Rules for the processing of documents. Labor standards Standards of time for active observation in conditions of multi-machine maintenance

When organizing observation, one should consider what the results will be used for:

1. To study the cost structure, loss of working time and the development of measures to improve productivity. In this case, observations should be carried out in the conditions that actually prevailed at the given workplace. In this case, the object of observation is chosen arbitrarily, without additional conditions.

2. To define standards. With this option, as with timing, you should perform Additional requirements: a) the most highly productive employee cannot be chosen as the object of observation (Article 85 Labor Code of Ukraine ) and b) during the observation period, normal working conditions should be provided (Article 88 of the Labor Code of Ukraine).

Depending on the object of observation, there are different kinds PDF:individual, group and brigade. At the same time, observations can cover both the entire work shift (photo of the working day), and part of it. Let us consider in more detail the features of each type of FRV.

Individual PDF

In this case, the object of observation is labor activity one worker. An individual PDF allows you to study with the maximum degree of detailwork time(costs and losses). The results of the PDF are conveniently recorded in pre-preparedobservation sheets or photomaps (tab. one).

In the main part of the observation sheet, in the column “costs / losses of working time” (column 1), all actions of the employee that he performs during the observation period are recorded; while recording is carried out in an arbitrary form.

Observation during the set time is madecontinuously. The actions/ periods of inactivity of the employee follow one another, so there is no need to fix the start and end time of each.

In the column "current time" (column 2) is fixedend timeeach action / period of inactivity,start timeis the end time of the previous one. As a rule, the recording is accurate to the minute, so it is enough for the observer to have an ordinary clock. In cases where a more accurate result is needed, more accurate instruments (stopwatch) should be used.

In the column "duration" (column 3) the duration of each of the periods is recorded, which is defined as the difference between the "current time" of this element and the "current time" of the previous one. In order not to distract the observer, this indicator is calculated after the observation is completed.

When carrying out the PDF of machine-manual and automated labor processes operating time can “overlap” other types of working time costs ( ). In such cases, the corresponding entries are made in the “overlapped” column (column 4): the serial number of the operational time entry is indicated, which overlaps this type of working time expenditure. (Naturally, if there is no overlap, the column is not filled.)

When an employee performs repetitive operations (processes the same parts, draws up the same documents, etc.), for a more detailed control of the output, workload of workers, comparison of their individual productivity in the column "number of parts" (column 5), the amount of work performed is recorded. (In the example shown, the number of parts produced is shown.)

Since observations (actions or inactions of an employee) are recorded in an arbitrary form, when describing the same or similar actions, observers (even if it is the same person) can use different wording. To facilitate the analysis of the results of the PDF, the wording should be reduced to a "common denominator" - as shown in the column "index" (column 6). It uses a specialindexing system ; there is no single standard for it, but abbreviations are usually used (OP - operational time, OM - workplace maintenance, etc.). For a more detailed analysis, additional digital indices are used (tab. 2).

To process the results of observations, a "Statement of the same name for the costs of working time" is compiled. (The statement for the above example of the PDF is given intable 3.)

Use accepted on this enterprise time indexing system avoids subjectivism, since formalized results do not require additional explanations of observers. Costs of the same name and loss of working time in the statement are grouped and summarized. The preparation of such documents makes it possible to combine, compare and contrast the data of the PDF conducted by different observers in different time. The data obtained give a fairly clear idea of ​​the structure of the cost of working time and their quantitative characteristics.

Group PDF

For all its merits, conducting an individual RFF requires a significant investment of time.

To organize observations of the brigade (a group of workers associated with the implementation of a common production task), a methodology was developed for conducting"team photograph of working time" . In fact, these are several individual PDFs (according to the number of team members) that are carried out simultaneously. This is a very complex and cumbersome process that requires intense attention from a highly qualified observer. This technique has not received wide practical distribution.

To monitor several workers at the same time, a methodology was developed for conducting"Group photography of working time" (GFRV) . It can be used to monitor both teams and those workers who are not connected by a common production task.

The organization of observation in the course of group and individual RF differs significantly. During the GFRV:

Prior to observation, you must:

The column "time" (schedule for making entries in the photo card form) is filled in advance (imprinted). As a rule, inexperienced observers are afraid that they will not have time to record the results of observations in a timely manner, so they start with an interval of 3 minutes. Experience shows that in this case the intensity of observations is distributed unevenly. At the same time, a trained observer can, without much effort, carry out GFRV for a group of six to ten workers with a recording interval of 1 min. I recommend that you first prepare several forms of observation sheets - at different intervals, so that in the process of work there is an opportunity to choose the best one.

Features of group observation. When the time comes to fill in the next line of the photo card, the actions / inaction of each of the employees should be recorded in the appropriate cells. For this, it is being developedsimplified system of indexes of costs and losses of working hours , where those elements of costs and losses of working time are used that are of the greatest interest in carrying out this observation. (Application in this case of an indexing system as detailed as in an individual RFF may be too complicated.)

To speed up the process of fixing the results of GFRV observations, the observer should learn the notation used in advance. In this example, only 13 indices were used:

MI - master's briefing;
PZA - receiving a task;
PZG - receiving blanks;
SGP - delivery of finished products;
OP - operational time;
OPU - packaging (part of operational time);
ORM - workplace maintenance;
OLN - rest and personal needs;
Poland - downtime through no fault of the worker;
PRA - simple due to extraneous conversations;
BPR - unreasonable termination of work;
OPO - being late;
BRU - unreasonable departure from the workplace.

During the GFRV, it is more convenient to use a watch with a digital display. Recording the actions of workers should be carried out in the same order (for example, starting from the first), and each subsequent cycle should start in the same way. The sequence of entries does not change even when people move around the site during work. Another important condition: the observer must simultaneously see all the workers throughout the entire period of observation. If this condition cannot be met, it is better to use the method of momentary observations (otherwise the observer will get very tired, since he will be forced to constantly move).

After the completion of the observations, a statement of the same costs and losses of working time is compiled (tab. 5). In contrast to the statement compiled when conducting an individual PDF, here the time is not only summed up by category for each of the employees separately, but the average value for the entire group is also calculated. At the same time, for each of the types of fixed costs and time losses, its duration in minutes and the share of the total observation time are indicated.

How is the duration determined, because the indicators of the current time are not fixed? To do this, the number of records with the same index is counted, which is then multiplied by the value of the observation interval. For example: in the process of observations, the receipt of workpieces by workers was recorded 12 times, and the observation interval was 2 minutes. Means, total time, spent on this operation, is 12 x 2 = 24 min. Obviously, the shorter the interval, the more accurate the results of the observations.

Self-photograph of working time

This is a long-known and very popular type of PDF, which attracts with ease of implementation (prepared forms - handed out - explained how to fill out - collected), breadth of coverage and speed (in a few days you can "observe" the entire enterprise, even the management, if allowed).

What are the disadvantages of such "self-service"? Since the employee keeps records on his own, time costs increase; he is distracted from work - the pace of work is lost and the likelihood of errors increases. To minimize the negative effects, when taking self-photographs of working time, onlyloss of working time . Indeed, since the employee is idle anyway, it means that he has time to make an entry in the observation sheet (tab. 6).

Nevertheless, there are cases when an employee during the observation period records all the costs and losses of his working time: in fact, an individual FRV is carried out, but the records are made by the “observed object” itself. Most often this is done when studying the work of employees.