A flight for the purpose of delivering cargo. Determination of the optimal option for loading the aircraft and the route for the transportation of commercial cargo

Requirements for tare and packaging of goods

The concept of container and packaging.

The goods presented for transportation, depending on the packaging and the carrier, are divided into groups:

transported in containers;

transported without containers;

transported in containers and without containers, but with partial protection of individual units.

According to its purpose, the container is divided into consumer and transport.

Consumer packaging is packaging (bottles, cans, boxes, etc.) that is used for packaging goods and presenting them after delivery to the consumer.

Additional packaging (cardboard boxes, bags, covers, etc.) is used to protect products from climatic and aggressive environmental influences.

Shipping container - an element of packaging (boxes, barrels, flasks, bags, etc.). It is designed for packaging various goods that can be prepackaged in consumer or additional containers.

The shipping container serves to place in it gaseous, liquid, bulk piece products, as well as individual products, the shipping container takes on itself, as a rule, external mechanical and climatic influences, provides the possibility of transporting and storing products, protecting them from loss and theft, creates the ability to perform loading and unloading operations, as well as stacking during storage.

Depending on the design of the container and the ability to retain its original shape, it is divided into rigid, semi-rigid and soft.

Rigid containers include: barrels, boxes, cans, tanks, bottles, etc. Rigid containers are made of metal, wood, plastic, glass, paper pulp and a number of other materials.

Semi-rigid containers include: baskets, boxes and boxes made of cardboard, polymers or plastics.

Soft packaging is made from various fabrics, films polymer materials and paper.

Types of packaging:

The packaging process is the manufacture of packaging by means of combining goods and own packaging made according to a certain technology using packaging machines, devices and devices or manually.

Packaging is understood as a set of protective measures and material means for the preparation of industrial and agricultural products, transportation and storage, to ensure a transportable state.

When packing goods in containers, cushioning and wrapping material is used, which is designed to cushion and protect the goods from damage. For this purpose, shavings, paper, cardboard, cotton wool, polystyrene and other materials are used. In the process of transportation, three main groups of internal and external influences influence the goods:

mechanical - shocks, shocks, friction, vibration, static loads;

climatic - precipitation, temperature changes, air humidity, solar radiation, etc.

biological - the vital activity of microbes, insects, rodents, etc.

Based on these conditions, it is necessary to choose a method of protecting goods from damage during transportation. Packaging should not only protect the cargo, but also ensure the convenience of reloading operations.

Responsibilities for compliance with the standards for containers and packaging and the choice of new types are assigned to the sender.

Requirements for the packaging and tare of goods transported by air.

Cargoes transported by air must be properly tare and packaged in accordance with applicable standards and specifications. Cargoes, for the container and packaging of which the standards must be packed in serviceable containers, ensuring the possibility of their reliable mooring and safety, upon agreement with the carrier, can be transported without packaging.

The packaging of the cargo presented for transportation by air must be dry and clean, the cargo must not have pointed corners, protrusions and other things that could infect or damage the premises of the aircraft and their equipment, as well as baggage, mail and cargo.

The packaging of dangerous goods for air transport must comply with the requirements established by the standard and the Rules for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. Packing in one container of dangerous goods together with any other goods is prohibited.

Metal, glass, ceramic, wooden, plastic and other containers in which liquid and other cargoes to be transported by air are packed (filled) must withstand an internal overpressure of 145 mm Hg, depending on the flight altitude and temperature ± 56 ° C, and fully guaranteed against leakage, spillage or spillage of the containing.

Loads with soft packaging must be tied with strong ropes, packaging protection with identical threads without knots. At the ends of the threads, there should be standard seals of the sender with clear prints of digital or letter images.

The tare or packaging of the places handed over for transportation with a declared value must be standard, have clear notes about the sealing of the cargo, and the name of the shipping seals is indicated on the consignment note.

Perishable fruits and vegetables and other cargoes can be transported by air in packages accepted for transportation by other modes of transport, taking into account the above on the reliability of packaging and operating conditions. aircraft.

Cargoes, the packaging of which does not meet the listed requirements, are not allowed for transportation.

In order to ensure the safety of aircraft flights, as well as to exclude the possibility of damage or contamination of aircraft premises or places of cargo, mail and baggage, it is prohibited to accept for transportation without packaging (tare) unsuitable for air transport, or mooring, the properties and configuration of which do not guarantee air transport safety.

Cargo marking and handling signs

Marking is the application of signs, signatures and drawings on the cargo to identify it and indicate the methods of transportation, processing and storage.

The main purpose of the marking:

Ensuring the safety of cargo during loading and unloading operations, transportation and storage by applying manipulation inscriptions to packages;

Establishing the relationship between the cargo and the transport documents accompanying it;

Compliance special conditions transportation and storage of cargo.

Each piece of cargo must have transport markings, and special-purpose cargo - and special markings. Transport marking, except for the inscription of the transport organization, is applied by the sender before the cargo is presented for transportation.

The transport marking must contain handling signs, basic, additional and informational inscriptions:

The main inscriptions should contain:

full or conditional, duly registered name of the recipient;

name of the destination;

the number of pieces of cargo in the lot and the serial number of the piece in the lot (indicated as a fraction: in the denominators - the serial number of the piece) 3/4 is indicated in cases where heterogeneous or different sorts of goods are transported in the same type of container.

Additional inscriptions should contain:

full or conditional, duly registered name of the sender;

name of the point of departure;

inscriptions of transport organizations applied by the airport of departure (number of air cargo, pasted three-letter code of the airport of departure, number of seats in this batch).

Information inscriptions must contain the following data:

gross and net weight of a piece of cargo;

overall dimensions of the cargo item (length, width, height or diameter and height);

cargo volume in cm³.

The overall dimensions of a piece of cargo are not indicated if they do not exceed 0.7 m. When marking goods with a declared value, the weight of each piece and the amount of the declared value are indicated.

manipulation marks.

Handling signs - images indicating the methods of handling cargo.

It is allowed to accept warning signatures if it is impossible to express the method of handling the cargo with manipulation signs.

Booking of cargo shipments

Reservation - agreement on the allocation of tonnage (quota) for a certain cargo on one or more flights from the point of departure to the point of destination. The term tonnage (quota) means both the mass and the volume of a freight shipment.

In order to increase the volume of air transportation of goods by air transport, the fastest and most high-quality passage of goods, and, consequently, the reduction of the delivery time of goods, a certain procedure is provided for registering the carriage of goods by pre-booking the tonnage for each specific flight along the entire route of the cargo.

Cargo bookings are made in such a way as to ensure continuous and accurate accounting of free tonnage on each flight in strict accordance with the expansion and planned tonnage of flights. The amount of tonnage (guaranteed baggage allowance) to be sold is determined as the difference between the planned maximum commercial load of aircraft for each flight and the sales rates for passenger tickets with a certain amount of booked baggage and the postal limit. Reservation of cargo transportation is made within the limits of the smooth free tonnage, which is set for the sections of the route of each flight of the airport of departure.

Booking is made by the booking (sales) agent upon receipt of the following data from the shipper or his agent:

point of departure/destination;

specific shipping date or required delivery period;

number of seats, weight and dimensions of the cargo;

picking of cargo or maintenance of a cargo shipment;

type of packaging, largest overall size;

additional information on a certain category of cargo and special conditions transportation of this cargo.

Reservation and sale of freight transportation is carried out through own agencies, through representative offices at points of sale, or through the carrier's agents for the sale of freight transportation by direct contact with customers, or by phone or via the Internet.

A flight for booking cargo, as a rule, opens 14 days and closes 2 days before the flight departure.

The agent reserves the tonnage for the date desired by the client, or suggests the nearest date where there is free tonnage. Confirmation of cargo reservation is carried out by the control center according to the existing and forecasted passenger load.

The booking is considered preliminary until the shipper pays for the carriage.

When transporting transfer cargo, a booking confirmation must be received on all sections of the cargo (including sections performed by other carriers).

The fact of concluding a contract for transportation is considered completed after the air cargo bill is issued and signed by the representative of the carrier and the sender.

Receipt of goods at a temporary storage warehouse

On the timing of delivery of goods to the warehouse, the shipper consults with the freight dispatcher, airline representative or booking agent. When transporting goods on international airlines, to determine the time for delivery of goods to the airport (to a temporary storage warehouse), the time for customs and other types of control is taken into account.

Delivery of cargo to the warehouse is carried out at least 6 hours before the scheduled departure of the flight, but no later than 18:00 of the current day. customs cargo must be presented no later than 17:00 of the current day.

In the event of a break in the movement of the aircraft due to weather conditions and other reasons beyond the control of the carrier, for a period of more than 2 days, the airline or its agent promptly warns the sender about this in order to stop the delivery of goods to the airport (to the warehouse). Receipt and clearance of transported operational cargo to the warehouse is carried out in the same way as for the domestic air line, with the exception of certain types of control, such as:

Customs clearance. The customs inspector will check the availability of documents, carry out customs control in accordance with customs rules, if all documents are available and they comply with accepted standards, he puts the stamp “EXPORT ALLOWED” on the air waybill, which gives the right to receive the goods at the warehouse.

Veterinary and phytosanitary cargo clearance is carried out accordingly when transporting animals, animal and vegetable products (flowers, seedlings, etc.).

After acceptance of goods for transportation, export goods are placed in a customs warehouse, where they remain until they are transferred on board the aircraft.

Completion of cargo on flights and their transfer on board the aircraft

Loading is completed 3-4 hours before the scheduled departure of the flight. Further, at least 2 hours before departure, the aircraft informs about the actual amount of cargo packed for the flight and is transferred to the department for calculating the commercial load of the flight.

The process of picking and transferring cargo from the warehouse to the aircraft is similar to the operations carried out by cargo transported on domestic air lines, with the exception of the form and filling in of transportation documentation.

Shipping Priority

In case of impossibility to send all booked cargo

(limitation of the maximum payload of the aircraft, a large amount of baggage, etc.), the priority of the cargo being sent is determined based on the list:

human remains, subject to obtaining permission from the Carrier;

urgent service cargo;

human organs (LHO), subject to approval from

Carrier;

live animals (AVI);

perishable goods (PER);

booked but not sent earlier cargo;

cargo accepted from an agent on the basis of long-term annual contracts;

booked general cargo;

cargo accepted for transportation at the last moment.

When completing the commercial load for a specific flight, the person completing the load (senior loader, PSG) reconciles the documents for the cargo; (AGN, certificates, quarantine certificates, and permits, etc.)

Transportation of goods in containers and packaging

Having received information about the arriving aircraft, a customs inspector, a border control inspector, a team of loaders headed by a senior or PSG, and in some cases a representative of the airline operating the flight, arrive at the aircraft.

With the permission of border control and customs officials, cargo is unloaded from the aircraft and placed on the vehicle for delivery to the warehouse. PSG (senior loader), having received copies of the cargo manifest and other documents for the cargo from the flight attendant, reconciles the actual data with the data of the manifest. Also, one copy of the manifest is handed over to the customs inspector.

When the goods are delivered to the warehouse, the condition of the packaging, the presence of seals, markings and the actual number and weight of pieces with records of the cargo manifest and AGN are checked. Having accepted the cargo from the loader, the storekeeper (PSG) notes in the AGN, the place of storage of goods, the registration number and the date of receipt of goods at the warehouse, signs in the cargo manifest for each position, the cargo is accepted with a remark, puts a note on filling out the "Commercial Act" or "Act on Malfunctions".

As a rule, imported cargo is placed in a customs warehouse and is under the customs regime until it is issued to the recipient.

Notifications are logged and noted in the AGN

Practical exercises No. 3,4 The procedure for issuing transportation and travel documentation when organizing the shipment of goods.

Placement and securing of cargo on board the aircraft

Loading onto the aircraft and securing luggage, mail and cargo are integral parts of the aircraft's commercial support at the initial and intermediate airports.

The main task of this stage of the commercial support of the aircraft is its timely loading in strict accordance with the CG and the loading scheme, the reliable fastening of baggage, mail and cargo, which is a guarantee of flight safety.

The start and end time of aircraft loading at the initial airport is determined by the technological schedules - preparation of the aircraft for departure. Loading of a transit aircraft at an intermediate airport begins immediately after unloading and ends no later than 10 minutes before scheduled departure.

The general procedure for loading the aircraft is as follows:

aircraft should be loaded only after refueling;

first of all, it is necessary to load the cargo, then mail and lastly luggage;

loading is carried out in strict accordance with the CG and the aircraft loading scheme in the order of numbering of cargo compartments (trunks) and their sections;

the center of gravity of the load must be in the middle of each section of the cargo compartment or the compartment as a whole.

At the command of the PSG, the airport driver or loaders pick up the vehicle to the vehicle and deliver it to the aircraft parking lot and install it at the cargo compartment.

After obtaining permission, the team of loaders reloads the cargo from the aircraft aircraft on the basis of the centering chart and the loading scheme.

The flight attendant or representative of the airline responsible for commercial loading accepts the cargo, inspecting the packaging, checks the actual number of pieces of cargo with the entry in the postal cargo list (PGW) / cargo manifest.

When accepting the cargo under its own responsibility, the BP/AC representative pays special attention to the compliance of the booked route specified in the PGW/manifest with the flight being operated in order to prevent their mishandling, inspects the integrity of the cargo packaging.

At the end of loading, the loaders moor the cargo in the aircraft. Mooring is carried out in accordance with the instructions for loading and securing cargo, baggage and mail for the aircraft.

Fastening of cargo in the baggage and cargo compartments of passenger aircraft is carried out using:

fastening nets with locks;

fixing nets - partitions;

mooring frames with a carabiner;

mooring ropes with attachment points on the power floor.

On cargo aircraft, the cargo in the compartments is secured with steel cables. In this case, it is necessary to observe the calculation of alignment, as well as the distance between the compartment ceiling, side walls and cargo - 15 cm, between the front wall and the cargo - 50 cm, and between the cargo and the edge of the cargo hatch - 30 cm.

To hold a heavy load, you need to use mooring cables, the number of which is calculated according to a special formula.

Upon completion of loading and securing cargo, the BP signs all copies of the PGW/cargo manifests for the accepted cargo, mail and the availability of accompanying documents. One copy of the cargo manifest for the landing points is returned to the PSG.

Exercise

Route Almaty - Bonn Currency of payment: tenge Passengers 10 adults, 2 children aged 5, 2 children aged 13 Luggage 19 pieces / 330 kg (11 paid) Hand luggage 44 kg Transported cargo - 39 kg (fresh flowers)Issue an air ticket for a child ticket (age 1 year)

Introduction

Cargo transportation- this is a process as a result of which valuable, fragile, large-sized, and indeed, any objects are moved to some place using some kind of transport. In the circle of carriers, as well as customers, the concept of cost, as a rule, means one-way payment for any transportation. It is also not worth linking the concept of cargo transportation with the rental of special equipment or its services, these are different areas of activity.

For the entire time of the existence of mankind, three revolutions in the development of cargo transportation can be distinguished:

The time when man invented the wheel. After that, the process of cargo transportation itself became much easier.

The period in which man managed to tame some animals (livestock appeared). A person did not have to spend as much energy as he used to spend on transportation, exhausting his body.

Naturally - invention and manufacture Vehicle. This made it possible to reduce the time of cargo transportation by several times and, again, reduced the cost of human effort. At present, when technologies are becoming more perfect and perfect every day, it is possible to transport goods in any quantities and over any distances.

The main types of cargo transportation:

Sea container (ships, vessels).

Rail transport.

By motor transport.

Air transport (airplane, helicopter).

Pipeline

Shipping- this is one of the most complex and difficult types of transportation. It is necessary to strictly comply with all requirements for this type of transportation of goods both from the customer himself and from the company that provides these services. When shipping by sea, a considerable amount of energy and energy costs are required. labor resources. But you can see that all sorts of difficulties with the organization of maritime transportation are compensated by all the opportunities it provides. First of all, they are connected with the geographical location of different points of delivery and loading of an object. This type of transportation is the slowest and cheapest among all possible types of cargo transportation.

Cargo transportationmade by rail transport

They are very, very economical and provide great opportunities for transporting fairly large objects. Almost all transport loses in terms of its load-carrying characteristics to railway transport. This allows this type of cargo transportation to be one of the most popular in mining and heavy industry.

Cargo transportation by road

This type of cargo transportation is one of the most popular. Main advantages:

Very fast and timely delivery.

During transportation, full control over the cargo is ensured.

Flexible route planning.

High economy.

Cargo transportation by air

Air Freightis a more expensive mode of transportation than road, rail or shipping. But also the fastest delivery method, especially for bulky or dangerous goods.

There are also three types of cargo transportation:

Intracity

Intercity

International

An enterprise, firm, concern, when organizing distribution channels for finished products, has to solve many issues related to the delivery of goods. First of all, it is necessary to choose the type of transport, methods of organizing transportation and the type of vehicles.

With a rational choice of transport, experts pay attention to its compliance with the properties of the goods transported. The main criterion is the safety of goods, the best use of the capacity and carrying capacity of transport, and the reduction of transportation costs. Transportation of goods by air is the fastest and most reliable way to deliver goods. The wide geography of flights, the ability to fly over long distances in a short time and the non-aggressive environment of transportation make the use of air transportation very profitable and convenient.

Despite the relatively high cost of air transportation compared to other types of transportation (land or sea), the use of air transportation is especially actively used when transporting goods over long distances, for the delivery of which speed and safety are important (food, urgent cargo, expensive goods, medicines, etc.). .).

Carriage of goods by air can significantly reduce total time delivery of goods and solves the problem of transporting goods to almost any place on the globe.

The purpose of my course work is to tell about the organization of cargo transportation by air transport.

To achieve the set term paper My goals were to solve the following tasks:

Basic principles of organization of freight traffic;

Cargoes accepted for air transportation;

Features of handling cargo sent by aircraft;

Handling of incoming cargo;

Transportation of goods on special conditions;

Malfunctions during the transportation of goods;

The object of this course work is the transportation of goods by air.

The term paper was written using the literature on the organization of transportation, the rules for the transportation of goods on airlines of the USSR, as amended by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of August 23, 2005 N GKPI05-732; specialized sources on the subject. The bibliographic list is presented at the end of the term paper.

Glossary

Airline- this is any air transport organization carrying out air communication or offering its services in this area.

Agent- a legal or natural person who, in accordance with a written agreement (power of attorney), is authorized to act on behalf of the Carrier.

Airport international- an airport carrying out international air transportation, where customs, border and quarantine controls are provided.

Departure airport- the airport (point), from which, according to the contract of air transportation, transportation begins.

air transportation- transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail on aircraft on the basis of and in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage.

Aircraft-it aircraft maintained in the atmosphere due to its interaction with air.

overhead line- this is an established line defining the points between which regular air transportation is carried out.

Cargo -any property, products or goods, with the exception of mail or other property carried under the terms of international postal agreements, passenger baggage or carrier's property, transported or accepted for carriage on an aircraft. Baggage, which is covered by an air waybill, is also considered cargo.

Shipper- the person whose name appears on the air waybill as the party to the contract with the carrier(s) for the carriage of goods.

Consignee- physical or entity, whose name is indicated on the air waybill as the party to whom the carrier is to hand over the goods.

cargo compartment- space for aircraft bounded by ceilings, floors, walls and bulkheads, used for the carriage of goods in an aircraft.

Cargo agent- a person or organization authorized by a carrier to receive goods, issue air waybills and collect charges for the carriage of goods and related services. IATA Cargo Agent A person or organization recognized and registered by IATA as meeting the IATA list of requirements for cargo agents.

Mixed cargo- cargo consisting of various goods, items or property, packed together or contained in separate packages, for which different tariffs have been applied for carriage.

Transit cargo- cargo delivered to and from a certain point on the same intermediate flight.

Transfer cargo- cargo delivered to a certain point on the transportation route by one flight and transported from this point further on another flight of the same or another carrier.

Packing group- the term is used in the practice of packing dangerous goods to determine the comparative degree of danger presented by various objects and substances within a class or category. Roman numerals I, II and III are used to represent "great danger", "medium danger" and "minor danger" respectively.

dangerous goods- an article or substance which, when transported on an aircraft, is capable of causing a hazard to health, safety, property or environment and which is listed in the list of dangerous goods and applicable technical instructions ICAO

Sender- a legal or natural person indicated in the consignment note as the consignor of the cargo.

Carrier- joint-stock company which issues a travel document, performs or undertakes to carry out air transportation, and also provides or undertakes to provide services related to such transportation, in accordance with the transportation or payment document issued by the airline or other carrier, which is recognized as valid on the lines of the airline.

Platform- part of the airfield of a civil aerodrome, intended for the placement of aircraft for the purpose of boarding and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading baggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of services.

Flight- this is an aircraft flight performed in one direction from the initial and to the final destination of the route.

Regular flight- this is an aircraft flight performed along the route in accordance with the established schedule.

Charter flight -this is an aircraft flight performed in accordance with the charter agreement.

Strong-smelling cargo -cargo, which, due to its strong odor, is accepted for transportation only packed in sealed hermetic (watertight) containers so that the odor does not escape from the package.

Perishable cargo- cargo that loses its qualities after a limited period of time under the influence of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.), which requires compliance with special conditions and rules for their transportation. Typical perishable goods are food, live plants, breeding eggs, medicines, fish seed.

valuable cargo- any cargo that has a declared value for carriage of 1,000 US dollars (or its equivalent) or more per kilogram, such as silver, gold and platinum in various forms, gems, pearls and products from them, banknotes, traveler's checks, insurance policies and so on

1. Rules for the carriage of goods

Organization of cargo transportation.

Cargo transportation is carried out:

Regular scheduled flights; charter flights on established air routes, as well as to points where regular flights are not performed; in direct mixed traffic by carriers different types transport under one document with the participation of air transport.

For transportation by charter flights, cargo is accepted, the transportation of which is impossible by regular flights according to the established schedule. Carriage of cargo by charter flights is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the Carriage of Cargo on Air Lines of the USSR.

Carriage of cargo in direct mixed traffic with the participation of air transport is regulated by special legislation of the USSR on such transportation, as well as by the Rules approved by the MCA together with the relevant transport ministries and departments.

Cargo transportation is carried out along the shortest routes and, as a rule, by direct flights. If it is impossible to send cargo by direct flights, it is transported with reloading at intermediate airports (transfer transportation) to other flights, about which a note must be made in the air waybill by the carrier.

Transportation of cargo is carried out in the order of the specified priority:

in pursuance of the approved transportation plan;

pursuant to a special agreement with the sender;

over the approved plan;

For one-time requests from state enterprises, organizations,

institutions;

Out of turn cargo is transported:

on instructions from the government;

designed to prevent or eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, epidemics, accidents, catastrophes, etc.;

special purpose (elective, sowing, harvesting);

accepted for transportation on single requests of citizens (personal property of citizens);

erroneously sent or temporarily delayed during the transportation period.

In pursuance of the transportation plan, the carrier is obliged to provide the means of transportation specified in the plan, and the consignor is obliged to present for transportation the cargo provided for by the plan.

In case of non-delivery of the means of transportation necessary to fulfill the monthly transportation plan, the carrier, at the request of the sender, is obliged to provide the means of transportation to make up for the underload during the next month of this quarter. Vehicles not submitted in the last month of a quarter must be submitted in the first month of the following quarter.

The procedure for providing means of transportation to make up for the underload is established by agreement between the carrier and the sender. In case of violation of the agreed procedure, the carrier for the shortage of means of transportation and the sender for failure to present the goods for transportation shall bear the responsibility established for failure to comply with the transportation plan in accordance with the Rules for the carriage of goods on the USSR overhead lines.

Cargoes accepted for air transportation

1 Requirements for goods transported by air

Cargoes are accepted for airspace, the nature of the packaging and properties of which allow for their safe transportation, subject to prolonged exposure to the following factors:

ambient temperature from -60 to +60 degrees C;

decrease in atmospheric pressure (up to 145 mm Hg);

vibrations with a certain amplitude from 5 mm at a frequency of 7 Hz

2 Cargo packaging

The consignor is responsible for the packaging suitable for the airspace. The carrier has the right to inspect the packaging and contents of any consignment. Packaging must comply with the rules and be:

dry and clean, without sharp protrusions and corners;

ensure the safety of the cargo for the entire time of the airspace;

containers for liquids must withstand internal overpressure when the external atmospheric pressure drops;

Packaging may not be standard when transporting agricultural products, subject to the safety of the cargo:

the packaging must be sealed when transporting goods with a declared value;

transfer cargo with poor packaging is repacked in the AP of the transfer with attribution of costs at the expense of the AP of departure;

in poor or damaged packaging do not accept abrasive materials, household appliances, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, bulk cargo, etc.

It is prohibited to accept packaged cargoes, moorings, the properties and configurations of which do not guarantee the safety of the airspace.

3 Cargo marking

Each package must be legibly and securely marked by the shipper with the same name and address as on the bill of lading. Markings and signs must be clearly visible and kept for the entire period of transportation. It is recommended to use a special marker. The marking must contain the following information:

main inscriptions (full name of the recipient, destination, number of places of the party and the serial number of this place);

additional inscriptions (full name of the sender, point of departure, inscription of the AP of departure, which consists of 11 characters, including the number of the consignment note, the three-letter code of the AP of departure, the number of places in this consignment;

information inscriptions (gross and net weight in kg, overall dimensions, cargo volume in cubic cm).

If any of the dimensions of the cargo does not exceed 0.7 m, the overall dimensions are not indicated.

markings (manipulation signs) - dark on a light background and vice versa, the inscriptions “open here”, “carefully”, “do not turn over”, etc.

Marking is applied on the following places of the cargo unit:

on boxes - on one of the sides of the box;

on barrels, drums - on the bottoms of a barrel, drum;

on bales - on the side surface of the bale;

on bales - on the end or on the side of the bale.

In some cases (bars, bundles, coils), marking labels with an area of ​​at least 60 sq.cm are used.

Features of handling cargo sent by aircraft

1 Acceptance of cargo for transportation

Cargo for transportation is accepted by airports and forwarding companies that perform intermediary functions between the sender and the carrier.

Acceptance of cargo for transportation is carried out at the airport warehouse directly from the sender or from a representative of the forwarding company. By agreement between the carrier and the consignor, the cargo for transportation may be accepted at the consignor's warehouse or at another point.

Delivery of cargo to the airport is carried out by the sender's transport. The carrier may assume the obligation to deliver the cargo to the airport from the sender's warehouse with payment at the established rate.

All work related to the unloading of cargo from vehicles, as well as the carrying of cargo until it is handed over for transportation, is carried out by the sender. The carrier can take over loading and unloading operations from the sender's vehicles for a fee at the current rate.

Centralized delivery of cargo to the airport is carried out by a forwarding company. The carrier is obliged to accept the cargo delivered to the airport and unload it from vehicles.

The forwarding company is obliged to pay the due payments to the carrier in accordance with the agreement concluded between the forwarding company, the sender and the carrier.

Acceptance of cargo for transportation is made after the sender makes all payments for transportation in cash, checks of the State Bank or payment orders accepted by the bank. Transportation of goods on credit or cash on delivery is prohibited.

The cargo is accepted for transportation on the terms of its delivery to the destination within the established time limits in accordance with the Rules for the Transportation of Cargo on the USSR Overhead Line without specifying the flight and date of dispatch. However, the carrier may accept the goods for carriage with the stipulated date of its dispatch on a certain flight. In this case, the sender is obliged to deliver the cargo to the airport or to another point agreed with the carrier by the time specified by the carrier. The carrier is obliged to accept the cargo and send it on the agreed flight.

In case of violation of these conditions by the carrier or sender, the violating party shall be liable under the Rules for the Transportation of Goods on the USSR Overhead Line.

Only that cargo is accepted for air transportation, which, in terms of its volume, quality, weight and properties, satisfies the conditions for its transportation by aircraft in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the carriage of goods on the USSR overhead lines and special conditions of transportation certain types cargo established by the MGA.

The possibility of accepting cargo for transportation by aircraft is determined by the carrier. Prior to delivery of the goods for carriage, the sender is obliged to inform the carrier of all necessary information relating to the goods.

Separate pieces of cargo accepted for transportation must have a mass, size or volume that ensures their free placement and fastening in the baggage and cargo spaces of aircraft, as well as in containers and on pallets.

The mass of an individual item must be at least 5 kg and not more than 200 kg, including tare or packaging. The dimensions or volume of an individual piece of cargo accepted for transportation in containers and on pallets must comply with the requirements of the Rules for the Transportation of Cargo on the USSR Overhead Line.

Acceptance for transportation of individual pieces of cargo with a deviation from the maximum mass, size or volume may be made by special agreement with the carrier. Payment for their transportation is made in accordance with the rules for the application of tariffs.

Dangerous, perishable cargo, animals and other special cargo are accepted for transportation in accordance with the conditions set forth in the Rules for the Carriage of Cargo on the USSR Overhead Line and the instructions of the Moscow Civil Aviation Administration on the transportation of such cargo.

The carrier is obliged to refuse to accept the goods for carriage if:

The consignment note filled out by the sender does not contain the information required by the Rules for the carriage of goods on the USSR overhead lines.

The mass, size or volume of an individual piece of cargo exceeds the standards established for transportation by aircraft operated on the air lines on which transportation will be carried out;

The container or packaging of the cargo does not comply with the requirements of the Rules for the carriage of cargo on the USSR overhead lines.

The sender did not present the necessary documents for the cargo, required in accordance with sanitary, quarantine and other rules;

The cargo due to its properties is not allowed for transportation;

There is no transport or special marking on the container or on the packaging;

There is a restriction on the carriage of the presented cargo government agencies;

There is no agreed decision on declaring the value of the cargo.

In all cases when the consignor, according to a plan, contract or preliminary one-time application, presented the cargo for transportation with violations of the Rules for the transportation of cargo on the USSR overhead line and the carrier refused to accept the cargo for transportation, the cargo is considered not presented for transportation, about which a bilateral act is drawn up.

2 Delivery times

The carrier is obliged to deliver the goods accepted for transportation to the destination within the specified time.

The terms of delivery of cargo by air are calculated from the moment it is accepted for transportation at the airport of departure and until the recipient is notified of the arrival of the cargo at the airport of destination, taking into account the norms of time for storage, processing of cargo at the airports of initial, intermediate, destination and for transportation by aircraft.

The calculation of the delivery time starts from 00:00 on the day following the day of acceptance of the goods for transportation.

The delivery time for heavy, oversized and small consignments accepted for transportation to points where regular aircraft traffic is not established is determined by the carrier by agreement with the sender, which is noted in the consignment note.

The terms of delivery of cargo for periodic mass transportation of cargo by air are established by the aviation enterprises of the Civil Aviation by agreement with the sender and are indicated in the contracts.

The cargo is considered to be delivered on time if the carrier, not later than 12 hours after the expiration of the established delivery time, sent the recipient a notice of the arrival of the cargo at the address indicated in the consignment note.

The term of delivery of the goods is considered intact if the delay occurred due to:

natural disaster;

inability to fly due to meteorological conditions;

flight restrictions by order of state bodies;

for other reasons beyond the control of the carrier.

Not included in the delivery time:

the time of delay in sending the goods due to the fault of the sender, if loading is carried out by his means;

waiting time at the airport for the transfer of the departure of cargo by the next flight to the airport of destination according to the established schedule, but not more than 24 hours;

the time of cargo delay at the airport of departure or at the airport of transfer at the request of state authorities (sanitary, quarantine, etc.).

In case of direct multimodal transportation of cargo, the term of its delivery is calculated separately in accordance with the rules applicable to the respective modes of transport involved in direct multimodal transportation of cargo.

In the event of an interruption or cessation of the movement of aircraft, the carrier is obliged to notify the sender and recipient about this and ask for the sender's instructions.

In the event that the carrier is not able to deliver the cargo to the airport of destination and within 5 days from the date of sending the notification in accordance with the Rules for the carriage of cargo on the USSR overhead line does not receive instructions from the sender or recipient on the disposal of the cargo, he has the right:

transfer the cargo to other modes of transport for its further transportation to the address of the recipient;

place the cargo for safekeeping in the warehouse of any organization;

realize the cargo in the manner prescribed by the Rules for the carriage of cargo on the USSR overhead lines.

The carrier is obliged to inform the sender and the recipient of his decision. The sender is obliged to reimburse the carrier for the costs incurred as a result of these operations.

If the cargo was transferred for further transportation to other modes of transport, the carrier is obliged to return to the sender the amounts in the amounts established by the rules for applying tariffs.

3 Information about the movement of goods

The carrier is obliged to inform the recipient and the sender at their request:

about the time of shipment;

about the location of the cargo, if the deadline for its delivery to the airport of destination has expired.

In cases where the carrier does not know the location of the cargo, the delivery time of which has expired, he is obliged to search for the cargo, inform the recipient and the sender and take measures to deliver the cargo to the airport of destination.

The sender and recipient can apply for information about the movement of cargo and its search, both at the airport of departure and at the airport of destination. The carrier does not charge any additional fees for information about the movement of cargo and for its search.

Transportation of perishable goods

Perishable goods can be divided into the following groups: - Products plant origin: fruits, berries, vegetables, etc.; - Products of animal origin: meat of animals and birds, chilled and smoked fish, eggs, caviar, etc.; - Processed products: butter, fats, frozen fruits and vegetables, sausages, cheeses, etc.; - Live plants, flowers, seedlings, tubers, seeds; - Live fish stock: fry, fingerlings, etc.; - Preserved blood, vaccines, biological preparations, etc.

16.3. Only good-quality perishable goods are allowed for transportation by air, which, when transported within the time limits provided for by the aircraft schedule or stipulated by the contract, will not lose their qualities. 2.16.4. Perishable goods are accepted for transportation upon presentation by the sender of quality certificates or certificates prescribed form. 2.16.5. Perishable goods of animal origin are accepted for transportation if there are veterinary certificates (certificates) or certificates. 2.16.6. From areas declared under quarantine, cargo can be accepted for transportation upon presentation of quarantine documents by the sender.

16.7. Quality certificates (certificates) must be issued on the day the goods are handed over for transportation and presented by the sender separately for each consignment. In quality certificates and certificates, the terms of transportation of goods must be indicated. The carrier is obliged to refuse to accept perishable goods for transportation if he cannot ensure their delivery within the time specified by the sender. 2.16.8. If, for any reason beyond the control of the carrier, perishable goods cannot be shipped in a timely manner, the carrier is obliged to immediately notify the sender of this and return the goods and the carriage fee to him. 2.16.9. Transportation of perishable goods, as a rule, should be carried out on the basis of contracts concluded between the GA enterprise and the consignors. These agreements stipulate the obligations of the parties and provide for a clear procedure and time for the delivery of goods to the airports of departure, the need to escort or transport goods under the responsibility of the Civil Aviation Enterprise, the procedure for checking the quality of goods and containers presented for transportation, and other issues related to ensuring the quality and safety of goods during transportation .

16.10. When transporting perishable goods without contracts, the latter can be accepted for departure with an accompanying person or with mandatory sealing of each individual piece. 2.16.11. Perishable goods must be packed in standard containers, meet the requirements specifications, which is confirmed by a quality certificate. 2.16.12. Perishable goods from individual citizens can be accepted for transportation with the permission of the head of the GA enterprise.

16.13. Transportation of perishable goods is carried out, as a rule, by direct flights. In exceptional cases, with the prior consent of the transfer airport, it is allowed to accept perishable goods for transportation with one reloading along the way.

16.14. The carrier may sell the goods in accordance with the established procedure without waiting for the decision of the sender, if the delay in the sale of the goods may lead to their damage or the complete impossibility of using them for their intended purpose. The carrier is obliged to notify the sender and recipient of the sale of these goods. 2.16.15. Transportation of slices of fresh flowers is carried out only by direct flights. The sender must submit applications for sending a cut of fresh flowers no later than 10 days before the delivery of the cargo to the airport. Depending on the volume of passenger and mail loads, the airport has the right to change the agreed rate for sending a cut of fresh flowers. The sender has the right three days before the departure of the aircraft to adjust the application in the direction of reduction.

16.16. Flowers are accepted in packaging (cardboard, plywood, fiber boxes or boxes) that excludes access to the contents and must be sealed, and are sent without an escort, under the special supervision of the flight attendant or aircraft crew member responsible for the acceptance and delivery of the commercial load. After the delivery of the flowers for dispatch, the sender is obliged to send a telegram to the addressee with the date of dispatch, flight number, invoice number and the mass of the flowers to be sent. Upon the arrival of flowers at the destination airport, the SOGP (SOP) is obliged to notify the recipient by telegram or by phone within 1 hour. 2.16.17. Transportation of crayfish intended for breeding or acclimatization, valuable commercial fish, food organisms (fertilized caviar), fish stock (fry) is carried out by regular and special aircraft with an accompanying person. As an exception, it is allowed to transport small consignments with an accompanying person in the wardrobes of aircraft and passenger compartments, when, at the request of the sender, constant monitoring of living organisms is necessary on the way.

16.18. Perishable goods transported in a passenger aircraft in the amount of 2 tons or more are accepted only with an accompanying person. 2.16.19. When transporting early fruits and vegetables on passenger aircraft, it is allowed to take them in mesh bags without sealing as an additional load under the following conditions: - fruits and vegetables must be hard (cucumbers, apples, etc.); - the mesh size of the bag should not exceed 10x10 mm; - the bags must not have breaks and must be securely tied. Acceptance of cargo by a flight attendant is carried out directly at the warehouse from scales, unloading at the airport of arrival and delivery of cargo to the warehouse must be carried out no later than

Live animals (horse)

Live animals and birds are accepted for transportation on the airline's flights only with the confirmed consent of the airline and the permission of the country of arrival or transit for international flights. When booking transportation, the passenger is obliged to report the type, number and weight of the transported live animal or birds.

The Airline is not responsible for the lack and / or incorrect execution of the documents necessary for their transportation, as well as for the refusal to import or transport them into / through the country or territory. Live animals and birds are accepted for carriage provided full responsibility for them the passenger or the consignor.

When transporting animals and birds in the passenger cabin or luggage compartments, the weight of animals and birds is not included in the free baggage allowance and is paid at the rate for excess baggage, taking into account the weight of the container (cage). Payment for the transportation of animals on an airplane as cargo is made at freight rates.

In the cargo compartment of the aircraft, certain places with reliable fastening are allocated, where barrels for drinking water and boxes (nets) for hay, as well as inventory are installed.

Each aircraft transporting animals is equipped with a removable, lightweight, but sufficiently strong ladder, covered with a continuous flooring of corrugated rubber or felt with wooden planks at a distance of 320 mm from one another, preventing animals from slipping. The width of the ladder is at least 1500 mm with a length that ensures its installation at an angle of inclination of not more than 20 °. The ladder must be able to support the mass of animals up to 1000 kg and the accompanying guide up to 100 kg.

Before loading the animals are examined by a representative of the veterinary service, which is noted in the documents. Large animals must be tied. The need for their feeding and watering depends on the time of transportation. Animals during transportation must be accompanied by a guide and a veterinarian or veterinarian.

Horses are transported in aircraft in container-mounts 2-2.2 m long, 80-90 cm wide, 150-160 cm high, with front and rear doors. Usually, horses are brought into the aircraft along a special gangway with blank side walls and placed in a dedicated machine already in the cabin. The machines are arranged one after the other, usually in 2 rows and firmly fixed. As a rule, the doors are at the end of the fuselage, so the horses are loaded first, which should occupy the front machines. To do this, they are carried through open other machines, and then the rest of the animals are loaded in turn. In specially equipped aircraft for transporting animals, loading into the machine is carried out outside it, and then the machine with the horse is rolled into the cabin along the rail device, where it is fixed. This greatly speeds up the loading and unloading of animals and allows it to be carried out directly from the bus to the machine and vice versa. Horses in the stalls are tied firmly and to such a length of the reins that they do not rear up and do not seek to overcome the wall of the stall. Especially obstinate horses are additionally fixed with abdominal straps, which allow you to lift the animal above the floor, depriving it of support.

Also, specially equipped aircraft containers are used to transport horses. Before getting on the plane, the horse is brought into a special ventilated container. One container is designed for three horses. At the request of the owner and depending on the nature of the horse, only one horse can be sent in one container. The internal structure looks like a batman, with internal partitions, separate frames, a special ladder for loading and unloading. After the horses have been brought into the containers, the containers are loaded into a specially equipped transport aircraft. Sometimes combined aircraft are used, when containers are located at the tail of the aircraft, and passengers or personnel are at the front. Inside the aircraft, the containers are positioned so that the horses look ahead of the movement of the aircraft.

Given the various difficulties in organizing the flight itself, transporting the horse to the airport, preparing various veterinary documents, etc. all transportation care is entrusted to special companies.

Specially trained personnel of the transport company flies with the horses, but you can also send your own horse breeder if you wish. During the flight, grooms have access to horses, this is especially important at the time of takeoff and landing. Temperature, pressure and ventilation are precisely controlled during the flight. Turbulence does not cause any particular problems for transported horses, because they are already accustomed to the tougher "bumps" on a regular road in a horse carrier or batman.

The person accompanying the animal (horse) must have and provide at the time of registration documents (certificate) on the health of the animal issued by the competent authorities in the field of health, as well as permission for export, import and transit in international air transportation.

Documents issued only by state veterinary clinics are recognized as valid within 5 days from the date of issue and before the start of transportation, sale, storage. To transport an animal by air, it must be vaccinated against rabies not earlier than one year and not later than one month before transportation.

Description of shipping documents

Air waybill (AWB) - is a set consisting of 12 copies (3 originals, with the text of the contract on the reverse side, and 9 copies):

Originals:

1 copy (green) - intended for the Carrier

copy (pink) - intended for the consignee and arrives with the cargo

copy (blue) - intended for the consignor.

copy (yellow) - remains with the Carrier after confirmation of the consignee's signature, as a receipt of receipt of the goods.

copies 7 and 8 (white) - intended for a third carrier (if any), or in cases where the cargo is sent in parts and one of them remains at the airport of departure

copy (white) - intended for the sales agent.

Copies 11 and 12 - additional copies that follow with the cargo when sending the cargo in parts and remain with the carrier.

The agent in the warehouse weighs the item and enters the weight, quantity, weight, and dimensions in the AWB. Also, the air waybill must have an airport warehouse stamp, an airport security stamp, an agent's stamp stating that he knows the nature of the cargo, and a stamp confirming the payment of airport taxes.

There are 2 types of air waybills - the main air waybill MAWB (Master Air Waybill)and home HAWB (House Air Waybill)). MAWB (main or external waybill) carries a serial number with an airline prefix and is assigned by the airline itself. This waybill contains the names and addresses of agents of those countries from where the goods are sent and where they arrive. HAWB - (home or internal invoice). Carries a serial number assigned by the agent himself. This waybill contains all the information about the sender and recipient according to the attached invoice. Most often, option 3 is used - a combined invoice, in which case, MAWB and HAWB are simply combined.

cargo manifest-this is a list of all goods carried on board the aircraft, filled in in 5 copies, which are intended for the airport of departure, the airport of destination, the carrier, the customs office of the point of departure and the customs office of destination. The form of this document and its use is defined by Annex No. 9 of ICAO. The cargo manifest contains the data required when loading the aircraft, which ensures that complete statistical and revenue information is available. Mistakes made in the description of goods may result in sanctions from customs services, not declaring the weight of the cargo can cause serious problems related to the safety requirements and loading of the aircraft. Entries in the "nature of goods" column should be maintained according to customs and operational requirements, entries such as unknown cargo, general cargo, mixed cargo, samples, etc. should be avoided.

Shipper's application- for each consignment of the shipped cargo, a separate Shipper's application (ZG). When making Shipper's applications The sender must fill in all the boxes relating to him legibly, with detailed and correct information. All graphs Shipper's applications filled out without abbreviations, in detail and without corrections.

Description of the fields to be filled in by the Sender:

Count Name and address of the sender - indicate the full postal address of the Sender, full name. individual or the name of the company sending the goods, as well as a telephone number.

Count Name and address of the recipient - indicate the full postal address of the Recipient, full name. the individual or the name of the company to which the goods are sent, as well as the telephone number.

Count Departure airport - indicates the airport of departure, Almaty . cargo shipping horse shipping

Count Destination airport - indicates the destination (airport / city) where the cargo is sent.

Count Requested route - point is indicated transshipment if the cargo is not on a direct flight.

Count Full name of the cargo - the exact and full name of the cargo is indicated in accordance with the existing directory of cargo names, otherwise, the sales agent will not be able to issue consignment note and the shipper will have to reissue ZG .

Count Number of seats - indicates the number of places, sent cargo.

Count Total weight - indicates the total weight of the shipment.

Count Description of cargo - indicates the type of container in which the goods are packed (for example, box , box , bale ), dimensions (e.g. 110mm*60mm*50mm) and records are made of how the pieces are packed (e.g. edged with metal tape ).

Count Information on handling and transportation of goods - special instructions are given for the handling and transportation of cargo, which may be required during its loading, unloading, transportation and storage (for example, Certificate for the transport of live animals , Shipper's Declaration for Dangerous Goods Attached , Afraid of the cold Caution glass with appropriate markings and handling signs, etc.).

Count date - the date of completion is indicated Shipper's applications .

Count Sender's signature - the signature and full name of the person who filled out the Shipper's application.

Note: Generalizations:Common consumption goods, FoodNOT ALLOWED!

Conclusion

In this course work, I revealed the topic of organization and technology of cargo transportation in air transport. Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main scope of VT is passenger and freight transportation. Air cargo transportation allows you to quickly deliver various goods to Right place. However, not all goods are subject to air transportation. Depending on the type of aircraft is determined Weight Limit cargo.

I described the transportation of live animals in more detail and realized that the transportation of animals requires the confirmed consent of the airline and the permission of the country of arrival or transit for international flights. Also, specially equipped aircraft containers and a certificate confirming the health of the animal are required.

I also described the transportation documentation and the transportation of diplomatic mail.

List of used literature

1. Transport and handling facilities: a textbook for universities. Ed. S.A. Shiryaeva. - M.: Hot line- Telecom, 2007. - 848 p.

2. Cargo road transport: Textbook for universities / A.V. Velmozhin, V.A. Gudkov, L.B. Mironov, A.V. Kulikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Hotline - Telecom, 2014 - 560 p.: ill.

3. Freight road transport / Vorkut A.I. - 2nd ed., - K .: graduate School. Head publishing house, 2009-447p.

Jobs similar to - Organization of cargo transportation by air transport

Air delivery has one important advantage - speed. But not everyone understands exactly how transportation takes place, and what it includes. In this article, we will analyze the main stages and features of this type of transportation, as well as consider its advantages and disadvantages, the types of cargo that should be sent in this way.

Stages of air transportation

Two companies are directly involved in air transportation at once - a transport (carrier), with which the customer (sender or recipient) enters into an agreement and communicates directly, and aviation (for example, Aeroflot). The carrier may work with several airlines that are ready to provide a seat on an aircraft flying in the right direction and at the right time.

Cargo can be transported on cargo, passenger or charter aircraft. Charter flights are organized on request. The cargo itself can be (on the same plane - several packages for different recipients), it is also possible to rent the entire seat on the plane or send a small parcel. The type of cooperation and the aircraft itself affects the order of delivery.

General stages of air transportation:

• Delivery from the sender's warehouse to the airport. This stage is present if the carrier organizes door-to-door delivery. to the customer's warehouse, accepts the cargo after the paperwork (contract, insurance). Additional documents for the cargo may be required from the sender.

• Registration of export documents for cargo. At this stage, the documents necessary for customs clearance in the country of the sender are drawn up. This is necessary if the cargo crosses the borders of states.

• Direct transportation. After customs clearance, the cargo is placed on the plane and sent to the destination (to the nearest airport).

• Customs clearance. If the cargo crosses the border, it is sent to customs post at the airport, where screening is carried out and documents are examined. If necessary, duties are paid.

• Delivery to the consignee's warehouse. The cargo is reloaded onto vehicles at the terminal at the airport and then sent to the recipient. The recipient signs the documents and accepts the goods.

As you can see, air delivery is no more difficult than rail and sea delivery: here you also have to use additional view transport to deliver the goods to the warehouse, and produce directly at the airport.

Advantages of cargo delivery by air

Air delivery - the only way quickly deliver the goods, if we are talking about a distance of more than 2-3 thousand kilometers. Even if the ocean does not separate the destination and departure points, it is possible to deliver cargo by air several times faster than by car or train. Speed ​​is the key and absolute advantage.

The "relative" advantages include security. Yes, plane crashes happen in the sky, but this happens, contrary to popular belief, many times less than on highways. Even less safe from crash than an airplane. In terms of safety, the airway can only "beat" railway transport, with which problems still occur, but much less often.

Another important nuance, which is difficult to attribute specifically to the advantages: in individual cases without an airplane simply can not do. For example, if we are talking about the delivery of cargo from Vladivostok to Kamchatka or Chukotka: land communications are poorly developed here (even winter roads are not the most the best way), and sea lanes can be closed most of the year.

Airways Disadvantages

One of the main disadvantages is the high cost. However, in some cases it turns out to be even cheaper than any other methods (for example, delivery of goods to the north Far East and Siberia). The high price is due to expensive fuel and equipment maintenance.

The second disadvantage is the small number of airports. Not all regional centers of Russia have airports. In addition, it is not always possible to send cargo from the nearest airport in the direction you need. So, sometimes you have to carry cargo not for 100-150 km, but for 400-500 km, to a major airport. However, with sea transportation, everything is even worse: there are very few ports in Russia, and the carrier has a poor choice, so you have to use auto or.

What should be transported by air?

As you can see, despite the high cost, air transport is used for. And there are reasons for that, including economic ones.

Most people expect that the delivery of various kinds of cargo by air transport is much faster than any other means. In reality, this may not be entirely true due to the fact that the delivery of air cargo is classified according to a number of individual characteristics, and therefore, this process can drag on for many weeks.

Air delivery. What do deadlines depend on?

In most cases, the delivery of air parcels is the same transportation of air cargo, and here, as a rule, everything depends on the services you paid for. If we are talking about large and massive cargo, and a separate air transport is hired specifically for this, then most likely delivery by air transport will take place within a few hours or a maximum of days, but you must agree that if this cargo is not urgent, then paying for air transport is highly undesirable .

When it comes to small loads, usually incommensurate with the size of the space in the cargo or passenger plane where transportation will be carried out, then most likely the terms themselves will increase significantly. Here, it is customary to divide air delivery into separate categories:

• Passing air delivery implies the expectation of free or partially loaded air transport following in the required direction in order to load the necessary cargo on it. As a rule, such air delivery is cheap, and its terms are quite prompt, especially when it comes to small loads - weighing up to several kilograms.
• Shuttle air delivery consists in the fact that a separate aircraft is hired, which collects the required cargo and delivers it to the final destination, and subsequently returns empty to the point of departure. Air delivery made in this way is quite expensive, but still cheaper than general cargo transportation, since the aircraft is not fully hired for these purposes.
• Consolidated delivery of air cargo is one of the cheapest ways to transport goods. According to the basic principle of this delivery, all cargoes are completed in separate warehouses, and upon reaching the required volume, as a rule, nominally paid off, the air vehicle transports the cargo to the required destination, from where the air delivery is carried out further, if its final route is not completed on this. Nevertheless, it is also worth clarifying the fact that a detailed kind of air delivery takes place for quite a long time and can take up to several months.