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What types of business do you know? Types and forms of business

In the section "Business and its strategy" they describe the industry, the level of attractiveness of the industry for business, the organization of the business, the forms of participation of the board of directors in it, the management schemes and the requirements for highly professional personnel. Any entrepreneurial the project begins with the formation of an idea for a product, product or service. The task is to sufficiently fully present in the business plan the most important characteristics of the goods (services) offered to the market. It is necessary to give not only general idea about the product, but also to reveal its advantages in comparison with analogues, competitiveness in the market, demand for it, etc. A new product idea usually goes through several stages of selection.

A checklist of questions to describe the business and its overall strategy can be used to compile the section:

description of business objectives:
- What do you see as the economic benefits?
- Will the added value of producing a product or service be a characteristic of the processing and marketing process?
description of the business strategy:
- What stage is the business currently in?
- what stages of growth can be predicted for the next 3-5 years?
description of the main characteristics of products and services:
- price and quality;
- cost compared to competitors;
- any negative characteristics of the business and how they can be corrected or eliminated;
- rules and regulations and how they should be followed.

For innovative projects, the evaluation of the intellectual property of the development and its inclusion in the economic turnover of the enterprise is of particular importance. In most cases of high-tech products that innovative projects deal with, the share of the cost of intellectual property in the cost of a product or service exceeds 50%. There is a steady upward trend in this indicator in innovative developments. In view of the current situation, issues related to legal registration and inclusion in the economic turnover of intellectual property objects created in the course of implementation of innovative projects. Let's take a closer look at some of the components of this section.

4.1. Analysis of the state of affairs in the industry

The purpose of the section "Analysis of the state of affairs in the industry" is to indicate the nature of the industry - developing, stable, stagnating. It is recommended that the following questions be reflected in the section:

General characteristics of the needs and volume of production in the region or Russia. The significance of this production for the economic and social development country or region.
The expected share of the organization in the production of products in the region or in Russia.
Potential competitors (indicate the names and addresses of the main manufacturers of goods, their strengths and weak sides).
What and where analogues of the product have appeared over the past 3 years.

its raw material base;
segment (niche) of the market and the share of the enterprise on it;
potential customers and their opportunities;
regional structure of production;
fixed assets and their structure;

In addition, economic situations differ not only in time, but also in space - by districts and regions. It is more difficult to penetrate into a monopolized industry than into a competitive one. The choice of the field of activity is carried out by the entrepreneur by choosing one of the main types of business (Table 4.1).

Analysis investment attractiveness The business sector consists of three stages:

multivariate analysis of the level of intensity of industry competitiveness;
determination of the stage of development of the chosen industry;
direct analysis of the investment attractiveness of the industry (Fig. 4.1).

Table 4.1. a brief description of main types of business

Business type	Main functions	Organizational forms
Industrial	Production of goods, works, provision of services	Commercial organizations (enterprises, firms, companies)
Commercial	Purchase and sale of goods and services	Trade organizations, commodity exchanges
Financial	Purchase and sale of currency, valuable papers, investment	Banks, stock exchanges, financial companies, trust and other organizations
Intermediary	Provision of services	Commercial organizations
Insurance	Insurance and reinsurance	Insurance companies

Intensity of competition in the industry

Rice. 4.1.

When choosing a business area and industry, information about their position in the global division of labor and on international market, export opportunities, as well as production and technical relations with other sectors of the national economy, for which the products of this industry may be of interest.

In any country, there are prohibited areas of business (smuggling, pornography, etc.), as well as activities that are the subject of state monopoly (weapons, pesticides, drugs, etc.). For many entrepreneurs, there are also economic restrictions on penetration into a particular industry: a high level of initial capital; long payback period invested funds; uncertainty in achieving profit (education, etc.).

It is also necessary to take into account the current conjuncture, since entrepreneurial activity is subject to cyclicality: prosperity, stagnation, decline.

For success in business, it is important not only to correctly define the market for yourself, but also to find your own, often very narrow area, a place that is not yet occupied. A start-up business is looking for a "niche" in the market that is underused by competitors, i.e. defines a limited scope of entrepreneurial activity, focused on a specific consumer and allowing a businessman to realize his potential in the most effective way. The search for a "niche" in the market resembles the search for free space, a vacuum that needs to be filled as soon as possible. In essence, the "niche" of the market is a combination of urgent and fully realized needs and problems of society with non-traditional forms, ways, methods of solving and satisfying them.

In the economy of any country, it is possible to profitably discover and fill thousands and thousands of "niches" even in traditional and long-established markets. Many successful companies owe their rapid growth not to the fact that their management sought to create New Product but because it has introduced the same product or service to the market as other firms in the same industry, but in a very different way.

4.2. Competition

Competition is an integral part of the market, even if there are no competitors now, they will inevitably appear if your business is successful. This subsection is designed to show knowledge of market conditions, its competitors, their characteristics, strategy and tactics.

You can learn a lot from competitors who came to the market earlier, as well as from those who are engaged in a similar business in another city. Information can be collected both indirectly and by asking them questions (of course, they will not answer all questions, especially if they feel you are a competitor).

There are various ways and forms of competitiveness analysis.

In the most generalized form, they can be summarized in a logical chain showing for each competitor the volume of production, its strengths and weaknesses, as well as its own strengths and weaknesses in comparison with it.

Information on competitiveness will help in the future when assessing the risk of project implementation.

Among the main indicators considered in the analysis of competitiveness, the strengths and weaknesses of a competitor and one's own, one can note such as the range of products (services) manufactured or being prepared for release, their price, advertising system, availability, sales network, sales service, guarantees, customer service, level of sellers. The comparison is based on the requirements of buyers for the product, the opinions of buyers about competitors.

If necessary, a deeper analysis of the main competitors is carried out, including their financial condition, balance sheet structure, flexibility of transition to new products (modernization of manufactured products), level of technology, parameters of technological equipment, personnel qualifications, quality control system, opportunities for expanding production, speed of response of the enterprise management system to changes in the market, scientific, technical and engineering base.

The text part of the section usually provides generalized information about your competitiveness and the prospects (strategy) for its increase (or retention), as well as additional information to the table, which presents the most significant competitors and lists their strengths and weaknesses relative to the project being developed.

In this subsection, it is necessary to convincingly show your competitive advantages in the text part of the subsection and the corresponding tables.

I would like to especially warn against underestimating this subsection. One of the axioms of entrepreneurship says: "If you do not know your competitors and their weaknesses, then your project is adventurous."

An example of assessing the level of competition for a new enterprise is presented in the table. To conduct a comparative assessment, the parameters by which a comparative assessment of enterprises is carried out are determined. The parameters are combined into groups and each group is assigned a weighting factor that determines the importance of the group's indicators in the integral assessment of the quality of the enterprise being evaluated. The sum of these weighting factors is equal to one. Expert assessments the enterprises under consideration are classified according to each of the parameters. The assessment range is from 0 to 10, a higher indicator corresponds to a higher level of development of this indicator.

Sum of group indicators characterizes the rating of the enterprises under consideration among competitors, allows you to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise. Similarly, the quality of the services provided or goods produced can be assessed, while the characteristics of similar products or services produced will be considered as parameters.

Of course, the activities of all businessmen pursue one key goal - making good profits, regardless of what types of business are used.

According to the volume of products produced and the breadth of the sphere of influence, the business is divided into small, medium and large.

For the average citizen of Russia, an analysis of the types of small business will be relevant. That is why we will start the conversation with detailed classification types of small business that anyone who has certain conditions for starting it can do. Next, consider the 4 main types of business, their nuances and typical mistakes.

Based on the various interests of a novice entrepreneur, we offer a convenient classification of types of small businesses according to various parameters, which are schematically displayed in the two tables below.

Table 1.

	Types of small business on a territorial basis	Types of activities by season

By reading the articles at the links provided in the tables, you can find out about 51 categories of profitable ideas for women. Each business idea presented in the category of women's types of business is unique. Some ideas are about beauty and health, other ideas are about fashion. This category also collected many ideas related to breastfeeding, holiday mail, making money on jewelry, and also on image.

Types of business for pensioners, suitable for everyone who is over 50 years old. All the ideas in this category are simple, easy and fun. They will be of interest to all pensioners who are sad from boredom and have at least a small entrepreneurial streak.

Businesses for starters have collected ideas for a young audience that is burning with enthusiasm and energy. This category includes ideas for making money on perfumery, on services for organizing holidays, on window dressing. Here you can find ideas for making money on organizing trips and organizing rental scooters.

The category of family entrepreneurship will be relevant to those families where the work will be based on family support and mutual assistance of each family member. This category includes money making ideas from home by breeding chinchillas, organizing a wine bank and many other things that will be profitable and interesting.

Also, types of businesses can be broken down by niche, by the parameter of investments and by the source of profitable ideas. We look at the table. You can follow the links and find out all the necessary information about a particular type of business.

Table 2.

Small business niches	Attachment size	Source of ideas

The classification of types of small business described above is conditional. We sorted profitable ideas categorized for easy searching. With the help of this classification, each potential entrepreneur will be able to choose for himself the type of activity that will be relevant for him at the moment.

But before choosing certain kind activities, it will be useful to familiarize yourself with the generally accepted classification of types of business and find out the key features of each area.

And so, all kinds profitable business, according to the generally accepted classification, are divided into four groups:

production;
commercial transactions;
activities in the field of finance;
activities based on the provision of various kinds of services.

Below we will discuss all types of business separately, we will understand the features of each, their pros and cons.

Type of business based on production activities

This type of business is considered leading and quite cash. Although there are other most profitable types business. The purpose of its creation is the organization of production. The described type of earnings implies the creation of organizations that produce various products, ranging from cosmetics, clothing, perfumes, construction products. Pharmaceutical companies pharmaceutical companies and automobile concerns are also included in this category.

Industrial entrepreneurship is recognized as a platform that forms the modern market economy of the state. As part of this type of activity, raw materials are processed and converted into goods that are completely ready for sale.

Production activities involve the acquisition working capital, which will be necessary for the manufacture of goods for various purposes. Technology is extremely important for this field of activity. Although this factor is important today in any area, no matter what types of business are implied.

Fixed assets actively used by entrepreneurs for production finished products are usually characterized by a fairly long service life. In view of this, the entrepreneur who has studied everything existing species profitable business and chose this activity - should not count on the transfer of the value of fixed assets to finished products in one or two cycles. Practice shows that in such a business, funds are usually frozen for a fairly long period of time.

Another important cost item will be wages. work force. Also, one should not forget about paying for the delivery of materials, paying for the rent of warehouses for storing products (in case the warehouses are not their own, but rented).

It should also be remembered that cash injections will be needed to carry out repair work, to pay for staff training. It is imperative to provide for force majeure circumstances that always arise in any production process.

Typical beginner mistakes or how not to make a mistake at the start?

Where can I get money to start my own business? This is the problem faced by 95% of new entrepreneurs! In the article, we have revealed the most relevant ways to obtain start-up capital for an entrepreneur. We also recommend that you carefully study the results of our experiment in exchange earnings:

Despite the described number of costs, this category of business is considered quite profitable, so the production activity has always been relevant. If the business does not give the desired results, you need to analyze the factors that could contribute to this. There are usually several reasons:

unprofessional incompetent labor force;
savings on quality equipment;
low-quality raw materials;
wrong business plan.

To better understand whether it is worth starting this business, you need to study its negative and positive aspects. The positive aspects are:

in the serious social significance of this activity;
in stable state support.

Negative aspects manifest themselves:

in close connection of business with the state of the market economy;
in too strong intervention of the state apparatus in some aspects;
in extremely high risks and in the complexity of doing business.

The production type of business is designed for a long-term payback period. Therefore, the effectiveness of it will not be tangible immediately. Given this, the state apparatus is trying in every possible way to support it, developing a number of state programs aimed at stimulating the production type of business. But in view of the fact that most entrepreneurs strive for momentary profit, very often businessmen go to the deterioration of the quality of their products, agree to falsify goods and often go to plunder natural resources. The state, knowing this, obliges businessmen to license their business.

Organized Business - What you need to know

Points of resale of goods can be both ground-based and virtual. Example - Russian trading platforms reselling Chinese goods purchased online from popular Chinese websites such as AliExpress or TaoBao.

If you are interested in doing business with China, check out this helpful resource:

In fact, the merchant's earnings are based on the difference between the purchase price and the sale price. This type of activity quickly pays off, but it is dependent on fluctuations in demand. The companion of this type of business has always been, is and will be good publicity. And today, thanks to the ubiquitous presence of the Internet, the challenge of developing a good advertising campaign solved very quickly and inexpensively. commercial view business can be developed to any scale - from regional, all-Russian to international.

The advantages of the type of activity described above are:

in brilliant indicators of profitability;
in the speed of promotion;
in the small amount of start-up capital that may be required;
in weak state intervention;
in ease of operations.

The cons are:

in close connection with the level of development of production;
highly dependent on the level of knowledge of the staff;

When choosing this successful type of business, a person must remember that there is also a backlog in the development of this business. And if it is, there may be several reasons for this:

the entrepreneur's lack of marketing knowledge;
the absence of a person who is directly involved in the sale / sale of goods - oratorical talent;
the lack of a "business vein" in a businessman.

Type of business based on financial representation

This activity requires economic knowledge and the ability to understand politics from participants in the activity. Only diligent, attentive and purposeful people will be able to work successfully in the financial representation. This area is associated with continuous money circulation, which also includes credit relations. In turn, this activity is divided into banking business, operations related to insurance, as well as audit, leasing business and activities based on the operations of stock exchanges.

Risky business! Why?

It is generally accepted that this type of business is the most risky. Because of this, state regulation processes always take place here. "Survive" here is possible only for a few. The largest percentage of firms involved in this type of activity are serious market players that are distinguished by such important competitive advantages, as:

the ability to quickly accumulate resources;
flexibility;
flawless resource mobility;
ease of making all financial transactions.

Weaknesses of the activity described above are:

at serious risk;
in the strong dependence of business on political events taking place in the country and the world;
in strong connection with the state of international financial markets;
too much government intervention.

Usually large market players have access to the international format.

Organization of a business for the sale of services - why is it so popular?

Today, this type of business is progressing noticeably. Cafes, restaurants, children's clubs, mugs open everywhere foreign languages. Before our eyes, beauty salons and car washes are growing. This growth in service businesses is due to the ease of opening them. In addition to the simplicity of their opening, this type of business attracts novice businessmen. minimum investment, which may be required to start.

But there are also such areas of this activity when investments are simply necessary. For example, serious investments will be required to open a beauty salon or a fitness club. The sphere of business services has been considered especially profitable in the last decade. This area includes law firms, consulting firms.

To understand what this activity implies, it is enough to delve into its weaknesses and learn about its negative aspects.

The strengths of this business are represented by:

flexibility;
the ability to quickly accumulate resources;
simplicity of business transactions;
a high level of profitability, in particular if it is the sphere of modern business services.

Negative points are expressed:

heavily dependent on political incidents, in particular if it is the sphere of modern business services;
in constant state regulation;
in direct relation to the education of the personnel involved.

Summing up

Each potential entrepreneur must clearly distinguish between types of business and understand that the most profitable types of business necessarily require serious investments from an entrepreneur. You should choose for yourself the type of activity that, based on their specific conditions and circumstances, will be the best option.

Modern business has a lot of directions, strategies and implementation schemes. Of course, every idea requires individual approach. An entrepreneur, he is like an artist - he paints a picture that is unique in its kind and has its own color shades. However, any business is focused on making a profit, and therefore there is a seller and a buyer in its chain. It is this fact that allows the market to intervene in the creative process of an entrepreneur and subordinate it to its own laws, namely, to determine the main types of their business. I think we can go to the definition:

There are three main types of business: trading commercial activity, provision of services and production of products.

Whatever you do, no matter what ingenious schemes you invent, in the end, all the same, your activity will be tied to one, two, or all three main types of business at once. I propose to consider them in detail, as well as to identify the advantages and disadvantages.

Trade and commercial activities

Trading activity implies the direct sale of finished products to end users or intermediaries (dealers). This type of business is ideal for people with a commercial streak. Actually, its main attraction lies in the fact that apart from how to be able to sell well, an entrepreneur does not need to be able to do anything else. In addition, there are many areas in trading that can be “raised” with zero capital. It is clear that to open a store or trading network it won’t work without investments, but there is also prepaid trading, mediation- all this, if desired, can be done without investing your own money.

At the same time, trade and commercial activity has its drawbacks. For example, it will not be possible to satisfy a buyer who needs “exactly the same horse, only without wings” or “the same robe, but with mother-of-pearl buttons.” In the product range, the manufacturer sets the tone, and the seller dutifully sells his products and applies the art of persuasion to his potential buyers.

Provision of services

If you do not have a commercial vein, then you can try your hand at providing services. It is more important not to be able to sell yourself, but to be able to do your job well. People line up for a good shoe repairman. Moreover, I want to note that they do not need to be convinced of something and persuaded to turn to this particular master - people themselves want to become his clients. In fact, the master's hands are his sales manager.

This business is full of directions in which you can wedge yourself with little start-up capital. Naturally, there are also financially intensive types of services, for example,.

Among the shortcomings, I would like to note the exactingness of some topics to the qualifications of staff. If the director trading company can recruit sellers in his stores, focusing solely on their external data and forms, then the director looks at professional quality contenders. But to find a good specialist sometimes it is not easy, and it is costly to educate the young...

Production

Manufacturing is a very interesting and somewhat troublesome topic. On the one hand, the manufacturer has in its arsenal all the tools that can satisfy the demand of even the most sophisticated customer. On the other hand, the opening of production requires significant financial investments in equipment, raw materials, as well as in the life support of all areas. production process. In general, this topic is troublesome, but with a competent approach it can be very profitable.

In addition, I would not unequivocally state that it is impossible to open your own production without a huge start-up capital. It all depends on the scope and scale of the business. So, more optimism, friends!

So, we have considered the main types of business. Now I propose to understand in more detail,.

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Classification of types of entrepreneurship

All types of business can be divided into three areas:

Trade.
Services.

By organizational and legal form:

Individual entrepreneurship.
Joint-stock company.
State enterprise.

Business types by size:

Small.
Average.
Large.

As for the activity itself, everything depends only on one's own imagination, start-up capital and the demand of the population. Today, there are many opportunities to start a business from scratch, for example, an online business.

The main types of business that are relevant today:

Commerce.
Finance.
Consulting.

Organizational and legal form

To organize a business, you first need to decide on its organizational and legal form. There are three types of them, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages, so the task of a beginner is not only to find out what kind of business it is, but also in what form to organize it:

Individual entrepreneurship is the simplest form for organizing small and medium-sized businesses. Its registration does not take much time. Here is the simplest taxation system, which is the most understandable even for a beginner.
A joint-stock company assumes the presence of not one, but several members of the organization - shareholders, each of which is responsible for the activities of the enterprise and receives profit from its income. This form is more suitable for corporate and large businesses with several co-founders.
The state form of ownership implies complete dependence on the state. Accordingly, the enterprise is owned by the state and operates with its full support. But today this form of registration in Russia is not common.

In general, for a novice businessman, it is easiest to issue individual entrepreneurship, but only if he is the only organizer of the enterprise. If there are several of them, then more suitable joint-stock company. Now you should think about what types of business there are, and which one is more suitable for each individual.

The manufacturing business involves the release of a product for further sale. This type of business includes the manufacture of food, clothing and footwear, medicines, building materials, cars.

It is not necessary for production to be big business- It is quite possible and a small enterprise, which employs less than 50 people. But, on the other hand, open own business production requires a large investment. The main expenses for the enterprise: premises, raw materials, equipment, technologies.

lack of organization own production that it pays off for a long time. The main mistake that novice businessmen make is that in order to obtain the greatest profit from the production of products, they sacrifice their quality, which is why the demand for products falls.

Therefore, it is very difficult for a beginner to correctly establish a process in the field of production. Need to compose detailed business plan, analyze the market for this production: assess the competitiveness and demand among consumers, as well as find out what risks exist. A completely inexperienced entrepreneur is best to start a franchise or choose another direction.

commercial activity

For start-up entrepreneurs, commercial activity has the greatest advantages. This activity involves such types of private business as wholesale and retail, service sector. What is attractive about commercial activity is that you can start it almost from scratch. This is especially true for the service sector, for example, a cleaning company will require little initial investment. Some areas, on the contrary, require big investments, for example, a beauty salon or a fitness club.

The disadvantages of this type of business include high competition. Therefore, planning should begin with studying the market and demand for certain commodity or a service. The success of such an organization largely depends on one's own imagination and the desire to work hard.

A prime example financial activities are the banks Insurance companies and microfinance institutions. Working with finance is always associated with great risk. AT financial sector not everyone is able to build a profitable enterprise.

It requires large investments, but at the same time there is a small, but a chance to earn good money. It should be noted right away that for most beginners this type of activity is not suitable.

Consulting and counseling

A fairly new direction in business is the provision of consulting services to private and legal entities. As a consulting type of business, examples can be given in the following industries: jurisprudence, business diagnostics, audit.

But when planning such a business, it is important not to overestimate your own abilities. Before providing such services, it is necessary to understand the chosen direction very well. If skills are not enough, then it is better to wait a little with counseling.

Today, earning money on the Internet is gaining momentum. Wikipedia describes these types of business in detail. But still, in order to make money, it is better to think about real ways that have been tested over the years.

It is important not only to invest your money and wait for profit, but also to understand what different kinds businesses exist and how they are interconnected. Because your own business must grow and develop. And an entrepreneur who really wants to organize a profitable enterprise must devote all his time and energy to it. After all, not so much everything depends on the type of business, but on the person who is engaged in it.