Computer networks and online media. Abstract: Mass media on the Internet

End of XX century was marked by an unprecedented leap in the development of global information and communication technologies - the third after the opening of channels for the transmission of audio and video signals, which radically influenced the development of the system of means mass media. Following radio and television broadcasting, network technologies were invented based on a different, digital, method of transmitting information, which led to the formation of a new environment for the dissemination of information flows. The form of organization of such information transmission channels is called the Internet.

The Internet is a system of interconnected computer networks on a global scale that provides data exchange services. In other words, the Internet is a network of networks that brings together national, regional and local computer networks in which information is freely exchanged.

The Internet has become both a global broadcasting medium, a mechanism for disseminating information, as well as an environment for cooperation and communication of people, covering the entire globe. Unlike radio and television broadcasting, whose main function was the production and dissemination of mass information, the Internet turned out to be a medium for communication in a broader sense of the word, including interpersonal and public forms of communication, both individual and group.

The Internet is a multifunctional system. Its main functions are:

social, leading to the formation of new forms of communicative behavior in an environment dominated by horizontal connections and there are no territorial, hierarchical and temporal boundaries. This function influences the cross-cultural processes taking place in society and, as experts say, will ultimately lead to a change in cultural paradigms. A serious limitation for expanding contacts and entering a different linguistic environment is language;

informational, the peculiarity of which lies in the fact that information contacts proceed in the mode of openness and public accessibility. Almost everyone can access the Internet, the only serious limitations are the low level of communication channels and the lack of material resources. The information function provides storage, mechanisms for searching and accessing the available information;

· economic, aimed at obtaining commercial profit and manifesting itself in an extremely effective impact on the global information infrastructure and stimulating its further development.

The functions of the Internet are carried out through the most popular network services. The main forms of their organization are described below:

· E-mail refers to the system of individual communication. Crossing national borders, email allows messages to be created and forwarded in seconds from a source to one or more recipients. E-mail is also used by news agencies to send packages of messages by direct mail.

teleconferences (newsgroups) --- collective a communication system that serves to promptly discuss a wide range of topics and current problems. The division of news into thematic groups has led to the creation of interactive electronic conferences (discussion groups) that are available to the mass user and allow maintaining thematic correspondence between participants. Teleconferences can be held both online and in batch or notification mode. There are currently more than 10,000 teleconferences discussing the Internet, each with its own unique name.

· IRC (Internet Relay Chat) - an interactive system of collective communication that supports real-time discussions. With the help of IRC, dozens of “live” people from different parts of the world can participate in one discussion at the same time without planning their time in advance. The IRC service is often used both for entertainment purposes and for serious international discussions. For example, thanks to IRC, the world was able to learn about what was happening in the Persian Gulf region not only from one source - CNN, but also to receive alternative information from eyewitnesses, ordinary people under fire. In 1993, with the help of IRC, a direct channel was organized to broadcast news from the building of the Russian Parliament.

· WWW ("World Wide Web") (translated from English - "World Wide Web") is a global hypertext system that uses Internet channels as a medium for sending electronic documents. A set of documents linked according to certain rules (protocols) forms a hypertext data field. In a hypertext environment, you can navigate by activating hyperlinks between chains of documents. The great thing about working with the Web is that the document that you find and see on the screen can be stored in the next room, or maybe in the other hemisphere. According to experts, by the end of 1998 there were about 100 million documents in the WWW; in 2002 - 1 billion.

In addition to the listed services, the Internet offers users other possibilities for transferring information (forwarding fax messages using a fax modem, transferring files online using the FTP service, transferring files offline using FTP mail), as well as on-line gaming - an entertaining gaming service in real time, and many others.

Professional interest for journalists is e-mail, which helps to establish an operational interactive connection with the source, as well as the World Wide Web Service, which contains the main information resources of the Internet. In addition, the World Wide Web itself is part of the media system, thanks to the network media presented in it, as well as electronic versions traditional media.

User access to information networks is provided by special organizations - Internet providers. Providers are the main providers of telecommunications services, the price and availability of information resources depend on their policy.

Consider the typology of online media

All publications on the Internet can be clearly divided into two categories - the actual network publications and online versions of print media. This classification, as a rule, does not cause disputes and misunderstandings, although there are contradictions and misunderstandings here. So, by no means always a network publication with a name similar to the name of a printed one represents its colleague on the Web. From this series, the story of the Pravda newspaper. In 1999, journalists who did not agree with the views of the leadership left the editorial office. The breakaway part of the team created and officially registered the electronic periodical Pravda On-line (http://pravda.ru). The difference between the two newspapers lies, first of all, in the approach to determining their political orientation: the old Pravda adheres to a purely party position - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the new, online one, according to the information on the website, prefers to focus on the government.

Often, electronic versions of newspapers and magazines appear on the server and are available to readers when their printed counterparts are just signed up for publication. This means that the efficiency of informing the reader is increasing, which is important for print publications that are inferior in efficiency to the electronic press. However, the main advantage of all electronic media is their interactivity, which allows interacting with the audience in an interactive mode.

As for the other categories, they are all conditional to some extent, due to the fact that the history of the online press is only a few years old, and the online publications themselves have not yet developed for themselves either a clear classification, or stable genre forms, or literary standards. .

First of all, all resources on the Internet can be divided into two categories: professional and amateur. According to this criterion, in fact, according to the type of founder, we can classify online publications with the same success as printed ones.

The division of the press into news, information and analytical is typical only for the Network. However, sometimes it is not possible at first glance to determine which of these categories a particular project belongs to. The difference is that all news is information, but not all information is news.

News sites are a kind of information sites, but they specialize primarily in the prompt delivery of news. A classic example of news sites is news feeds, produced in large numbers by news agencies. These tapes can be general, offering a selection of news on a variety of topics (Lenta.ru, rbc.ru), and specialized, reflecting the news of the economy, politics or the computer market (www.finmarket.ru, cnews.ru).

Information agencies (news agencies) also began to play a new role on the Internet. Previously, they were part of the infrastructure of the media market, but they were not mass media in and of themselves. Thanks to the Internet, they have been able to move from behind-the-scenes participants to market leaders, specializing in providing concise but up-to-date information. The value of such resources for the user lies, first of all, in the ability to quickly receive messages about events, however, for more detailed information, as well as for comments on what happened, one has to go to analytical sites.

Another criterion for differentiating online publications came to the Web from the traditional press. This is the so-called character of the audience, according to which the press is divided into general and specialized. The general press is those publications, when reading which one does not have to think about the meaning of words and expressions. As for specialized publications, they usually indicate on the first page which specialists they are intended for. Only in some areas, sites that regularly supply high-quality specialized information have realized themselves as mass media and have begun to form their image accordingly, study the audience, and systematically attract advertisers. More or less confidently, this trend can be traced in the field of computer, financial and sports information. In other areas, potential specialized media have not yet clearly emerged.

An interesting situation has developed around the Internet media dedicated to the Internet itself. Here there is a movement in the opposite direction. Just a few years ago, media working in this area could be considered generic. Such were, for example, Internet.Ru (www.internet.ru) in the old version and Evening Internet by Nosik (http://vi.cityline.ru/vi). However, in Lately The rapid change in the demographics of the Internet has led to such media being perceived as specialized - interesting and understandable to the same members of the Internet community, whose share among the total number of Internet users is now small.

It is much more difficult to distinguish between popular and elite publications. Prone to "yellowness" edition can be distinguished by catchy headlines and accentuated sensationalism. Another distinguishing feature of this kind of press is the appeal (often after the fact) to the details of criminal incidents, disasters - in general, everything that, according to psychologists, is of increased interest to most people.

The elite publications include "Russian Journal" - www.russ.ru. A certain respectability, analyticity, consistency of style - these are the properties that allow us to classify this publication as a quality one.

Another criterion that makes it possible to quite clearly differentiate publications is the availability of information. Despite the fact that the goal of most Internet users is to search for information, some publications do not at all seek to help the suffering in achieving this goal. It is not uncommon for a user who has found a link to a page with the information he needs through a search engine to come across a warning that he does not have the right to view this page. Some, of course, are trying in some way to clarify the conditions for access to "secret" information, but the majority are simply trying to find the necessary information on other resources. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, most of the owners of information resources refused to provide paid access. However, some sites, mainly those whose information has real market value(results marketing research, for example), still adhere to just such a policy.

Examples of paid access to information are often found in foreign practice. Thus, the popular American weekly The Wall Street Journal (www.wsj.com) offers its readers the opportunity to view the online version of the publication for free for two weeks. In the future, those who liked the content of the site are invited to issue paid subscription for a year for $59.

Another integral characteristic of any publication is the way it is distributed. For online media, there are two ways. The first is the creation of a website on which materials intended for readers are posted in an open or limited mode. The second is the distribution organization. Usually, the mailing list serves as a kind of addition to the existing website of the publication, helping to inform the reader about the arrival of new materials and forming a stable friendly audience. Another important mailing function is the ability to collect information about subscribers, which allows you to study in detail the most active part of the audience.

A separate case is a mailing list that exists without a website. This is a unique type of media that has no analogues in the print press. The traditional format of a newspaper or magazine involves a significant investment in printing resources and a distribution service. To recoup the costs, you need to collect a large audience. To do this, the publication is composed of a large number of headings, in the expectation that each of them will attract a certain group of readers. Readers, in turn, often buy newspapers and magazines for the sake of one heading or even an article. It is impossible to imagine a commercially successful printed edition consisting of one author's heading.

Moving online, while dramatically reducing costs, allows one author to create media from one rubric and gather exactly the readers who need it. There are plenty of examples of such media on the website www.subscribe.ru. Such resources are created and maintained by a single individual. Many of them are essentially mailing list archives and provide access to old mailing lists.

It is in mailing lists that the specificity of the Internet is manifested to the maximum extent. It is impossible to draw a clear line between mass media mailing lists and mailing lists aimed at a limited, specially selected group of people. Here one can observe the transition from mass media to mass media.

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This discipline contributes to the formation of the following competencies provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard in the direction of preparation "Publishing":

general cultural (OK):

• work with information in global computer networks (OK-14);

professional (PC):

• use information technology and software in the development of publishing projects (PC-14);
• form the structure and content of electronic publications, apply software their developments (PK-23);

publishing process management:

• use digital assets and databases (PC-26);

distribution of publishing products:

• know the principles of functioning and methods of building modern global book distribution systems.

The first computer networks appeared in the late 1960s, they were implemented by the American firms IBM and DEC. One of the most successful among the first computer networks - Arpanet - was developed by the US War Department. She connected the scientific centers of the United States with military establishments. At that time, telephone and telegraph channels were used as a data transmission medium. Within the framework of this project, protocols of the TCP / IP family were first developed, which made it possible to ensure the transfer of data in global and local networks. Subsequently, the TCP / IP protocol family was taken as the basis for network interactions. operating systems Unix.

There are many classifications of computer networks. For example, by type of network topology. Topology is a way of placing nodes in a network and the structure of connections between them (Fig. 5.1).

The basic network topologies include: arbitrary; hierarchical; star-shaped; ring; tire; cellular; mixed.

One of the principles of classification of computer networks is territorial distribution. Based on this principle, the following types of networks are distinguished.

• Local-area network (local computer networks). They cover individual premises or several buildings located nearby, which are located on an area not exceeding a radius of 10 km.
• Wide-area networks (distributed computer networks) are campus-scale networks or big company(campus-area network), large city (metropolitan-area network), several countries or continents (global-area network).

Computer networks perform many important functions. In particular, connecting computers into a network allows you to:

• to carry out fast and reliable data transfer for immediate use of information;
• share hardware and software resources computers, which allows saving material and technical resources;
• organize access to the resources of all computers in the network while providing software and information tools for networks;
• access remote databases.

Any local area network is provided with hardware and software support. Computer network hardware includes network adapters, communication equipment (this is the so-called data transmission medium) and personal computers themselves.

Network adapters are special devices designed to connect computers to a data transfer medium. Network adapters are usually installed on the motherboard located in the computer's system unit. The choice of network adapter depends on the type of computer, the required data transfer rate, and the characteristics of the communication equipment.

The data transmission medium is a special cable to which computers can be connected through special connectors. One way to organize the simplest computer network is to use a hub, or "hub", in the form of a simple twisted pair. The hub has ports to which computers are connected via special cables. As data transmission media can be used: coaxial cable, ordinary twisted pair wires, fiber optic cable, as well as wireless media. Wireless data transmission media include radio, microwaves, infrared and laser radiation.

If you have hardware support for computer systems, you must also install special software drivers that provide data transfer through network adapters. The software of computer systems includes network operating systems that allow you to control the operation of the network according to one of two principles.

1. Centralized management.
2. decentralized management.

In accordance with these principles, computer networks are divided into: peer-to-peer; with a dedicated server.

Peer-to-peer networks- these are networks with a non-dedicated server, i.e. networks in which interaction is carried out between individual computers that are part of a computer network. All computers in such networks simultaneously play the role of both client and server.

In networks with a dedicated server, one of the network computers is designed to process requests and form responses to individual clients of computer networks. As a server, as a rule, a powerful computer is used, which is characterized by high performance, a large amount of disk memory, and increased reliability.

The advantages of peer-to-peer networks include: a fairly simple structure and direct access of network computers to each other's resources. Their disadvantages include: the impossibility of centralized configuration of network parameters, a small number of computers in the network (no more than 20), weak protection of computers, since individual users can influence their distribution in the network.

Dedicated server networks have the following advantages: good data protection, the ability to create large networks (hundreds and even thousands of computers), high network bandwidth. The disadvantages of such networks include: the high cost of network operating systems and server computers, as well as the fact that server computers are not workstations for users, thereby complicating the configuration of networks.

So, a computer network is understood as an interconnected set of data terminal equipment that generates and consumes information in a data transmission network, which ensures the exchange of information between individual network subscribers. The data link hardware converts the information into a form that is used to transmit data over the network. The data transmission network provides the physical connection of remote subscribers.

There are dedicated and switched channels.

If a permanent connection is established between two subscribers, then the channel is called dedicated, or permanent. Such a channel may be own or subscribed.

If a connection between subscribers is established every time data is transmitted, then such a channel is called switched. For such channels, there are three stages of data transmission.

1. Establishing a connection.
2. actual data transfer.
3. Breaking the connection after the end of the data transfer.

The advantages of a dedicated channel include: high data transfer rate, high quality signals, no blocking, short time required to establish a connection between network subscribers. The disadvantages of such a channel include: the high cost of information transmission and lack of flexibility.

Switched channel also has a number of advantages, among them: flexibility and low cost data transmission. And the disadvantages of such channels are that blocking is possible, the transmission quality is low, and the cost of transmitting information in the case of a large volume, on the contrary, is high.

Data transmission channels are classified according to the direction of information transfer into the following types.

Simplex channels are channels in which data transmission is carried out in one direction (examples: radio and TV channels).

Half-duplex channels are channels in which information is transmitted in two directions, but in turn (example: transmission over a bus in a computer network).

Duplex channels are channels that transmit in two directions at the same time. This is achieved either by using a wired connection (telephone) or by using different frequencies.

According to the type of transmitted signals, channels are divided into analog and digital. Data is transmitted via analog communication channels in the form of sinusoidal harmonic oscillations. The transmission of information through such channels is carried out by means of modulation methods. Data encoding during analog transmission is carried out using the following types of modulation: amplitude, frequency, phase. Modern protocols for data transmission over analog channels also use combined types of modulation.

Digital channels for transmitting information are carried out in a pulsed form. With this method, there is no need to convert signals to analog and vice versa. In digital data transmission, different coding methods are used. Encoding methods should meet the following requirements: simplicity, self-synchronization, use of a single voltage level, maximum use of data bandwidth.

As part of international organization for synchronization, an interaction model was developed open systems- Open System of Interconnection (OSI). This model is a recommendation for the structural organization of network subsystems. These recommendations ensure the interoperability of systems with different architectures and different software support.

This model is often referred to as the 7-level model because it provides 7 basic levels of interaction. Most the lower level is physical. It determines the interaction with the physical environment, sets the mechanical, electrical and functional standards of interaction. At the physical level, the connection between subscribers is established, maintained and disconnected.

The second level is channel. This layer, which directly interacts with the physical, is responsible for the transmission of individual frames or frames within a single data link. The link layer adds a preamble to the packet coming from the network layer, namely physical addresses source and receiver of information. At this level, verification of the control code is carried out. The link layer is also responsible for the separation of the data transmission medium, i.e. it defines the physical channel capture discipline.

The third level is network. It is responsible for forwarding packets of information between networks. The network layer is organized by creating a logical channel for transmitting packets from the source network to the destination network. The main function of this layer is packet routing, i.e. selection of the optimal route for information transfer. Exists different algorithms routing, which take into account the congestion of channels, their bandwidth and other factors.

The fourth level is transport. It organizes the delivery of a message from the source to the receiver. In packet-switched networks, at this level, the message is split into packets and the packets are assembled at the receiving node.

The fifth level is session. It manages the communication session: it ensures the establishment, maintenance and disconnection at the end of the connection. A session can be one-way (simplex), half-duplex, and full-duplex, according to the type of channels used for communication. Checkpoints are fixed during the communication session. In the event of an emergency break in communication, it is this level that ensures its restoration and continuation from the nearest control point. At this level, issues of access control, payment for resources for the server, and others are also solved.

The sixth level is representative. It is responsible for the form of data representation, for example, for transcoding data from one system to another. A common example in practice of the need for such recoding is the exchange of information between large personal computers. On these types of computers, the same characters are represented by different codes, which is why they have to be recoded when exchanging data.

The seventh (highest) level is applied. This is the level of applied subsystems of a computer network. Application network subsystems are understood as a group of subsystems that simplifies access to resources and interaction in a network.

A network protocol is a set of rules that ensure the interaction of network subsystems of the same level. It determines the packet formats, the sequence of their transmission, the response time, etc.

A network interface is a set of rules that determine the interaction of adjacent layers in one system.

When transferring data from upper levels headers are added to the lower data, and headers are removed when moving back. The headers contain blocks of information that control the interaction within the protocols of the corresponding levels.

Data transmitted at the 5th, 6th, 7th levels are called messages; transmitted at the 4th level are called segments; at the 3rd level, are called daytograms; at the 2nd level, are called frames, or frames; data transmitted at the 1st level are called blocks of bits.

In order for computers to “find each other” in the process of exchanging information, there is a one system addressing based on the use of an IP address. Each computer connected to the network has its own unique 32-bit (binary) IP address. The IP addressing system takes into account the structure of the Internet, i.e. that it is a network of networks, and not an association of individual computers. An IP address contains the network address and the address of a computer on that network.

To ensure maximum flexibility in the process of allocating IP addresses, depending on the number of computers in the network, addresses are divided into three classes - A, B, C. The first bits of the address are assigned to identify the class, and the rest are divided into the network address and the computer address (Table .5.1).

Introduction

“Mass media on the Internet is an inexhaustible topic at the present time. Not only because the subject of discussion is extensive, like the Library of Babel, but also because everyone who speaks on this subject in our country, as a rule, offers his own, special point of view on the issue. Moreover, for many, in general, serious and consistent people, this point of view periodically changes ... "

Anton Nosik, creator of Internet projects

Indeed, the debate about whether the Internet can be equated with traditional media does not stop. V.V. Voroshilov notes that "the end of the twentieth century was marked by the emergence of a unique and extremely promising mass media - the global computer network" Internet "". The scientist speaks about the emergence of a new carrier of information, which has become available to different segments of the population and has turned into the media.

With the development of the global network and access to it, the Internet has taken a special place among the mass media. If some ten years ago world wide web considered only as a source of information, today we can state the fact of the birth of a new type of media - network media, the distribution medium of which has become a computer network. Millions of people have been receiving information from the network for a long time. And with the advent of the global economic crisis, many Europeans stopped buying printed matter and switched to reading online publications. Instead of the traditional reading of a fresh morning newspaper over a cup of coffee, Europeans have long moved to the computer.

During its existence, electronic publications have made many innovations, the Internet has become more accessible, and with it their news, the role of a journalist has changed a lot. This is what I want to consider in my abstract.

What's happened online media? Legal status

The question of the definition and legal status of Internet media has been raised more than once. Chairman of the Central Election Commission Veshnyakov during the December 1999 elections to the Duma repeatedly stated that the mass media is the entire global computer network. However, a few months later, on March 23, 2000, the election committee unexpectedly changed its position: in the official response of the CEC to a request from the Effective Policy Foundation, the existence of “sites located on the global computer network Internet, which are not mass media in the sense of the Law Russian Federation"About mass media".

At the parliamentary hearings "On legal regulation of the use of the Internet in the Russian Federation" in Moscow, Deputy Press Minister Andrey Romanchenko strongly doubted the existence of such Russian Internet sites that would not be mass media from the point of view of state licensing. The exception was "personal pages". The Deputy Press Minister emphasized that not only all information pages on the Internet, but also e-commerce servers are subject to registration as mass media. Moreover, for online stores, the Deputy Minister promised to establish an increased registration fee, equating them to advertising publications. The speech of the deputy minister was perceived by the listeners as a summary of the resolution, which in the near future will determine the policy of the Ministry of Press in the field of the Internet. More than a year has passed since that speech, and none of the official representatives of the MPTR returned to the topic of the universal registration of all Russian Internet pages as mass media. Even a very logical-looking attempt to collect the registration fee from online stores did not take place. “Of course, it cannot be ruled out that such attempts will be made in the future, however, to date, the official Russian authorities have not formulated their position on the issue: what should be considered media on the Internet, and what could be the possible evaluation criteria here,” sums up Anton Spout.

Since 1996, a number of online publications have received a media registration certificate from the Ministry of Press. It is worth noting an interesting detail: until 2000, certificates issued by the Ministry of Press indicated "other" as the type of publication (in the sense - not a newspaper, not a radio station, not a news agency, not a TV channel). With the development of the frequent practice of registering online publications as mass media, the word “other” has disappeared from the evidence. Instead, the term "electronic newspaper" appeared. The term appeared, but the process of defining the media did not advance further. “Uniform recommendations on compliance by Internet publications with Art. 29 of the Law on Mass Media “Legal copies”, to our knowledge, does not exist today - although from a technical and financial point of view, this is an extremely difficult and potentially painful issue. Nowhere is it clearly stated in what form the Internet media can and should deposit their “releases” in the storage facilities specified by the legislator: whether it is a paper printout (tons of expensive printer paper), about the daily sending of diskettes to five addresses (an additional expense of thousands of people). hours and dollars a year for each edition), or is the MPTR ready to accept texts for storage through the Internet channels available to this department ... ”, notes Nosik in the book“ Internet for a Journalist ”. The need to develop uniform technical standards for the placement and dissemination of information is important for the online media themselves, rather than regulatory officials. Ambiguities related to Art. 29, are more than a convenient occasion to convict the Internet media of non-compliance with the current federal legislation.

"By general rule the website is not a mass media, but at the same time, the law does not prohibit or restrict the possibility of voluntary registration of a website as a mass media at the request of its owner. Such a conclusion can be drawn on the basis of a legal opinion given by the UNESCO Chair,” says the article “ Russian newspaper» dated August 25, 2008

Russian legislation actively uses the term "site" in the codes - Forestry, Water, Land and Urban Planning, as well as in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. But the only normative act that gives a legal - at the level of regional legislation - definition of the concept of "site" is the law of the city of Moscow dated March 31, 2004 No. 20 "On guarantees of the availability of information about the activities of state power city ​​of Moscow. In Art. 2 means: "The official website of the authority - a set of information resources posted in accordance with the law or the decision of the relevant authority on the Internet at a specific address published for public information." It is not difficult to conclude that for a regional legislator, a site is a kind of collection of information resources.

Needless to say, the very concept of "information resource" also does not have a full-fledged legal definition at the level of federal legislation. Previously, it was enshrined in Art. 2 federal law dated February 20, 1995 No. 24-FZ "On information, informatization and information protection", but at present this law has become invalid due to the adoption of the federal law dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On information, information technology and protection of information" (hereinafter - the Law on Information), in which the definition of "information resources" is given only indirectly, and only in relation to state information resources. Paragraph 9 of Article 14 states: "Information contained in state information systems, as well as other information and documents at the disposal of state bodies are state information resources.

Therefore, in the legal sense, a website as an information resource is a collection of information contained in a particular information system and at the disposal of the owner of the information, that is, the person who independently created the information or received "by law or contract the right to allow or restrict access to information determined by any signs" (Article 2). However, even a superficial look at the real content of modern Internet sites allows us to assert that the practice is far ahead of the legislator and in the current conditions it would be necessary to define the site more broadly - as "a set of formalized objects in a certain way."

The concept of mass media is exhaustively defined in Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 "On the Mass Media" (hereinafter referred to as the Mass Media Law). Here it is stated: "the mass media means a periodical printed publication, a radio, television, video program, a newsreel program, another form of periodic distribution of mass information." It is obvious that the Internet site is neither a printed publication, nor a radio, television, video program, nor a newsreel program. Can it be recognized as another form of periodic dissemination of mass information? The answer to this question requires an analysis of Art. 23 and 24 of the Media Law.

The legal nature of other forms of periodic dissemination of mass information is determined in Art. 23 "Information agencies" and art. 24 "Other Mass Media" of the Mass Media Law. Can a website have the legal status of a news agency? This question should be answered in the negative, because, according to part 1 of Art. 23 of the Mass Media Law, information agencies are "simultaneously subject to the status of editorial office, publisher, distributor and the legal regime of mass media". It is obvious that only a subject of law can have the status of an editorial office, publisher or distributor, but not an object of legal relations, which can only be a site as a set of information. Another thing is that a site can belong to an information agency, like any other object of legal relations. However, in this case, the site itself does not become another form of periodic distribution of mass media, and therefore does not acquire the legal status of a mass media.

If we consider the Internet site in the context of the provisions of Art. 24 "Other Mass Media" of the Mass Media Law, the following conclusions should be drawn.

Part one Art. 24 of the Mass Media Law establishes: "The rules established by this Law for print periodicals apply to the periodic distribution of a circulation of a thousand or more copies of texts created using computers and (or) stored in their banks and databases, as well as in relation to other mass media, whose products are distributed in the form of printed messages, materials, images. Obviously, this rule cannot be applied to the Internet site, since the Internet site has neither circulation nor products distributed "in the form of printed messages, materials, images." The messages and images that make up the content of the website do not have printed form: they are rendered only on a computer screen, so that any person can access them "online from any place and at any time of their choice".

Not applicable to Internet sites and the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 24, which reads: "The rules established by this Law for radio and television programs apply to the periodic distribution of mass information through teletext, videotext and other telecommunication networks, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation." On the one hand, the functioning of the Internet site can be interpreted as the periodic dissemination of mass information through the telecommunications network. This interpretation is supported by the content contained in paragraph 9 of Art. 2 of the Law on Information defines the concept of "dissemination of information" as actions aimed at "obtaining information by an indefinite circle of persons or transferring information to an indefinite circle of persons."

On the other hand, part 7 of Art. 2 of the Mass Media Law gives a fundamentally different definition of the term "distribution of mass media products", which is defined as "sale (subscription, delivery, distribution) of printed periodicals, audio or video recordings of programs, broadcasting of radio, television programs (broadcasting), demonstration of newsreels programs". Of course, the site may have copies, but it is unlikely that their number will ever reach one thousand pieces. With the exception of Internet sites through which Internet broadcasting is carried out, all other sites obviously do not fall under the above definition. At the same time, paragraph 2 of Art. 4 of the Law on Information establishes that "the legal regulation of relations connected with the organization and activities of the mass media is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the mass media." Consequently, the definition of the concept of "dissemination of information" should be applied in the field of mass media only to the extent that it does not contradict the Mass Media Law.

Thus, a website, by definition, cannot be considered "another mass media", and therefore, the requirement for the owner of a website to register it as a mass media without fail is not based on the Mass Media Law, which only establishes the mandatory registration of media mass media.

The foregoing does not exclude, but, on the contrary, suggests the possibility of voluntary registration of an Internet site as a mass media at the request of its owner. Based on Part 1 of Art. 7 of the Mass Media Law, any citizen, association of citizens, enterprise, institution, organization, government agency has the right to establish a mass media outlet for the dissemination of mass information in any form not prohibited by law. Since the creation of Internet sites is not prohibited by law, insofar as in this matter everyone is free to independently choose the measure of their lawful behavior. If the creator of the Internet site wants the legal regime of the mass media to be extended to his information resource, then he must send an application for registration of this mass media to the authorized state body in accordance with Art. 8, 10 of the Mass Media Law.

The conclusion that the Internet site is not, as a general rule, a mass media outlet is also confirmed by the legal position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. In the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 3 dated February 24, 2005 "On judicial practice on cases of protecting the honor and dignity of citizens, as well as business reputation citizens and legal entities It is said: "The dissemination of information discrediting the honor and dignity of citizens or the business reputation of citizens and legal entities should be understood as the publication of such information in the press, broadcast on radio and television, demonstration in newsreel programs and other media, distribution on the Internet, as well as using other means of telecommunication, a statement in performance characteristics, public speeches, statements addressed to officials, or a message in one form or another, including oral, to at least one person". Obviously, "dissemination on the Internet" is indicated here separately from the dissemination of information in the media, especially since the dissemination of information on the Internet can be carried out not only through its placement on a particular site, but also through email, ICQ, etc.

Moreover, the resolution of the Plenum specifically draws the attention of the courts to the fact that "in the event that discrediting information that does not correspond to reality was posted on the Internet on an information resource registered in statutory order as a mass media, when considering a claim for the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation, it is necessary to be guided by the norms relating to the mass media. "Consequently, the Internet site acquires the status of a mass media only by virtue of its voluntary registration in this capacity, and due to its legal nature.

However, the prospects for building relationships between the authorities and the online media, much more than any legal incidents, depend on the scale and degree of influence of the Internet industry on public life. And to assess these parameters - and the prospects for their change in the future - it makes sense to turn to the history of the creation of Internet media in Russia.

mass media journalist

New opportunities

The online publication opens up new opportunities in disseminating information and establishing contact with the audience. One of the main characteristics of online media is the efficiency and speed of updating information. The process of the appearance of information in traditional media compared to online publications is quite complicated and requires much more time. For example, a newspaper, before falling into the hands of the reader, goes a long way: it is necessary to draw up a layout for the future issue, layout, and send it to print. Online media do not have these problems, the content of the site can take place at any time. Along with constantly updated information, some rubrics remain static. Some publications combine all three possible options for the content of information:

Arbitrary update: as the material is prepared;

Update with a set frequency: the site is updated at a certain moment, for example, daily or weekly;

Permanent update: news and messages are posted on the site as soon as they come from news agencies, correspondents or reporters.

Among the new opportunities provided by online media, stand out.

Memory and data archive

In addition to up-to-date information, online media sites have an archive of news for several months and years. For the convenience of readers, the archive is equipped with a search engine that allows you to find editorial materials sorted by dates, topics and departments. The archive contributes to the quality of the journalism product by introducing transparency into the correspondence. It takes several seconds to a minute to search for the necessary information. The more correctly the request is formulated, the more effective will be the search for the necessary documents.

Archives are especially effective for online news publications. Expanding, they form into quite useful resources available at any time. Data from the archive can provide the necessary information for journalistic investigation.

interactivity

The reader has the opportunity to interact with the online publication in real time. If you wish, you can leave your comment on the article, complain about the inaccuracy of information or write a letter to the editor.

The user of the online newspaper can participate in the study of data banks and archives, polls and voting conducted on the sites, as well as download games and programs.

multimedia

Multimedia - a set of all types of information (graphic, sound, video). Websites allow you to post text, sound, graphics, video, animation. However, the problem is that video files are very large in kilobytes and take a long time to download. Therefore, the BBC and CNN sites show what can be downloaded by the user, and then he decides whether to download or not.

Multimedia expands the idea of ​​obtaining information. For example, a user can listen to an interview and read a journalistic report at the same time.

Multimedia available:

text: does not convey much information at once, but uses the power of other elements (photos, sounds, etc.);

photo: presents the details of events by capturing them, clearly captures current events;

sound: affects emotionally and enhances the influence of texts, photos or videos;

· video clips: the topics covered in the photo series can be presented in videos;

· animation: requires more power when loading, is an ersatz video.

Electronic publications do not always use the full range of multimedia - otherwise it would significantly increase the download speed of the material and reduce the data transmission power. Therefore, it is necessary to take care of the economical use of colors, sounds and video. Texts in online media should not be so long that the user yawns and clicks on the "back" button.

Flexible delivery systems, forwarding

The network editor can place any information both on the site, include it in search engines, and send it to mobile phone. To reach as many online publications and agencies as possible, you can forward materials directly to them.

Nonlinear Design

The network is based on the non-linear (multi-thread) principle of information consumption. So, consumers do not need to switch from one material to another, third, from one wave to another. Having chosen the materials of interest to them, they can read first the 2nd, then the 5th and 6th, then the 15th, and then return to the 4th. It is a network, but not a single stream.

To understand the advantage of non-linear information feed over linear, let's take the example of radio. This is linear, or streaming, media. Content is delivered to listeners in a linear, single stream. First the interview, then the weather forecast, the news block, the music, the news block, and so on. The listener cannot choose which news and in what order to listen to, and which not. In reality, listeners will mentally tune in to listen to what they are really interested in, switch to another wave, or turn off the radio altogether.

The information consumption model on the Internet is driven by the audience, not by the information provider, unlike radio or television. A non-linear model of information consumption requires a carefully thought-out presentation of texts. With the information collected on the topic, one should try to compile it into a series of interrelated texts that together will provide a general coverage of the topic, but which can be read separately. This can attract and retain a larger audience. If, however, information is published in separate blocks that are not interconnected, as, for example, in a newspaper, the reader will read only one material from the monitor screen and leave the site, perhaps forever. So you can lose 50% of your potential audience. When reading a text, readers want to immediately find the information they need, without wasting time looking through the entire content of the newspaper.

Subscription

The user can subscribe to certain categories and headings and, as it were, compose "his own newspaper" with the information he needs. At the same time, the subscriber himself chooses the frequency of information delivery - daily, hourly or permanent. The user does not need to search for and then download information, he can receive it directly from the network as ordered.

For example, the electronic version of the publication "Currency Speculator" accounts for more than two-thirds of the total sales. In addition, the media are increasingly beginning to provide their readers with additional services, including the possibility of subscribing to their electronic version. However, the proposals for Internet subscription that currently exist on the Web are rather fragmented and diverse. In particular, not so long ago, the Informservice company developed a system for accessing electronic versions of New Press (www.new-press.ru) printed publications. This is a network trading floor, where the publisher can offer publications for sale in in electronic format, assign them a price, track sales in real time, participate in affiliate programs, and use various built-in tools to collect and process information about the interests and preferences of users. Any subscriber of the New Press online catalog can read general information about the publication, announcements of issues, choose the publication that he likes and buy its electronic version in PDF format by paying online.

Hypertext

Hypertext is a type of text document, parts of which are located in the memory of different computers and are interconnected by relationships with which you can quickly find the information you need.

Hypertext is actively used in online journalism, realizing a non-linear connection within one type of information carrier ( text documents), as well as combining different types of information (for example, text and audio recordings). Hypertext includes links to comments on the article, additional materials, analysis.

Multifunctionality

The Internet is a multifunctional means of information transmission, which offers a large number of various forms communication:

asynchronous and synchronous

· "one-to-one", "one-to-many", "many-to-many" algorithms

Interactive and selective

Public and private

Visual-static, dynamic and sound

Other types of service

Archive and unlimited space contribute to the possibility of introducing other information services. For example, a calendar cultural events, as well as a detailed list of different addresses and links on specific topics, directories, electronic consultants, both global and local.

Cross Media Publishing

Cross Media Publishing refers to the process of one-time production and editing of texts and images with subsequent placement in the format of a particular online publication. By combining electronic media (for example, the Internet, CD-ROM) with printed media, the costs of their production and processing are reduced, and at the same time, harmony and order in data storage is achieved. Cross-media is a project launched in all possible media at once, using various distribution channels and schemes for making a profit. The use of cross-media projects helps to increase the effectiveness of promotion, the level of audience interest and the emergence of new channels for profit. The principle of COPE ("Create Once, Publish everywhere" - "Create once, publish everywhere") is applied - the versatility of coverage of the topic through various media is defined as "cross media publishing". If the specific features of the media are consistent and they are not redundant and rationally interact with each other, then the reader can use them in parallel web addresses, links to other resources, video and audio applications, or an invitation to participate in a forum on a topic. In the same online media aggregate product, a television story, for example, can be enhanced or augmented by media capabilities such as a book, newspaper, phonograph record, and so on.

“Advertising specialists say that there has been a recent trend towards a decrease in the share of advertising in print media and a redistribution of advertising budgets in favor of cheaper or free online resources,” writes Lyudmila Burkova, author of a number of articles on electronic publications on the Internet. - They believe that advertising on the Internet works much more effectively than in print media, and they explain this by the fact that there are many business connections online that allow the exchange of information, and Internet site traffic.

Recruiters are of the same opinion. They report that recently the share of advertising investments recruitment agencies on the Internet has reached 40%: this includes the cost of banners, text links, contextual advertising and other means of promotion, including such exotic and non-obvious as " viral marketing". In their opinion, the market trend is such that the share of investments in online advertising will only grow. This is effective in attracting new candidates, since the Network is the cheapest, fastest and effective method their search.

According to the International Federation of Periodical Press, more than half of glossy magazines now say that their online version is profitable. The main reasons for creating an online version are to expand the readership (84%), attract subscribers for the paper edition (81%) and build a community around the brand (67%).

Making a profit in the long term (76%) is much more important than in the short term (40%), however, even now, the online versions of many magazines bring in good money. Totally agree Last year magazines began to earn much more on the Internet than before. According to the International Federation of Periodical Press, 54% of magazines report profitability of their site, which is a quarter more than last year. And only 17% said their site was losing money, down 38% from last year. The distribution of income sources is approximately the same as in the paper edition. Approximately two-thirds comes from advertising, while the rest comes from sponsored programs, subscriptions and e-commerce.

Only 33% of journals fear that investment in website development will not pay off. A year ago, there were 60% of them. Not surprisingly, more than half of the websites have increased their spending on the online version in the last 12 months, and 82% intend to do so this year.

Lecture hall

1. Audience Growth

The audience of domestic online media is growing rapidly. Today, the most popular projects are read by up to 200,000 people a day. And this is already comparable with the circulation of the leading printed publications.

At the same time, online publications retain the potential for audience growth, which is virtually absent from the regular press. The Internet is beginning to be used by an increasing number of people, a significant percentage of whom become users of its media sector.

In addition to technological reasons for audience growth, online media have a number of advantages over print media, which are also prerequisites for their growth.

2. Transparency of the publishing process

Unlike printed press, whose declared circulations may not always correspond to real ones, in the case of online media, the number of readers is objectively reflected both by external counter services and internal server statistics. At the same time, it is possible to track not only quantitative, but also qualitative characteristics of the audience.

3. Audience quality

To become a reader of online media, you must at least have a personal computer (material criterion) and basic skills in working in a high-tech environment (educational criterion). Even these two indicators show that the audience of online media is qualitatively different from the audience of a significant number of print publications.

· 3200 active mass media in the Russian Internet;

· Attendance of Internet mass media for the year increased by 45 percent;

· session time increased by 86 percent over the year;

· the attendance of state websites grew faster than others: Vesti.ru and RIA Novosti;

· The most visited news resource is Novosti@Mail.ru, RBC's attendance slightly decreased over the year.

An IBM study showed that the more time a user spends on the Internet, the less they use traditional sources to get news. For example, among users who spend more than 20 hours a week, the Internet is the main source of information (74% of respondents). And for those who use the Internet for an hour, the preferred source of news is television (37%), radio (21%) and newspapers (11%). Also interesting is the fact that more than a third of the Internet users surveyed never buy newspapers. Of those who buy newspapers regularly, the majority do so once a week, 20% do so less than once a month, and only 6% of respondents prefer to receive fresh news from newspapers every day. The main tool for searching for specialized information, facts and data, almost (94%) for all users are search engines. However, paper encyclopedias and books were cited as the next most important source of information by 48%. In third place (32%) is Wiki-pedia, followed by newspapers and magazines, radio and television.

Top-20 Online Media by Citation Index

The role of a journalist

The rise in popularity of Internet media has led to major changes in the role of the journalist and journalism in general. As professional journalist Steve Yelvington notes, “The old model of journalism has the publisher or reporter as a defense against false information. We live in a world where information resources fall upon us. You cannot stop this flow of information. Instead, you can take the reader or user by the hand and lead them into the light. I think here we, as journalists, perform the function of selecting truthful information and pointing to it. But it's more of a guide than a gatekeeper, as the chance to take control... it's gone."

The editor of OhmyNews (Oh My News!), one of Korea's most influential media outlets with a daily readership of 2 million readers, has proven that readers can be the providers of information. More than 26,000 citizen journalists from all walks of life write for them. The amount of the fee depends on the evaluation of the editor in three categories: "basic" ("basic"), "premium" ("bonus") or "special" ("special") - respectively, from zero to $16.

When the project started in 2000, OhmyNews had 4 employees. Founder Oh Yeon Ho's goal was to make the reader exclaim "Oh my God!" (the name of the site is a derivative of "Oh my God!" - "Oh, my news!"). The chief editor had no money at all, the site was made by some amateurs.

To date, the above-mentioned number of reporters, supervised by 40 editors and professional journalists, produce about 200 stories per day. 80% of the content is created by the public, the remaining 20% ​​by the editorial staff. No wonder the resource is called "the world's most powerful news site within one country."

The last direction of interactivity can be a wake-up call for journalists. This fact also raises questions about the accuracy, veracity and perspective of these information materials. The problem of the ratio of efficiency and reliability of the information provided became acute in 1998, when network journalist Matt Drudge stole information about the Monica Lewinsky case from Newsweek reporter Michael Aizikov. Without checking the data, Drudge immediately published the facts of the most scandalous topic of the time on the Internet. Journalistic ethics was grossly violated, and this fact caused a lively discussion of the problem of the correlation between efficiency and reliability of facts in the Internet media.

Let us turn to the online journalism research conducted by the American Internet News Association (ONA) in 2001-2002. Oddly enough, online readers have said that they are more concerned about the accuracy of the information than about the promptness of its provision. In addition, online readers rated "update speed" as fifth after accuracy, completeness of information, honesty, and trust in the media. In doing so, they agreed with WashingtonPost.com editor-in-chief Doug Fever: “I would rather be right then first.”

Sociological studies show that not all 100% of readers are confident in the efficiency of Internet media over traditional media. Slightly less than half (47.1%) agree that online media are more efficient and more frequently updated, although 19.2% do not think so at all.

Many news sites now admit that they are teetering between speed and accuracy driven by "thirst to be first".

The concept of a corrections policy appears. Indeed, prompt updating of information in Internet resources allows you to quickly correct and change information. Bonnie Bressers, professor of journalism at Kansas State University, says the point of a good corrections policy is to be completely open to readers: "Tell readers everything you know." Reuters, ZDNet, Salon, WiredNews, The Washinton Post, the Associated Press, the Houston Chronicle, and others also use this policy on their news sites. kinsey Wilson, Chief Editor USANoday.com believes that corrections should be posted in the designated places, factual corrections are flagged, and should be made available to readers.

conclusions

World experience suggests different solutions. For some reason, it is generally accepted that tough measures to regulate the Internet are the prerogative of China alone. Actually, it is not. There are other countries that take the regulation of information distributed via the Internet very seriously. For example, in Iceland some time ago, about 200 people were convicted for visiting resources with child pornography, which is a significant figure for such a small country. I emphasize that not for distribution, but for visiting these resources! Since then, 70 percent of Icelandic families have voluntarily installed special filters in their homes that prohibit access to child pornography.

V South Korea, where the Internet is in almost every home and where online culture and freedom of exchange of opinions are very developed, there is a law according to which large portals with an audience of more than 300,000 people a day are not allowed to publish comments under a pseudonym - only under their real name. Now a law is being prepared there, according to which this rule will apply to all other sites. And what is most interesting, 63 percent of the population support this law!

In Israel, a law on censorship on the Internet is being prepared and has already passed the first reading, which obliges all Israeli Internet providers to install by default special filters for customers that cut off access to "undesirable" sites. Such sites, according to this law, include online casinos, porn sites and sites that promote violence. Compiling lists of harmful sites and determining methods for filtering them is left to the Ministry of Communications. At the same time, 56 percent of Israelis support the adoption of such a law.

The EU countries also had to go to the introduction of more stringent norms in the legislative regulation of the Internet. In April of this year, European Union states agreed on the need to tighten penalties for incitement to terrorist acts in order to stop the activity of militant groups on the Internet. The framework agreement gives the courts the right to require the provider to close any suspicious site if the corresponding server is located in the EU.

Of course, in many countries, especially where the Internet is used relatively recently, national legislation contains significantly less legal provisions than in the above examples. Another thing is that in principle we did not set ourselves the task of regulating the entire Internet, deliberately limiting ourselves only to amendments to the law "On Mass Media". This is too many-sided task - both legal definitions, and tax issues, Internet banking, Internet commerce, combating spam, advertising, copyright, and so on. Only the development of such a law can take years or even decades.

Bibliography

Batmanova Svetlana "Peculiarities of the journalistic process on the Internet (on the experience of the USA)", Scientific and cultural journal No. 7 (2009)

Voroshilov V.V. Journalism: Textbook. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house V.A. Mikhailova, 2000

Dorozhkin Alexander "Paper and network journalism", "Computerra online" (31.09.2002)

Milchin A. E. Publishing dictionary-reference book. - Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional, Electronic - M .: OLMA-Press, 2006

Nosik A. Mass media of the Russian Internet: theory and practice // Mir Internet magazine. – http://www.iworld.ru/ #4 (67) April 2002

Digital Journalism: Credibility Study. Founded by a grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. Edited by Online News Association, 2002

Voroshilov V.V. Journalism: Textbook. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house V.A. Mikhailova, 2000. - S. 56.

Spout A.// Internet for a journalist / Ed. A. Nosika, S. Kuznetsova. M.: Galeria, 2001.

Milchin A. E. Publishing dictionary-reference book. - Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional, Electronic - M .: OLMA-Press, 2006

Data from the online newspaper "Dni Ru"

Rumetrica website data

According to IBM research

Traditional - online version of a newspaper or magazine (commersant, Vedomosti)

New - online media (Lenta.Ru)

Network media is one of the young segments of the information market. Network media provide an opportunity to isolate information content (inf. and inform. - political) from all network resources. If a network resource is not constantly updated, then it cannot be called a network media. A network resource, like the media, needs to be licensed. This can be presented as a site with information and news. It should be noted that press services and news agencies cannot be called online media. Some contain primary information, while others contain agency information. The press service is an information resource, not a network media. Electronic versions of newspapers are the primary component of online media. Online media expand the field of activity of other media and create the possibility of interactivity. One of the prerequisites that influenced the emergence of online media is the NEED for DIALOGUE. If earlier there was a reader's correspondence with printed publications, now in no newspaper such a heading as the reader's letters has been preserved. Here, the behavioral model of society is triggered when it is necessary to show a reaction to the written material. It is the journalist who forms the positions and views on which he “implants” any behavioral models. With the advent of electronic media, print media have been able to publish their issues in electronic form. All media subsystems use the capabilities of network media.

First Internet broadcast.

First online media.

When did the portal RU.

Network media - the media does not have similar brands of other subsystems, it exists only in electronic form.

Djaz.ru - the first music portal. Online media must comply with the requirements that apply to the media in the media law.

In 2000, about 50 television companies, programs and broadcasts, 60 radio sites, over 30 information agencies were registered in Russia, which offered their content to Internet users. There are also more than 1200 newspapers and magazines, and a third of them existed only in the online version.

Federal legislation on mass media. Russia has a system of law based on the Constitution and officially published laws. By type, it belongs to continental law - in contrast to case law, where decisions are based not on written, as it were, predetermined norms, but on similar cases from previous judicial and legal practice. Precedent regulation of social life is accepted, for example, in Great Britain; to a large extent, the United States falls under this definition. Constitutional legislation is widespread in European countries (hence - "continental").

In the mass information area, there is a hierarchy of normative documents common to the entire legal system. The fundamental foundations of legislation on the media are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freedom of thought and speech, a ban on inhumane propaganda in its various manifestations, the unhindered flow of information, a ban on censorship (Article 29), ideological pluralism (Article 13), privacy (Article 13). 23 and 24), freedom of creativity (art. 44), etc.

We note in particular that the Constitution includes generally recognized principles and norms in the national legal system international law and international treaties of Russia, and moreover, they take precedence over domestic legislation (Article 15). It also provides for the right of a citizen to apply to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms. This means that the imperfection of Russian laws or their arbitrary interpretation, directed against civilized forms of information exchange, is compensated by the efforts of the world community to assert natural rights and freedoms. Our country is no exception. In the same position are, for example, other states that have joined the Council of Europe. Their domestic legislation and enforcement practices must be adjusted to the standards of this organization. The European Court of Human Rights has recently created a precedent, which is useful for our compatriots to know about. He delivered an acquittal in the case of a British reporter convicted at home for refusing to disclose a confidential source of information.

Detailing and development of the provisions of the Constitution are contained in special legislation (which, of course, should not contradict it, like all other normative documents). The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media” occupies a central place in the legislation on mass media. In fairness, it must be said that this is not the first document in Russian history that regulates mass information activities. In this regard, historians pay attention to the Decree of Peter I on the publication of the Vedomosti newspaper, the detailed censorship legislation tsarist Russia, Decree on the press, signed by V.I. Lenin, and later regulations. The immediate predecessor of the current Law was the Law of the USSR "On the Press and Other Mass Media", adopted in 1990. It already reflected most of the connections and relations that arise with the current Russian press.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media" protects editorial offices from coercive influence from the outside and interference in manufacturing process, describes the mechanisms of interaction of editorial offices with the state, founders and publishers, sources of information and citizens, guarantees the journalist the protection of his honor, dignity, health, life and property and grants him personal independence in creative and civil relations, formulates the rights and obligations of a journalist. The document has stood the test of time, it creates the required conditions for effective journalistic activity. However, some additions to the text were made already in 1995, and, probably, new clarifications will appear, prompted by experience.

The law also withstood another, even more impressive load - already as a supporting element of a complex structure of legal acts and regulations. Today, a whole family of laws on the press has developed - not ideally complete in composition and internal relationships, but still much more reliably meeting the needs of both society and journalism itself than it was quite recently.

The structure of branch law includes federal documents, one way or another affecting the sphere of mass media. Let's name the most notable among them: "On State Secrets" (1993), "On the Basic Guarantees of the Electoral Rights of Citizens of the Russian Federation" (1994), "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" (1995), "On Advertising" (1995), Civil and Criminal Codes, etc. Gradually, the practice of harmonizing various legal provisions is being formed, without which it is impossible to achieve the implementation of each of them. Separate norms, which are succinctly presented in the Law "On the Mass Media", receive a detailed interpretation in special legal acts. Thus, a short mention of the obligation of the media to send free copies of publications to libraries and other storage facilities is, as it were, deployed in the Law on Legal Copies of Documents. Article 42 (“Author's Works and Letters”) is reinforced by the deeply detailed Law on Copyright and Related Rights, etc.

On the fate of the Law "On State Support for the Mass Media and Book Publishing of the Russian Federation" (1995), one can observe how the development of a package of complementary provisions gives real strength to the new document. The law provides for the introduction of a number of economic benefits for the media in order to create equal conditions for everyone to establish themselves in the market and successfully operate. Accordingly, it was necessary to make additions and changes to such documents, which at first glance, are far from journalism, such as the laws “On Value Added Tax”, “On Profit Tax for Enterprises and Organizations”, and “On Customs Tariff”. Next, a struggle unfolded for the inclusion in the state budget of expenses for ensuring the declared benefits, then special departmental instructions were required (for example, for customs services), without which the decisions of the highest bodies of state power would not be implemented in the workplace.