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International competition and forms of its manifestation. The concept and essence of competition

Competitiveness of the National Economy (KNE).

The world market makes very severe demands on the competitiveness of firms. But if a firm's product or service is successfully sold in a foreign market, and sales are growing, then this indicates its international competitiveness.

The growing importance of the foreign economic sphere, the growth of economic interdependence of countries makes it possible to benefit from global competition. Today the largest transnational corporations(TNCs) and entire industries (for example, telecommunications, electronics, automotive, aerospace) are developing on the basis of global competitive strategy. Briefly, its essence lies in the fact that the development of the company primarily depends on success not in the domestic, but in the foreign market. The components of this success can be expressed in the growth of foreign sales, in an increase in the number of foreign structures controlled by the company (branches, subsidiaries), in expanding its own distribution networks.

The spread of the global strategy is facilitated by the rapid development information technologies, leveling the levels of development of industrial developed countries, market liberalization. It should be especially noted that the reduction in cost and improvement of means of communication and telecommunications based on modern information technologies creates better opportunities for coordinating and managing the structures of a company on a global scale.

The development of MRI creates additional sources economies of scale for specialized industries. This type of economy is limited today not by the possibilities of further geographical concentration of production, but ultimately by the capacity of the world market. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of the scale is the capacity of the market, the quota of control over the world market.

With the development of scientific and technological progress, optimal and minimum dimensions enterprises in various industries industry. Therefore, without focusing on the world market, it is difficult to optimize the size of a firm and organize highly specialized industries in high-tech industries. In these industries that produce technically complex and rapidly obsolete products, it is impossible to promote efficient production only on the basis of the national market. Even such capacious markets as the market of the EU, Japan, USA.

Forecasting is the core of any trading system, in this regard, professionally made can make you very wealthy.

In electronics, technological innovations provide manufacturers with decisive advantages in terms of cost reduction and new product launches. Competition in this industry is fierce. The costs and prices of products are determined by the huge expenditure on R&D.

In this regard, the scale of the market is very significant: with a doubling of output, unit costs are reduced by about 25 - 30%. Economies of scale in electronics can be realized primarily in the global distribution of products. Almost all firms in this industry are both exporters and have branches in other countries.

An extreme example of a global industry is the aircraft industry. Due to very high entry barriers, huge R&D costs, the industry can only be profitable if products are distributed globally.

Thus, international (global) competition is objectively determined by the process of development of the international division of labor and other factors of production in terms of scientific and technological progress.

The forms of global competition are varied and determined by rapid changes in production, science and technology.

There is intersectoral and intrasectoral international competition. However, this division is arbitrary, since today there is a deep differentiation of industries, especially science-intensive ones, and this complicates the analysis of forms of competition.

Special forms of competition arise in connection with the development of the MCP. In the field of international competition today it is not customary to use dynamite on a competitor. Creation of strategic alliances with competitors in the form of agreements, joint ventures can be considered as special forms of competition. In addition, international mergers and acquisitions should be considered forms of international competition. Although they are not always friendly.

The centers of international competition are territorially concentrated in the regions where the largest number of modern enterprises and the main export-import commodity flows are concentrated.

Today there are 3 centers of international competition: USA, Japan, Western Europe.

IN Lately there was an opinion that the 4th center of international competition - China - is rapidly being formed.

To assess the development of international competition, it is necessary to define the concept of competitiveness. Criteria, characteristics, factors of competitiveness at the level of the firm, the sector of the economy as a whole have their own specifics.

The competitiveness of a company is the ability to work with a profit for a long time, penetrating under the influence of internal and external factors.

It is much more difficult to define the concept competitiveness national economy (K.N.E.). The difficulty lies in the fact that under market economy the state is not endowed with the function of managing competitiveness, even in relation to industries (not to mention firms). The state does not manage competitiveness, but influences it through various measures (legislative, fiscal, monetary). Therefore, the concept of K.N.E. very complex, including economic, scientific and technical, organizational capabilities and the ability of national firms to successfully compete with foreign goods and services. But besides these obvious factors, at K.N.E. affects the entire system of the state and political structure of the country, the ability of the state to ensure sustainable the economic growth, a highly skilled workforce, in other words, to have a competitive society.

K.N.E. in the West, many research organizations are carried out as regional ones (Euro The concept of K.N.E. is defined by them as the real and potential ability of firms in the conditions existing for them to design, manufacture and market goods that are more attractive to consumers in terms of price and non-price characteristics, more than 300 indicators and more than 100 assessments of international experts are used to determine the NOC.The analysis data is usually grouped into 10 factors:

1. economic potential countries and economic growth rates;

2. efficiency of industrial production;

3. the level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technological achievements;

4. participation in international division labor;

5. dynamism and capacity of the domestic market;

6. flexibility of the financial system;

7. impact state regulation economy;

8. skill level labor resources;

9. availability of labor resources;

10. socio - economic and domestic political situation.

Ministry of Educationand scienceRRussianFfederation

Bryansk State Technical University

abstractby discipline "World economy»

on the topic:

« International competition and features of its manifestation in modern conditions »

Done: student

group 09-PIE Parfenova D.S.

Checked by: Ph.D., Assoc. Demidenko I.A.

Bryansk 2010

Introduction 4

1. Competitiveness: basic concepts, essence 5

2. Scientific and technical competitiveness of new products, model of its formation 10

3. Competitiveness of the country in the system of modern world economic relations 18

4. Competitiveness and competitive strategies 23

4.1 Competitive advantages based on low costs 27

4.2 Quasi-monopoly position in the market 29

4.3 Strategy for maximizing profit in a limited perspective 31

4.4 Quality pricing strategy 33

Conclusion 36

References 37

Introduction

Currently, more and more countries are trying to enter the world market with their own national products and are trying to compete successfully on it. Every year the number of countries trading on the World market is increasing, and therefore international competition is growing. The problem of international competition has become very relevant today. Today, governments and industry in every country are concerned about the problem of competitiveness.

After Russia abandoned the state monopoly on foreign economic activity, the problem of successful competition in the world market became very acute for our country. The process of Russia's integration into the world economy is accompanied by many difficulties. Already at today's, initial stage of the development of Western markets, one can see the active unwillingness of the producers who have settled on them to put up with the destabilizing effect of new suppliers of cheap products. The low import figures are mainly due to a reduction in government spending on centralized purchases and a tightening of the customs tariff and tax system. Restrictions on external borrowing, the debt of the state and enterprises to foreign partners, and the gradual abolition of budget subsidies for imports also had an effect. However, despite all the difficulties that arise both in the field of exports and imports, Russia's trade turnover with countries with developed market economies is growing, which indicates the development and strengthening of trade and economic ties with these major partners. Without relying on world experience in matters of competitiveness, Russia today will not be able to successfully compete in the world market. In my work, I wanted to consider those reasons that allow countries to win in competition with others, as well as the reasons that worsen the competitiveness of a country. I think that the skillful application of the experience of developed countries on the problems of international competition will help Russia become one of the strongest competitors in the world market for goods and services.

1. Competitiveness: basic concepts, essence

Competition and competition are the main content of the functioning of the economic system based on market mechanisms, the key categories in the general scheme of the categories of the market economy.

Competition defined as a situation in which anyone who wants to buy or sell something can choose between different suppliers or buyers. Another interpretation of the term "competition" proposes to understand competition as "a process in which firms compete with each other for consumers of their products."

In commodity production, as a rule, the connection between production and consumption is carried out by the market, which, through the mechanism of supply and demand, ensures the implementation of this connection. In a categorical sense, the market is the spatio-temporal basis for the implementation of the relations of commodity production and the activities of independent subjects of economic communication. As a form of organization of reproduction, the market is the formation and movement of reproductive relations and proportions, self-regulating on the basis of the laws of a market economy, into the economic management system within the infrastructure of the market, its institutions that serve the movement of labor resources, the circulation of investment resources, securities, commodity funds. In a narrower sense, the market is a form and method of exchanging the conditions and results of production, which are alienated (assigned) through the sale and purchase by sellers and buyers, through the mechanism of supply, demand and market prices.

The relations of supply and demand, on the one hand, and the relations expressed by the law of value, on the other, are in close interaction with each other in the process of pricing. The law of value regulates the social outlay of labor, determines the general level of prices, reflects the main trend in their movement, and acts as the necessity for the sum of prices of commodities to correspond to the sum of values.

The effect of the law of supply and demand on the law of value is expressed as follows: the expenditure of labor, in order to be acceptable for exchange in the market, must correspond to certain values. At the same time, the law of value through prices influences the formation of a product offer. However, this law affects the formation of demand; firstly, we always produce money incomes that ensure the solvency of consumers from the cost of goods; secondly, the formation of the magnitude and structure of demand depends not only on the degree of urgency of the need, but also on cash income, as well as on the price level of goods.

The law of value governs the relations between commodity producers, and the law of supply and demand governs the relations of production and consumption, relations concerning social use value and prices between commodity producers, on the one hand, and buyers, on the other.

In order to determine the economic content of the concept of "competition", three approaches to its understanding are often distinguished: behavioral, structural, and functional.

On a historical tour behavioral approach became the first approach to the definition of competition. In particular, A. Smith identified competition with “fair competition between sellers for more profitable terms selling their goods." Neoclassical theory, adhering to the behavioral approach, defines the content of competition as a struggle for rare economic benefits. Thus, according to the American economist P. Heine, "competition is the desire to satisfy the criteria of access to rare goods as best as possible."

According to structural approach, the content of competition is determined by the type of market and the conditions that prevail in it. “Competition is the presence in the market of a large number of independent buyers and sellers, the opportunity for buyers and sellers to freely enter and leave the market.”

Functional approach shifts consideration of the economic essence of competition towards the study of its role in economic development.

The events of recent decades have particularly clearly highlighted the fundamental role of competition in the development of productive forces, its universal impact on the national economy and world economic processes.

In the modern world, the key concept is competitiveness. However, modern economic science does not provide either a single generally accepted interpretation of the content of the category "competitiveness" or a single generally accepted approach to the methods of its assessment and formation.

In the general case, competitiveness is commonly understood as the ability to compete in the markets for goods and services. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines competitiveness as the ability of a company, industries, regions and nations to generate relatively high levels of income and wages while remaining open to international competition.

It should be noted that modern intranational competition is inextricably linked with international competition, and modern globalization processes determine the fact that international competition not only enhances the manifestations of national competition, but often affects the nature of its manifestations.

The concept of "competition" is closely related to the term "competitive advantage". Competitiveadvantage from the position of a market entity, these are its assets and various characteristics (for example, for a company - equipment that saves costs, trademarks for technically advanced products, ownership of raw materials and materials, etc.) that give it advantages over rivals in competition .

Thus, competition, on the one hand, is the most important condition for the existence and development of the market, and it is competition that forces commodity producers to constantly introduce the most effective ways production, update the range of products, ensure their sale, generate demand, search for new profitable markets. On the other hand, the forms of manifestation and content of competition are primarily determined by the state of the market, its trends and civilization.

Table 1 - Types of markets and nature of competition

The nature of competition	main parameters
The nature of competition	Number of firms producing the product	Price control	Product differentiation	Ease of entry
Perfect Competition	Many independent firms			Relatively easy entry
Monopolistic competition	Many firms producing similar goods and services	Impact limited to replacement	Goods and services are differentiated for market segments	Relatively easy entry
Oligopoly	Several large firms producing goods and services	There is a "price leader" influence	Essential for individual products. Small for standardized	Difficult entry, often requires a large investment
Monopoly	One product, one company	Almost complete control	No International competition And her peculiarities in contemporary conditions. The role of mineral... Shadow economy and her evolution in contemporary conditions Abstract >> Economic theory Restrictions competition: ... international specialization, which determines the place of the country in international ... her... and numerous manifestations shadow economy... crimes. IN peculiarities it concerns offenses ... evolution in contemporary conditions" The following are noted... international engineering value and development in contemporary conditions Abstract >> Economics Works - international engineering: meaning and development in contemporary conditions. Subject ... The most sophisticated of it manifestation- in a pro-Western... terms competition, which are Russian companies, especially... For this her activity is formed... international division of labor and its tendencies contemporary stage Abstract >> Economics ... her subsystems in international exchange. participation rates in international... to the most important features international production cooperatives are... condition Russia's involvement in contemporary international... withstood competition with... him manifestations have...

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Moscow State Open University

Cheboksary Institute (branch)

Test

Subject: "World Economy"

On the topic: "International competition and features of their manifestation in modern conditions"

Completed:

3rd year student of distance learning

Tarasov Alexander Evgenievich

Checked:

teacher Shatunov Yu.A.

Cheboksary 2011

Introduction

1.1 Scale of competition

1.2 The role of STR in competition

1.3 Price competition

2. Competitive advantage

2.2 Sources of competitive advantage

Conclusion

competition rivalry porter macroeconomic

Introduction

The modern world market is complex system, constantly changing from the demand and supply of goods and services. These processes are influenced by the emergence of new needs, new technological connections, new organizational forms cooperation, new methods of competition.

On the international market Firms compete, not countries. On the present stage firms' capabilities are not limited to their home country.

To understand the nature of competition, the basic unit is the industry, that is, a group of competitors that produce goods or services and directly compete with each other.

aim control work is to consider the features of the manifestation of international competition in modern conditions. Namely: the scale of competition, the role of scientific and technological revolution in competition, price competition and factors of competitiveness. These questions are presented in the first part of the test.

Firms must not only respond to changes in the structure of the industry and try to change it in their favor, but also choose a position within the industry.

Position in the industry is determined by competitive advantage. Based on this, the purpose of the control work is also to consider the theory of competitive advantages of M. Porter - the second part of the work.

1. Features of the manifestation of international competition in modern conditions

1.1 Scale of competition

Structural shifts, due to which there is an increase in production, can be external in relation to an individual manufacturing firm and internal if they occur within it.

External economies of scale - reduction in unit costs within the firm as a result of an increase in the scale of production in the industry as a whole. It assumes that the number of firms producing the same product increases, while the size of each of them remains unchanged. Usually, in this case, the market remains sufficiently competitive, which brings the trading patterns based on this model closer to classical theories. international trade, suggesting the presence perfect competition. This means that exporters can sell as many goods as they like at the current price, which they cannot influence.

Internal economies of scale - reduction in unit costs within the firm as a result of an increase in the scale of its production. He assumes that the volume of production of a good has remained the same, but the number of firms producing it has decreased. In most cases, this leads to the emergence of imperfect competition, in which producers can influence the price of their goods and increase sales by lowering the price.

An extreme case of internal economies of scale is a pure monopoly - a market situation in which the firm has no competitors for its products.

The scale of competition is due to the widespread growth in the number of participants in foreign trade operations involved in international exchange under the influence of MRI, international specialization and cooperation in various fields.

The internationalization of economic life expands the base of competition. Along with giant monopolies, medium, small and even the smallest firms enter the market struggle. The competition of countries with traditionally developed exports is joined by new ones, which are making decisive attempts to change the situation on the world market in their favor. The active participation of governments in supporting national exporters and the formation of foreign trade operations has become the norm.

1.2 The role of STR in competition

The wide dissemination of competition accelerates the course of its inherent processes: its forms and methods are being rapidly updated, the search for new competitive products and new markets is intensifying. Special dynamism of competition is given by scientific and technological revolution. Wherever there is competition for lowering production costs, improving quality and maximizing profits, scientific and technological revolution is not only an effective means of competition, but also its powerful catalyst. The active and multifaceted impact of scientific and technological revolution on the formation of the conditions for competition and the means of its conduct takes place at all levels of world economic relations. Such a universal presence of scientific and technological revolution is explained by its direct connection with the process of development of productive forces, with the material basis of the life of modern society.

The use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution opens up wide opportunities for updating the product range, for prompt response to changes in market demand, to meet the growing requirements for the quality characteristics of products. Today, novelty has become one of the key factors of competitiveness.

Analysis of world exports industrial products shows that among the goods whose exports are growing most rapidly, goods that are rapidly updated under the influence of scientific and technological revolution prevail, namely: integrated circuits, computers, communication electronic equipment, household and industrial electrical equipment, aircraft engines, etc.

For companies that have successfully mastered the production of fundamentally new products, within 5-10 years after their introduction into production, the profit growth rate is twice as high as that of competitors who continued to produce traditional products. The market success of new products, unlike traditional ones, can be achieved at relatively high prices, which in this case have a lesser impact on demand than the consumer properties of the product. This is a convincing argument in support of the concept of the increasing role of non-price forms of competition.

1.3 Price competition

Today, price competition is largely limited. World practice gives many examples of large-scale and rapid reduction in the cost of goods.

The reduction in prices becomes possible due to the use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, which provide a sharp reduction in production costs. But lowering prices is usually a forced, economically unprofitable measure for the commodity producer.

In a certain sense, the emergence of a large number of technically complex products also contributes to the shift in the emphasis of competitive struggle to the area of non-price factors, which leads to an almost universal transformation of the concept of price as such into a multi-element consumer price, reflecting the entire amount of the buyer’s expenses necessary for the full consumption of goods throughout the entire period. his service. The elements of the consumption price that lie outside the price, but have a cost basis, are increasingly becoming objects of competition, which can no longer be directly attributed to the price. The value of price as a center around which consumer preferences fluctuated for a long time is relatively falling, giving way to such price parameters as quality, novelty, progressiveness and reliability of the design, compliance international standards, ease of use, etc. These parameters, forming new system consumer values, form new "epicenters" of competition.

The wider the range of consumer requirements and the higher their level, the stricter the requirements for exporters and their competitiveness. After all, a competitive product can only be produced by a competitive firm, which requires such a condition as the competitiveness of its country.

Competitiveness is the real and potential ability of firms, under the conditions existing for them, to design, manufacture and market goods that, in terms of price and non-price characteristics, are more attractive to consumers than the goods of their competitors.

1.4 Factors of competitiveness

To determine the country's competitiveness, about 340 indicators and more than 100 assessments of expert economists are used. The analysis data is grouped into 10 factors, namely:

1) economic potential and economic growth rates;

2) the efficiency of industrial production;

3) the level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technological achievements.

4) participation in MRI;

5) dynamism and capacity of the domestic market;

6) flexibility of the financial system;

7) the impact of state regulation of the economy;

8) skill level of labor resources;

9) availability of labor resources;

10) socio-economic and domestic political situation.

The United States, Japan, Germany, and Switzerland are traditionally highly competitive. At the same time, experts note not only a powerful general economic basis for the competitiveness of these countries, which is quite fully characterized by the above factors, but also an equally important structural aspect of their competitiveness. Namely: the degree of adaptation of the economy to the evolution of world demand; the exact choice of national specialization, corresponding to internal capabilities; the ability to avoid sharp and senseless competition by switching to the release of new products or the development of new markets. In understanding the global structure of world demand, in the ability to respond dynamically to it, while actively shaping it in the right direction, lies the secret of the market success of the world's leading exporters.

2. Competitive advantage

2.1 M. Porter's theory of competitive advantages

One of the common problems of foreign trade theories is the combination of the interests of the national economy and the interests of firms participating in international trade. The theory of competitive advantage by American professor Michael Porter is largely devoted to the issue of efficient use of production factors. Based on an analysis of the practice of more than 100 industries and sub-sectors of 10 leading industrial countries, which account for almost half of world exports, he concludes that the international competitive advantages of national firms operating in these industries and sub-sectors depend on the macro environment in which they operate in own country. Based on this, he put forward the concept of "international competitiveness of nations".

The competitiveness of a country in international exchange is determined by the impact and interrelation of six components:

Factor conditions;

Demand conditions;

The state of service and related industries;

The company's strategy in a certain competitive situation;

economic policy of the government;

Random events (war, unexpected inventions, etc.).

The combination of these six main parameters, especially the first four, which Porter calls determinants, determines the competitive advantages of firms, sub-industries and countries in the world market.

Michael Porter is a supporter of the classical theory of factors that he does not limit to the original ones, introducing new ones, including those arising in the production process (increase in labor productivity with a shortage of labor resources, the introduction of compact, resource-saving technologies with limited land, own wealth).

The determining component for the development of the company is demand. At the same time, the state of domestic demand in conjunction with potential opportunities foreign market has a decisive effect on the corporate situation. Here, national features that affect the exit of the company outside the country are also important. Porter's approach assumes the prevailing importance of the requirements of the internal market for the activities of individual companies.

The third component is the state and level of development of service and related industries and industries. Availability of appropriate equipment, close contacts with suppliers, commercial and financial structures.

The market strategy chosen by the firm organizational structure providing the necessary flexibility are important prerequisites for successful entry into international trade. Sufficient competition in the domestic market is a serious incentive. Artificial dominance through state support- a negative decision leading to waste and inefficient use of resources. The theoretical premises of M. Porter served as the basis for developing recommendations at the state level to increase the competitiveness of foreign trade goods in Australia, New Zealand and the USA in the 90s.

2.2 Sources of competitive advantage

Firms outperform their rivals if they have a strong competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is divided into two main types: lower costs and product differentiation. Low costs reflect a firm's ability to develop, produce, and sell a comparable product at a lower cost than its competitors. Selling goods at the same (or approximately the same) price as competitors, the company in this case receives more profit. Differentiation is the ability to provide the buyer with unique and greater value in the form of a new quantity of goods, special consumer properties or after sales service. Differentiation allows the firm to dictate high prices, which, at equal costs with competitors, again gives a greater profit. Firms gain competitive advantage by developing new ways of doing things, introducing new technologies or inputs. They enter the market with them, and then these are innovations. Innovation leads to a change in competitive leadership if other competitors either have not yet recognized the new way of doing business, or are unable or unwilling to change their approach. Here are the most typical reasons for innovations that give a competitive advantage:

1. New technologies.

2. New or changed customer requests.

3. The emergence of a new segment in the industry.

4. Change in the cost or availability of production components.

5. Changes in government regulation.

The above inputs can give firms a competitive advantage if firms understand their significance in time and take a decisive offensive. In very many industries, such firms hold leadership for decades. They benefit by being the first to benefit from economies of scale, driving down costs through intensive staff training, building brand image and customer relationships at a time when competition is not fierce, being able to choose distribution channels, or getting the best plant locations and the best sources of raw materials. and other factors of production.

Organization "World Economic Forum" has published a regular report on global competitiveness. In its preparation, two indices were used - the index of growing competitiveness, on the basis of which a list of 80 countries of the world with best prospects growth, and the index of macroeconomic competitiveness, which determines the degree of efficiency in the use of resources by the same countries.

The Growing Competitiveness Index is designed to determine the ability of the national economy to achieve stable growth in the medium term, while controlling the level of current economic development. This index is based on three categories that affect economic growth in the medium and long term: technology, government institutions and the macroeconomic climate.

Name of countries


Finland

Singapore

Switzerland
Australia

Norway

The ranking of countries with growing competitiveness in 2002 was led by the United States, ahead of Finland, which in 2001 ranked first in this indicator. According to the authors of the report, the United States was able to become a leader, primarily due to the high level of technology development, R&D, close cooperation between universities and companies. The United States also scored high for a well-developed venture capital market and leadership in information and communications technology. The US has a rather favorable macroeconomic climate, despite the fact that over the past two years some macroeconomic indicators in this country have worsened. However, compared to most other developed countries, the United States has a better state budget and a high level of creditworthiness. However, the United States has the lowest national savings rate, which may negatively affect the macroeconomic climate in the future, and government institutions are not working effectively enough. Finland, which took 2nd place, is ahead of the United States in terms of the efficiency of state institutions, and is one of the world leaders in terms of the development of high technologies. However, Finland is significantly inferior to the United States in terms of the state of the macroeconomic climate.

Japan ranked 5th in the ranking mainly due to the fact that it is ahead of many countries in terms of the development of high technologies, while the indices of the state of the macroeconomic climate and the efficiency of public institutions in this country have significantly decreased due to a large number of problems in these areas . However, Japan's ability to innovate remains very strong, which, along with an improvement in the macroeconomic environment and improved efficiency of government institutions, will help it improve its position in the ranking of countries with growing competitiveness.

Among emerging economies, China and India improved their rankings significantly (33rd and 48th respectively) thanks to a stable macroeconomic environment.

The position of Argentina and Turkey, which suffered from the financial crisis, deteriorated significantly (63rd and 69th places against 49th and 54th in 2001, respectively).

Most of the problems of the above two countries are related to state institutions and the macroeconomic climate. So, in the credit rating Argentina dropped from 43rd to 72nd place.

Russia's position in the list of countries with growing competitiveness in 2002 worsened somewhat: it moved from 63rd to 64th place. The 2002 rating included six countries for the first time. These are Botswana, Croatia, Haiti, Morocco, Namibia and Tunisia. Tunisia's best performing "new" country is 34th, thanks to well-functioning public institutions and a relatively favorable macroeconomic climate.

The Macroeconomic Competitiveness Index reveals the conditions that determine the level of development of labor productivity in the 80 countries included in the ranking. It consists of two sub-indices - one of them reflects the degree of "advancement" of companies, the second - the state of the business climate in the country. When calculating the index of macroeconomic competitiveness, data on the volume of GDP per capita are used.

There is usually a close relationship between the degree of "advancement" of companies and the state of the business climate in the country. However, there are exceptions. In some countries (which include the four countries of the G7 - Japan, Germany, France and Italy) the degree of "advancement" of companies is high, despite the insufficiently favorable business climate. The governments of such countries need to make significant changes in public policy in order to improve the conditions for competition within the country, otherwise national companies will be forced to relocate their activities abroad or invest abroad.

At the same time, there are reverse examples, when in a favorable business climate, local companies have a low level of competitiveness.

These include some developing countries and countries with transition economy, as well as such developed countries as Portugal, New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore. In some cases, national firms are not yet taking advantage of the country's recently improved business climate and are relying on traditional ways of competing. In such countries, it is necessary to improve entrepreneurship, management practices and improve the level of business education. In developed countries with a favorable macroeconomic climate, microeconomic reforms can stimulate export growth, help solve the problem of unemployment and improve living standards through stable economic growth. Thus, the United Kingdom, which significantly improved its position in 2002 in the ranking of countries with high microeconomic competitiveness, is an example of a country that began to carry out microeconomic reforms after macroeconomic consolidation.

Developing countries lag far behind developed countries in terms of macroeconomic competitiveness. With the help of macroeconomic and financial reforms, as well as thanks to foreign capital, these countries can improve their situation, but without microeconomic reforms, the development of their economy will not be stable, since there will be no incentives for export growth, lower unemployment and higher wages. Argentina is a good example. Progress in the field of macroeconomics, increased investment in infrastructure "masked" the country's weakness at the microeconomic level (Argentine exports did not grow, the number of newly created jobs was negligible, the growth rate of labor productivity was low). Here is a ranking of the first 10 out of 80 countries with a high index of microeconomic competitiveness.

Name of countries


Finland
Great Britain
Germany
Switzerland

Netherlands

Singapore

The ranking of countries with a high level of microeconomic competitiveness was led by the United States, Finland was in 2nd place. Among developed countries, Canada, Belgium and Ireland have significantly improved their rating. Greatest progress has been made in the UK, rising from 7th place in 2001 to 3rd in 2001, due to the increased availability of venture capital, the degree of protection of intellectual property rights, and the growing effectiveness of antitrust laws. Of the countries with developing economies, Slovenia, the Dominican Republic, and Sri Lanka have improved their rating.

In order to identify differences in the sources of increased competitiveness among countries with different levels economic development, the authors of the report divided the countries included in the rating into three groups: low-income countries, in which GDP per capita in 2001 was below 6.8 thousand dollars (31 countries); with an average level of income - with a GDP per capita of 6.8-20 thousand dollars (26 countries); and with a high level - with a GDP per capita - more than 20 thousand dollars (23 countries). For low-income countries, the main ways to increase competitiveness and move away from competitive advantages based on cheap labor force and natural resources are: - at the company level - improvement production process, marketing research, improvement of corporate strategy (primarily high-tech companies);

At the general economic level

Improving the business climate by improving the quality of infrastructure, including electricity, transport network.

In middle-income countries, there is a need to improve the condition of infrastructure and improve the quality of human resources. An important means of increasing competitiveness is the improvement of the conditions of activity in the financial market, which is necessary for the mobilization of market capital and other resources. It is necessary that local companies be able to absorb the best foreign technologies and produce products whose quality would meet world standards.

For high-income countries, improving quality and efficiency is no longer sufficient. The main condition for the growth of the competitiveness of such countries is the ability of national companies to develop innovative technologies, create a unique design. In such countries, reliance on foreign technology becomes a negative factor.

Thus, the governments of most countries of the world continue to improve infrastructure, improve the situation on financial markets, reduce tariffs and eliminate bureaucratic barriers. Progress in these areas becomes real if countries are largely integrated into the world economy.

For Russia, the real way to enter the global competitive space is the gradual convergence of the quality of the Russian macro- and micro-competitive environment and entrepreneurial firms with the quality of analogues of the world market.

It is necessary to develop a national policy of Russia's international competitiveness, formed jointly by representatives of the state, business, science and public organizations. The most competitive areas should be identified Russian business, where national capital could enter Western transnational corporations, as well as competitive sectors in which it would be expedient to create Western-type TNCs under the auspices of Russian capital. This is currently possible for energy and fuel corporations in Russia. Highly competitive firms can be formed in the military-industrial complex by creating corporate structures horizontal type. Finally, it is necessary to actively form "new economy" companies, develop Internet technologies with modern competitive advantages.

Competitiveness in world markets cannot be ensured without the involvement of the state as a subject of market relations in this process and the completion of a fundamental reform of Russian firms. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out a radical technical reconstruction of the morally and physically obsolete production apparatus of the country along with the institutional reform of enterprises. Otherwise, it is almost impossible to move to a new higher level of labor productivity.

Conclusion

Modern competition as an integral attribute of the world market and as a form of market processes is characterized by unprecedented scale, dynamism and severity.

The scale of competition is due to the widespread growth in the number of participants in foreign trade operations, and the scientific and technological revolution gives a special dynamism to competition.

Considerable fame in justifying latest concepts foreign trade policy, trying to combine some of the provisions of the theories " comparative advantage"with the foreign trade strategy of large firms, received the work of the American economist M. Porter. A feature of these works is a pragmatic nature, reliance on research materials on foreign trade a significant number of countries. The decisive conclusion made by Porter is apparently rather trivial in nature, the international competitiveness of a country is determined primarily by the complex competitive advantages of its leading firms. The novelty of Porter's research lies in identifying the decisive conditions that form such competitive advantages.

National well-being largely depends on the level of competitiveness, the foundation of which is the economic policy of the country, expressed in the degree of "advancement" of national companies and the state of the business climate. Political stability, clear and transparent macroeconomic policy, market liberalization and privatization are necessary but not sufficient conditions economic development. Reforms at the microeconomic level are just as important, and in some cases even more important.

List of used literature

1 World Economy: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Bulatov. - M.: Jurist, 1999. - 734 p.

2 Lomakin V.K. World economy: Textbook for universities. - M.: Finance, UNITI, 1998. - 727 p.

3 International economic relations: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.E. Rybalkin. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004. - 605 p.

4 Spiridonov N.A. World economy: Tutorial. - M.: INFRA-M, 1997. - 256 p.

6 Kurenkov Yu., Popov V. Competitiveness of Russia in the global economy. // Issues of Economics, 2001. - No. 6. - P. 36-49.y

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