home » Business ideas » The main results of economic activity. Theme III

The main results of economic activity. Theme III

Profit and income are the main indicators financial results production- economic activity enterprises.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) minus material costs.

It represents the monetary form of the net output of the enterprise, i.e. includes wages and profits.

Income characterizes the total amount of funds that an enterprise receives for a certain period and, after taxes, can be used for consumption and investment. Income is sometimes subject to taxation. In this case, after tax is deducted, it is subdivided into consumption, investment and insurance funds. The consumption fund is used for remuneration of personnel and payments based on the results of work for a certain period, for a share in the authorized property (dividends), material assistance, etc.

Material costs include costs included in the corresponding element of the cost estimate for production, as well as costs equated to them for: depreciation of fixed assets, deductions for social needs, as well as "other costs", i.e. all elements of the cost estimate for production, with the exception of labor costs.

Profit is the part of the proceeds that remains after the reimbursement of all costs for the production and marketing of products.

In conditions market economy profit is one of the main sources of accumulation and replenishment of the revenue part of the state and local budgets; main financial source development of the enterprise, its investment and innovation activities, as well as a source of satisfaction of the material interests of the members of the labor collective and the owner of the enterprise.

The amount of profit (income) is significantly affected by both the volume of products and its range, quality, cost, improvement of pricing and other factors. In turn, profit affects such indicators as profitability, solvency of the enterprise and others.

The total profit of the enterprise (gross profit) consists of three parts:

- profit from product sales- as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (excluding VAT and excise duty) and its full cost;

- profit for sale material assets and other property(this is the difference between the selling price and the cost of acquiring and selling). Profit from the sale of fixed assets will represent the difference between the proceeds from the sale, the residual value and the costs of dismantling and selling;

- profit from non-operating operations, i.e. operations not directly related to the main activity (income from securities, from equity participation in joint ventures; renting out property; excess of the amount of fines received over those paid, etc.).

Gross income- the total amount of income of the enterprise from all types of activities in monetary, tangible or intangible forms. Distribution- reimbursement of material costs, depreciation of fixed assets; taxes and other obligations. payments; salary and deductions for social needs; financing of other expenses; profit.

Profitability of resources and products

Unlike profit, which shows the absolute effect of activity, there is a relative indicator of the effectiveness of the enterprise - profitability. IN general view it is calculated as the ratio of profit to costs and is expressed as a percentage. The term is from rent (income). Profitability indicators are used for a comparative assessment of the performance of individual enterprises and industries that produce different volumes and types of products. These indicators characterize the profit received in relation to the spent production resources. The most commonly used indicators are the profitability of products and the profitability of production.

There are the following types of profitability:

1) profitability of production (profitability production assets) - Rp, is calculated by the formula:

where P- total (gross) profit for the year (or other period);

OFP- the average annual cost of fixed production assets;

NOSE- the average annual balance of normalized working capital.

2) product profitability Prod. characterizes the cost effectiveness of its production and marketing:

where Etc- profit from the sale of products (works, services);

Wed- total cost of goods sold;

Financial result - the final economic result of the economic activity of the enterprise, which is expressed in the form of profit (income) or loss. The excess of income over expenses means profit (increase in the organization's property), and expenses over income - loss (decrease in property). The financial result received by the organization for the reporting year in the form of profit or loss, respectively, leads to an increase or decrease in the capital of the organization.

Income from the main activities is determined taking into account the subject of the enterprise, when, depending on this, income can be attributed in some cases to ordinary activities, and in others to others.

Expenses for core activities are expenses associated with the manufacture of products and their sale, with the performance of work, the provision of services, the acquisition and sale of goods. Expenses for the main activities, as well as income, are determined taking into account the subject of the enterprise's activity.

When forming expenses for ordinary activities, they should be grouped according to the following elements:

- labor costs;
- material costs
- depreciation
- other expenses
- deductions for social needs.

Gross profit - an indicator that is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale (excluding VAT and other taxes) and the production cost of products, works, services (the purchase price of goods)

Revenue is accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms, equal to the amount of receipt Money and other property and (or) the amount of receivables.

Profit from sale - gross profit, minus sales expenses and general business expenses (if they are written off as conditionally fixed when selling products)

Profit (loss) before tax - an integrated indicator that includes profit (loss) from sales and other income and expenses.

Net profit (uncovered loss) - the financial result received by the organization in the reporting period after the calculation of income tax.

In accounting, a synthetic account 90 "Sales" is used to reflect the income and expenses received.

To analyze the financial performance of the organization for reporting period using the Profit and Loss Statement. This report is included in the annual and interim financial statements. You need to fill in the information in the report for 2 years - the reporting and the previous one. Data in the statement of financial results are entered in thousands of rubles.

Line-by-line filling:

2110 - proceeds from the sale of products, works minus VAT and excises.
2220 - expenses, including the cost of products, services, commercial and administrative expenses. In the standard form of the statement of financial results, this information is separated, in a simplified form, they are summarized in one line.
2330 - interest payable, this line reflects all interest accrued payable - on credits, loans and other liabilities.
2340 - income of the organization that was not included in the indicator of line 2110.
2350 - expenses of the organization that are not included in lines 2220 and 2330.
2410 - income tax, which includes deferred tax assets and liabilities.
2400 - the final financial result for the year, is calculated based on the above information. Expenses are subtracted from income.

Fill out the report form Chief Accountant, who signs the finished completed document, as well as the head of the organization must sign it.

The financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise is determined by the indicator of profit or loss, formed during the calendar (economic) year. The financial result is the difference between the amounts of income and expenses of the enterprise. The excess of income over expenses means an increase in the property of the enterprise - profit, and the excess of expenses over income - a loss. The financial result received by the enterprise for the reporting year in the form of profit or loss, respectively, leads to an increase or decrease in the equity capital of the enterprise. Expenses are recognized in accounting under the following conditions: the expense is made in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislative and regulatory acts, business customs; the amount of the expense can be determined; there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that a particular transaction will reduce the entity's economic benefits when the entity has transferred the asset, or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of the asset. If in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled, then the organization's accounting records recognize receivables. Depreciation is recognized as an expense based on the depreciation expense based on the value of the depreciable assets, their useful lives and the entity's depreciation methods. Expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, operating or other income and from the form of the expenditure (monetary, in-kind and other). Expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds or other form of implementation (assuming the facts are temporary).

Revenue is recognized in accounting under the following conditions (clause 12 PBU 9/99):

a) the entity has a right to receive the proceeds arising from a specific contract or otherwise appropriately evidenced;
b) the amount of proceeds can be determined;
c) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. The certainty that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization, there is a case when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;
d) the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (the service has been rendered);
e) the costs to be incurred or to be incurred in connection with this transaction can be determined.

The financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise is formed from two of its components, the main of which is the result obtained from the sale of products, goods, works and services, as well as from business operations that are the subject of the enterprise's activity, such as the rental of fixed assets for a fee, the transfer in the paid use of intellectual property and investment in the authorized capital of other enterprises.

The second part in the form of income and expenses not directly related to the formation of the main sales financial result (financial result from sales) forms the other financial result, which includes operating and non-operating income and expenses. If during the reporting period the company received a profit from the sale of products, goods, works, services and other operations that are the subject of its activity, then its entire financial result will be equal to the profit from sales plus other income minus other expenses.

If an organization incurs a loss on sales, then its total financial result will be equal to the sum of the loss on sales plus other expenses minus other income.

Profit and income are the main indicators of the financial results of the production and economic activities of the enterprise.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) minus material costs.

It represents the monetary form of the net output of the enterprise, i.e. includes wages and profits.

Profit is the part of the proceeds that remains after the reimbursement of all costs for the production and marketing of products.

In a market economy, profit is one of the main sources of accumulation and replenishment of the revenue side of the state and local budgets; the main financial source of the development of the enterprise, its investment and innovation activities, as well as a source of satisfaction of the material interests of the members of the labor collective and the owner of the enterprise.

The total profit of the enterprise (gross profit) consists of three parts:

- profit from product sales- as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (excluding VAT and excise duty) and its full cost;

- profits for the sale of material assets and other property(this is the difference between the selling price and the cost of acquiring and selling). Profit from the sale of fixed assets will represent the difference between the proceeds from the sale, the residual value and the costs of dismantling and selling;

- profit from non-operating operations, i.e. operations not directly related to the main activity (income from securities, from equity participation in joint ventures; leasing property; excess of the amount of fines received over those paid, etc.).

Profitability of resources and products

Unlike profit, which shows the absolute effect of activity, there is a relative indicator of the effectiveness of the enterprise - profitability. In general, it is calculated as the ratio of profit to costs and is expressed as a percentage. The term is from rent (income). Profitability indicators are used for a comparative assessment of the performance of individual enterprises and industries that produce different volumes and types of products. These indicators characterize the profit received in relation to the spent production resources. The most commonly used indicators are the profitability of products and the profitability of production.

There are the following types of profitability:

1) profitability of production (profitability of production assets) - Rp, is calculated by the formula:

where P- total (gross) profit for the year (or other period);

OFP- the average annual cost of fixed production assets;

NOSE- the average annual balance of normalized working capital.

2) product profitability Prod. characterizes the cost effectiveness of its production and marketing:

where Etc- profit from the sale of products (works, services);

Wed- total cost of goods sold;

The financial result includes the result of all operations grouped by the respective categories of income and expenses for the reporting period.

When analyzing financial results, profit is considered as an indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise's economic activity, the factors that determine the amount of profit, the procedure for generating profit, the relationship between profit and cash flow are studied.

The main types of income are as follows:

Gross profit is the difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold for the same period. The amount of gross profit is used to characterize the effectiveness of activities production units organizations;

Profit from sales of products - the difference between the gross profit and expenses of the period for the main activity for the same period. Subtracting recurring expenses from gross profit contributes to the division of the risk of the entrepreneur from the possible non-sale of products with the state. The amount of profit from sales is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the main activity;

Profit from financial and economic activities - the sum of profit from sales and the total result from financial transactions(interest receivable and payable, income from participation in other organizations, etc.). The value of this profit is used to evaluate the main and financial activities organizations;

Profit before tax (balance sheet profit) is the sum of profit from financial and economic activities and profit (expense) from other operations. Balance sheet profit is an indicator economic efficiency all economic activities of the enterprise;

The net profit (loss) of the reporting period is the balance sheet profit minus the current income tax.

It is also important to divide profit into accounting, economic and tax.

Accounting profit - profit from entrepreneurial activity, calculated according to accounting documents without taking into account the undocumented costs of the entrepreneur himself, including lost profits.

Economic profit is the difference between income and economic costs, including, along with total costs, alternative (imputed) costs; calculated as the difference between the accounting and normal profit of the entrepreneur.

Taxable income is the income on which it is necessary to pay income tax.

discrepancy between accounting and economic profit is expressed in the fact that the first does not reflect the economic content of profit, and therefore, the real result of the organization's activities for the reporting period. The economic nature of profit reveals what will be received in the future.

3 Investment project efficiency indicators (project profitability index, investment payback period);

To analyze the effectiveness of investments, the following indicators of the effectiveness of investment projects are used:

1) Net current (present) value of the project (NPV).

3) Payback period of investments (T)

4) Internal rate of return (IRR)

The profitability index of the project is determined by: I r =PV/I

Where PV is present value

I-initial investment

The higher this indicator, the more profitable the project. But in essence, a profitability index above 1 means that the NPV of the project is positive.

If Ir>0 the project should be accepted; Ir<0 отвергнуть; Ir=0 проект ни прибыльный, ни убыточный.

The profitability index is a relative indicator, so it is very convenient when choosing one project from a number of alternative ones that have approximately the same NPV value or when completing an investment portfolio with the maximum total NPV value.

Payback period (T). This method is the simplest and most commonly used. The payback period shows the time required for the receipt of income from deferred capital in amounts that allow reimbursement of the initial, single, time costs.

This method has 2 drawbacks:

1 Does not take into account the cash flow received after the payback period

2 The difference in the time of receipt of income before the payback period.

The payback method is used in enterprises with insufficient cash, weak credit opportunities.

4 Labor motivation;

Motivation is a set of internal and external driving forces that induce a person to activity, set the boundaries and forms of activity and give this activity an orientation focused on achieving certain goals.

The main purpose of motivation is to stimulate the production behavior of the company's employees, directing it to achieve the strategic objectives facing it.

The effectiveness of motivation will depend on how the strategic goals of the organization are realized due to the motivation of the staff. In turn, the motivation of employees will be determined by how fully the organization ensures the satisfaction of their basic needs. Therefore, the main meaning of motivation is to combine the interests of the employee with the strategic objectives of the organization.

The effectiveness of motivation includes two main concepts:

1. economic efficiency of motivation;

2. social effectiveness of motivation;

The economic efficiency of motivation includes solving the problems facing the organization. It will depend on the correct and efficient use of human resources. Motivation should orient workers to those actions that are necessary for the organization. Motivation can solve the following tasks of the organization:

a) attracting personnel to the organization;

b) retaining employees in it;

c) stimulation of the production behavior of employees (productivity, creativity, devotion to the organization, etc.)

d) reduction of cost indicators.

These and others economic indicators the performance of the organization will depend on effective motivation.

When creating an effective motivation system, a manager must take into account a number of factors complicating this process:

1. non-obviousness of motives. The leader can only guess what motives are at work.

2. different degree of influence of the same motives on different people. The same motive will act differently on people's behavior.

3. there is no unambiguous connection between motivation and the end result, because many random factors intervene here, such as the employee's abilities, his mood at the moment, understanding of the situation, the influence of third parties.

5 Composition and structure of fixed assets;

Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the production process, they are divided into production and non-production fixed assets. By appointment, the following groups of fixed assets are distinguished:

1. Buildings - architectural construction objects that provide working conditions for sales workers, storage, working and preparation of goods for sale.

2. Structures - engineering and construction facilities necessary for the implementation of trade and technological processes (railways, overpasses, ramps).

3. Transmission devices, all devices with the help of which energy, heat, etc. are transferred (electric networks, gas networks, telephone networks, water networks).

4. Machinery and equipment (vending machines, weight measuring instruments and cash registers, packaging equipment), etc.

5. Tool - mechanized and non-mechanized tools for manual labor (carts, stackers).

6. Production equipment and accessories (work tables, counters, containers for storing liquid and bulk goods).

7. Vehicles.

8. Household equipment - items of office and household equipment (safes, office furniture).

9. Working and productive livestock for commercial enterprises

10. Perennial plantings own farm.

Increasing the level of use of fixed production assets is of great importance for ATP of any purpose. It allows you to increase the volume of transportation and, accordingly, the income of the enterprise, ensure savings in current costs, increase profits and increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

It is possible to increase the level of use of fixed production assets due to extensive (increase in the operating time of the rolling stock) and intensive (increase in the productivity of the rolling stock per unit of time) factors.

Fixed assets are valued at original, replacement and residual value. The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs for the construction or acquisition of fixed assets, including the delivery and installation of equipment at prices in force at the time of their commissioning. The replacement cost of fixed assets is the cost of their reproduction at a particular point in time at prices in effect at that point in time. The residual value of fixed assets is the amount of unrecovered value that has been retained in fixed assets to date after a certain period of their operation.

6 Financial results of economic activity of the enterprise (profitability);

The financial results of the enterprise are characterized by indicators of the profit received and the level of profitability. Therefore, the system of indicators of financial results includes not only absolute (profit), but also relative indicators (profitability) of efficiency of use. The higher the level of profitability, the higher the efficiency of management.

Profitability is a relative indicator that has the property of comparability and can be used when comparing the activities of different enterprises. Profitability characterizes the degree of profitability, profitability, profitability.

Profitability indicators allow you to evaluate how much profit an enterprise has from each ruble of funds invested in assets.

All entrepreneurial activity in the conditions of market relations is divided into three types:

operating room (main);

investment (investment in shares, other securities, capital investments);

· financial (receipt and payment of dividends, interest, etc.).

Profitability of products (works, services) is characterized by the following indicators:

profitability of sales (turnover, sales);

the profitability of the output).

Profitability of sales (turnover, sales) is determined by the ratio of the value of the annual balance sheet profit of the enterprise to the value of the annual proceeds from the sale of products without VAT and excises, expressed as a percentage.

The profitability of certain types of products depends on:

level of sales prices;

the level of production costs.

The analysis of the profitability of the output of certain types of products is carried out on the basis of the data of planned and reporting calculations. The level of profitability of certain types of products depends on the average selling prices and unit cost of production.

7 Performance indicators of investment projects (net present value of the project);

The project's net present value (NPV) is the most commonly used metric. characterizes the overall absolute result of investment activity.

where I is the amount of initial investment.

PV is the present value of the investment

NPV shows the net gains or net losses of investors as a result of putting money into a project compared to keeping it in a bank.

If NPV>0, then during its entire economic life, the investment project will reimburse the initial costs I and provide a profit. The project should be accepted.

If NPV=0, then the project only pays for the initial costs, but does not bring profit.

When forecasting income by years, it is necessary to take into account all types of income associated with a given project. If at the end of the project it is planned to receive funds in the form of the salvage value of equipment or the release of part of working capital, then they should be taken into account as income of the corresponding periods. If money is invested in the project not one-time, but in parts over several years, then the following formula is used to calculate NPV:

8 The concept of price. Price types. State price regulation;

Federal legislation does not contain a single (universal) concept of price.

Price is a means of establishing a given ratio (exchangeable goods) within the framework of specific acts of exchange occurring between participants in civil circulation.

The price is expressed in the payment to the counterparty of a certain amount of currency or in another counter provision for the transferred goods (work performed, service rendered) by agreeing on its (price) by the parties in the contract, based on the regulatory requirements of the current legislation.

Depending on state influence, prices are divided into three types: free (market), regulated and established (fixed) by the state.

The market price of a good (work, service) is the price established by the interaction of supply and demand in the market of goods (work, services) in comparable economic conditions.

Regulated prices are also formed as a result of an agreement reached between the parties to the contract. However, the latter cannot set the price above or below the limit set by the relevant competent government authority. The specified type of prices is widely used in such sectors of the economy as the fuel and energy complex, main transport, communications, production and provision of services of increased social importance, etc.

Prices set (fixed) by the state are an extreme version of direct price regulation, when the seller (executor) does not have the right to deviate from them in any direction. They (prices) are set by the state in a fixed amount.

Depending on the service sector of the national economy, all prices (free, regulated, established) are divided into wholesale, retail, prices for construction products, tariffs (price of services), foreign trade prices.

State regulation of prices is one of the forms of legalized state intervention in free market relations. State- legal regulation prices are carried out by establishing: fixed prices and tariffs; marginal prices and tariffs; marginal coefficients of price change; marginal level of profitability. It is necessary to specifically point out the administrative and legal nature of state regulation of prices and pricing in the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the fundamentals of pricing policy are in charge of the Russian Federation.

In cases provided for by law, prices (tariffs, rates, rates, etc.) are applied, established or regulated by authorized government bodies and/or local authorities.

federal Service on tariffs is a federal executive body authorized to exercise legal regulation in the field of state regulation of prices (tariffs) for goods (services).

Separate powers in the field of state regulation of prices (tariffs) are assigned to industry federal authorities executive power.

According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures to streamline state regulation of prices (tariffs)" to enterprises and organizations that have violated the norms of legislation on state regulation prices (tariffs), sanctions are applied in the form of recovery of the entire amount of excessively received proceeds.

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for liability for overstatement or understatement of state-regulated prices for products, goods or services, marginal prices.

9 Valuation of fixed assets;

In the practice of economic activity of enterprises, such a concept as the assessment of fixed assets is quite often used. The vast majority of companies in the course of their activities acquire property. Sometimes its service life is calculated in months, after which it is written off the balance, sometimes more than a year.

When such an assessment is necessary, this procedure is necessary in the following cases:

For tax purposes;

During privatization activities;

For the redemption of individual objects of the property complex;

When registering a lease;

When concluding a loan agreement with a pledge of property;

When forming the price for sale;

When evaluating authorized capital;

In case of property disputes.

Types of assessment In modern accounting and economic practice, the assessment of fixed assets can be carried out in several ways. We give a brief description of them.

1. Full or inventory - represents the cost of fixed assets at the time of their acquisition. This includes all shipping and installation costs.

3. Restoration appraisal determines the value of these funds, taking into account their depreciation, but based on market prices. Therefore, sometimes it can exceed the total cost.

4. The book value is reflected in the reporting documents of the enterprise, and taxes are calculated on its basis. It is calculated according to a mixed scheme, since some of the objects are accounted for at replacement cost, and some at full cost.

5. Market valuation the value of the property of the enterprise, perhaps most clearly reflects the price of fixed assets. Everything is taken into account here - the initial cost, wear and tear, the situation on the market and even the existing financial position of the company. It is this indicator that appears in all agreements and contracts when making transactions.

Valuation of fixed assets is carried out in monetary terms and is a rather complicated procedure. To carry it out for the internal needs of the enterprise and current accounting, they usually manage with the help of their own specialists. They have in their hands all the tools for accurate and thorough calculations. It is enough to take into account the existing data and add new ones. Moreover, in the arsenal of accountants now there are perfect software products requiring only the timely input of certain information. The program will give the result itself.

10 Calculation selling price product manufacturer. Pricing method based on the analysis of break-even production and ensuring target profit;

In the economy of an enterprise, the initial principle of pricing is the reimbursement of costs for the production and sale of products, works, services and making a profit in an amount sufficient to carry out expanded reproduction, pay relevant taxes to the state and municipal authorities, and form a consumption fund in an amount that provides a certain standard of living for employees of the enterprise .

When developing, calculating and setting the selling price for its products, the company adheres to the following sequence of work:

● 1st stage – selection of pricing strategy. It depends on what the company enters the market with and what goals it seeks to achieve with the help of this product.

● 2nd stage - determination of demand for products, as it determines the maximum price for the product. In a normal situation, demand and price are inversely proportional, i.e. the higher the price, the lower the demand and, accordingly, the lower the price, the higher the demand;

● 3rd stage - estimation of production costs. Production costs are analyzed, as they determine the minimum price for the product. The company calculates costs various volumes sales and chooses best option;

● 4th stage - analysis of prices and quality of similar products of competitors. In a competitive environment, the company, when selling its product, seeks to find the so-called optimal price. The real price of goods is determined in the market based on a comparison of supply and demand. It is important that the optimal price calculated by the enterprise tends to the level of the real price;

● 5th stage – selection of the pricing method. The most common pricing methods are:

The method is based on the analysis of break-even production and ensuring target profit. This method is based on production costs, but the price is set taking into account the desired amount of profit. The method is based on the construction of a break-even chart.

The chart shows:

1 – fixed costs in the production of products R:

y1 = P S, (7.3)

where P is the sum of items: expenses for the preparation and development of production, general production expenses and general business expenses;

S - the planned annual volume of serviced machines.

2 - production costs, including fixed and variable components (full cost of production):

y2 = V N + P, (7.4)

where V - variable costs per unit of production; include the sum of the items: material costs, labor costs of the main production workers, deductions for social needs

N is the volume of production.

3 - proceeds from the sale of products:

y3 = C N, (7.5)

where C is the price of a unit of production (excluding VAT);

Point A is the breakeven point, i.e. the volume of production (NA) at which the cost of its production will be equal to the proceeds from its sale:

y2 = y3; (7.6)

V NA + P \u003d C NA;

NA \u003d P / (C - V);

4 - profit zone P:

P \u003d y3 - y2; (7.7)

P \u003d C N - (V N + P);

5 - UB loss zone:

UB = y2 - y3

It is recommended to make several options for schedules corresponding to different levels of product prices, since much depends on the elasticity of demand, and choose the most realistic one. The method itself does not determine the final price of the goods, but gives an idea of the quantity of goods that must be sold at a particular price in order to obtain a particular amount of profit. The break-even production schedule does not take into account the elasticity of demand;

11 Insurance premiums. Personal income tax;

Insurance premiums are a non-tax fee that all organizations are required to pay, as well as individual entrepreneurs in RF.

Types of insurance premiums

With a tax amount of up to 463 thousand rubles. per year, for each individual employee, insurance premiums amount to only 30% of the wage fund.

Insurance premiums include:

Insurance premiums for compulsory pension insurance (OPS) paid in Pension Fund RF (22%);

Insurance contributions for compulsory social insurance for temporary disability and in connection with motherhood, paid to the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (2.9%);

Insurance premiums for compulsory medical insurance (OMI) paid to the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (5.1%);

Personal income tax (PIT) is the main type of direct taxes. It is calculated as a percentage of the total income of individuals, minus documented expenses, in accordance with applicable law.

The amount of income tax directly depends on the tax rate at which the income received by an individual is taxed. For the majority of incomes that receive individuals, a tax rate of 13% applies. These incomes include: wage; income derived from civil law contracts(tutors, private consultations, etc.); sale of property owned for less than 5 years (since 2016); renting out property; winning a lottery or receiving a gift from individuals (except gifts from family members or close relatives) if their value is more than 4,000 rubles. Dividends from equity participation in the activities of organizations (since 2015).

Income not subject to personal income tax Income tax is not subject to: income received from the sale of property owned for more than 5 years (since 2016); income received by way of inheritance; income received under a donation agreement from a family member or close relative.

12 The enterprise as the main link in the market system of management. Enterprise classification road transport;

In the conditions of market relations, the center economic activity moves to the main link of the entire economy - the enterprise. It is at this level that the products needed by society are created, the necessary services are provided.

The most qualified personnel are concentrated at the enterprise, issues of economical use of resources, the use of high-performance equipment are being resolved, business plans are being developed.

At present, the status of the enterprise is regulated by the law of the Russian Federation "Civil Code of the Russian Federation" adopted by the State Duma on October 21, 1994.

The company has:

1. Organizational unity. An enterprise is a collective organized in a certain way with its own internal structure and management procedure.

2. A certain set of means of production. An enterprise pools economic resources to produce economic goods in order to maximize profits.

3. Separate property. The company has its own property, which independently uses for certain purposes.

4. Property liability. The enterprise bears full responsibility with all his property for various obligations.

5. Acts in economic circulation on his own behalf.

Classification of road transport enterprises.

Depending on the purpose, road transport enterprises are divided into three types:

Motor transport (auto-operational);

Motor transport enterprises(ATP) are the most common type of road transport enterprises and serve to transport goods and passengers.

Depending on the type of transportation, ATP are divided into:

Freight;

Passenger (bus and cars);

Mixed (cargo-passenger);

Special (ambulance) medical care, utilities, etc.)

ATP can also be:

Complex;

Specialized.

Complex ATPs carry out not only transportation of passengers and goods, but also storage, Maintenance And Maintenance rolling stock owned by the enterprise itself.

Specialized ATPs carry out only the transportation of passengers and goods. These are small enterprises where the creation of their own repair base is irrational.

According to departmental affiliation, ATP are divided into enterprises:

Common use;

Departmental.

Public enterprises are included in the system of the Ministry of Transport and carry out transport services just on commercial basis for legal entities and individuals.

Departmental ATPs are included in non-transport industries (construction, industry, etc.) and serve enterprises and organizations only in the industry they belong to.

13 Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets (generalizing indicators);

The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is characterized by general and particular indicators.

Generalizing indicators express the result of using the entire set of fixed assets. These include:

Return on assets (F O)- the quantity of products sold from one ruble of the cost of fixed assets is determined by the formula

where IN- proceeds from the sale of products, works, services (volume of sales), rubles;

WITH WEDDING YEAR.- the average annual cost of fixed assets, determined by the formula

If fixed assets are introduced in the 1st half of the month, i.e. before the 15th day, then they are taken into account in the value of fixed assets of this month.

2. Capital intensity (F E)- the value, the reciprocal of the capital productivity indicator, the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), is determined by the formula

3. Capital-labor ratio of the worker (worker) (F V)- the cost of fixed assets attributable to one worker (worker):

Average headcount employed (workers), pers.

14 Financial condition of the enterprise and its analysis;

Information about the financial condition of the enterprise is necessary for all market participants:

First, the head of the enterprise for adoption right decisions need to know financial condition competitors, potential partners, customers;

Secondly, investors need financial information to assess the effectiveness of future capital investments and the amount financial risks;

Thirdly, financial information allows banks to determine the reliability and creditworthiness of the client.

The financial condition is determined by:

1) the degree of independence from external sources of financing of its activities;

2) the ability to repay their financial obligations in due time, i.e. solvency.

Solvency is determined by liquidity current assets, i.e. the time required to turn them into cash;

3) the ability to provide loans to customers, i.e. creditworthiness.

A stable financial condition is characterized by equality or excess of sources own funds over the amount of liabilities (borrowed funds).

1) balance sheet;

2) income statement with attachments and explanatory note(statement of cash flows, etc.);

3) an auditor's report confirming the reliability financial statements(if it is in accordance with federal laws subject to audit).

Audit is an independent verification of financial records.

The information contained in these documents makes it possible to evaluate the past and current financial and economic activities of the enterprise, understand the main trends in the indicators and draw conclusions about the potential opportunities of the enterprise.

The concept of economic activity

Definition 1

The economic activity of any enterprise consists in the production of products, the performance of certain works or the provision of services. Economic activity is always aimed at making a profit and satisfying the socio-economic interests of the owners and personnel of the enterprise.

Several stages of economic activity can be considered:

implementation of scientific research and development work,
output,
ancillary farm,
maintenance of the main production and sales,
marketing, sales of products and follow-up of products after the sale.

Analysis of economic activity is a way of knowing economic processes and phenomena, which is based on the division into constituent parts and the study of the diversity of dependencies and relationships.

Analysis of economic activity is a management function of any enterprise and precedes actions and decisions, substantiating the scientific and production management and increasing its efficiency and objectivity.

Directions for the analysis of economic activity include: analysis of profitability, profit, equity, liquidity and solvency, financial stability, the use of borrowed capital, as well as cash flow analysis and business activity analysis.

Business performance indicators

Specialists in the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise examine the indicators in the complex. There are several types of indicators.

In accordance with the indicators underlying the meters, they can be cost and natural.

Remark 1

The most common type of indicators are cost economic indicators that summarize economic phenomena of a heterogeneous nature. When an enterprise uses more than one type of materials and raw materials, then information on the total amounts of receipts, expenditures and balances of objects of labor can only be calculated in terms of cost.

Natural indicators are primary, cost indicators are secondary, since they are calculated on the basis of natural indicators.

In accordance with the side or operation of measuring phenomena, indicators can be quantitative and qualitative.

Scores are used to calculate results that can be quantified. The values of quantitative coefficients can be expressed as some specific number that has an economic or physical meaning.

These indicators include financial, market indicators, as well as indicators that characterize the effectiveness of the business process and activities for training and development of personnel.

Financial indicators include net profit, the amount of revenue, the amount of fixed and variable costs, turnover and profitability, as well as liquidity.

Market metrics consist of sales volume, market share, growth and customer base size.

Business process performance indicators include labor productivity indicators, order lead time, production cycle, staff participation, number of employees who have been trained.

Most of the characteristics of the results of the work of the enterprise and its departments, as well as employees, are subject to quantitative measurement, but many of them are not quantifiable, therefore, qualitative indicators are used.

Qualitative indicators are measured using expert assessments through monitoring the results and the process of work. These indicators include:

staff satisfaction index,
relative competitive position of the company,
employee satisfaction index with team work,
level of discipline
high-quality and timely provision of documents,
compliance with standards
execution of orders of management, etc.

Qualitative indicators are leading indicators because they have an impact on the final performance of enterprises and warn of likely quantitative indicators.

Remark 2

In accordance with the use of individual indicators or their ratios, there can be specific and volume indicators. For example, the volume of output of products, sales or production is a volume indicator. The volume indicator characterizes the overall volume of the economic phenomenon, they are not primary.

Secondary indicators are the specific indicator, which is calculated on the basis of volumetric indicators. For example, the cost of production and the cost are volumetric indicators, and the ratio of the cost to the cost of production is a specific indicator that reflects the costs for each ruble of marketable products.

Business results

Among the results of the economic activity of the enterprise, profit and income can be distinguished.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of goods minus material costs. Income - a monetary form, including wages and profits of the enterprise.

With the help of income, you can characterize the amount of funds received by the company for the period, minus tax deductions, as well as deductions for consumption.

Most often, income is subject to taxation, then after deducting the tax it can be divided into consumption funds, investment and insurance funds.

Definition 2

Profit is the part of the proceeds that remains after the reimbursement of the costs of production and marketing of products. Under the condition of a market economy, profit is a source of replenishment of the revenue side of the local and state budget, the development of the company, its innovative activities, and the satisfaction of the material interests of the workforce and the company's owners.

The volume of manufactured products, its quality and assortment, cost price, pricing system and other factors influence the amount of income and profit.

Profit can affect, in turn, the profitability, solvency of the company.

The main results of economic activity. Theme III

Business performance indicators

Business results

Popular