The labor force is part of the country's population. Labor resources: concept, structure, formation, development

Human Resources- this is the part of the population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge that make it possible to work. The labor force includes the population both of working age (with the exception of non-working disabled people of labor, war, childhood and non-working people of working age receiving old-age pensions on preferential terms), and older and younger than working age, employed in labor process.

A decisive role in the labor force is played by the able-bodied population of working age.

Working-age population- this is a set of persons, mainly in working (able-bodied) age, capable, according to their psychophysical data, to participate in the labor process. Legislation Russian Federation the following interval of working age is established; for men - from 16 to 59 years, for women - from 16 to 54 years. In any society the working-age population consists of two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

Economically active population- This is the part of the population engaged in labor activities that bring her income.

Distinguish between general and professional performance. General ability to work implies that a person has physical, psychophysical, age and other data that determine the ability to work that does not require special training, that is, the ability to do unskilled work.

Professional ability to work is the ability for a specific type of work that requires special training, that is, the ability for skilled work.

Important aspects of the qualitative composition of labor resources are the educational level and professional excellence. A special role in the problem of labor resources is played by the change in the natural movement of the population, mortality and fertility. The sex ratio of the population also occupies an important place in the characteristics of labor resources.

Labor market. The most important sphere of the economy, the labor market, according to its basic principles of functioning, is a market of a special kind. It largely depends on the capital market, means of production, consumer goods etc. Regulators in the labor market, in addition to macro- and microeconomic factors, are also socio-psychological factors.

In a regulated market economy the labor market includes the following elements and systems:

• legal framework reflecting the basic principles public policy in the field of remuneration, labor and social labor relations;
• state system of employment and unemployment reduction;
• personnel training system;
• recruitment system;
• contract system;
• system of retraining and retraining of personnel;
• labor exchanges; employment fund.

In the labor market, supply and demand are opposed to each other. During this confrontation, there are:

• labor force assessment;
• determining the conditions of her employment, including wages, working conditions;
• assessment of educational opportunities;
• exploring the possibility of professional growth;
• consideration of job security;
• the study of labor migration, as well as human needs in the field of labor relations and related areas.

In market conditions, it is difficult and almost impossible to achieve a balance between labor supply and demand. In most cases, there is a surplus of labor and a shortage of jobs needed for a rational employment structure. So, for some construction specialties, an increased supply of labor and a limited demand for it are characteristic. Task national importance, the goal of human resource management is to strive for a balance between the number of jobs and the workforce. This is also the purpose of the state employment policy.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On employment in the Russian Federation" employment- this is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income. Employment can be full-time, part-time, part-time and hidden.

All citizens who are not recognized as employed citizens in accordance with this Law can be legitimately classified as unemployed. In turn, from the unemployed population, one can single out a category called unemployed citizens.

The economic literature highlights the following types of unemployment:

• friction;
• technological;
• structural;
• stagnant (voluntary);
• regional.

Along with this gradation, there is a characteristic of unemployment according to age (youth unemployment), gender (women's unemployment), as well as educational or professional grounds.

For a number of objective reasons, many people in the process of life change their place of residence with a change in their place of work. This movement is called migration.

The growth of unemployment, the difference in levels of development between countries determine the close connection between migration and the problem of employment of labor resources. In the CIS countries, the intensification of migration processes is also due to the political and socio-economic consequences of the liquidation of the USSR and the further decline in living standards in the newly formed states.

Foreign economists subdivide migration into three types: spontaneous, limited, individual.

Based on purely temporary characteristics, migration can be divided into permanent, temporary, seasonal, and pendulum.

According to the forms of implementation, migration is divided into organized and unorganized.

The further development of science and technology causes changes in the technology of influencing the subject of labor, which, in turn, changes the content labor activity makes high demands on the composition and quality of the workforce.

There is a growing need for computer literacy, the multifunctional use of an increasing number of workers, the elimination of economic illiteracy, especially in the field of production and management of organizations.

All this requires skillful regulation of the processes associated with the formation and use of labor resources. On a national scale, there is a system for managing the labor resources of the Russian Federation. Practice recent years confirms the need to search for a management mechanism that provides the closest to optimal conditions for the formation, use and reproduction of the labor force.

V general view the system of labor resources management within the country can be represented as a set of three organically related and interacting subsystems: the formation of labor resources; state management of the country's labor resources; management of labor resources of the enterprise (organization).

Any system of labor resources management is aimed at improving the efficiency of the use of labor.

The long-term development of an organization should include the task of forming and operating a labor management system, which is extremely important for achieving high competitiveness, and therefore for ensuring a strong position of a particular business entity in the goods (services) market.

The human resource management system in an organization includes three interrelated blocks:

• formation of labor resources;
• development of labor resources;
• quality improvement working period life.

Human Resources - this is the part of the population that, due to the combination of physical abilities, special knowledge and experience, can participate in the creation of material wealth or
work in the service sector.

The criteria for the allocation of labor resources from the population are the boundaries of working age, which are established by the state and depend on the social system, life expectancy of people, other social and economic factors, and on the official state adopted in connection with this. acts. In Belarus, the working age for men is from 16 to 60, for women - from 16 to 55 years.

The labor force includes:- able-bodied population of working age; - working teenagers (under 16); population over working age participating in social production.

The working population includes people at working age, with the exception of non-working disabled people of groups I and II, as well as persons who retired on preferential terms earlier than established in general order working age.

The labor force is divided into the following categories:- employed in social production; - self-employed; - those who are studying with a break from work; - employed in household and personal subsidiary farming; - military personnel.

Labor resources have quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The former include indicators of numbers and composition (age, gender, social groups, etc.); the second - indicators of the educational level, professional qualification structure, etc.

Age groups: youth aged 16-29; persons from 30 to 49 years; persons of pre-retirement age (men 50-59 years old, women 50-54 years old); persons of retirement age (men aged 60 and over, women aged 55 and over).

Sexual structure of work. resources is characterized by the ratio of the number of men and women. Determined by the population of working age. In Belarus, the proportion of men is 47 %, women - 53%. This ratio is considered normal for the economy of developed countries.

By level of education: the level of general, special and higher; by social groups.

The ratio of employees by type of activity and skill level characterizes the professional and qualification structure of labor resources. Professions are determined by the nature and content of labor, the specifics and conditions of functioning of individual sectors of the economy. As part of general professions specialties are distinguished. Depending on the complexity of the work, highly qualified, skilled and unskilled workers are distinguished.

When determining the ratio of labor resources by categories of personnel, workers and employees, including managers, specialists, etc. are taken into account.

The basis for the formation of labor resources is the reproduction of the population, which is carried out through a change of generations as a result of the birth and death of people, i.e. with an increase in the birth rate and life expectancy, there will be an increase in the population and, consequently, in the labor force. The Republic of Belarus belongs to the group of countries with an extremely low birth rate, there are 14.5-17.3 births per 1000 people.

Population migration plays an important role in the formation of labor resources.

Important problem it's unemployment. Unemployment is a social and economic phenomenon, expressed in the fact that a certain part of the able-bodied population cannot realize their labor potential.

By definition international organization labor force (ILO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the unemployed are persons who are able and willing to work, actively looking for work.

In Belarus, the unemployment rate in 2000 was 2%. At the same time, the share of hidden unemployment is high.

Which, in terms of physical development, acquired education, professional qualification level, is capable of engaging in socially useful activities.

Labor resources - that part of the population with physical development and intellectual (mental) abilities necessary for labor activity. V labor resources includes both employed and potential workers.

The concept of "labor resources" was formulated in one of his articles by Academician S. G. Strumilin in 1922. In foreign literature, this concept corresponds to the term "human resources".

Labor resources are a category that occupies an intermediate position between the economic categories "population" and "total work force". In quantitative terms, the composition of labor resources includes the entire able-bodied population employed, regardless of age, in the areas of public economy and individual labor activity. They also include persons of working age who are potentially able to participate in work, but are employed in the home and personal peasant economy, on study with a separation from production, in military service.

In the structure of labor resources from the standpoint of their participation in social production, two parts are distinguished: active (functioning) and passive (potential).

The amount of labor resources depends on the officially established age limits - the upper and lower levels of working age, the proportion of able-bodied people among the population of working age, the number of persons participating in social work from people outside of working age. Age limits are set in each country by applicable law.

V modern conditions the main sources of replenishment of labor resources are: young people entering working age; military personnel released from the armed forces in connection with the reduction in the size of the army; forced migrants from the Baltic countries, Transcaucasia, Central Asia. quantitative changes the number of labor resources are characterized by such indicators as absolute growth, growth rates and growth rates.

Absolute growth is determined at the beginning and end of the period under review. This is usually a year or more.

The growth rate is calculated as the ratio of the absolute number of labor resources at the end of a given period to their value at the beginning of the period.

A quantitative assessment of trends in the state and use of labor resources makes it possible to take into account and determine directions for increasing their efficiency.

Labor resources have certain quantitative, qualitative and structural characteristics, which are measured in absolute and relative indicators, namely: - average and average annual number of employees; - staff turnover rate; - the share of employees with higher and secondary specialized education in their total number; - average length of service for certain categories of employees; - the share of employees of certain categories in their total number.

Average headcount employees for the year is determined by summing the average number of employees for all months and dividing the amount received by 12. The average number of employees for the month is calculated by summing the number of employees on the payroll for each calendar day of the month and dividing the amount received by the number of days.

The average annual number of employees is determined by dividing the hours worked (man/hour, man/day) by the employees of the farm for the year by the annual fund of working time. One of the main qualitative indicators of labor resources is their gender and age structure. The literature uses somewhat different approaches to identifying age groups. Thus, the following qualification is most often used: labor resources at working age, as well as younger and older than working age. In statistical compilations, a two-group classification is often used: working age and older than working age. Sometimes a more detailed, for example, ten-level scale is used: 16-19 years old, 20-24 years old, 25-29 years old, 30-34 years old. 35-39 years old. 40-44 years old, 45-49 years old, 50-54 years old, 55-59 years old, 60-70 years old.

The number of labor resources can be increased due to the natural increase in the working-age population, the reduction in the proportion of those who are unable to work among people of working age, and the revision of the age limits for working capacity.

Reproduction of labor resources

The objective need to study the reproduction of labor resources is caused by a number of reasons. Labor resources are important factor production, rational use which provides not only an increase in the level of production and its economic efficiency but also the qualitative development of the entire social system.

The reproduction of labor resources is a process of constant and continuous renewal of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economically active population.

Effective regulation of the processes of reproduction of labor resources will ensure the achievement of stable economic growth.

The relevance of the study of this process is due to a high degree theoretical and practical significance of the problem of reproduction and optimal use of labor resources for the dynamic development of the country in the context of economic modernization

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See what "Labor resources" is in other dictionaries:

WORK RESOURCES- WORK RESOURCES, part of us. countries with the necessary physical development, intelligence abilities and knowledge to work in Nar. x ve. Number T. r. characterizes the potential mass of living labor, or the stock of labor power, which society has at its disposal ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

See Resources labor Dictionary business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Part of the population of a country or region that has the necessary educational level, physical development and health status to work in the national economy. On average, the economically active population in the world includes approximately 45% of all ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Economically active, able-bodied population, part of the population with physical and spiritual abilities to participate in labor activity Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., ... ... Economic dictionary

The concept of domestic economic science, close in meaning to the economically active population. Includes the population of working age (men 16 59, women 16 54 years), with the necessary physical development, knowledge and practical ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

labor resources- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN human resources … Technical Translator's Handbook

labor resources- Part of the country's population with the necessary physical development, knowledge and practical experience to work in the national economy. Syn.: labor force… Geography Dictionary

WORK RESOURCES- economically active, able-bodied population, part of the population with physical and spiritual abilities to participate in labor activity ... Legal Encyclopedia

Part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, knowledge and practical experience to work in the national economy. In T. r. include both employed and potential workers. The socialist state, in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• The state and labor resources in Russia, the end of the 19th - the end of the 20th century (historical and social analysis), S. V. Bogdanov. This monographic study is devoted to the history government controlled labor resources in the Russian Empire - the USSR - the Russian Federation. It chronologically covers...

The labor resources of the country are formed primarily from the population of working age.

Of the total number working age population(women - 16-54, men - 16-59 years old) in 1959 amounted to 4447.0 thousand people; in 1979 - 5546.4; in 1989 - 5685.0; in 1999 - 5752.1; in 2000 - 5809.3; in 2001 - 5872.4; at the beginning of 2002 - 5918.0 thousand people. However, not all of the working-age population is able-bodied. The exception is non-working invalids of war and labor of the 1st and 2nd groups; men aged 50-59 and women aged 45-54 who receive pensions on preferential terms.

To the able-bodied population of working age includes all persons aged 16–59 (16–54 for women) with the exception of non-working invalids of labor and war of the 1st and 2nd groups, as well as men (50–59 years old) and women (45–54 years old) who receive pensions on preferential terms.

Working-age population- this is a set of persons, mainly of working age (16–54 for women, 16–59 for men), who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process. The working-age population is a narrower concept than the concept of " working-age population, since the latter includes both able-bodied and disabled persons of working age.

In the working population by sex distinguish between a predominantly female or male population. In areas dominated by industries with predominantly male labor, as a rule, there is an unemployed female able-bodied population (for example, the mining industry in the city of Soligorsk). And vice versa, the predominance of female labor (at the Orsha Flax Mill) raises the problem of the shortage of the male population. This problem is demographic and social at the same time, because it creates difficulties in creating and strengthening a family, leads to a decrease in marriage and fertility, an increase in divorce rates, increases staff turnover, which reduces their qualifications.

By degree of economic activity distinguish between economically active and economically inactive part of the working population.

in our country, it is a part of the population that provides its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the entire employed population, the unemployed and women on maternity leave and parental leave.

To the economically inactive population of working age includes students and pupils, persons employed in housekeeping, childcare, sick relatives, and other persons not employed economic activity as well as military personnel.

The proportion of the economically active population calculated for certain age groups is called labor activity of the population. The economically active population in the republic amounted to: in 1990 - 5150.8 thousand people; in 1995 - 4524.2; in 1999 - 4542.0; in 2000 - 4537.0; in 2001 - 4537 thousand people; the economically inactive population in 1995 was 1324.5; in 2000 - 1467.6 thousand people; in 2001 - 1560 (Table 2).

table 2

Economically active population

Economically active population	Thousand Human	As a percentage of the economically active population
1995	2001	1995	2001
Total	4524,2
Men	2147,5		47,5	47,1
Women	2376,7		52,5	52,9
Of the total economically active population
busy- Total	4409,6		97,5	97,7
Men	2105,7		46,6	46,1
Women	2303,9		50,9	51,6
Unemployed- Total	114,6		2,5	2,3
Men	41,8		0,9	1,0
Women	72,8		1,6	1,3

By degree of employment in the composition of the able-bodied population, the working (or employed) able-bodied population and the unemployed (unemployed) are distinguished. The employed population of the Republic of Belarus in 1995 was 4410 thousand people, in 2000 - 4441; in 2001 - 4435, which is respectively 97.5%; 97.9%; 97.7% in relation to the economically active population. As a result, the main issue in the management of labor resources is the question of "what and how the employed population is employed."

The number of unemployed in 1995 was 114.6 thousand people; in 1999 - 100.0; in 2000 - 96.0; in 2001 - 102 thousand people, which amounted to 2.5 percent of the economically active population; 2.2; 2.1 and 2.3%.

In other words, the economically active population is the part of the population employed in the economy of the country, including those employed in private households, i.e. the vast majority of the working population. In accordance with UN recommendations The economically active population includes not only those who actually work, but also the unemployed who are looking for paid work.

Economically active population combines:

1) all able-bodied population of working age, with the exception of out-of-work students serving in the Armed Forces;

2) persons who are beyond the working age, but are employed in social production;

3) persons employed in subsidiary, cooperative and household, personal households.

In foreign publications the concept of the economically active population is analogous to the concept of the labor force. In domestic literature, labor power is a qualitative characteristic that expresses the ability to work, a commodity of a special kind.

Within the economically active population, labor statistics distinguish the concept industrial population(as a set of people employed in industry and construction) and the agrarian (or agricultural) population. In accordance with this, there are concepts: an industrial country (for example, Belarus); agricultural country (for example, Bulgaria).

Thus, the concept of the able-bodied population does not coincide with the concept of labor resources, since the latter include not only the working and non-working able-bodied population, but also the working disabled population.

Table 3

Labor resources of the Republic of Belarus (thousand people)

At the same time, not only the able-bodied population is employed in labor. In addition to the able-bodied population of working age, two groups of the population beyond working age are involved in labor in our society: the working population younger than working age (under 16) and the working population older than working age (men 60 and older, women 55 and older) . Persons of the last age groups (disabled by age, but employed) are included in the labor force.

A shrinking and aging workforce is unfavorable for the labor market

Demoscope has repeatedly written about the unfavorable demographic changes that await Russia in the coming decades. They were mentioned, in particular, where it was about the inevitability of a reduction in the country's population and its aging.

Demographic changes have, among other things, huge economic consequences, which cover all the main areas of the economic field: the labor market, the consumer market and the service market, the savings market, affect the investment climate, social spending and, accordingly, on the system and amount of taxation, on financial flows.

Currently, these effects are not well understood, which limits the possibilities strategic planning in conditions when significant and far from always favorable demographic changes await the country.

The natural decline in the population is an extreme and, in principle, not an obligatory manifestation of the deep demographic changes that all countries are now experiencing. Its appearance, and especially its significant scale in Russia, is a consequence of the particularly unfavorable conditions in which demographic processes common to all have unfolded in our country over the past hundred years.

However, another consequence of demographic change - the aging of the population - cannot be avoided under any circumstances. Demographic changes, generally progressive, automatically lead to a change in the shape of the age pyramid; it will never return to its previous shape. Another thing is that in Russia the evolutionary process of the natural restructuring of the age pyramid was superimposed by all sorts of social upheavals, which greatly deformed its outline.

The evolutionary aging of the population already generates considerable economic problems, since it significantly increases the burden on the able-bodied population by people of the elderly and advanced ages. Perturbative deformations of the age pyramid can seriously aggravate these problems, which is what is happening now in Russia.

Due to the same features of the age pyramid that make natural population growth impossible, in the coming years the country will face a decline in the working-age population (numerous generations of the 1950s drop out of it). years of birth, and the labor force includes small generations born in the 1990s).

The difference is very big. Until recently, the working-age population increased annually by about half a million to a million people, this growth is being replaced by an even greater annual decline. As it was shown in, it will be possible to get out of the hole no earlier than in 15 years, and then only under the most favorable circumstances, for which the optimistic "high" version of the Rosstat forecast is calculated. Only in this case will a small increase in the population of working age begin. And according to other forecast options, this will not happen either, the annual decline will become smaller, but will not disappear.

Simultaneously with the decline in the population of working age, its rapid aging will occur, i.e. an increase in its composition of older people and, accordingly, an increase in the average age of potential employees. This process has been going on for a long time. In 1970, the number junior group of the working-age population (16-29 years old) was 1.9 times the size of its older group (45-54 years for women and 45-59 years for men). By the early 1990s, this ratio had dropped to about 1.5 times and remained stable for some time. But since the beginning of the 2000s, aging has resumed and will now continue unabated. In the second half of this decade, the younger and senior group of the working age population will become equal, and then the younger group will for the first time yield in size to the older one, and by 2025 the ratio of the younger group to the older one will be 0.8 (Fig. 1). The average age of a potential worker, which was 34.5 years in 1970 and has now reached 36.3 years, will exceed 38 years by 2025.

Figure 1. The average age of the working-age population and the ratio of the population aged 16-29 years to its population aged 45-54 years (women) and 45-59 years old (men)

Interestingly, the number and share middle group of working age - from 30 to 45 years - does not show a trend towards directed changes, but experiences strong fluctuations, which can also have significant consequences.

The general picture of changes in the age composition of the working-age population is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. The ratio of the three groups of the working-age population, million people and %