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Calculation of the total labor intensity of the production program. Planned labor intensity of the production program

The labor intensity of production sets the value of such indicators as the number of personnel and labor productivity, therefore the calculation labor indicators it is necessary to begin with the justification of the planned labor intensity of the production program. The number of personnel and its composition will determine the payroll fund.

The labor intensity of the production program is calculated as the sum of the labor intensity of each product (work) multiplied by the planned volume of its output (production of work). Labor intensity of production includes partial labor intensity:

a) technological (T t) - consists of the labor costs of the main workers; it is calculated for production operations, parts, assemblies and finished products;

b) service (T 0) - reflects the labor costs of auxiliary workers, busy with service production; its calculation is carried out for each operation, product or in proportion to the technological complexity of products;

c) production (T pr) - the sum of the technological and service labor intensity for the performance of each unit of work and their entire amount;

d) management (T y) - reflects the labor costs of managers, specialists and other employees; part of such costs, which are directly related to the manufacture of products, are directly attributed to these products, the other part, which is not directly related to the manufacture of products, is attributed to them in proportion to the production labor intensity.

The total labor intensity of the production program (T p) includes all labor costs for the manufacture of each product and their entire amount. Distinguish between normative, planned and actual labor intensity. The standard labor intensity is determined on the basis of the current labor standards and labor standards. It is used to establish the total amount of labor required for the manufacture of individual products and the implementation of the entire production program. The planned labor intensity of newly developed products must correspond to its standard value. For products already produced in the past period, it differs by the amount of labor costs reduction planned through the implementation of technical and organizational measures. The actual labor intensity reflects the amount of labor costs for the produced volume of products (the volume of work performed, services). It is calculated to analyze production, to identify reserves for reducing labor costs.



The validity of the calculations of all other labor production indicators depends on the calculations of the labor intensity, therefore the calculations require highly qualified developers.

Personnel planning

To plan the number of personnel, calculations are needed: the balance of the working time of one average employee, the number of employees by category - managers, specialists, other employees, workers; the average number of industrial and production personnel by category of personnel. Then the budget of working time for the enterprise for the planning period is established. The time budget should correspond to the labor intensity of the production program.

The balance of working time (planned and actual) is a useful (attendance) fund of working time of one employee as a whole for the enterprise and for its divisions. The calculation of the planned balance of working hours includes five steps.

Step 1. Calculation of the calendar fund of working time - annual, quarterly or monthly, which is determined by the number of days in a year, quarter, month.

Step 2. Calculation of the nominal fund of working hours for the relevant period by deducting from the calendar fund of days off and holidays(for discontinuous production) or days of absence from work in accordance with shift schedules (for continuous production).

Step 3. Calculation of the useful (attendance) fund of working time in days by deducting from the nominal fund all legally established planned day-to-day absenteeism, somehow; regular and additional vacations; maternity leave; study leave; absences due to illness; other no-shows permitted by law. Absenteeism with the permission of the administration, absenteeism and all-day downtime are not planned.

Step 4. Calculation of the average working day. To do this, subtract from the established length of the working day the average values ​​of the reduction in the working day: due to the reduction in the length of the shift at night, breaks in the work of nursing mothers, the reduction in the duration of the shift when working in difficult, harmful, stressful, especially difficult, especially harmful and especially stressful working conditions, reduced working hours for employees under 18 years of age. In-shift downtime and time overtime work not planned.

Step 5. Calculation effective fund working time for a calendar period in hours. To do this, the average working day in hours is multiplied by the useful fund of working time in days. To analyze the degree of actual use of working time in the past period, the actual balances of working time are calculated.

The payroll number of personnel is determined by the number of employees hired for permanent or temporary work for a period of one day or more for each calendar day... The average headcount for a month, quarter, year (people) is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the headcount for each calendar day of the period adopted for the calculation

If the amount of work or service standards cannot be established for workers, their number is calculated by the number of jobs. At the same time, they draw up a list of jobs, determine the need for workers for each of them and multiply it by the number of jobs.

For medium and large enterprises, the planned number of employees is found for each of their functional groups on the basis of the standards for the number of employees. After calculating the number of employees, the staffing table is drawn up.

When planning the number of employees, centrally developed standards for various management functions are used. Among them:

■ general (line) management of the main production

■ development and improvement of product design or product composition (H to);

■ technological preparation of production (NT);

■ provision of production with tools and equipment (N and);

■ standardization and normalization of products, technological processes and other elements of production (N st);

■ operational management main production (N p);

■ repair and energy services (N ro);

■ improving the organization of production and management (NL.y);

■ product quality control (N qc);

■ technical and economic planning (N.,);

■ material and technical supply, cooperation and sales of products (Not);

■ operational management of the main production (Ni);

■ work organization and wages(H from);

■ accounting and financial activities(Nb);

■ recruiting and training of personnel (N G1. K);

■ labor protection and safety (N tb);

■ economic services (H x);

■ general office work (N e).

Headcount standards are established on the basis of taking into account factors that affect the amount of work performed by employees. The number of factors is usually reduced to 1-3. For example, according to the function "Organization of labor and wages" one factor is taken into account - the number of industrial and production personnel; according to the function "Technical and economic planning" - two: the number of jobs in the main production and the price of the main production assets; for the function "Material and technical supply, cooperation and sales of products" - three: the number of workers; the number of names of standard sizes of main and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, purchased products and manufactured products; the number of suppliers and consumers.

Calculations are made for each group of specialists: technologists, mechanics, power engineers, economists, accountants, managers of various specializations, etc. The number of employees calculated on the basis of standards can be adjusted depending on the characteristics of the enterprise.

Labor productivity planning methods

The labor productivity indicator reflects the degree of production efficiency. If all managers of the enterprise are interested in ensuring its competitiveness, then one should not neglect the measurement of labor productivity, and then planning to increase labor productivity. The methods of planning labor productivity at an enterprise are based on taking into account the factors of growth in labor efficiency and identifying reserves for its growth.

The following indicators of labor productivity are planned: the growth of output (hourly, shift, daily, monthly, annual) as the ratio of planned output to the base (actual) output, expressed as a percentage; reduction of the labor intensity of the production program (labor intensity of the product, work, service) as the ratio of the basic (actual) labor intensity to the planned one, expressed as a percentage.

A possible reduction in the labor intensity of the production program is calculated for each item of the plan of organizational and technical measures to improve production. Based on the calculated amount of the reduction in labor intensity for all positions, the growth in hourly output is calculated. It is determined by the ratio of the labor intensity of the planned volume of work, calculated according to the actual labor costs, to the labor intensity, taking into account its reduction as a result of the implementation of measures to improve efficiency. The result of a decrease in the total labor intensity is taken into account when calculating the planned number of personnel of the enterprise.

An enlarged method of planning labor productivity according to specific areas technical progress. It is based on calculations of the dependence of labor productivity growth on the size and direction of investment in production, as well as the relationship between the dynamics of labor productivity and the dynamics of electricity, energy and capital-labor ratio. This method is used to roughly forecast the growth rate of labor productivity in the long term.

The essence of the method of planning labor productivity by factors is to identify their influence on the growth of labor productivity on the basis of determining the conditional number of released workers, which is determined by dividing the actual volume of production by the planned output. The release of the notional number of employees is the difference between the notional and actual number of employees. First, the number of employees is set based on the planned production volume and output achieved in the reporting period. Then the savings in personnel are determined in planned period... Reducing labor intensity is achieved by reducing labor costs as a result of improving the use of working time and, as a result, saving the number of employees. The change in the labor intensity of products also occurs under the influence of changes in norms.

Payroll planning

Planning funds for labor remuneration involves determining necessary fund wages (FZP) and average wages for different categories working. The wage fund for a certain period is the amount of funds required to pay all employees of the enterprise during this period. The payroll is calculated on the basis of the production program of the enterprise, the planned number of employees by profession and the level of qualifications, the established rates for piecework, the planned budget of the working time of one employee, the current tariff rates and tariff scales, applied forms and systems of remuneration, existing surcharges and allowances, bonus provisions.

The hourly payroll consists of wages for piecework workers at piecework rates, for time workers at wage rates, as well as additional payments for night work, for unreleased foremen for leadership of the brigade, etc.

The daytime payroll includes an hourly wage fund, additional payments for adolescents for reduced working hours and mothers for breaks for feeding a child. Payment for downtime, payment for marriage through no fault of the employee, additional payment for deviations from normal working conditions are not included in the planned fund, but are reflected in the reporting fund of daily wages.

The monthly payroll consists of a daily wage fund, payment for the period of regular and additional vacations, compensation for unused vacation, additional payments for length of service, fulfillment of public duties, payment of severance pay upon dismissal, wages of workers posted to other enterprises or studies, etc. Payment for day-long downtime is not planned, but is taken into account and included in the monthly wage reporting fund.

Annual payroll is defined as the sum of monthly payroll. It constitutes the entire payroll of the enterprise.

Businesses should control the relationship between productivity growth and average wage growth. The first, as a rule, should grow at a faster rate than the average wage. The value of wages per unit of production and its cost depend on this ratio.

The planned payroll must be increased by the amount of the expected growth in inflation in accordance with the procedure for indexing wages adopted at the enterprise in connection with the increase in retail prices for goods and services. In small enterprises and some part of medium-sized enterprises, the planned WIP can be determined by the direct account method. Initially, the individual payroll is calculated for each workplace, taking into account the obligations of the employer to the employee in accordance with the concluded with him labor contract... The amount of the wage bill for jobs forms the planned wage fund of the enterprise.

The enterprises also use the consolidated method of planning the FZP, in which the planned number of employees is multiplied by the planned average wages in the enterprise. The average wage depends on the employer's wage policy.

The wage bill includes the accrued amounts of wages both in cash and in kind (when part of the wages is issued in the form of products manufactured by the enterprise), additional payments and allowances, bonuses, other systematic payments (payment for food, housing, fuel, etc. .).

The wage rate is determined by calculating the wage fund required to complete the production program and dividing it by the production volume indicator. Salary standards are applied for no more than two to three years. With a longer period of their use, the calculation error increases.

The planning of the FZP using the considered methods has significant drawbacks, since it is performed on the basis of the achieved level. With such planning, the enterprise is not interested in reducing wage funds and seeking their rational use. More precise is the standard for the increase in the wage bill for each percentage of the increase in the volume of output. It is calculated based on actual data for previous periods. The growth of production volumes should be estimated in comparable prices, and the growth of the wage bill - after deducting its growth due to inflation. By dividing the increase in the wage bill for two or three years by the increase in production volumes, the standard for the increase in wage wage is obtained by 1% of the increase in the volume of production.

Main literature

1. Mazin A.A. Labor economics. - M .: Unity-Dana, 2014.

2. Labor Economics / Ed. THEM. Alieva, N.A. Gorelova, L.O. Ilyin. - M .: Yurayt, 2011.

3. Personnel management / Ed. E. B. Morgunov. - M .: Yurayt, 2011.

4. Genkin B.M. Economics and Sociology of Labor. - M .: Norma, 2009.

5. Zavelsky M.G. Labor economics. - M .: Paleotype Logos, 2010.

6. Kapelyushnikov R. End Russian model labor market. - Moscow: Liberal Mission Foundation, 2009.

7. Rofe A.I. Labor market. - M.: KNORUS, 2010.

additional literature

1. Policy of income and wages / Ed. P.V. Savchenko, Yu.P. Kokin. - M .: Jurist, 2009.

2. Ostapenko Yu.M. Labor economics. - M .: INFRA-M, 2006.

3. Enterprise Economics / Under. Ed. V.M. Semenova. - M .: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2011.

4. Chernyak V.Z. An introduction to entrepreneurship. - M .: Vita - Press, 2009.

5. Borisov E. F. Economic theory: A course of lectures for university students. - M .: Society "Knowledge of Russia", 2009.

6. Economic theory / Ed. Bazyleva N.I., Gurko S.P. - Minsk: BSEU, 2011.

7. The course of economic theory / Under total. ed. Chepurina M.N., Kiselevoy E.A. - Kirov: MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2010.

8. Marshall A. Principles of economic science. In 3 volumes. Per. from English / Ed. O. G. Radynova - M .: Progress, 1993.

9. Samuelson P. Economics. In 2 volumes. Per. from English - M .: Algon, 1992.

10. Ovchinnikov G.P. Macroeconomics. - SPb .: ETIS, 2011.

11. The political economy of modern capitalism / Ed. Torkanovsky V.S. - SPB .: SPb UEF, 2012.

12. Shishkin A.F. Economic theory. In 2 volumes - M .: Vlados, 2012.

Periodicals

Magazines: "Economy of the agro-industrial complex", "Economist", "Regional economy", " Economic analysis"," Questions of Economics "," Social politics and social partnership ”,“ Economic policy ”,“ Regional economy ”.


Antique production method in the sources. L .: Publishing house GAIMK, 1933.S. 554.

Scientific organization labor and management / under total. ed. A.N. Shcherbanya. M .: Economics, 1965.S. 270.

What is the formula for the labor intensity of work and why should this indicator be calculated? This coefficient is important for several reasons: it shows how efficiently the enterprise is operating, and also serves as the basis for the development production plan the next reporting period and allows for more efficient resource management.

The term "labor intensity" usually denotes the ratio of resources and the time spent on their production. It is usually measured in man-hours. Sometimes the word "development" is used as a synonym for the concept. The calculation of this coefficient allows you to achieve the following goals:

  1. Calculate how much labor costs and the time it takes to create a unit of finished goods.
  2. Identify in which areas resources are being used productively and in which areas need optimization.
  3. Identify weak links in the technological process.
  4. Determine if there is room for improvement in performance.

The term "labor intensity" usually denotes the ratio of resources and the time spent on their production.

The formula for calculating the labor intensity

How to calculate the labor intensity? To do this, you must use the following formula: work time production of a certain number of products divided by the number of manufactured goods. Let's consider the formula and calculation example in more detail.

  1. To start the calculation, you need to establish the exact amount of time that was used to produce a certain volume of products. This information is taken from timesheets. This document reveals the number of man-hours - units corresponding to one hour of working time of one person.
    To calculate the number of man-hours, you need to add up all the hours worked by all employees. Let's say the company employs 5 people, their working day is 8 hours. For one shift, the number of man-hours is 40 (5 people x 8 hours), for a working week - 40 x 5 = 200.
  2. Next, you need to determine the total cost of all goods produced for a specified time (services provided, and so on). This number must also be taken from the documentation.
  3. To calculate the labor intensity, you need to divide the number of man-hours (first item) by the total cost of goods or services (second item). The resulting value is the labor intensity of a unit of production.

Let's consider the calculations using a specific example. During an 8-hour working day, 5 employees produced 100 units of goods at a cost of 80 rubles per unit. We count in stages.

  1. Number of man-hours: 5 people x 8 hours = 40 man-hours.
  2. The total cost of all products: 100 units of production x 80 = 8,000 rubles.
  3. Labor intensity factor of production: 40 / 8,000 = 0, 005.

How to interpret the coefficient

Now you know how to find the labor intensity factor.

  1. The lower the value of the coefficient of labor intensity is obtained, the higher is labor productivity.
  2. This indicator must be monitored over time - it must decrease, that is, labor productivity must grow. If it takes less time to produce the same volume of products, then the technological process has been optimized, and the professional skills of the workers have improved.
  3. If, on the contrary, the value of the indicator has increased, you need to find a reason that impedes production. These can be problems with equipment, new raw materials, a novice worker, and even a general decrease in motivation in the work collective.
  4. It is necessary to compare the value of the coefficient not only with the previous values, but also with the planned ones. That is, on the basis of the data received, it is necessary to prepare a plan and lay in it an equal or slightly more reduced value of labor intensity for the same reporting period.

What affects labor intensity

On value this indicator is influenced by a very significant number of factors. To correctly analyze the data obtained, you need to know and take into account all the influencing factors.

Each individual production has its own list, but the most common are:

  1. The professionalism of the staff.
  2. Well-organized technological process, comfortable working conditions.
  3. Timely supply of raw materials.
  4. No problems with infrastructure and communications (no power outages, cleaned access roads, and so on).
  5. Motivation of employees, mood in the team and decent wages.

What is the specific labor intensity calculated for?

Specific labor intensity is a value that shows how much time is spent on the production of one unit of products (goods, services). Let's see how this ratio is calculated. It is inversely proportional to labor productivity and is calculated by dividing the number of workers by the amount of work in monetary terms.

Example: 5 workers in 1 shift produced 100 units of products at 80 rubles per unit. We already know that the labor intensity factor will be 0.005. And what is the significance of the specific labor intensity? 5/8000 = 0.000625.

Is it possible to calculate the labor input for the production program

The labor intensity of the production program is an important factor, which will show how many man-hours will have to be spent on the implementation of the entire production plan. It can be both planned - that is, calculated before the start of the program, and final - to estimate how many man-hours were spent on the production of a given amount of products in fact.

It is not difficult to calculate this coefficient - you need to multiply the amount of products provided for by the plan by the time spent (in man-hours) for the production of one unit of goods. For example, a production program assumes the production of 1000 units of products, at a cost of 2.5 man-hours per unit. 1000 x 2.5 = 2500 man-hours.

Economists distinguish several types of labor intensity.

Varieties of labor intensity

Above are the two most common types of production in practice: production and specific. However, economists distinguish several more types of labor intensity:

  1. Technological labor intensity implies an assessment of the time spent by all workers.
  2. Maintenance, on the other hand, shows how much time was spent on auxiliary workers.
  3. Production - is the sum of the values ​​of technological labor intensity and maintenance, that is, the time spent by the main and auxiliary workers.
  4. Management - records the time spent by process managers.
  5. The construction of an object is a special case of labor intensity, it shows how many man-hours will be spent on the entire process of building an object.

How to calculate labor costs

The entire amount is called labor costs Money payable to employees for the reporting period. The formula for labor costs is pretty simple. It is necessary to multiply the average annual number of employees by the average salary of one employee.

For example, let's calculate the cost of wages per month for an enterprise where 15 employees work, and the average salary is 27 thousand rubles. 15 x 27,000 = 405 thousand rubles. If you need to get the value for the year, then the cost per month must be multiplied by 12: 405,000 x 12 = 4,860,000 rubles.

How to optimize labor intensity

The main result of the calculation of production should be the analysis, which will show which components of the technological process need to be improved. Of course, for each individual enterprise, the optimization paths will be different, but in general, the following options can be named:

  • increasing the professionalism of employees, retraining;
  • introduction modern technologies and innovation;
  • improving logistics;
  • analysis and improvement of the technological process;
  • use of better quality raw materials.

Conclusion

Labor intensity calculation is necessary for competent planning and optimization production process... Based on data from primary documentation, you can calculate all the coefficients of labor intensity - specific, technological, service, management. However, after carrying out the calculations, it is important to identify the factors that negatively affect the operation of the enterprise and plan for their elimination.

Table 1 - Labor intensity of types of work in the context of products.

Types of jobs

Labor intensity (standard hour)

Mechanical

Foundries

Assembly

For all works

Explanation: The calculation of the labor intensity of the annual production program or the labor intensity of finished commercial products (TPP) by type of work (standard hour) for each product (A, B and C) is made according to the formula:

TTP =q* T,

where q- annual production program for each type of product, pieces;

T- labor intensity by type of work on the corresponding product, standard hour.

1. Labor intensity of the annual gross output.

Table 2 - Rates of work in progress

Table 3 - Labor intensity of work in progress

Types of jobs

Mechanical

Foundries

19,2*1,3 =24,96

Assembly

Table 4 - Labor intensity of annual gross output by type of work

Types of jobs

Labor intensity (standard hour)

Mechanical

39580+55,8=39635,8

Foundries

28490+42,3=28532,3

Assembly

29200+38,9=29238,9

39635,8+28532,3+29238,9=97407

Explanation: The labor intensity of the annual gross output (TVP) is determined based on the sum of the labor intensity of the annual marketable output by type of work and the labor intensity of work in progress. To determine the labor intensity of work in progress, it is necessary to determine the rate of work in progress by the formula:

Ннп =Vc* Tts * Knz,

where Nnp - work in progress rates;

Vc – the planned daily volume of production, which is found as the ratio of the annual output program to the working period for the year;

TC - the duration of the production cycle;

Knz - cost escalation factor.

Calculation of requirements for fixed assets.

    Active part of fixed assets.

Table 5 - Equipment by type of work.

Explanation: The required amount of equipment by type of work is determined based on the labor intensity of gross output and the annual fund of working time. They are determined by the formulas:

Annual fund of working time:

GFRV = Dr * s * t cm * ,

where Dr- the number of working days per year,

With- shift work,

t cm- the duration of the shift in hours,

R - percentage of regulated downtime.

The enterprise's operating mode is 2 shifts, the duration of a shift is 8 hours. With 5 days working week and statutory holidays, the number of working days per year - 250. Percentage of regulated downtime - 5%.

GFRV = 250 * 2 * 8 * (100-5) / 100 = 3800

The required amount of equipment by type of work is determined by the formula:

n= TVP / GFRV

To determine the accepted amount of equipment by type of work, the corresponding estimated amount of equipment rounds up to a larger integer.

Table 6 - Load factor by type of work.

Types of jobs

Load factor

Mechanical

Foundries

assembly

Explanation:

The load factor by type of work is determined based on a comparison of the calculated and accepted amount of equipment by type of work.

Table 7 - Equipment parameters

Equipment identification

Quantity

Book value of a piece of equipment, thousand rubles

Book value of all equipment, thousand rubles

Depreciation rate,%

Amount of depreciation, thousand rubles

Lathe

Injection molding machine

Assembly table

Explanation:

The book value of all equipment (rubles) is determined based on the accepted amount of equipment by type of work and the book value (price) of a unit of the corresponding equipment.

Passive part of fixed assets.

The production area of ​​the workshop is determined based on:

Accepted amount of equipment by type of work (by equipment group);

Overall dimensions of the unit of the corresponding equipment.

To ensure the normal functioning of production, the size of the area for driveways, aisles, utility rooms, etc. is taken. in the amount of 180% of the production area occupied by the equipment.

Calculation of the production workshop required for the equipment:

St.st. = 2 * 0.95 * 11 = 21m 2

Sl.m. = 2.5 * 1 * 8 = 20m 2

Sm. Art. = 0.7 * 0.5 * 8 = 2.8m 2

The area occupied by all equipment S = 21m 2 + 20m 2 + 2.8m 2 = 43.8m 2

Passage area household premises etc. S = 43.8m 2 * 1.8 = 78.84m 2

The total area of ​​the workshop S = 43.8m 2 + 78.84m 2 = 122.64m 2

Office space (m 2) is determined based on:

The number of company employees working in the office;

Area norms for one employee, taken equal to 6 sq. M. per person.

The number of employees working in the office is 4 (director, deputy director for production, chief accountant and engineer).

Sof = 4 * 6 = 24m 2

The carrying value of the production premises of the workshop is determined based on:

The size of the production area of ​​the workshop;

The cost of 1 m 2 of the area of ​​the building of the production workshop.

The book value of the office space is determined based on:

The size of the office area;

The cost of 1m 2 of the area of ​​the building in which the production area for office is rented.

Table 8 - Book value and amortization of passive funds.

Passive funds

Book value, rub.

Depreciation rate,%

Amount of depreciation, RUB

Production room of the workshop

15000 * 122.64 = 1839600 rubles.

Office space

30,000 * 24m 2 = 720,000 rubles.

The total amount of depreciation charges for all objects for the year:

∑Ar = 640000 + 432000 + 25000 + 73188 = 1170188 rubles.

The labor intensity of production sets the value of such indicators as the number of personnel and labor productivity, therefore, the calculation of labor indicators must begin with the justification of the planned labor intensity of the production program... The number of personnel, its composition and the planned value of the average salary will determine the payroll fund.

The labor intensity of the production program is calculated as the sum of the labor intensity of each product (work) multiplied by the planned volume of its output (production of work).

The labor intensity of production consists of partial labor inputs:

technological labor intensity(T t), which consists of the labor costs of the main workers; it is calculated for production operations, parts, assemblies and finished products;

labor intensity of service(T about), which reflects the labor costs of auxiliary workers engaged in the maintenance of production; its calculation is carried out for each operation, product or in proportion to the technological complexity of products;

production labor intensity(T pr), as the sum of the technological and service labor intensity for the performance of each unit of work and their entire amount;

labor intensity of management(T y), which reflects the labor costs of managers, specialists and other employees; part of such costs that are directly related to the manufacture of products are directly attributed to these products; the other part, which is not directly related to the manufacture of products, is attributed to them in proportion to the production labor intensity;

Full labor intensity production program (T p), reflects all labor costs for the manufacture of each product and their entire amount. It is determined by the formula:

T p = T t + T o + T y = T pr + T y,

Distinguish between normative, planned and actual labor intensity.

Standard labor intensity determined on the basis of current labor standards and labor standards. It is used to establish the total amount of labor required for the manufacture of individual products and the implementation of the entire production program. Standard labor intensity annual production program () is calculated by the formula:

where: Т p.i - total labor intensity of production of a unit of the i-th product (i-th work, i-th service);

Planned quantity of the i-th products (works, services) in natural units during a year(if the calculation is carried out for another calendar period, for example, a quarter or a month, then the labor intensity of the production program for a quarter or a month is accordingly calculated);

n is the number of names of products (works, services).

Planned labor intensity newly developed products must comply with its standard value. For products already produced in the last period, it differs by the amount of labor costs reduction planned due to the implementation of technical and organizational measures. The calculation of the reduction in the labor intensity of such a production program, taking into account the timing of the implementation of office technical measures (), is carried out according to the formula:

where: T p.i.1 and T p.i.2 - total labor intensity of the i-th product (work, service) before and after the implementation of organizational and technical measures to reduce it;

In i.2 - the planned volume of production of the i-th product (work, service) in natural units, calculated for the entire planning period;

Сд i - the period of validity of measures to reduce the labor intensity of the i-th product (work, service), months in a year;

Кп - calendar period - 12 months.

Actual labor intensity reflects the amount of labor costs for the released volume of products (performed volume of work, services). It is calculated to analyze production, to identify reserves for reducing labor costs.

The annual labor intensity of the production program includes the scope of work on maintenance, repair and restoration of units, assembly units, parts and machines in general, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, as well as work related to its maintenance (the annual volume of work on self-service of the enterprise).

Depending on the type of technical service enterprise, the production program (usually expressed in the form of physical objects of maintenance and repair, or reduced to any of their types), the design stage, the annual labor intensity of repair and maintenance (technical) actions can be determined different methods:

- by reduced or physical units of individual objects;

- by labor intensity per unit mass;

- according to the standard (absolute) labor intensity of the corresponding types of repair and maintenance actions;

- according to the specific labor input of the corresponding types of repair and maintenance impacts, the planned annual operating time of cars or the planned annual mileage of the car park.

When calculating by any method, the labor intensity T i must be adjusted, taking into account that it is a function of the production program N i of the enterprise (T i = f (N i)). With an increase in the program, the complexity decreases, but the size of its change depending on the program for different objects is different. Therefore, the adjustment of the labor intensity according to the production program must be performed for each type of serviced and repaired objects included in the program.

To calculate the labor intensity, special (summary) statements can also be developed. Depending on the adopted calculation methodology, the statements are, as a rule, compiled for each maintenance and repair facility separately, and when designing according to the given program - for representative objects. The summary sheet of labor intensity indicates: name, brand and number of objects; labor intensity of one object and total; specific labor intensity, taken in the calculation and final for the project.

Calculation of the scope of work for reduced or physical units of individual objects... This method of determining the labor intensity of work is mainly used for specialized service enterprises. With this method of calculation, reduction coefficients are used, which determine the ratio of the labor intensity of the object, taken as the calculated one, and each included in the program:

T g = N K pr T cr K pc, (3.130)

where T g - annual labor intensity, man-h;

N - production program of the enterprise (see clauses 3.2.8.2 or design assignment);

K pr - coefficient of bringing the production program to a complete machine (taken according to the data in table 3.73);

T cr - labor intensity overhaul a complete vehicle, man-hours (see Table 3.73);

To pc - correction factor of labor intensity (Table 3.74).

Table 3.73 - Coefficients of reduction of annual production

enterprise programs

Table 3.73 shows the labor intensity of overhaul T cr for enterprises with an annual production program: chassis of tractors and their engines - 1000 units, cars and their engines - 5000 units. These labor inputs are taken as a unit.

For technical service enterprises with a different production program, the labor intensity is recalculated using the correction factors K pc (see Table 3.74).

Often in the design of service enterprises (central repair shops, workshops general purpose and others), the annual labor intensity is determined through conditional repairs. In this case, the annual labor intensity of work T g is taken as a unit of conditional repair, equal to 300 man-h:

T g = N ur 300 K p, (3.131)

where N ur - the number of conditional repairs (the number of physical or reduced units of repair objects);

K p - coefficient of conversion into conditional repairs (Table 3.75).

Table 3.74 - Correction factors for labor intensity standards

repair of machines, taking into account the annual production program

enterprises

Table 3.75 - Factors of conversion to conditional repairs

Calculation of the amount of work by labor intensity per unit of mass... This method is mainly used for aggregated calculations, the essence of which is to determine the labor intensity according to the data of existing similar industries with high technical and economic indicators or according to scientific research data. In this case, the initial data for the calculation are: the labor intensity of maintenance and repair of an object similar in design; masses of objects; specific labor intensity of 1 ton of object mass.

The annual labor intensity of an object similar in design is determined by the following equations:

T g = Q and T beats, (3.133)

where T a is the known labor intensity of the representative object, man-h;

Q and, Q a are the masses, respectively, of the object for which the labor intensity is determined and the representative object, the labor intensity of which is known, t (taken according to the data in Table 3.76);

T beats - specific labor intensity, man-h / t.

Table 3.76 - Weights of some objects (tractors and cars)

If the compared objects have significant differences in design, then the specific labor intensity T beats is corrected by the mass of objects using the expression:

Then the sought (corrected) specific labor input T beats and the calculated object will be:

Calculation of the scope of work for the standard labor input of repair-service influences... The annual volume of work is determined for each i-th type of technical impact on the basis of the production program N i and the adjusted standard labor input t i separately for each group of machines n:

where i - types of technical impacts, respectively, EO, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3, CO, TR and KR.

When calculating, it must be borne in mind that usually for tractors, TO-3 work should be included in the standard labor intensity of current repairs, since these types of work coincide in frequency, and therefore they are performed simultaneously.

At certain stages of design, in some cases, these labor inputs should be divided. For tractors, it is considered that the labor intensity of the current repair includes work to eliminate random failures, the labor intensity of which is up to 40%, the remaining 60% are performed at the planned points in time. In this case, the labor intensity of unscheduled repairs is distributed evenly during the overhaul period.

For cars with their number over 300, labor intensity is reduced by 10%, and for enterprises with a fleet of 100 ... 200 and 50 ... 100 cars, labor intensity is increased, respectively, by 10 and 30%.

The total annual labor intensity of the corresponding maintenance work is determined by the following equations:

Or (3.141)

where N EO, N 1, N 2, N 3 and N co - the annual number of technical impacts of this type, respectively, EO, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3 and CO (see Table 3.72);

t EO, t to-1, t to-2, t to-3 and t co - standard labor intensity, respectively, EO, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3 and CO, man-h (values ​​of labor intensity standards for tractors taken according to table 3.77, for cars - according to table 3.78);

K co - coefficient of labor intensity of seasonal service. The value of the coefficient is taken taking into account the climatic conditions of machine operation (for very cold and very hot dry climatic regions - K co = 0.5; for cold and hot dry climatic regions - K co = 0.3; for other climatic regions of the territory of Russia - K co = 0.2).

Table 3.77 - Standards for the labor intensity of maintenance and

current repair of tractors (for the conditions of repair shops)

The total annual labor intensity of the corresponding work on current and major repairs is determined by the formulas:

where N tr, N cr is the annual number of current and major repairs, respectively (see Table 3.72);

t tr - the labor intensity of the current repair of machines of a certain brand, man-h (see table 3.77 and table 3.78);

t cr - labor intensity of overhaul of machines of a certain brand and their units, man-hours (labor intensity values ​​for tractors and cars are taken according to the data in Table 3.79, for units - according to Table 3.80).

Table 3.78 - Standards for the labor intensity of maintenance and current repair of rolling stock road transport

In addition, the total annual labor intensity of overhauls of tractors and cars of a certain brand in the fleet can be found by the overhaul coverage ratio, taking into account the zonal operating conditions:

where η cr - the average annual coverage ratio of machinery and equipment overhaul (for machines η cr is taken on the basis of the data in Table 3.79, for the most critical units - according to Table 3.81).

Coefficient of overhaul coverage depends on the brand and "age" of machines, operating conditions, etc. With regard to the central zone, the values ​​of η cr enlarged can be taken equal: for tractors and machines based on them - η cr = 0.16; for cars and machines based on them - η cr = 0.12.

Table 3.79 - Labor intensity of major repairs and coefficients

its coverage for tractors and cars

Table 3.80 - Labor intensity of overhaul of machine aggregates

Table 3.81 - Values ​​of capital coverage ratios

repair of machine units

The standard labor intensity of technical impacts of vehicles is adjusted in relation to specific operating conditions using coefficients (see paragraphs 3.2.8.2).

The adjusted normative labor intensity of TO and TR for cars of a certain brand is calculated by the formulas:

where t i, t tr - calculated labor input, respectively a certain kind TO (t EO, t to-1, t to-2) and TP per 1000 km of run, person-h;

- standard labor intensity, respectively, of a given type of maintenance unit and TR per 1000 km of run of the base car model, man-hours (see Table 3.78);

To then - the resulting correction factor for the labor intensity of TO for the car (To then = K 3 · K 4). Here K 4 is a coefficient that takes into account the number of technologically compatible groups of rolling stock of road transport (Table 3.82);

K tr - the resulting correction factor of the labor intensity of the TR per 1000 km of run for the car (K tr = K 1 · K 2 · K 3 · K 4).

In the diploma project, when determining the labor intensity of TO-1 and TO-2 with accompanying current repairs for cars in accordance with the Regulations, it is necessary to take into account the additional labor intensity in the amount of 5 ... 7 man-min per one repair operation with TO-1 and up to 20 ... 30 people. min - at TO-2. In this case, the total labor intensity of several operations of the accompanying TR should not exceed 20% of the labor intensity of the corresponding type of maintenance. The labor intensity of the TR for the enterprise when it is performed at the posts of the TR zones should not take into account the volumes of work that will be performed in conjunction with the operations TO-1 and TO-2.

Table 3.82 - Coefficient of adjustment of standards depending on

on the size of the enterprise and the number of technologically compatible

groups of rolling stock of road transport - K 4

The annual labor intensity of TO-1 and TO-2 with accompanying TR for road transport can be determined by the following dependencies:

T 1.g.tr = T 1.g + T 1.g · C tr = T 1.g · (1 + C tr); (3.147)

T 2.g.tr = T 2.g + T 2.g C tr = T 2.g (1 + C tr), (3.148)

The initial standards for the labor intensity of maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport, the coefficients and results of adjusting the standards are given in the form of Table 3.83.

Table 3.83 - Standards for the labor intensity of TO and TR per 1000 km of run

for cars

The definition of the labor input standards for the general D-1 and the element-by-element diagnostics of the D-2, the organization of which is provided for by the Regulations and the Guidelines, is carried out according to the following scheme.

With general diagnostics carried out at individual posts (sections), the labor intensity T d-1 is about 25 ... 30% of the standard labor intensity (10% are diagnostic work, 15 ... 20% are adjustment work performed at posts D-1 after the detection of faults as a result of diagnosing D-1). In the case of combining D-1 with the TO-1 process, the total labor intensity of these works increases by 10 ... 15% due to the inclusion of additional diagnostic operations in the technology (for example, checking the brake system, ignition and power systems at the stands, etc.).

With element-by-element diagnostics of D-2, performed at separate specialized posts (sections), the labor intensity of T d-2, depending on the type of machines, will be 10 ... 20% of the standard labor intensity

T d-1 = t d-1 · (1.1 · N 1 + N 2) = N d-1 · t d-1; (3.149)

T d-2 = 1.2 N 2 t d-2 = N d-2 t d-2, (3.150)

where N 1, N 2 - the annual number of services, respectively, TO-1 and TO-2;

t d-1, t d-2 - respectively, the labor intensity of one diagnosis in the volume of general and element-by-element diagnostics, man-h

t d-1 = t then-1 · to 1; (3.151)

t d-2 = t to-2 · to 2; (3.152)

[here to 1, to 2 - respectively, the share of labor intensity of diagnostic work at TO-1 and TO-2].

Calculation of the scope of work on the specific labor input of technical impacts and the planned annual operating time of the fleet of machines. According to this method, the annual volume of technical impacts is determined without calculating their number on the basis of specific labor input standards, the planned (expected) annual operating time of the tractor fleet or the planned annual mileage of the vehicle fleet.

The total annual labor intensity of all numbered technical services T to.g and current Tg.r repairs for the fleet of tractors and cars is determined by the formulas:

where t pl.g - the planned (expected) annual operating time of machines of a certain brand, moto-h;

L pl.g - the planned annual mileage of cars of a certain brand, km;

q then, q tr is the total specific labor intensity, respectively, of maintenance and repair of tractors and cars of a certain brand, man-h / 1000 moto-h or man-h / 1000 km of run (Table 3.84).

The total annual labor intensity of the overhaul of machines of a certain brand

q cr is the total specific labor intensity of overhaul of machines of a certain brand, man-h / 1000 moto-h (see Table 3.84).

Table 3.84 - Specific labor intensity of maintenance and

repair of tractors and cars

- VAZ 2.6 4.3 - -

When calculating annual volumes of technical impacts, it is necessary to take into account that work on EO, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3, as well as 40% of maintenance work, as a rule, is performed in the maintenance area, about 60% of maintenance work and 25% KR works in the repair area of ​​the service enterprise. Based on this organization of work, it is possible to calculate the annual labor intensity of technical actions required to ensure the operability of one group of machines:

Then the total amount of work for the fleet of machines of the enterprise is found by summing the labor inputs for all groups:

Т ∑ = ∑ Т then, p = ∑∑ Т i. Г (3.157)

T ∑ = ∑ T EO. G + ∑ T TO-1.G + ∑ T TO-2.G + ∑ T TO-3.G +

+ ∑ T CO.G + K TO ∑ T TR.G + K TR ∑ T TR.G + K KR ∑ T KR.G + ∑ T DOP.G,

where ∑ T EO. G, ∑ T TO-1.G, ∑ T TO-2.G, ∑ T TO-3.G, ∑ T CO.G - the total annual labor intensity, respectively, EO, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3 and CO, man-h;

∑ Т ТР.Г, ∑ Т КР.Г - total annual labor intensity, respectively, of current and major repairs, man-hours;

K TO, K TR, K KR - coefficients that take into account the volume of work, respectively, for maintenance, current and overhaul (K TO = 0.4; K TP = 0.6; K KR = 0.25);

∑ T DOP.G - total annual labor intensity of the additional program, man-h.

The complexity of work related to the performance of maintenance and repair of machines is the main production program of the service company. At the same time, in addition to planning work related to the performance of maintenance and repair of machines, an additional program is being developed at the enterprises.

Annual labor intensity additional work consists of the labor intensity of the repair of technological equipment, the manufacture of devices and tools (T roi), the labor intensity of the restoration and manufacture of parts (T type), as well as the labor intensity of other (other) works (T pr).

T add = T roi + T view + T pr. (3.159)

The annual labor intensity of additional work is determined as a percentage of the total labor intensity of technical services and repairs of the fleet of machines according to the following dependencies:

T roi = (0.12 ... 0.14) · (T cr + T tr + T then); (3.160)

T type = (0.05 ... 0.07) · (T cr + T tr + T then); (3.161)

T pr = (0.08 ... 0.09) · (T cr + T tr + T then). (3.162)

Thus, the volume of the additional program is within 25 ... 30% of the total labor intensity of maintenance and repair of machines:

T add = (0.25 ... 0.30) · (T cr + T tr + T then). (3.163)

Nowadays, most of the maintenance and repair work is usually carried out in the workshops of service companies. At the same time, it is advisable to carry out the volume of work on the overhaul of energy-rich tractors and cars at specialized enterprises.

The volume of these works depends on the composition and equipment of the repair and maintenance base, the proximity of the location of specialized enterprises, the production and economic ties that have developed between them and can be determined as the average annual actual value (for the last three years) according to the data of a particular enterprise.

If they are absent, it can be assumed that specialized service enterprises perform up to 80% of overhauls of tractors of the T-150K, T-100M, T-130 types, up to 50% of overhauls of other tractors, up to 30% of the TR tractors T-150K, T -100M, T-130, up to 50% of TO-2 and current car repairs.

The results of all calculations are summarized in the form of table 3.85, in which the annual volume of all maintenance and repair work performed directly by the service company is finally established.

Table 3.85 - The total annual volume of technical work

impacts

Types of machines Annual volume of work, man-h Major overhaul Current overhaul Maintenance Additional program T cr.g T tr.g T EO.G T to-1.g T to-2.g T to-3.g T co.g T add.g Crawler tractors Wheeled tractors Cars of all types Total T ∑

At the end of this section, based on the data in Table 3.85, the total annual volumes of maintenance and repair work are given: in general, for the fleet of machines of the technical service enterprise ∑ T g, including those performed in the zones of maintenance ∑ T to.g and repair ∑ T r.g , as well as at specialized enterprises ∑ T sp.g.

Calculation of the scope of work for the restoration of worn parts... The restoration of worn-out parts is a complex of technological operations to eliminate their main defects, ensuring the restoration of operability and parameters established in the normative and technical documentation.

The restoration of worn-out parts is one of the most important reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of machinery and equipment in the agro-industrial complex. This is achieved by saving material, fuel and energy and labor resources as a result of repeated and sometimes repeated use of units, assembly units and parts that have exhausted their resource.

Studies show that for the majority of machines entering overhaul, on average, only up to 20% of parts are subject to rejection, 25 ... 40% are considered fit for further operation, and the rest can be restored.

To date, a general scheme for the development of production for the restoration of worn-out parts has been developed, which is based on four main links.

The first link - posts and areas for the restoration of parts in the repair shops of large farms. Here they restore a fairly wide range of parts that do not require sophisticated technological equipment for restoration operations. The scope of work on the restoration of parts for such workshops is taken according to the standards (Table 3.86).

Table 3.86 - Average standard labor intensity of restoration

parts (assembly units) by type of work in workshops

Types of work Labor input, man-hours, in workshops with the number of machines in the fleet Mechanical: turning, milling, drilling, grinding Locksmiths Welding-surfacing Forge-thermal recovery polymeric materials Total

The second link - sections and workshops for the restoration of a wide range of parts at specialized enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, equipped with universal and specialized equipment. Parts are restored according to a wide range.

The third link is large workshops at specialized repair plants, equipped with flow-mechanized lines for restoring narrow-range parts and meeting the needs of several regions. For example, one workshop specializes in the restoration of engine parts, the other in the restoration of shaft-type parts, etc.

The fourth link unites large enterprises created according to the principle of interregional specialization, equipped with high-performance technological equipment and flow-mechanized lines, which are economically feasible only with large production programs.

The scope of work on the restoration of parts for two to four links of the production base is determined based on the number of overhauls of machines, their units and component parts and recovery factors of individual parts.

The annual volume of work on the restoration of individual parts for specific conditions is determined by the formula:

where N cr - the number of overhauls of a machine of a certain brand or their component parts, in which this part is installed;

n is the number of parts of a certain name on one machine (unit);

K in - the coefficient of recovery of parts of this name (table 3.87).

Table 3.87 - Recovery factors of some parts

tractors and cars

Part name Recovery factors for machine parts T-130, T-4A, DT-75M MTZ-80, MTZ-82 GAZ-53A, GAZ-53B ZIL-130, ZIL-131 Cylinder block 0.45 ... 0.55 0.35 ... 0.43 0.53 ... 0.65 0.40 ... 0.50 Cylinder head 0.36 ... 0.60 0.54 ... 0.90 0.54 ... 0.90 0.54 ... 0.89 Crankshaft 0.50 ... 0.62 0.18 ... 0.22 0.50 ... 0.62 0.58 ... 0.70 Connecting rod 0.30 ... 0.40 0.30 ... 0.33 0.34 ... 0.42 0.31 ... 0.39 Camshaft 0.25 ... 0.31 0.30 ... 0.36 0.46 ... 0.55 0.45 ... 0.50 Cylinder liner 0.36 ... 0.42 0.27 ... 0.33 0.48 ... 0.58 0.48 ... 0.59 Flywheel assembly 0.33 ... 0.41 0.41 ... 0.49 - - Piston pin 0.40 ... 0.49 0.30 ... 0 , 33 - - Clutch housing 0.23 ... 0.29 0.31 ... 0.37 0.30 ... 0.50 0.25 ... 0.31 Gearbox housing - 0.50 ... 0.62 - - Rear axle housing 0.43 ... 0.53 0.47 ... 0.57 - - Rear axle half shaft - 0.47 ... 0.78 0.47 ... 0.79 0.47 ... 0.79

For each name of remanufactured parts (see Table 3.87), the lower value of the coefficient is taken when calculating volumes for the needs of only overhaul of machines and their components, and the upper one additionally takes into account the needs of current repairs.

In the absence of data, the recovery factor of parts can be determined by the expression:

K in = N in / N d, (3.165)

where N in - the number of parts of a certain name to be restored from the number of defective ones;

N d - the total number of defective parts of this name.

The scope of work to restore the working bodies of agricultural machines is determined by:

where N m is the number of machines used;

n is the number of working bodies on one machine;

t pl.g - planned annual operating time of the machine, h;

t p is the average resource of the part, h.

The volume of work on the restoration of machine parts is taken in the amount of up to 20% of the total volume of restoration of parts.

The annual volume of work on tire retreading can be determined from the ratio:

where N i is the expected number of pneumatic-powered machines and trailers with i-th bus;

- labor intensity repair of the i-th tires in hours of working time (taken according to the data in table 3.88);

- average annual coverage rate repair of i-x tires (see table 3.88);

– number i-x tires on one machine (see table 3.88);

- coefficient of simultaneity using i-x tires in cars and trailers (taken equal to = 0.8).

Table 3.88 - Average annual repair coverage and

labor intensity of tire repair