fact that it allows you to optimize it, both in the context of maximizing the results of activities, and in the context of reducing costs. A vivid example of the importance of innovation is energy conservation and infrastructure projects in the field of rational lighting, which maximize the performance of several sectors of the economy at once. It can be stated that the development of innovative activities, at various levels from the region to an individual enterprise, is the foundation for increasing competitiveness, and hence economic efficiency.

World experience allows us to conclude that the most important is the development of innovative activities at the regional level, since this allows us to actualize economic growth and, in the future, create a whole cluster of economic entities with high competitiveness. Emerging development zones such as California can be cited as examples of such clusters. However, in order for the development of innovative activity to be effective, it is necessary to comply with a number of conditions, primarily related to the sphere of management, investment, support of innovative development by the state and interested commercial and non-commercial structures.

The most important conditions on which the effective development of innovative activity at the regional level is based are:

Implementation of social partnership policy;

Lack of shortage of labor resources;

Sufficiency of investment;

Satisfactory state of infrastructure;

Management efficiency.

Compliance with these conditions, in the course of the development of innovative activities, makes it possible to level the regional economic lag, disproportions in economic sectors, to solve the problems of lack of production capacity, inefficiency and obsolescence of processing industries and other significant problems for the Russian economy. First of all, this is achieved by creating and expanding markets (for example, introducing innovations related to augmented reality), as well as creating fundamentally new products and technological principles (as an example, the emergence of smart materials, etc.)

Consider the problem of the development of innovation and innovation potential within the Stavropol Territory. The Stavropol Territory is a region with developed industrial and agricultural complexes, transport and telecommunications infrastructure. In the region, there is a significant concentration of universities, a favorable geopolitical situation, which creates the preconditions for accelerating the formation of an economy of an innovative type and a real opportunity to become the center of innovation in the entire North Caucasus Federal District. The foregoing allows us to conclude that SC d generally corresponds to the conditions described earlier for the effective development of innovative activity.

However, the needs for innovative development are many times greater than the resources that the budget of the UK has, as well as extra-budgetary funds that can be allocated in the context of the innovative development of the region. This thesis is confirmed by Rosstat data, based on which the overall depreciation of infrastructure in the period from 2014 to 2017 increased by more than 20%, while the growth of fixed assets and depreciation of production in the region shows dynamics close to zero.

In order to determine the most optimal ways to solve the problem, we will conduct a statistical analysis of the parameters associated with innovation, in particular business activity, economic growth, the level of technological equipment of business entities and infrastructure, and the specifics of investment in the middle class. For the purposes of statistical analysis, we used Spearman's rank correlation criterion, as well as factor analysis of the stated data set. results factor analysis are presented in tables 1-2. It should be noted right away that the considered factors explain ≈ 92% of the variance of the considered array.

Table 1

The structure of factors that have a significant impact on the development of innovative activity in the middle class

Factors	Factor structure	Percentage of variance
	1.Volume of investments and funds; 2. The nature of the investment (based on the source); 3. Business activity.
	1. Availability of markets; 2.Aggregate demand in available markets; 3. The effectiveness of the promotion.
	1. Technological equipment; 2. Deterioration of infrastructure 3. Funds allocated for depreciation.

Based on the data presented in Table 2, it can be concluded that the most significant factor influencing innovation in the NC is the availability of investments and funds, primarily investments at the local and federal levels. It is investment that determines business activity, which is extremely important for innovative development. This thesis is also explained by the fact that since 2014 there has been a significant drop in foreign investment, due to the complex political environment, which dictates the need to develop new approaches to public policy to investment activities.

The second most important factor is the level of access of economic entities to markets with high aggregate demand, as well as the effectiveness of promoting their goods and services. This parameter in the UK is quite favorable, despite some difficulties in entering the European and other foreign markets. As an example, we can cite Energomera Concern, whose activity was almost unaffected in the period from 2014 to 2018.

The third most important factor is technological equipment and its dynamics, the state of infrastructure. This factor has the lowest rank, based on the impact on innovation, requires attention due to the previously noted problems in this channel, which are recorded in the middle class.

The above is confirmed in the course of the correlation analysis of the factors considered, with the effectiveness of innovation, the data are presented in Table 2. The table shows the results of the correlation analysis, which allow us to conclude that in order to optimize innovation, it is necessary to focus on investments and problems of the infrastructure of the middle class, development business activity, actualization of social partnership as a priority of state policy.

table 2

Correlation analysis of the relationship of innovation in the middle class with the declared factors

p≤0.05 - *, p≤0.01 - **.

It is important to note that it is almost impossible to implement an innovative update on the old technological base. That is why the way out is to carry out an innovative update on a fundamentally new basis for those industries and industries where it is possible to master the production of fundamentally new products, competitiveness and expansion of sales in the market, in order to use additional revenues to expand the front of technological breakthroughs and industries. This requires the definition of innovative priorities, calculated for 10-15 years, built on the basis of flexible planning. This experience has proven itself well during the economic breakthrough of the Ruhr region and the creation of Fukushima as a high-tech cluster.

Based on the analysis, the following directions of development of innovative activity in the middle class can be distinguished.

Development of general infrastructure, as well as subsidies and governmental support development of biotechnology, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, agro-industrial complex, nanotechnology, microelectronics and materials for the electronic industry, alternative energy, digital economy sectors, as sectors with the greatest growth potential in the UK.

Pursuing a targeted policy in the field of human resource formation, specialized specialists in your declared industries, as well as specialists in the field of innovative management.

In our opinion, the presented development trajectory will in the best way allow realizing the innovative potential of the middle class.

Bibliography:

1. Aydinova A.T. Small business in the agro-industrial complex: Methodological aspect of the study // Economics Agriculture Russia. 2014. No. 12 P. 44–48
2. Kosinova E. A., Belkina E. N., Kazarova A. Ya. Pricing: theory and practice Stavropol, 2012 - 166 p.
3. Small innovative entrepreneurship: tutorial/ S.V. Valdaitsev, N.N. Molchanov, K. Pezoldt. - Moscow: Prospect, 2011 .-- 536 p.
4. Management of innovative projects: textbook / [V. L. Popov and others]. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2011 .-- 334 p.
5. UFSGS North Caucasus Federal District http://stavstat.gks.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

NATIONAL MINING UNIVERSITY

FINANCIAL - ECONOMIC FACULTY

ESSAY

in the discipline "Regional Economics and Ecology"

Problems and prospects of innovative development of enterprises

Performed:

Yaskovets A.V.,

student gr. OAfe-10-1

Supervisor:

D.V. Kabachenko

Dnipropetrovsk

INTRODUCTION

Modern stage The development of the world economy is characterized by an important acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, which causes constant changes in the structure and dynamics of social needs and, as a result, sharpens competition in the supply of new goods and services, as well as improving their quality characteristics.

In this regard, the stability of the economic situation of most business entities is largely determined by the pace and scale of implementation of innovative activities, which allows a timely and quick response to competitive conditions, which are constantly changing, by using a variety of innovations, ensuring better and more complete satisfaction of market needs.

Therefore, the development of the innovation sphere, through which the achievements of scientific and technological progress are being promoted, is a particularly relevant area that needs serious attention from the sectoral management bodies and other business entities that take part in innovation processes.

1. Features of innovation

In modern conditions, all processes of applying new knowledge are associated with market relations. Practice shows that innovations are aimed at the market and meeting its needs.

The process of introducing innovations covers almost all aspects of the enterprise's activities. The very search for effective organizational forms innovation management is based on a skillful combination of scientific, innovation and market factors. The introduction of these searches into production is innovation.

So, innovative activity is the practical use of innovative, scientific and intellectual potential in mass production in order to obtain a new product that meets consumer demand for competitive goods and services.

Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technical, organizational, financial and commercial activities.

The feasibility of choosing a method and option for technological renewal depends on the specific situation, the nature of the innovation, its compliance with the profile, resource and scientific and technical potential of the enterprise, market requirements, stages of the life cycle of equipment and technology, and the specifics of industry affiliation.

The lifecycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output, sales and profit, and the life cycle of a particular innovation.

The fundamental differences between the innovative activity of the enterprise and the current production are that the assessment of the current state of the enterprise, including equipment and technology, is based on identifying the conditions for success based on past experience and prevailing trends.

Innovation activity is characterized by the acceleration of the rate of creation of innovations, their diffusion, which contributes to the deepening and expansion of structural changes in the economy, an increase in the size of the market and the satisfaction of existing and emerging needs.

Restructuring the economy on market principles requires ensuring world-class quality of manufactured goods, timely updating of products by enterprises and maximum interest in introducing innovations; high innovative activity based on our own developing potential. At the same time world practice shows that government support for innovation is objectively necessary.

At present, the efficiency of an enterprise's innovation activity is determined primarily by the presence of a well-functioning system of investment, lending, taxation, operating in relation to the innovative field of scientific research.

The innovation sphere is: 1) a system of interaction between innovators, investors, producers of competitive products, services and developed infrastructure; 2) the market of innovations (innovations), the capital (investment) market and the market of pure competition for innovations. Therefore, managing the innovation process becomes the key. modern organization innovation activities at the micro and macro levels.

Thus, the innovative activity of the enterprise is not limited only to the creation and implementation of innovations, but also includes the development of appropriate structures, organizational forms of management and management in manufacturing enterprises.

How is the innovative activity of firms and corporations carried out in developed countries?

In most developed countries, regulation and stimulation of innovation occurs mainly through national research programs and various levels state participation... The fundamental criterion for the development of programs is the voluntary participation of the state, corporations and firms, while each participant is guided by his own interests. The effectiveness of using these programs to concentrate national resources in key areas of scientific and technological progress is especially indicative of the experience of the Japanese economy. Since Japan has a minimum of its own natural resources, the country's government regards science and innovation policy as the most important means of stimulating overall economic growth and increasing the country's international competitiveness. Japan's policy is focused on exporting products with the aim of gaining trade leadership in a range of high-tech products that allow for a large share of added value. It should be noted that the Japanese government does not manage industrial development in a directive manner, but rather there is a mutual partnership between the parts of the state apparatus and the industrial sectors based on pragmatic decisions, mutual respect, and coordinated activities aimed at achieving common goals.

France has the highest level of centralized regulation of innovation, where research is recognized as a national program and presented in the form of five-year strategic research plans.

In England, there is no system of centralized regulation of innovation activity, but there is a well-developed interaction mechanism that allows coordinating the development of innovations at the state level.

In the United States, economists and sociologists see in venture capital business evidence that the American economy is entering the recovery phase of a new “Kondratiev cycle.

The innovative activity of the enterprise is based on such principles as the priority of innovative production; profitability of innovative production; flexibility of innovative production, which means that management should provide freedom of action for the subjects of innovation, rejection of strict regulations, and encouragement of entrepreneurship.

An essential factor in the innovation activity of an enterprise is that the innovations used by it are limited in time by market cycles, i.e. by the time limit when this innovation has a sales market, after which the economic and technological potential of the innovation is exhausted and timely switching of resources is necessary for implementation into the production of other innovations.

In the conditions of developed market relations, the innovative activity of an enterprise is characterized by complete economic independence and legal freedom in making economic decisions, that is, the enterprise itself decides which resources to use, it itself determines the volume of products and their prices. The independence of the economic activity of the enterprise means that it does not receive gratuitous assistance from anyone and bears financial responsibility for all his decisions, that is, he acts and makes economic decisions within his budget. At the same time, the innovative activity of the enterprise is aimed at achieving the main goal - ensuring maximum profit. It is known that under the conditions market economy the source of profit is not only the possibility of price changes or cost savings, but also the timely updating of products, the appearance on the consumer market of products that differ in novelty from the existing product. In this case, innovative enterprises receive additional profit for the monopoly on knowledge (the so-called "scientific and technical rent").

Removal of duties on the latest imported equipment and technologies can play a large role in strengthening self-financing of enterprises and firms. The same task is intended to fulfill the depreciation policy, which should be built taking into account market conditions and the need for an accelerated renewal of the production and technical apparatus of enterprises.

Preferential taxation is of great importance for the formation of self-financing of innovative activities of enterprises, especially those of them that invest their funds in the development of the sphere of innovation. Tax policy should be such that its main function is to stimulate innovation and, on this basis, expand the tax base.

Problems and prospects of innovative development of the Russian economy

The development of an innovative economy in Russia requires taking into account the world results of scientific and technological progress together with the specifics of political, economic and social conditions. Despite lagging behind the advanced countries, the country is on the way to innovative development.

Russia has a huge intellectual, scientific and technical potential that would allow it to be at the level of developed countries. Therefore, the key task of the state is to create an economy that will be able to generate innovations. But one should take into account a number of problems that hinder the effective development of Russia in the scientific, technical and innovative fields of activity.

Remark 1

The fundamental problem of innovative development is the renewal of fixed capital.

Until 1990, investments in fixed assets increased, since 1991 they began to decrease sharply (-22.1%), and 10 years later they began to grow again. In developed countries, the participation of medium and small businesses is very important in the development of innovations. They are included in the process that large enterprises regulate. In the Russian Federation, the development of an innovative economy should be carried out according to the same scheme, while at the beginning of the development and implementation of the state strategy for innovative development, there is no effective mechanism of economic incentives and administrative impact on associations of the state, business and science.

Factors or problems hindering the innovative development of Russia:

• predominance of developments for the defense complex in the structure of R&D;
• the formation of non-commercial ties between enterprises at all stages of innovation creation;
• insufficient funding of innovative developments from the state;
• the predominance of command-administrative and political methods of management in the innovative field of activity;
• loss of a part of highly qualified personnel who left for other areas or emigrated to other countries;
• lack of systematic training of innovators and venture capitalists;
• lack of a system of investment in scientific, technical and innovation activities at the macro, meso and micro levels.

For Russia, there are prospects for the innovative economy to reach a higher level of development. This requires: increasing the share of employees working in medium and high-tech industries and in the high-tech services sector; increasing government funding for R&D; an increase in the number of patents with increased attention to the protection of intellectual property.

Problems and trends in the development of the American innovation economy

The United States has always sought to provide leadership in all spheres of the economy, as well as in the areas of scientific knowledge, the development of partnerships between the government, industrial enterprises and scientists.

International competition is the impetus for radical changes in science and technology policy. Since the middle of the 20th century, the state, together with industry, should finance the creation of the latest technologies that meet international standards. This allowed the country to become competitive both domestically and globally with Japan and Western European countries.

The priority direction of American policy is to stimulate scientific and technological progress. Advances in knowledge are recognized as the backbone of a country's economic growth. But in any competitive struggle, it is not only the one who creates new technologies and knowledge faster and better, but the one who knows how to translate them into a product and enter the world market with it. In this case, the US leadership is in jeopardy. Other leading countries are not lagging behind, and in some places are ahead of America in innovation.

But there are problems in the development of the US innovation economy:

• the country is not a leader in the field of training scientists and engineers (the proportion of students who choose engineering or natural sciences is much lower than in other countries);
• reduction of expenses for basic research;
• a decrease in the growth rate of investment in science by private business;
• focus of private investors on applied research;
• insufficient effective interaction of big business with medium and small businesses, which sometimes is an ideological initiator in the development of new technologies and innovations.

Remark 2

An important factor the country's innovative development is the knowledge accumulated and recorded in the form of ownership, i.e. intellectual property. It is she who is considered the main competitive advantage country.

The active struggle of the United States with emerging problems allows the country to follow the path of developing new technologies and innovations. This is one of the priority areas of the country's economy.

Problems of the innovative economy of Western Europe

The innovative economy of Western European countries is based on stimulating a small number of large companies which are able to compete with the leading enterprises of the USA and Japan. 80% of public funds go to finance industrial R&D. But, as experts note, the concentration of monetary resources for research and development in the hands of large firms weakens intra-industry competition and inhibits the spread of new technologies to other spheres of the economy. The result of such a policy is lagging behind the advanced countries (USA and Japan).

This is due to a number of reasons, such as: the heterogeneity of the EU due to the peculiarities of the economy of each country that is part of it; inconsistency of national policy in the field of innovation with supranational institutions and the common European course of development; insufficient stimulation of business in the field of innovative technologies.

Remark 3

The priority task of the European Union is the implementation of an innovative development strategy and economic reform in accordance with modern image until 2020. This will help eliminate the lag behind the leading countries in this area.

The main directions of the innovative economy of Western Europe are:

1. stimulation of small knowledge-intensive business;
2. unified antimonopoly legislation;
3. purchase of the latest technology;
4. accelerated equipment depreciation system;
5. preferential taxation of R&D;
6. direct financing of enterprises implementing innovative projects;
7. integration of university science and enterprises producing high technology products.

Creating an enabling environment for innovation in various industries economies contribute to an increase in the EU's competitiveness in the world market, subject to the successful implementation of innovation policy at all levels of government (local, regional and supranational).