The level of hourly labor productivity. How to calculate labor productivity - formula and examples

Labor productivity It is a measure of the effectiveness and efficiency of a person's work.

Labor productivity is expressed in two indicators: the output of one worker and the labor intensity of a unit of output.

• Production is the volume of output produced by one worker per unit of time (hour, day, month, year).
• The labor intensity of a unit of production is the amount of time it takes to produce a unit of output.

Therefore, we can say that labor productivity is the volume of output produced by one worker per unit of time or the time spent on the production of a unit of output.

Labor productivity indicators can be calculated both at a separate workplace and on average for the enterprise.

The output at individual workplaces, in areas producing homogeneous products, is measured in physical terms, that is, in the number of units of production.

For example, the number of certificates issued on average by one telephone operator of the GTS inquiry service per hour, shift; the amount of letter-post sorted by one mail exchange sorter per hour.

The output at individual workplaces is normalized, and specific workers are given a planned target in the form of a production rate.

For example, the work of workers maintenance means of communication cannot be characterized by production, as they are engaged in the regulation, elimination of damage. In addition, their work sometimes involves only being at the workplace due to the absence of damage. Here it is advisable to determine the labor intensity, that is, the number of hours (minutes) spent, for example, to eliminate one damage.

On the whole, the level of labor productivity in the communication enterprise is characterized by the indicator of average output. In general, it is impossible to calculate output in physical terms for a communications enterprise, since the enterprise performs a wide variety of work and services, so it is measured in monetary terms. The total volume of sold products of a communication enterprise is reflected in the received revenue, therefore, when calculating labor productivity in general for a communication enterprise, the indicator of revenue from product sales is used.

The average annual or average monthly output (labor productivity) for the whole enterprise is calculated by the formula

The average daily or average hourly output is calculated by the formula

Growth in labor productivity makes it possible to produce an additional volume of products or perform an additional amount of work with the same or even a smaller number of employees. With the current scale of production, increasing demand for goods, services and limited workforce the increase in labor productivity is becoming the main source of economic growth. The growth of labor productivity allows you to spend less living labor per unit of production, and, therefore, reduce its cost under the item "labor costs" and get more profit from each unit.

Society has an objective economic law of increasing productivity- the law of the movement of society forward. The entire history of mankind is at the same time the history of the steady growth of labor productivity.

This growth occurs on the basis of an increase in the technical equipment of labor, the expansion and improvement of technology. The more means of production are involved in the creation of products, the more with their help the worker processes objects of labor per unit of time, the more efficient and productive labor becomes.

When planning labor indicators for the coming period, the enterprise must plan labor productivity growth and calculate economic indicators that characterize the effectiveness of its growth.

The efficiency of labor productivity growth at a communication enterprise is characterized by the following indicators:

• percentage increase in labor productivity;
• conditional (relative) savings in the number of employees due to the growth of labor productivity;
• absolute (real) savings in numbers;
• the share of the increase in output obtained through the growth of labor productivity.

Percentage increase in labor productivity in the planned year compared to the current year is determined by the formula:

Example 1.8
The communications enterprise's revenue in the current year is 5,300 million rubles, and will increase by 5% in the planned year. The average number of employees in the current year is 600 people, in the planned year - 608 people. Plan the percentage increase in labor productivity.

Solution:
1) determine the planned revenue based on 5% growth:

Vpl \u003d 5300 * 1.05 \u003d 5565 million rubles.

2) determine the level of labor productivity in the planned year according to the formula (1.9):

PTpl \u003d 5565 / 608 \u003d 9.15 million rubles.

3) determine the level of labor productivity in the current year according to the formula (1.9):

PTtec \u003d 5300 / 600 \u003d 8.83 million rubles.

4) determine the percentage of growth in labor productivity according to the formula (1.11):

Consequently, the company planned to increase labor productivity by 3.6%.

The conditional (relative) savings in the number of employees due to the growth of labor productivity is determined by the formula

Conditional average number of employees in the planned year shows how many employees would be needed to receive the planned revenue, provided that labor productivity does not increase, but remains at the level of the current year; calculated by the formula

Based on the data of example 1.8, we determine the conditional number of employees using the formula (1.13):

Rusl = 5565 / 8.83 = 630 people

The conditional economy of the number is determined by the formula (1.12):

Rusl = 630 - 608 = 22 people.

If the enterprise had not planned an increase in labor productivity, then 630 people of the average number of employees would have been needed to receive the planned revenue, but it is planned to save money due to productivity growth, that is, not to involve 22 additional people in production.

Absolute (real) savings in the number of employees is formed as a result of a real decrease in the average headcount:

In example 1.8, no real savings in headcount are planned, so the planned volume of production will be provided not only by an increase in labor productivity, but also by an additional number of employees.

The share of output growth obtained due to the growth of labor productivity, is determined by the formula

An increase in the number may not be planned. Then

(delta) P = 0 and q = 100%

In example 1.8, revenue will increase by 5%, and the average number of employees will increase by 1.3% (608 / 600) * 100). Then the share of the increase in production, obtained due to the growth of labor productivity, is determined by the formula (1.15) and will be:

This indicator means that 75% of the total increase in revenue in the planned year will be provided by an increase in labor productivity, and the remaining 25% - by an increase in the number of employees. Basically, the increase in revenue will be provided in an intensive way.

If there were no growth in the average headcount, the entire additional volume of revenue would be received only by productivity growth, which is what enterprises should strive for.

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Labor productivity is an important criterion in evaluating the efficiency of an enterprise and employees individually. The greater the productivity of labor, the lower the costs incurred in the production of all products. With the help of productivity, such an important indicator as the profitability of the enterprise is determined.

The calculation of labor productivity allows you to find out the degree of fruitfulness of the work of employees for a certain period of time. Based on the calculated data, in the future, the manager can plan the work of the enterprise, calculate the expected volume of products, revenue. The calculation of labor productivity allows you to make an estimate for the purchase of materials for production in the required quantity, as well as hire the required number of workers.

Methods for calculating labor productivity

The calculation of labor productivity is carried out in man-hours, days, months. These indicators correspond to the indicators of hourly, daily and monthly labor productivity.

With the help of hourly labor productivity, the level of productivity during the actual day's work is characterized. In addition, this indicator has a peculiarity of impact on the use of working time within a day. Monthly productivity, in addition, is able to take into account the impact of changes in the duration of the working month. Depending on the adopted units and the volume of output of products, there are cost, natural and labor methods.

Labor productivity indicators

The indicator of labor productivity is characterized by production and labor intensity. The calculation of labor productivity in terms of output is carried out by indicating the volume of products that is produced by one worker for the period under consideration. The calculation of labor productivity by labor intensity indicates the amount of time spent by an employee on the production of one unit of goods. The output indicator is related to the average number of workers and the time spent on production. The output formula looks like this:

B=Q/T or B=Q/N

Here Q is manufactured products,

T is the time of their manufacture,

T is the average number of employees.

Labor intensity reflects the amount of effort that is applied by one employee and is calculated by the formula:

R=N/V

The basis for calculating labor productivity is the calculation of the balance sheet, which is able to calculate productivity for the organization as a whole. The calculation of labor productivity requires the value of work, which is indicated in financial statements for the period under review. The general formula for labor productivity is as follows:

PT=ORP / SPP

Here ORP is the volume of manufactured products;

NPV - the average number of workers in the production process.

The calculation of labor productivity is also made according to the profit of the enterprise, calculating the amount of profit that the enterprise brings in a certain period of time. For a year or a month, labor productivity is calculated as follows:

Fri=V/R

Here PT - average performance,

B is the amount of revenue

SR - the average number of workers for the period.

The value of labor productivity

The growth of the labor productivity indicator can reduce the costs of the enterprise for the production of products. By increasing productivity, businesses can save significantly on wages, increasing production profits.

1. importance for the entire economy and the economy, which is associated with an increase in the efficiency of the use of labor resources,
2. value for society, which is related to the ability of the organization to produce, and the population to buy more goods.
3. value for a person or worker associated with a reduction in time, an increase in the cost of labor and satisfaction from labor itself.

QUESTION 23

Labor productivity characterizes efficiency, effectiveness of labor costs and is determined by the quantity of products produced per unit of working time, or by labor costs per unit of output or work performed. Distinguish between the productivity of living and the productivity of social (aggregate) labor.

Productivity of living labor determined by the expenditure of working time in each individual production, and productivity of social (aggregate) labor - costs of living and materialized (past) labor. The productivity of social (aggregate) labor in relation to the entire national economy is calculated as the sum of national income per person employed in the branches of material production.

In enterprises, labor productivity is defined as the cost effectiveness of only human labor and is calculated through indicators of production and labor intensity of products, between which there is an inversely proportional relationship (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Labor productivity indicators

Output (V)— this is the quantity of products produced per unit of working time or per one average employee or worker for a certain period (hour, shift, month, quarter, year). It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of production (OP) to the cost of labor time for the production of this product (T) or to the average number of employees or workers (H):

V \u003d OP / T or V \u003d OP / H.

Note that when defining the level of labor productivity through the indicator of output, the numerator (volume of manufactured products) and the denominator of the formula (labor costs for the production of products or the average number of employees) can be expressed in different units of measurement. In this regard, depending on the denominator used, the formulas distinguish between average hourly, average daily, average monthly, average quarterly and average annual output.

Index average daily output product reflects the average volume of output produced by one worker in one day worked:

When calculating daily output days worked by a person do not include all-day downtime and absenteeism. It depends on the average hourly production of products and the degree of use of the duration of the working day:

In days \u003d In hours × P cm,

where P cm is the average actual duration of the working day (shift).

Note that if the costs labor measured average headcount workers, then they get an indicator of the average monthly (average quarterly, average annual) production output, per one average worker (depending on which period of time the volume of production and the number of workers refer to - month, quarter, year):

Average monthly output depends on the average daily output and on the number of days worked on average by one average worker:

In a month \u003d V d × T f

In a month \u003d In an hour × T f × P cm,

where T f - the average actual duration of the working period, days.

Relationship this indicator with the previous one is determined by the specific gravity (d) workers in the total number of PPP employees:

Indicators average quarterly and average annual output per one average payroll worker (employee) are determined similarly. Note that the volume of production of gross and marketable products can be calculated by the formula:

As for the numerator of the output indicator, then, depending on the choice of the unit of measurement, the volume of output can be expressed in natural, cost and labor units of measurement. Accordingly, there are three methods for determining output: natural (conditionally natural), cost and labor (according to normalized working hours).

natural indicators measurements labor productivity are the most reliable and accurate and more consistent with its essence, but their scope is limited. Natural indicators in determining output are used at enterprises in such industries as gas, coal, oil, electricity, forestry, etc., and conditionally natural indicators are used in the textile, cement industry, metallurgy, production mineral fertilizers etc.

Compared to naturalvalue method definition of output is universal, but it takes into account not only the change in the cost of living labor, but also to a large extent the impact of structural changes in production program, material consumption of products, price changes, etc. Production in monetary terms at the enterprise, depending on the scope of this indicator, can be determined by indicators of gross, marketable, sold and net products.

labor method measurements labor productivity involves the use of labor intensity as a measure of output. In practice, it has a limited scope: at individual workplaces, in teams, at sites and in workshops that produce heterogeneous and unfinished products that cannot be measured either in natural or in value units. In most cases, normalized technological labor input at the beginning of the year is used as a product meter.

The main planned and accounting indicators labor productivity at industrial enterprises are the volume of production in physical or value terms per employee of industrial production personnel (per worked man-day or man-hour) and the labor intensity of a unit of output or work. Labor intensity ( T p ) is the cost of living labor to produce a unit of output. The indicator of labor intensity has a number of advantages over the indicator of production. It establishes a direct relationship between the volume of production and labor costs and is determined by the formula:

T p \u003d T / OP,

where T- the time spent on the production of all products, standard hours or man-hours; OP- the volume of manufactured products in physical terms.

Note that the performance indicator is a direct indicator of labor productivity, since the greater the value of this indicator (ceteris paribus), the higher labor productivity. The indicator of labor intensity is the opposite, because the smaller the value of this indicator, the higher the productivity of labor. There is a relationship between the change in the norm of time (labor intensity) and output. If the rate of time decreases by (C n) percent, then the rate of output increases by (Y in) percent, and vice versa. This dependence is expressed by the following formulas:

Example. The time rate has decreased by 20%, then the production rate will increase by Y in \u003d (100 × 20) / (100 - 20) \u003d 2000/80 \u003d 25%. And vice versa, if the production rate increases by 25%, then the time rate will decrease by C n \u003d (100 × 25) / (100 + 25) \u003d 20%.

Depending on the composition of labor costs, included in the labor intensity of products, and their role in the production process, distinguish technological labor intensity, labor intensity of production maintenance, production labor intensity, labor intensity of production management and total labor intensity (Fig. 16.4).

Rice. four. The structure of the total labor intensity of manufacturing products

Technological complexity (T tech) reflects the labor costs of the main production workers-pieceworkers (T xia) and time workers (T povr):

T tech \u003d T sd + T damage,

The indicator of technological labor intensity is the most common, because the rationing of labor in an enterprise (firm) concerns workers to a greater extent, and employees to a lesser extent.

The labor intensity of production maintenance (T service) is a set of costs of auxiliary work shops of the main production (T aux) and all workers of auxiliary workshops and services (repair, energy workshop, etc.), employed in servicing production (T flash):

T service \u003d T auxiliary + T auxiliary.

Production labor intensity(T pr) includes the labor costs of all workers, both main and auxiliary:

T pr \u003d T tech + T service.

Labor intensity of production management (That) represents the labor costs of employees (managers, specialists and employees themselves) employed both in the main and auxiliary shops (T sl.pr), as well as in general factory services of the enterprise (T word head):

T y \u003d T sl.pr + T sl.

As part of full labor intensity (T full) the labor costs of all categories of industrial and production personnel of the enterprise are reflected:

T full \u003d T tech + T service + T y.

Depending on the nature and purpose of the costs labor each of the indicated indicators of labor intensity can be design, prospective, normative, planned and actual. In planned calculations, the labor intensity of manufacturing a unit of output (type of work, service, part, etc.) and the labor intensity of a commodity output (production program) are distinguished.

Labor intensity of a unit of production(type of work, service), as already noted, is divided into technological, production and full, depending on the labor costs included in the calculations. The labor intensity of a unit of output in physical terms is determined for the entire range of products and services produced at the beginning of the planning period. At large assortment labor intensity is determined by representative products, to which all the others are listed, and by products that occupy the largest share in the total volume of production.

The labor intensity of commodity output ( T tv ) calculated according to the following formula:

where T i- the labor intensity of a unit of production (works, services), standard hours; OP, - the volume of output of the i-th type of product, according to the plan, the corresponding units; P- the number of items (nomenclature) of products (works, services), according to the plan.

T ore intensity of the production program defined in a similar way. Note that if the calculations use the technological (production, full) labor intensity of a unit of output (works, services), then, accordingly, we obtain the technological (production, total) labor intensity of a commodity output (production program).

It is a universal criterion that characterizes cost effectiveness work force in material production. Its versatility lies in two areas of its use as a tool at once: private - regarding individual production by an employee, workshop, enterprise, and public, relating to a region, country, or even a group of countries.

It should be recognized that this indicator is a really useful economic indicator that demonstrates the basic criterion of production efficiency, which determines, say, in the most particular case, how much output a worker will produce per man-hour (thus, it is precisely the criterion of the level social production is an economic characteristic - labor productivity.)

The formula for calculating it exists in several versions, taking into account various factors affecting production in different ways. And there are many of them. If we talk about the development of the enterprise, such factors will be its automation and increased cost reduction and material consumption, progressive logistics schemes and energy efficiency, tax optimization, as well as improving the capital structure.

The Russian Economy in the System of International Labor Productivity

The level of expenditure of living labor in goods characterizes the manufacturability of social production. This indicator is an important criterion economic potential countries. Russia is the leader in this indicator among the CIS countries, showing its growth from 1999 to 2011 by 60%. However, according to statistics, such growth became possible due to the fact that the day before, in the period from 1989 to 1998, labor productivity was systematically decreasing in the country. The formula for calculating its dynamics, compiled by the World Bank, showed that over the past decade, Russians have managed to significantly increase the competitiveness of the country's economy. In 2010, labor productivity in the Russian economy amounted to 43% of the level developed countries members of the Organization economic development and cooperation (which includes 34 states, including the USA, Canada and EU countries) and 75% of the level of countries that have recently entered this community.

Historical evaluation of labor productivity dynamics

An interesting analysis of the dynamics was presented by Valentin Mikhailovich Kudrov, Doctor of Economic Sciences, head of the Center for International Economic Comparisons. He compared the labor productivity of the USSR and the USA in different time. The scientist believes that under Khrushchev this figure for Soviet Union was at the level of 35% of the US level, and under Brezhnev (which was kept silent in every possible way) it dropped significantly - to 27%. At the present time, having overcome the crisis, Russia has again reached the level of this ratio, even slightly exceeding the "Khrushchev" one.

According to the scientist, on the way to increase efficiency, it is necessary to improve the social structure, overcoming systemic pockets of inefficiency associated with:

Full loading of obsolete production facilities;

Unqualified staff;

The inadequacy of labor legislation to the challenges of our time;

outdated technologies;

bureaucratic barriers;

Lack of staff motivation;

financial flows.

Labor productivity as an accent of modern economic policy

Economists link further growth in labor productivity with an increase in the manufacturability of production. The extensive path is irrelevant. The executive branch, exercising strategic planning economic development, of course, should monitor the compliance of macroeconomic indicators of GDP and labor costs for its production. The significance of the problem of increasing labor productivity was manifested in state planning relevant activities. In 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed Decree No. 596, planning a long-term economic policy until 2018. This document also refers to the increase in labor productivity in the Russian national economic complex by one and a half times, compared with the level of 2011. To realize this plan, as the president himself commented, it will be possible only through the implementation of innovative scenarios for the dynamization of the economy. Moreover, in key sectors of the economy, it is necessary to reach the boundary of a fourfold increase in labor productivity!

The essence of increasing labor productivity

Cumulative Decrease Problem production costs with a reduction in the proportion of living labor in them is a hallmark modern technologies. At the same time, the process of increasing labor productivity is not hidden, it is visualized by increasing the volume of products while ensuring a high level of its quality: production becomes more efficient. The latter means not only an increase in its volume, but also a decrease in the cost per unit of production; optimization of the circulation cycle of goods; maximizing the rate of profit.

In addition, a long-term trend of improving the quality of labor should be accompanied by an increase in its payment (as a motivational factor for increasing individual performance indicators by staff). At the level of executive power, it should be constantly compared how the efficiency of a person's work correlates with his personal well-being. In a progressive society, one should systematically correlate social status person with his labor activity.

Labor productivity. Formula #1

It is obvious that the management of the process of increasing labor productivity should be based on methods for determining and evaluating it. Plans to improve the efficiency of the use of human labor are drawn up using two indicators. Classically, labor productivity is determined on the basis of output, as well as labor intensity. The output can be defined as a quotient obtained from dividing the volume of manufactured products (O) by the time spent on its manufacture, calculated according to the spent living labor (T) (see formula 1).

Labor intensity is the reciprocal of output, that is, it shows how much time an employee must spend on manufacturing products of a certain value (see formula 2.).

It should also be clarified that the volume of manufactured products is calculated in value (the most universal, common), natural, conditionally natural and labor form.

In the extractive industry, the natural form prevails, in the light industry - conditionally natural. The labor method uses a technique when the actual time spent is compared with the normative one.

Typically, output is calculated at conditional time intervals that clearly demonstrate labor costs (man-day, man-hour). However, it is obvious that this formula is approximate, qualitative. Indeed, in practice, labor productivity is a non-linear function. The calculation formula should at least depend on the number of production workers (i.e., take into account the scale of production) and the non-stop production.

Labor productivity: time trouble for extensive development

Quite specific is the relationship between labor productivity and product quality. Currently, the Russian industry is dominated by semi-automatic organization of production. In this state of affairs, an increase in production standards will inevitably lead the worker to an increase in "manual labour". The latter circumstance, if he is inexperienced, means that he does not fulfill the plan, and if he has qualifications, the quality of the products will decrease.

How can labor productivity be extensively increased? The calculation formula will show: by increasing the length of the working day, (or switching to a six-day working week). Profitability will indeed increase slightly due to the fact that fixed costs will remain unchanged. However, in the long term, this leads to only one thing - social tension: "the lower classes do not want, but the upper classes cannot."

Labor productivity in non-productive sectors of the economy

Should labor productivity be determined only in? The US economy, for example, shows a trend towards a significant excess of the share of services in GDP. For example, in 2010, the share of American material production in the country's GDP was less than 20%! From this it becomes obvious that the performance of an engineer, analyst is determined by other criteria, different from those relevant for an industrial worker. For them, relevant indicators of qualification in the use of special programs, access to reference data. Also, their productivity is influenced by the competence of the management and the coherence of the work team.

Regarding the managerial level, the most important criteria are knowledge of the characteristics of the entrusted enterprise and the experience of the manager.

Labor productivity. Formula 2

For greater relevance of the formula for determining labor productivity (P), we introduce labor costs into its composition, as well as the downtime factor. Idle time will be taken into account through Kpr (downtime ratio), defined as the ratio of actual downtime to total working time. The "manual labor" invested in production, expended by the labor collective, will be expressed through T1 - individual labor costs per worker, and H - the number of employees. Thus, we have obtained the second formula for determining labor productivity (see formula 3):

P \u003d (O * (1 - Kpr)) / (T1 * H) (3)

However, as we have already mentioned, labor productivity is a complex and non-linear concept. Its formula obviously depends not only on the human factor.

Labor Productivity Formula with Costs

It is precisely the problem of the expediency of investments in production that is presented in a complex way - the main criterion for the effectiveness of the country's economy. It is based on the assessment of labor productivity, analyzing it in many ways. The investor must be aware in advance what costs the company founded by him will entail in its production cycle. Therefore, it is expedient for him to estimate what costs he will incur per 1 ruble of production. Accordingly, the above formula will be expanded due to the indicators related to the unit cost of production: KZ (capital costs); EZ (operating costs); P (repair costs); OT (labor); H (taxes and obligatory payments); dr (other expenses incurred (administrative, other).

P \u003d (O * (1 - Kpr)) / (Z * T1 * H) \u003d (O * (1 - Kpr)) / ((KZ + EZ + R + OT + N + Dr) * T1 * H)

Managers' Strategies for Increasing Labor Productivity

Consideration of the economic characteristic we are studying in the context of microeconomics suggests a multifactorial environment. Automation is considered to be the leading direction of industrial development. Thus, the functions of control and management, imperfectly performed by employees, are purposefully transferred to specialized instruments and automatic devices.

Many well-known managers, starting to manage the company, begin the struggle for labor productivity with organizational measures: simplifying the structure, reducing workers who cannot cope with production standards, honing logistics, optimizing the back office. They also use the optimization of the range of products according to the criterion of profitability.

Average labor productivity

Rarely do companies meet manufacturing enterprises that produce a range of products consisting of only one product. At the same time, it is obvious that each position of the product range entails different production costs. How is average labor productivity determined? The formula that determines the average output (B s) consists of the sum of the products of the number of manufactured products for each item of the assortment (O i), multiplied by the corresponding conversion factor (K i) (see formula 4):

B c = Σ O i * K i (4)

The coefficient itself is defined as follows:

The least labor-intensive position of the assortment is revealed;

The labor input of any other position is divided by the minimum labor input. This is the desired coefficient.

The aforementioned sum of products equates, by means of conversion factors, the production of heterogeneous products to the production of homogeneous products with minimal labor intensity.

Conclusion

To achieve modern, especially for investors, many factors should be taken into account: material, technical, labor, financial. All of them, these factors, must be comprehensively taken into account by managers in order to create a strategy for a truly promising and successful production.

However, even when best organization the leading role in the progress of labor productivity at the enterprise belongs to the labor collective: production and non-production personnel. It is these people who best see the unused opportunities of "their" enterprise. Accordingly, they should be interested in partnering with the company's management: to look for reserves to increase labor productivity: to increase cost savings, reduce labor intensity.

If the personnel of the enterprise acts indirectly on the factors of production - through management, then on the reserves - directly. What are reserves? Let's answer briefly: this is rationalization work in two directions: technical and organizational. Reserves, in contrast to factors (which are a strategic category), are reflected more quickly and for shorter periods of time, their use demonstrates the tactics of increasing labor productivity by an enterprise.