Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Labor rationing: accounting of the working time of the main production workers Classification of the cost of working time of production work

The classification of the costs of working time includes the classification of the costs of the working time of the contractor and the classification of the costs of the use of equipment.
Classification of the performer's working time costs.

In any type of work, the performer's working time is divided into work time and break time (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Distribution of working hours

Work time is the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion.

The time spent on completing the production assignment is the time spent on preparing and directly completing the assignment, it consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.

The preparatory and final (PZ) is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the work and on its completion (receiving a job assignment and familiarization with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, receiving instructions on the procedure for performing work, installing tools in the equipment , its adjustment, removal of the tool from the equipment after completion of work, delivery finished products, tools, devices, documentation, etc.).

The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the proportion of the preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task.

Operational time (OP) is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is subdivided into primary and secondary time.

The main (O) is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, processing a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, stitching parts of a product in a garment industry, the time of active monitoring of the progress of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.

The auxiliary time (B) is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal from it of objects of labor in machine-tool production, measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and Food Industry, changing the operating modes of equipment, etc.).

Workplace maintenance time (Obs) is the time to take care of the workplace and keep the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into time Maintenance and organizational service time.

The time of maintenance of the (Tech) workplace is associated with the care of the equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacement of worn-out tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, replacement of cartridges in office equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (Org) is the time to maintain the workplace in a working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning cars, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of production operations, the work time is divided into time self made, time of machine-manual work and time of observation of equipment operation.

The time of manual work is called work without the use of machines or mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.

The time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized work) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using a manual mechanized tool (for example, an electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).

In a mechanized and automated production a significant part of the working time is taken by the time of monitoring the production process. It can be active or passive.

The time of active observation (A) over the operation of the equipment is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to observe the progress technological process.

Passive observation time (Pass) is the time during which there is no need to constantly monitor the operation of the equipment or the technological process, the observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of independent work equipment. Work time can be overlapping and non-overlapping.

Overlapped time - the time of performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. The execution time, for example, of ancillary work by an employee and the operation time of equipment, for which he is passively observing, overlap one another, that is, they are performed simultaneously.

Non-overlapping is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped, for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices.

Work time not foreseen by the production order (NZ) is the time that is spent on performing random or not production works.

Occasional work (CH) is work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs, for example, to correct defective products.

Unproductive work (NR) is one that does not increase the volume of production or improve its quality. For example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly drawn up route.

Break time (P) is the period during which an employee does not work while in production. It is subdivided into scheduled break times and non-scheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks (PR) assumes time for rest, personal needs, industrial gymnastics, the time of breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process.

Rest breaks and personal needs (Ex) are provided to employees to restore their working capacity during the work shift, to carry out industrial gymnastics, as well as personal hygiene and natural needs.

The time of irreparable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process (PTI) is determined by the specific conditions of the course of specific technological processes. For example, a break for a heated part to cool down to a certain temperature, a break for drying painted surfaces.

The time of unregulated (disposable) interruptions (PNT), which are caused by violations of the normal course of the production process and violations labor discipline.

Interruptions caused by violations of the normal course of the production process (PTP) arise for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production (untimely submission to workplace raw materials, materials, electricity, untimely maintenance of equipment), as well as due to technology violations leading to accidents or unforeseen equipment downtime.

Interruptions caused by violations of labor discipline (IPD) arise as a result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, as well as downtime of employees who cannot perform their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.

Working hours are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

The standardized costs of working time include the costs required to perform a given job. These include: preparatory and final time, operational time, time of service of the workplace, time of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process, time for rest and personal needs. These costs are included in the time rate.

Non-standardized expenditures of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (emergency shutdowns of equipment, removable shortcomings of labor organization), as well as due to violations of labor discipline (equipment downtime due to delays, absenteeism, untimely start and premature end of work on the part of individual workers).

The total value of normalized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time and is determined by the formula

where Tpz - preparatory and final time for a batch of products; n is the size of the batch of the product; to - main time; tв - auxiliary time; tob - the time of service of the workplace; totl - time for rest and personal needs; tпт - time of normalized breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

The classification of labor time costs determines the structure of a technically justified rate of time. Analysis of the structure of working time costs allows us to identify the amount of loss of working time, as well as the irrational costs of working time at the workplace.
Classification of equipment use time costs

The structural elements of the expenditure of time for the use of equipment largely coincide with the elements of the expenditure of the performer's working time.

So, the time of using the equipment is subdivided into work and time of breaks.

The operating time of the equipment consists of the operating time of the equipment to complete the production task and the operating time of the equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task.

The operating time of the equipment to complete the production task is called operational time and is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main time is divided into machine-manual time and machine (hardware) time.

Machine-manual is the time during which the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker.

Machine (hardware) is called the time of automatic operation of equipment, when the functions of the worker are limited only to observation and adjustment.

Auxiliary time is the time that is not overlapped by machine time when the equipment stops to perform work to support the main work, for example, the time to install or remove a part from the machine.

In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be subdivided into machine (hardware) -free and for the operation time of equipment with the participation of a worker.

Machine (hardware) -free time is the operating time of the equipment when it does not need the direct participation of the worker.

The operating time of the equipment with the participation of the worker is the time of the worker's employment in servicing the equipment with multi-station (multi-unit) service or operational time minus the time of the machine (hardware) -free.

The operating time of equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of random work.

The time of breaks in the operation of the equipment is divided into the time of regulated and non-regulated breaks.

The time of regulated breaks is subdivided: into the time of breaks associated with the preparation of equipment for work and with its organizational and technical maintenance; for the period of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process (equipment repairs on schedule, unavoidable technological breaks); during breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker.

The time of unregulated breaks may arise due to disruption of the production process (lack of electricity, raw materials, materials, etc.), as well as due to violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, premature departure from the workplace, etc.).

The time of unproductive and casual work, the time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline and violations of the production process, refer to non-standardized costs of working time. The rest of the equipment operating time is standardized.

Diversity production processes and forms of labor organization, the different content and frequency of expenditure of working time, as well as the purposes of their study necessitate the use of different methods and techniques of observation, different equipment.

The methods of study and types of observation of the expenditure of working time can be classified according to the following criteria:

By the observation method - continuous, selective, periodic, cyclic, instant observations

According to the object of observation - individual, group

According to the form of recording the results of observations

Digital, index, graphic, oscillographic, combined

By the way of observation - visually, with the help of instruments.

Method of continuous (continuous) measurements - used in all production processes with different forms organization of work and types of study of working time (timing, photography); allows you to get the most complete, detailed and accurate idea not only about the average, but also about the actual costs and losses of working time in terms of their content, size and sequence of implementation.

Periodic observation method, used in group and route photography, allows: to obtain data on the number of incidents of certain costs, loss of working time or equipment downtime. Monitoring is carried out simultaneously for the work of a large number of workers or pieces of equipment. Simultaneous coverage is up to 20 objects, sometimes one person can monitor 70 workers.

Sampling method used mainly in timing, when the individual elements of the operation are studied. It is most widely used in the study of the techniques of auxiliary time in the conditions of a multi-station organization of labor, instrumental processes.

Cycle measurement method- a kind of selective observation process - it is used only for timing, when it is necessary to measure the time of performance of techniques (actions or movements) with a very short duration, and therefore it is impossible to accurately record the time of their implementation using conventional observation methods (using stopwatches). Here, time measurements are taken in groups of separate techniques.

Momentary observation method the cost of loss of working time and the use of equipment in time is based on the theory of probability and is a kind of sampling method. In order for the results of the observations to reflect the actual use of working hours, the following conditions must be met:

* observations of certain expenditures of working time should be random and equally possible;

* the number of observations (sample size) should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

In the study of labor processes, the most important is the solution of two problems: determining the actual time spent on performing elements of operations (labor movements, actions.); determination of the structure of time spent during a work shift or part of it. Depending on the purpose of the study, three methods of studying the costs of working time are used: timing, FRV, photo timing.

The classification of methods for researching the cost of working time is presented in table 3. Table 3 - Classification of methods for researching the cost of working time
Classification attribute	Research method
Purpose of the study	- photograph of working hours; - timing; - photo timing
Number of Objects Observed	- individual; - group; - route
Research form	- direct measurements of time; - method of moment observations
Data commit form	- continuous, continuous observation; - selective observation; - cyclical observation
Observation type	- visual; - using automatic metering devices
Observer	- an outside observer; - the performer himself
Record form	- digital; - index; - graphic; - photography, filming

Work time- the length of the working day established by law ( working week), during which the employee performs the work assigned to him. The purpose of studying the costs of working time is to identify reserves for improving the use of working time and increasing labor productivity both for an individual contractor and for the enterprise collective as a whole.

Examination production capabilities of each workplace, the study of experience and the most advanced labor methods, the identification of intra-shift losses and the receipt of the necessary materials for the development of standards and norms requires a systematic study of labor processes and an analysis of the cost of working time in production.

The classification of time expenditures is carried out in relation to three elements of the production process - the subject of labor, equipment and employee.

In practice, when studying the cost of working time, the classification of working time differentiated by separate categories is used. The presence of such a classification contributes to the achievement of unity in solving issues of the organization and regulation of labor and serves as the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, analyzing and comparing them with the standard costs of time by elements of the labor process, as well as for identifying irrational costs and losses of working time and their causes, setting standards in enterprises various industries national economy (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Structure of working time costs

The classification allows:

Study the state of the organization of labor and the use of working time, most fully identifying the loss of working time and their causes;

Establish the degree of necessity and feasibility of individual time expenditures when performing a given work;

To fully study and analyze the time of using the equipment in mutual connection with the working time of the contractor;

Determine the labor costs for performing a given work and its constituent elements.

Labor rationing should be accompanied by an improvement in the organization of labor and technological processes at workplaces in combination with the most complete and economical use of equipment. Therefore, classifications have been developed for the use of working time in relation to the performer and equipment.

The basis of the currently developed classifications is the allocation of two components: the time of work (functioning) and the time of breaks.

Performer's working hours - this is the time spent on direct work, and the time of breaks when the labor process is not carried out.

The main and most important group of expenditures of working time - working hours , including that spent by the employee on preparing for the performance of work, on the direct performance of the work and its completion.

The time spent on the direct execution of the work, in turn, is divided into the time of the production order and the time not due to the production order.

1... Work time to complete the production task spent on the preparation and direct execution of the assignment.

Let's consider it in more detail.

1 ... Preparatory and final time (PZ) - preparation for the start of work and its completion. Most often, this includes the time spent on receiving the task at the beginning of the shift, receiving the material, receiving, installing and removing the tool on the equipment, handing over the finished product, tool, documentation at the end of the shift, etc. It is important to know that the preparatory and final time is spent on the entire shift wholly and well depends on the number of products produced per change and the amount of work.

2. Operational time (OP) is the time during which the employee directly performs the performed task by performing technological operations. It is subdivided as follows:

· Basic (O), which represents the time spent on transforming the object of labor, on changing its shape, size, structure, properties, qualities, etc.

· Auxiliary (B), spent by the employee on the performance of such actions that ensure the performance of the main work.

Without auxiliary time, it is practically impossible to carry out the process of transforming the object of labor, i.e. main job. Ancillary time costs include the time spent on loading equipment, rearranging and moving materials; blanks, parts, finished products within the workplace, control and monitoring of equipment operation, etc. The duration of the auxiliary time depends on the level of mechanization and automation of the workplace.

3. Workplace maintenance time (OSSL) is spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining the equipment in working order. It is subdivided as follows:

· The time of organizational maintenance of the workplace, spent on maintaining the workplace in a working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, etc.);

· Time of maintenance of the workplace associated with the care of equipment, tools, due to a specific production task (replacement of worn out tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, etc.).

II. Working time not due to the production order(NZ), includes the cost of working time for the performance of:

1) casual work (CP) - here the time spent is caused by production needs (for example, walking in orders, performing auxiliary and repair work not provided for by the assignment, etc.);

2) unproductive work (NR) - here the time spent is associated with work that does not give an increase in production or improve its quality, including the time to correct defects, the time of excessive car mileage, etc.

Considering the work time, it is necessary to take into account the classification of this type of time, depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of the production operation:

· Time of manual work, i.e. without the use of machines or mechanisms;

· The time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using manual mechanisms;

· The time of observation of the equipment operation during automated or hardware operation;

Time of transitions (from machine to machine at multi-station service).

A feature of automated and hardware production is a large proportion of the time for monitoring the operation of the equipment, over the course of the production process. The observation time can be active or passive.

Active observation time the work of the equipment consists in the fact that the employee himself does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is mandatory, since he must observe the progress and set parameters of the technological process, i.e. exercise direct control and, if necessary, make appropriate adjustments.

Passive observation time the operation of the equipment is characterized by the fact that the employee does not need to constantly monitor the technological process. Therefore, the employee during this time can be busy performing other types of work and monitor the equipment for a while.

The division of the operating time into overlapping and non-overlapping is of great importance. Their essence is as follows.

Overlapping time- this is when the worker performs labor functions during the automatic operation of the equipment. For example, with passive observation, an employee can perform a number of auxiliary tasks.

Non-overlapping time- this is when work is performed with the equipment stopped (for example, loading raw materials into devices or semiautomatic devices).

Another important group when studying the cost of working time is break times - the period during which the employee, being at the workplace, does not work. It is subdivided into scheduled break times and non-scheduled break times.

Time of scheduled breaks, those. for rest and personal needs, industrial gymnastics, for breaks related to technology and organization of production, it is designed to prevent fatigue of workers and maintain their normal performance throughout the working day. In turn, it is divided as follows:

1) time for breaks for rest and personal needs, which are provided to employees to restore their working capacity during the working day.

2) the time of irreparable breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process, due to the specifics of the technological process and the organization of labor (drying of painted surfaces); it is practically impossible to eliminate such interruptions, since their elimination or reduction can lead to a deterioration in the quality of products or works.

Time of ad hoc breaks can be eliminated or at least reduced, since its presence is associated with violations of the normal course of the production process or with violations in labor discipline

Interruptions caused by disruptions in the normal course of the production process can arise for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production, as well as due to technology disruptions leading to accidents or unforeseen equipment downtime.

Breaks associated with violations of labor discipline are most often associated with being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, absenteeism, as well as due to the absence of other workers, without whom the main worker cannot perform work.

As noted, the classification of working time is carried out in such a direction as the attitude to equipment, as a result of which equipment usage time (VIO). The structure of its costs is similar to the structure of the working time of the contractor. This is quite understandable, since he is busy with the equipment and the costs of his work time are interdependent on the peculiarities of technology and production technology.

The equipment usage time is subdivided as follows.

I. Equipment operating time(BP) includes the following components.

1. The operating time of the equipment to complete the production task (OP), which is called operational time and is subdivided into main (O) and auxiliary (B).

Most of the time is spent on the process of processing the object of labor and automatically entering it for processing. It can be:

· Machine-manual - when the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker;

· Machine - when the worker only observes and regulates the operation of the equipment (it is also called machine-automatic time, and its presence allows the introduction of multi-station service).

The auxiliary time takes into account only the actions necessary to carry out the main work, which are not overlapped by the machine time (if it is necessary to stop the operation of the equipment to ensure the main work, i.e. install or remove parts).

In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be subdivided into machine (hardware) -free time (when the equipment is operating, when there is no need for the direct participation of the worker) and for the time of operation of the equipment with the participation of the worker (this is the worker's employment in servicing equipment during multi-station maintenance or operational time minus time machine (hardware) -free).

Moreover. For some types of equipment, it is important to divide the operating time of the equipment by the working stroke, when the equipment is in operation and the main work is performed on it, and the idle time, when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not performed on it, but preparation for the working stroke is in progress.

2 ... The operating time of equipment not provided for by the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of random work. Unproductive work of equipment is similar to unproductive work of a worker and includes, for example, time spent on manufacturing scrap, while random work of equipment is associated with the manufacture of products that are not due to a task caused by production needs.

II. Equipment interruption time(P). The equipment is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks.

1. The time of regulated breaks established by technology, organization of the production process, as well as the need for an employee's rest, is subdivided as follows:

· Breaks during the maintenance of equipment, which are associated with the preparation for its work and with the maintenance of the workplace;

· A break in the operation of the equipment associated with waiting for service, due to the technology and organization of the production process (unavoidable technological breaks, equipment repairs on schedule), as well as breaks for the employee for rest and personal needs.

2. The time of unregulated interruptions in the operation of equipment is due to the same reasons as unregulated interruptions in the work of a worker, namely, violations of the production process (PNT) and violations of labor discipline (PND).

For the sake of completeness, consider the classification of "time spent on the subject of labor, i.e. classification production time(Runway). When analyzing the time structure of the production process, you need to know that the duration of the production process does not always coincide with the duration of the shift.

The production process time is subdivided as follows:

1) the time of implementation of the technological process, i.e. the main technological time, in the process of which the object of labor is transformed;

2) the time of transport operations, during which the object of labor is moved from operation to operation, the object of labor is transported to the places of processing and assembly, as well as the time of control and testing finished products and interoperational control;

3) the time of breaks during the production process.

Depending on the degree of mechanization and automation of the production process, all components of time, with the exception of breaks, are divided as follows:

· Time of manual work;

· Machine-manual time;

· Machine (hardware) time.

When establishing time norms, it should be borne in mind that not all of the considered elements of working time are subject to regulation. Therefore, there are standardized and non-standardized costs of working time.

Standardized costs those are called those that are recognized as necessary, are included in the time rate and are subject to standardization.

Irregular time expenditure- this is actually a loss of working time, (for example, unregulated breaks). Their reduction and elimination is one of the reserves for the growth of labor productivity.

The work to reduce ad hoc interruptions should be carried out in two directions:

1) improving the organization of the workforce, production and management;

2) improving labor discipline at the enterprise.

In the practice of technical regulation of labor, the time during which a given work is performed is divided into separate elements. For this purpose, a unified classification of working time is used, which serves as the basis for studying and analyzing its structure, determining the duration of the elements. labor process, identifying reserves for the growth of labor productivity, setting standards. The classification of working time costs is shown in Fig. 13. Working time is understood as the part of the calendar time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal regulations of the enterprise, is obliged to be at the workplace and to perform work duties with high quality. Its duration rate is a regulated amount of working time that a worker (employee) needs to work during a certain calendar time (working day, shift, week).

Work time It is subdivided into the time of work - the period during which the employee performs useful labor movements and actions, and the time of breaks when the labor process is not performed. The time of work includes the time spent both on the execution of the production task (its preparation and direct execution), and on work not provided for by the task - the time of random and unproductive work, the implementation of which does not give an increase in production or improve its quality, as in the main technological process, and by accidentally performed work. The time of work on the fulfillment of the production task, in turn, is divided into preparatory-final, operational, and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final time spent by the performer on preparing for the performance of a given work and on actions related to its completion. This, for example, the time for harvesting, control and inspection, fastening, filling, lubrication and other operations, testing equipment at idle speed. It is installed, as a rule, for the entire work shift. It does not depend on the amount of work performed for this outfit.

Operational- this is the time directly spent by the performer on performing the operations for which the workplace is intended. It is divided into the main, spent on quality and quantitative changes the subject of labor - its size, properties, composition, quantity, shape or position in space, and auxiliary - to create conditions for the performance of the main work.

Workplace service time- the time spent by the performer to maintain the workplace in a state that ensures productive work - includes the time spent on maintenance, for example, on sharpening the tool and changing it, readjusting, repairing, lubricating equipment in the process, and the time of organizational maintenance - to maintain the workplace in cleanliness and order, for the supply of objects of labor and cleaning of finished products during the work shift.

Figure 13 - Classification of labor costs

Rest breaks and personal needs, as well as those caused by the technology and organization of the production process, form the time of regulated breaks, and those caused by the disruption of the normal course of the production process and labor discipline - the time of unregulated breaks.

The time of breaks established by the technology and organization of production processes depends on the specific conditions for their implementation, for example, periodic downtime of the driver of cars during loading and unloading. The time of unregulated (disposable) interruptions includes interruptions caused by disruption of the normal course of the production process and violation of labor discipline. The first include interruptions in work for organizational and technical reasons, which are the result of poor work organization, for example, due to untimely submission of materials to the workplace, due to malfunction of machinery and equipment, etc.; to the second - breaks due to violation by the worker of the rules of the labor process, being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace and premature departure from work, etc.

All types of expenditure of working time are divided into standardized and non-standardized. The technical standard includes only the standardized costs of working time and in the amount that allows the most productive performance this work... Regulated breaks are included in the norm in strictly necessary amounts, unregulated breaks are completely excluded and must be eliminated the right organization labor and strengthening labor discipline.

When analyzing the costs of working time, it is customary to determine the utilization rate of working time - the ratio of shift operating time (actual or standard) to the duration of the work shift (actual or standard). An indicator of the use of working time is the coefficient determined by the ratio of useful time spent - the amount of preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace and the time of rest breaks and personal needs - to the normal length of the working day (shift).

The classification of the costs of working time allows you to spend it system analysis, identify losses and outline measures to improve its use by eliminating organizational and technical problems, improving technological processes and strengthening labor discipline. With the help of indicators (coefficients) of the use of working time, its structure is assessed, and quantitatively disclosed the internal reserves of the growth of labor productivity.

Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Work time- this is the legally established duration of the working day, during which a participant in the production process must be at his workplace and perform the functions assigned to him with high quality. It is classified by its cost and is divided into two groups: working time and break time.

Working hours Is the period during which the labor actions related to the performance of work. It includes three elements: preparatory and final, operational and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of the production task, as well as the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the assignment, conducting safety briefings, passing the shift, etc. The preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire party. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent changeovers of equipment, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.

Main work time(t about) is called the time used for the direct impact of the instruments of labor on the subject of labor. Most of the time is spent on a direct qualitative change in the object of labor (form, structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.).

Time of auxiliary work(t c) is spent on activities related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, you need to bring raw materials, take off finished products, weigh them, etc.

The total duration of the main and auxiliary work is usually called time of operational work(t op).

Workplace maintenance time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (units) and maintain order and cleanliness at the workplace. It includes the time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, for adjusting the mechanism, as well as the time spent cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

It should be highlighted and unproductive time(t nr) - the time spent on the release of marriage, the performance of unusual functions.

Breaks subdivided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t ex); due to technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation of labor discipline (t нд).

Time for rest and personal needs Is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of the operational time.

Time of breaks due to technology and organization of production, is associated with the expectation of a certain process due to the different duration of the associated operations.

Organizational and technical breaks associated with disruption of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)

Interruptions caused by violation of labor discipline(late arrivals, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature leaving, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the performers.

The considered costs of working time are divided into normalized (t pz, t op, t vol, t ex, t pt) and non-standardized (t np, t nd, t from). The classification of the costs of working time and breaks is given in table. 13.1.

Table 13.1 - Classification of labor costs

The manufacturing process can be viewed as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products.

A production operation is understood as a part of the labor process carried out to transform objects of labor into finished products at the same workplace.

In turn, production operations are divided into:

Elements;

Labor actions;

Labor movements.

In addition, when analyzing an operation, the labor process is considered not only in labor relations, but also technologically. And when rationing the costs of working time, the total costs of labor are taken into account both in labor and in technological terms.

From the point of view of technology, the task is set: to study what modifications occur to the subject of labor in the process of technological operations, and what actions are performed by workers.

Working hours are established by law the duration of the working day or working week. At the moment, it is equal to 40 hours during normal operation. There is also a 36 hour mode for the work week.

Any excess of this standard is considered processing according to the schedule, unless otherwise provided by law (irregular working day).

Working time, in the case of overwork, is understood to mean the entire period during which the employee is at work in connection with the work performed by him.

Because the production process connects the time of the employee, the time of using the equipment and the time of exposure to the subject of labor, then the classification of the costs of working time should be carried out in 3 directions:

1. Subjects of labor;

2. Workers;

3. Equipment.

The basis of these classifications is the definition of two components: the time of the production process and the break time.

Work time - the time spent by the employee on the performance of work (operations) provided for in the production task and the time for the performance of work not provided for in the production tasks, but arising from production needs.

Break time - the time of regulated breaks, i.e. stipulated by legislation or the order of organization and the time of unregulated breaks, i.e. arising on the initiative or through the fault of the employee.

When calculating labor standards, the costs of working time are established:

1. Preparatory and final;

2. Operational;

3. Service of the workplace;

4. Break time and personal needs;

5. Regulated (standardized) breaks.

Preparatory-final - the time spent preparing for the implementation of this task and the actions associated with its completion:

Receiving tools, devices

Familiarization with the work

Instruction on the performance of work

Removing accessories and tools after completing work

· Delivery of devices, tools, documentation.

Operational time is the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, as well as on performing auxiliary actions necessary to carry out these changes.

The costs of operational time are charged from each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary.

The main (technological) time is spent on purposeful changes in the object of labor (its size, shape, properties, state and position).

During the auxiliary time, the following is performed:

Removal of finished products

Equipment management

Change of operating modes of equipment

Tracking the progress technical process and product quality.

Thus, auxiliary time is the time spent on operations that provide the ability to perform basic operations.

Workplace maintenance time - the maintenance time spent by the worker to take care of the equipment and maintain the workplace in good condition, taking into account sanitary, hygienic and safety regulations, i.e. not related to the performance of any operations. It is subdivided into technical and organizational time.

The time spent on maintenance of the workplace is spent on caring for the equipment when performing a specific job (replacing worn out tools, adjusting equipment, cleaning shavings, etc.)

The time for organizational maintenance of the workplace is spent on caring for the workplace associated with the performance of work during the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Rest time and personal needs are set to maintain normal performance and personal hygiene. The length of these breaks depends on the working conditions. This norm is established by the enterprise.

The time of regulated breaks takes into account the downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations established by the technology and organization of production. These breaks are not included in the time limit.

When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment, the time of completing the production task and the time of being occupied with other jobs (correcting defects, searching for material and tools) are highlighted.

The busy time can be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (from one machine to another) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course.

When analyzing the cost of working time, regulated breaks are allocated for organizational and technical reasons and due to the fault of employees.

Break time in terms of regulated breaks is the time when an employee does not perform a work activity for one of the following reasons:

Due to the peculiarities of the technological process;

For organizational reasons included in the production regulations;

Employees do not perform work in view of rest and restoration of working capacity in accordance with Labor Code Russian Federation and the operating mode established at the enterprise.

Unregulated breaks - the time when the employee does not perform labor activities for the following reasons:

Disruption of the normal course of the production process;

Violation of labor discipline.

In this case, the violation of the normal course of the production process can be caused by circumstances independent of the employee, or through the fault of the employee.

Violation of labor discipline always refers to unregulated breaks due to the fault of the employee.

Organizational and technical reasons include downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for documentation of blanks, tools.

The time of breaks due to violation of labor discipline is due to the late start and premature end of work, excess rest time.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time expenditures into overlapping and non-overlapping is essential.

Overlapping includes the time the worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment.

Non-overlapping - this is the time of performing labor techniques (setting the workpiece, quality control) when stopped, i.e. not working equipment.

Hardware (free machine time), during which the equipment works without any participation of workers, is called free machine hardware time.

The production process time is subdivided into the following components:

1) the time of implementation of the direct technological process;

2) the time of transport operations;

3) time of control and testing of finished products;

4) the time of breaks in the course of production processes. From the point of view of labor rationing, all costs are divided into:

normalized, which are included in the time rate; non-standardized, which are not included in the time rate.

For an employee, standardized costs are all the time required by the production assignment and regulated breaks.

For equipment, the standardized components are also the time to complete production tasks and the time of regulated breaks, but not only in the process of work, but also in the waiting process.

Irregular costs represent accidental and unforeseen work, as well as ad hoc interruptions.

From the point of view of labor rationing, all non-standardized costs relate to the loss of working time.