Category 1 designer. What are the categories of engineers? II

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Instructions for the position " Design engineer of the 1st category", presented on the site, complies with the requirements of the document - "DIRECTORY qualification characteristics occupations of workers. Issue 64. Construction, installation and repair and construction work. (Including additions approved: by order State Committee on construction and architecture N 25 of 08/08/2002, N 218 of 12/22/2003, N 149 of 08/29/2003, by letter of the State Committee for Construction and Architecture N 8 / 7-1216 of 12/15/2004 , by order of the Ministry of Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communal Services N 9 of December 2, 2005, N 163 of May 10, 2006 N 399 of December 5, 2006, by order of the Ministry regional development, construction and housing and communal services of Ukraine N 558, 12/28/2010), which was approved by order of the State Committee for Construction, Architecture and Housing Policy of Ukraine on 10/13/1999 N 249. Agreed by the Ministry of Labor and social policy Ukraine. Entered into force on January 1, 2000. The status of the document is "valid".

Preface to job description

0.1. The document comes into force from the moment of its approval.

0.2. Document developer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

0.3. Document approved: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

0.4. Periodic verification of this document is carried out at intervals not exceeding 3 years.

1. General Provisions

1.1. The position "Design Engineer Category I" refers to the category "Professionals".

1.2. Qualifications- complete or basic higher education relevant area of ​​training (master, specialist or bachelor) and advanced training. For a master's degree - up to work experience, for a specialist - at least 2 years of experience in the profession of a design engineer of the II category, for a bachelor - at least 3 years.

1.3. Knows and applies:
- resolutions, orders and orders, methodological, regulatory and other guidance materials for the design of construction projects, execution of design estimates and other technical documentation;
- methods of designing and carrying out technical and economic calculations;
- fundamentals of technology construction industry, manufacturing and installation of equipment and structures, types and properties of materials;
- advanced domestic and foreign design experience;
- technical, economic, environmental and social requirements for the designed facilities;
- technical means of design and construction;
- rules and norms of labor protection, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

1.4. A design engineer of the 1st category is appointed to the position and dismissed by order of the organization (enterprise / institution).

1.5. Category I design engineer reports directly to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

1.6. Category I design engineer supervises the work of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

1.7. A design engineer of category I during his absence is replaced by a duly appointed person who acquires the appropriate rights and is responsible for the proper performance of the duties assigned to him.

2. Description of work, tasks and job responsibilities

2.1. Develops separate sections (parts) of the project in accordance with the task given to him.

2.2. Participates in the development of proposals for design solutions, which are prepared by the chief specialist of the department, in the collection of initial data for design, in the decision technical issues arising during the entire period of designing facilities, their construction, commissioning and development of design capacities.

2.3. Associates the design solutions of the task given to him with the design solutions of other sections (parts) of the project.

2.4. Conducts patent research to ensure the patent purity of new design solutions and their patentability.

2.5. Ensures compliance of design solutions and documentation with developed standards, specifications and other regulatory documents for design and construction.

2.6. Carries out architectural supervision of the construction of designed facilities on issues within its competence, analysis and generalization of design experience and implementation of adopted design decisions in construction; prepares on this basis proposals regarding the advisability of adjusting the accepted general and fundamental design directions.

2.7. Participates in the preparation of applications for inventions and the preparation of conclusions on rationalization proposals and inventions, draft standards, specifications and others normative documents, in seminars and conferences.

2.8. Knows, understands and applies the current regulatory documents relating to its activities.

2.9. Knows and complies with the requirements of normative acts on labor protection and environment, complies with the norms, methods and techniques for the safe performance of work.

3. Rights

3.1. The Category I design engineer has the right to take action to prevent and eliminate any violations or non-conformities.

3.2. Category I design engineer has the right to receive all social guarantees provided for by law.

3.3. Category I design engineer has the right to demand assistance in the performance of his duties and the exercise of rights.

3.4. Category I design engineer has the right to demand the creation of organizational and technical conditions necessary for the performance of official duties and the provision necessary equipment and inventory.

3.5. Category I design engineer has the right to get acquainted with draft documents related to his activities.

3.6. Category I design engineer has the right to request and receive documents, materials and information necessary for the performance of his duties and instructions of the management.

3.7. A design engineer of the 1st category has the right to improve his professional qualifications.

3.8. Category I design engineer has the right to report all violations and inconsistencies identified in the course of his activities and make proposals for their elimination.

3.9. The design engineer of the 1st category has the right to get acquainted with the documents defining the rights and obligations of the position held, the criteria for assessing the quality of the performance of official duties.

4. Responsibility

4.1. Category I design engineer is responsible for non-fulfillment or untimely fulfillment of the requirements of this job description obligations and (or) non-use of the granted rights.

4.2. Category I design engineer is responsible for non-compliance with the rules of internal labor regulations, labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

4.3. A category I design engineer is responsible for disclosing information about an organization (enterprise/institution) that is a trade secret.

4.4. Category I design engineer is responsible for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the requirements of the internal regulatory documents of the organization (enterprise / institution) and the legal orders of the management.

4.5. Category I design engineer is responsible for offenses committed in the course of his activities, within the limits established by the current administrative, criminal and civil legislation.

4.6. Category I design engineer is responsible for causing material damage to the organization (enterprise / institution) within the limits established by the current administrative, criminal and civil legislation.

4.7. Category I design engineer is responsible for the misuse of the granted official powers, as well as their use for personal purposes.

EKSD 2018. Edition dated April 9, 2018
To search for approved professional standards of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, use reference book of professional standards

Design engineer

Job Responsibilities. Develops separate sections (parts) of the project. Participates in the preparation of assignments for the development of design solutions. Participates in the collection of initial data for design, in solving technical issues for assigned facilities throughout the entire period of design, construction, commissioning of the facility and development of design capacities. Links the adopted design decisions with design decisions for other sections (parts) of the project. Conducts patent research to ensure the patent purity of new design solutions and patentability. Ensures the compliance of developed projects and technical documentation with standards, specifications and other regulatory documents for design and construction, as well as the task for their development. Carries out architectural supervision of the construction of the designed objects, advises on issues within its competence. Participates in the analysis and generalization of the experience of developing projects and their implementation in construction and, on this basis, prepares proposals on the advisability of adjusting the adopted general and fundamental design decisions. Participates in the preparation of applications for inventions, preparation of conclusions and reviews on rationalization proposals and inventions, draft standards, specifications and other regulatory documents, in the work of seminars and conferences.

Must know: laws and other regulations legal acts Russian Federation in the field of urban planning, administrative, methodological and regulatory documents for the design, construction and operation of facilities, methods for designing and conducting feasibility studies, principles of operation, manufacturing and installation technologies for equipment and structures, types and properties of materials, standards, specifications and others regulatory documents for the development and execution design and estimate documentation, technical means of design and construction, the basics of patent science, advanced domestic and foreign experience in design and construction, technical, economic, environmental and social requirements for designed objects, the history of domestic and foreign architecture and construction equipment, its patterns in solving modern tasks design, structure, sequence and methods of architectural and structural developments, including computer, compositional, functional and physical and technical foundations of design, methods for calculating load-bearing structures, thermal insulation and heat resistance, sound insulation of enclosing structures, acoustic, lighting, insolation temperature and humidity conditions of the designed buildings, problems of urbanization of the habitat and methods of planning and development of populated areas, the basics of designing water supply and sewerage, heat and gas supply and ventilation, power supply to buildings, facilities and populated areas, the methodology for pre-project research and the formation of tasks for the design and construction, reconstruction or restoration of objects with a feasibility study solutions, taking into account the environmental cleanliness of objects and life safety requirements, techniques and methods for graphical representation of architectural and design solutions in manual and computer graphics ke, methods for the integrated development of architectural and structural projects of civil and industrial buildings and structures using information technology, methods of geodetic work in the design, construction and operation of buildings and structures, methods for calculating structures and physical and technical parameters of designed objects, methods for testing physical and mechanical properties building materials, structures and soils, methods of architectural supervision in the implementation of design solutions, methods and means of monitoring the state of the environment, the basics of labor organization, the basics of labor legislation, labor protection rules.

Qualification requirements.

Category I design engineer - higher professional education in the specialty "Building Design" or higher professional education and professional retraining towards professional activity, work experience as a design engineer of the II category for at least 2 years, advanced training at least once every 5 years and a qualification certificate for compliance with the position held.

Category II design engineer - higher professional education in the specialty "Building Design" or higher professional education and professional retraining in the direction of professional activity, work experience as a design engineer for at least one year, advanced training at least once every 5 years and availability qualification certificate for compliance with the position held.

Design engineer - higher professional education in the specialty "Building Design" or higher professional education and professional retraining in the direction of professional activity without presenting requirements for work experience, advanced training at least once every 5 years and the presence of a qualification certificate for compliance with the position held or secondary professional education and work experience design organizations at least 5 years, advanced training at least once every 5 years and the availability of a qualification certificate for compliance with the position held.

Jobs for the position of Design Engineer according to the all-Russian database of vacancies

Engineers are such workers who are engaged in various technical devices. The basis of their activity is focused on modernizing or optimizing those solutions that exist at the moment. Beginners in this business are only directly involved in the observation or adjustment of technical devices.

Depending on the category of engineers, workers have different access to technologies, units or equipment. They also have different rights and obligations. Accordingly, with the growth of the category, the range of work performed will increase, as well as

Superficial division of engineers into categories

In domestic practice, there are the following categories of engineers:

1. No category. Workers with this specialization will be able to perform only the simplest actions. Moreover, they cannot make any decisions unless more qualified professionals are watching them.
2. 3 category. Such workers can handle the duties of engineers described above. In addition, they can develop simple drawings. Naturally, they will perform all the work only under the strict supervision of specialists of higher categories.
3. 2 category. Employees cope with the duties listed above, and without the supervision of professionals. In addition, they have access to the development of drawings for individual parts or small simple assemblies. In some cases, designers independently assemble such parts according to the created drawings.
4. 1 category. The employee performs all of the above actions. In addition, if the manager or give certain instructions for the creation of new units, then engineers can and are obliged to carry them out.

You can also note the lead engineer. He is engaged in the development of all the main structures that are used in the enterprise. Plus, they can optimize existing systems and units, develop equipment that will become more competitive.

Category 3 engineers

An engineer of the 3rd category is an executor who carries out orders and instructions from senior management. Usually the role of the latter is played by more qualified specialists. that the engineer performs the basis of his work under strict supervision, he can do some actions on his own:

• Choose support materials that will be more convenient for him to use.
• Independently improves his skills and studies the necessary materials.
• Develops documentation, signs it before transferring to the head.

Thus, despite the limited obligations, all engineers of the 3rd category are an independent work unit, which needs to coordinate its actions with specialists.

Engineers of the 2nd category

An engineer of the 2nd category, when performing his activities, must be guided by the regulatory documents of the organization in which he works. Also in his competence lies other documentation.

As a rule, the main job of category 2 engineers is to receive tasks from higher management, then divide it among subordinates. But besides this, he needs to coordinate documentation and activities with other departments. Naturally, the engineer should not deviate from the instructions given by more qualified specialists.

Engineers of the 1st category

Category 1 engineer has much more rights and responsibilities. As his responsibility grows, so does wage. He may have appropriate employees in his subordination, the specific specialization of which will be determined by the direction of the engineer and the enterprise.

• Failure to perform or improper performance of their official duties. In addition, if the engineer's subordinates did not fulfill their obligations, then the manager will be held responsible.
• Offenses committed in the course of work. For example, if safety precautions were not observed during work, the engineer will be held responsible. This applies even to those cases where no one was injured in the violation of TB.
• Causing material damage to the enterprise.

Naturally, such a number of obligations pays off with a high salary, because otherwise no one will want to take on such responsibility.

Category assignment

Assigning a category to an engineer is carried out based on the results of certification. Usually the timing will be set government bodies, but sometimes large companies or businesses hire independent commissions when they believe one or more employees can improve their skills. Otherwise, the following engineers can count on improving professionalism:

• Category 3 is submitted by a specialist with higher education and experience of at least 3 years.
• Category 2 is submitted by a specialist with a higher education and work experience of a category 3 employee for at least 3 years.
• Category 1 is submitted by a specialist with a higher education and work experience of category 2 for at least 3 years.

Thus, the assignment of a category to an engineer is carried out every three years. Sometimes this time is reduced to 2 years if the specialist worked in difficult conditions or temporarily performed the duties of an employee with a higher qualification. Of course, provided that he did an excellent job with his activities.

Job Responsibilities of Process Engineers

Any process engineer (categories and work experience do not matter) is engaged in introducing new technologies into the standard well-established production process at the enterprise. All his actions will be focused on two basic rules:

1. Reducing the cost of manufactured products.
2. Increasing productivity in a competitive environment.

Since the work of a technologist is directly related to the activities of the company, management must constantly keep him informed of any changes, especially those relating to his field.

Each process engineer of category 1, 2, 3 and without it must have certain knowledge. They include legislative acts, GOSTs of equipment and products, information software, enterprise computer equipment, and so on.

Job Responsibilities of Design Engineers

Designers work with machinery, drawings and tools. Such an engineer must be well versed in circuits and devices. If necessary, he will have to adjust them, modernize or draw up such drawings that will allow other workers to assemble a more modern and technological device. It is impossible to specifically designate the duties of designers, since they will depend on the specifics of the work of the enterprise, as well as on the narrow profile of its specialization.

There are 3 categories of design engineers. Each of them, respectively, allows you to work at different levels. During the implementation of its activity, the constructor uses the following:

• Drawing tools.
• Specially created or developed software.
• Personal computers directly.
• Means of automation.

Sometimes these engineers are allowed to use other tools. But the main weapon of an employee is his experience and professionalism.

Job Responsibilities of Design Engineers

All categories of design engineers are engaged in the development of entire projects or their individual parts, it all depends on qualifications. During operation, the following elements can be used:

• Technology.
• Personal experience.
• Means of automation.
• Various domestic or foreign modern devices.

Regardless of the category of design engineers, the relevant workers must have a large amount of knowledge. They include any design technologies, as well as technical calculations and methods for their implementation. It is impossible not to note the standards and GOSTs, which are on a par with safety. Any extraneous knowledge is welcome, but it will not necessarily be paid for by management.

Engineering rights

• Offer management various ways that will help improve working conditions, make them more organized.
• Use scientific literature and materials that will help to cope with duties. That is, it is not at all necessary for any engineer to memorize all the information, from time to time he can use books or magazines.
• Pass certification in accordance with the procedure established by the enterprise or the state. In the process, they can get a new category, as well as remain at the same skill level.
• To improve qualifications with all the ensuing consequences. That is, after receiving a new category, the employee has the right to a higher salary, better working conditions, new records in work books etc.

In addition to those listed above, engineers have the opportunity to exercise all the rights that are specified in Labor Code countries where the work is carried out.

Responsibility of engineers

1. Timely completion of duties.
2. Organization of personal labor activity, execution of orders and assignments at the appointed time.
3. Compliance with the rules fire safety, as well as the routine established by the enterprise.
4. Maintaining documentation, which will detail the activities of the engineer.
5. If there are employees in subordination, then the leader will be directly responsible for their failure to fulfill their duties.
6. If in the process work activities safety precautions have been violated, the engineer is obliged to take action, as well as to inform the management in a timely manner.

If violated, the engineer will bear the responsibility established by law. It will depend on the severity of the offense. For example, an employee may be forced to pay a fine, labor work, arrest or deprivation of property.

Conclusion

It is known what categories of engineers exist today. However, in order to become real, to be in good standing with the authorities, as well as to earn large sums, you need to work hard and study. Otherwise, neither experience nor attempts to get a new category will help improve your specialization. In addition, it is recommended to monitor the release of new provisions, technologies and scientific literature. Engineers are one of the few workers who are required to keep up with modern discoveries, otherwise they will lose their competitiveness.

1. A person with a higher professional education and at least 2 years of experience as a design engineer of the 1st category is accepted for the position of a design engineer of the 1st category.

3. A design engineer of the 1st category is hired and dismissed by the director of the organization.

4. Design engineer of the 1st category must know:

Methods for designing and conducting technical and economic calculations;

Principles of work, technologies for manufacturing and installation of equipment and structures;

Types and properties of materials;

Decrees, orders, orders of higher and other bodies, methodological and regulatory materials for the design, construction and operation of facilities;

Standards, specifications and other guidance materials for the development and execution of design and estimate documentation;

Technical means of design and construction;

Fundamentals of patent science;

Advanced domestic and foreign experience in design and construction;

Technical, economic, environmental and social requirements for the designed facilities;

Organization of labor and production;

Rules and norms of labor protection, safety measures, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

5. In his activities, a design engineer of the 1st category is guided by:

RF legislation,

the charter of the organization,

Orders and instructions of the director of the organization,

By this job description,

The internal labor regulations of the organization,

6. Design engineer of the 1st category reports directly to (specify position).

7. During the absence of a design engineer of the 1st category (business trip, vacation, illness, etc.), his duties are performed by a person appointed by the director of the organization in the prescribed manner, who acquires the appropriate rights, duties and is responsible for the performance of the duties assigned to him.

II. Job Responsibilities

Design engineer of the 1st category:

1. Based on the latest scientific and technological achievements, advanced domestic and foreign experience design, construction and operation of facilities and, using design automation tools, develops separate sections (parts) of the project.

2. Takes part in the preparation of assignments for the development of design solutions.

3. Participates in the collection of initial data for design, in solving technical issues for assigned facilities throughout the entire period of design, construction, commissioning of the facility and development of design capacities.

4. Links the adopted design decisions with design decisions for other sections (parts) of the project.

5. Conducts patent research to ensure the patentability of new design solutions and patentability.

6. Ensures the compliance of developed projects and technical documentation with standards, specifications and other regulatory documents for design and construction, as well as the task for their development.

8. Participates in the analysis and generalization of experience in the development of projects and their implementation in construction and, on this basis, prepares proposals on the advisability of adjusting the adopted general and fundamental design decisions.

9. Participates in the preparation of applications for inventions, the preparation of opinions and reviews on rationalization proposals and inventions, draft standards, specifications and other regulatory documents, in the work of seminars and conferences.

10. Complies with the Internal Labor Regulations and other local regulations of the organization.

11. Complies with internal rules and regulations of labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

12. Ensures cleanliness and order in his workplace.

13. Performs within employment contract orders of employees to whom he is subordinate in accordance with this instruction.

In the old days, every schoolchild was well aware of the prestige and qualities of an engineer's work. In our time, this profession remains in demand, but more economic positions and work related to information technology. But still, the activity of an engineer remains important for the development of almost all industries and the country's economy as a whole. It includes a large number of different industries and is divided into categories of engineers. Thus, engineers have a great opportunity for career growth from the bottom of the enterprise to top management positions.

Description of the profession

The main difference between people who have chosen the profession of an engineer is the presence of analytical thinking, good theoretical and specialized applied knowledge, which are oriented towards the fastest application in practice. Successful work depends on a good general technical education of a wide profile. This profession involves a large number of inventions and discoveries. It includes various categories engineers. The main task is to develop an integrated process. Engineers are needed in all modern industries.

Job Responsibilities of an Engineer

The duties of an engineer include a lot of different activities, among which it is worth paying special attention to the following:

• Fulfillment of their duties using computer technology, communication regarding scientific and technical activities related to construction, information service. This also applies to the organization of labor, production and management, and much more, such as metrological service and technical control.
• Development of methodological, normative and technical documentation, in addition, promotion of proposals and activities regarding the implementation of programs and projects.
• Conducting a feasibility study that comprehensively explains why a particular decision is made and its implementation is carried out.

• Search for methods to reduce the cycle of work, assistance in preparatory activities before the start of the implementation process, during the process itself and at its final stages.
• Ensuring all structures necessary elements to implement the decisions made, from documents to equipment.
• Participation in research, creation of projects and programs.
• Participation in activities related to equipment testing, as well as its introduction into operation or on the market.
• Preparation of all necessary conclusions, reviews and other things that will be needed for the final stage of the project.
• Study and analysis of information, technical data and performance indicators.
• Generalization, systematization, drawing up calculations regarding this information with the help of modern electronic computers.
• Drawing up orders, instructions, work schedules, diagrams, maps, reporting and setting deadlines for work, as well as maintaining other technical documentation.

• Providing practical and methodological assistance in the process of implementing programs, plans, projects and contracts.
• Supervision and examination of finished goods and equipment.
• Monitoring compliance with established rules and parameters.
• Organization of advanced training of employees from the scientific and technical side.
• Taking initiative in creativity, considering inventions, introducing new working methods and improving products and the process of its creation.
• Influence on improving the organization and increasing the efficiency of the enterprise.

Nature of work

It is the duty of engineers to apply the theories and principles of various sciences to the economic and technical solutions of many problems. They associate scientific discoveries and developments with their practical application. This happens through the management of production sites in various areas. Their activities affect the most different stages production. It all depends on the category of engineers. Engineering specialties have a lot of branches.
To work in various industries they acquire special knowledge and skills. For work, modern computer technologies are mainly used, thanks to which production products are tested, systems are designed, their productivity is calculated and analyzed.

Working conditions

Engineers are required for industrial enterprises, in laboratories, in construction, in agriculture, in research centers, for a wide range of work. Depending on the area in which they work, they are either permanently in the offices or spend part of their working day at the facilities. For some areas of engineering, it is required to travel a long distance from the office in order to study a particular object.

Qualification

To obtain a profession, it is necessary to obtain a higher technical education in a specialized institution. Given the flexibility of the specialty, having received an education in one field, one can find work in related fields. During their studies, engineers receive theoretical, practical and scientific knowledge. Labor activity depends on the category of engineers and starts with simple tasks. Only after getting acquainted with the production, they move on to solving more serious problems. This profession provides an opportunity to go through a very high career growth.

Responsibilities of a Structural Engineer and Designer

A design engineer of the highest category must develop draft theoretical and working designs of products. Then compose technical documentation to the designs he developed. He conducts patent research, is engaged in the determination of indicators technical level products that he designed. The designer takes part in the preparation and commissioning of products. Sometimes his duties include interacting with representatives of other organizations in order to fulfill his functional responsibilities. Below will be described which categories of engineers are needed to perform certain duties.

The design engineer, in turn, develops individual parts of the project, takes part in the collection of data for the design. It can control the creation of designed structures or objects.

Design Engineer (no experience)

A design engineer without work experience must have at least a secondary education, he must be able to use personal computer and knowledge of AutoCAD. His responsibilities include drawing objects and working with ready base elements.

III category

The requirements for a design engineer of the third category are a diploma attesting to his higher education. An engineer of the 3rd category must know and be able to use regulatory documentation, confidently use AutoCad programs and Microsoft office and also have work experience. His responsibilities include participation in the design of objects, as well as the ability to quickly make drawings of varying complexity.

II category

Among the requirements for a design engineer of the second category are a diploma of higher specialized education, experience in working with the necessary computer programs, as well as experience in design must be at least two years. In addition, an engineer of the 2nd category must know and be able to use normative documentation, as well as his experience in high engineering and technical positions should be at least two years. His responsibilities include the development of schemes and layout of the facility, the construction of profiles, cartograms, and he also calculates the amount of work.

I category

An engineer of the 1st category must complete a specialized higher education, use a computer and all important programs, regulatory documentation, and also have at least two years of experience as a designer of the second category. His responsibilities include resolving technical issues on the objects assigned to him, as well as preparing tasks for the implementation of decisions. He must develop all the necessary documentation and draw up assignments, control the correctness of the construction of drawings and control regulatory issues.

Lead Design Engineer

The requirements for a leading design engineer include the following: he must complete a higher profile education, be able to use regulatory documentation. In addition, he must have at least three years of independent project management experience. Engineer the highest category must be familiar with the equipment used in the production, as well as have experience in communicating with subordinates, with production units and regulatory bodies.
His responsibilities include project development, commercial offers and technical tasks, specifications and estimates. He must supervise the objects being designed, which were carried out by an engineer of the 1st category, and control the deadlines for the completion of the project.

Chief Project Engineer

The requirements for the chief engineer are higher vocational education, at least three years of experience as a chief engineer. He should already have experience not only in creating large objects, but also in passing examinations, confidently use a computer and perfectly know all the necessary programs.
His responsibilities include leading a group of different categories design engineers, verification of documentation and its approval, full maintenance and examination of the project, supervision of work, cost estimation and preparation of documentation, as well as communication with representatives of interested organizations.