System analysis is based on the use of certain tools. The basis of this toolkit is the methods of system analysis.

The method is a way of cognition, which is based on a certain set of previously obtained general knowledge (principles). When conducting a system analysis, the following methods can be used:

• 1) methods such as brainstorming. The main purpose of these methods is to search for new ideas, their broad discussion, constructive criticism;
• 2) scenario method. It is a means of primary ordering of the identified problem in the field of customer service, obtaining and collecting information about the relationship of the logistical problem being solved with others, about possible and probable directions for the future development of the system;
• 3) methods expert assessments. These methods are based on various forms expert survey with subsequent evaluation and selection of the most preferred option according to the selected criteria;
• 4) methods like "Delphi". The basis of this method is brainstorming. The goals of this method are feedback, familiarizing experts with the results of the previous stage of analysis and taking these results into account when evaluating the significance of experts;
• 5) methods such as a tree of goals. The goal tree is a connected graph, the vertices of which are considered as the goals of the logistic system, and the edges or arcs are considered as links between them. Experts are invited to evaluate the structure of the model of the studied logistics system as a whole and give suggestions on the inclusion of unaccounted links in it;
• 6) morphological methods. main idea the morphological approach consists in the systematic finding of all possible solutions to the logistic problem by combining the selected elements or their features;
• 7) matrix forms of data presentation and analysis. They are not a specific tool for the analysis of the studied logistics systems, but are widely used in different stages analysis of the logistics system as an aid;
• 8) program-target method. Represents the development and implementation promising tasks focused on achieving a specific goal, regardless of the established framework. It involves the consistent implementation of a set of technical, organizational and economic measures;
• 9) method of systems analysis. This method is used to evaluate alternative courses of action in the allocation of resources in accordance with the objectives of the logistics subsystems. Once the goals are set, different programs are offered to solve certain problems. The analysis process evaluates alternative plans.

Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Institute of Physics and Technology

Report on the discipline "Logistics"

"Logistics and general systems theory».

Performed:

FTI student - 27

Domme Valeria

Checked:

Rodina E.A.

Kaluga, 2015

Introduction.

The term "logistics" comes from the Greek word "logistike", which means "thinking, calculation, expediency". The Romans understood this term as "the distribution of food."

The nature of the material flow is such that on its way to consumption it passes through production, storage, and transport links. Organize and direct the material flow of various parts of the logistics process. We have already talked about this. The methodological basis of the end-to-end material flow management is a systematic approach, the principle of implementation of which is put in the first place in the concept of logistics.

System terminology is based on the General Systems Theory, which is the fundamental scientific theory at the present time and without which not one scientific analysis or study of technical or economic objects can do. This theory is called general, since its methodology is applicable to any objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, including for analyzing the structure and operation of commercial enterprises in various areas of the economy.

Logistic systems.

The concept of logistics systems is one of basic concepts logistics.

A system is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. An element of a system is a part of a system that is not conditionally divided into its component parts. One of the possible classifications of systems is given in Table. one.

Table 1.

System classification

Classification sign	Type of systems
Complexity	simple, complex, large
Change in time	Static, dynamic
Relationship with the environment	closed, open
development foresight	Deterministic, stochastic
Reaction to change environment	adaptive, non-adaptive

Distinguish between complex and large systems. A complex system is a system with a branched structure and a significant number of interconnected and interacting elements (subsystems) that have different types of connections, capable of maintaining partial operability in the event of failure of individual elements (robustness property). A large system is a complex system that has a number of additional features: the presence of subsystems that have their own purpose, subordinate to the general purpose of the entire system; a large number of various connections (material, informational, energy, etc.); external links with other systems; the presence in the system of elements of self-organization.

There are four properties that an object must have in order to be considered a system.

1. Integrity and divisibility. The system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other, but for the purposes of analysis, the system can be conditionally divided into separate elements.

2. Integrative qualities - qualities inherent in the system as a whole, but not characteristic of any of its elements separately.

3. Relationships - this is what connects objects and properties in the system process into a whole. There are links between the elements of the system that determine the integrative qualities of the system. The connections between the elements of the system must be more powerful than the connections of individual elements with the external environment.

4. Organization is an internal order, consistency in the interaction of the elements of the system, a certain structure of relations between the elements of the system.

A logistics system is a dynamic, open, stochastic, adaptive complex or large feedback system that performs certain logistics functions, for example, an industrial enterprise, a territorial production complex, commercial enterprise etc. the logistics system, as a rule, consists of several subsystems and has developed links with external environment

The purpose of logistics systems is the delivery of goods and products in maximum accordance with the requirements of consumers at a minimum (given) level of costs.

Micrologistics systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistics systems. They are associated with a specific enterprise and are designed to manage flows in the process of production, supply and distribution. There are the following types of micrologistics systems:

Intra-production logistics systems optimize the management of material flows within the technological cycle of production (reducing stocks of work in progress, accelerating the turnover of the firm's working capital, reducing the duration of the production period, inventory management, optimizing the operation of technological transport);

· external logistics systems solve problems related to the management of flows from their sources to destinations outside the production process cycle.;

· Integrated logistics systems include internal and external logistics systems as elements.

Macrologistic system is a large material flow management system, covering enterprises and organizations of industry, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different districts, regions of the country or in different countries. The goals of macrologistics systems may differ from the goals of micrologistics systems, i.e. be environmental, social or political, and not related to profit. Macrologistic systems distinguish:

· on the basis of the administrative-territorial division of the country (district, inter-district, city, regional and territorial, regional and inter-regional; republican and inter-republican;

· on an object-functional basis (for a group of enterprises of one or several industries, departmental, sectoral, interdepartmental, intersectoral, military, etc.).

Methodology for making logistics decisions. System analysis.

Methodology is the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. The modern theory of logistics is conceptually based on four methodologies: system analysis (general systems theory), cybernetic approach (cybernetics), operations research, and forecasting. Let us formulate a logical sequence for using the described scientific areas in the analysis, synthesis and optimization of logistics systems.

1. A logistics system with through flows moving along it is objectively a complex or large logistics system, i.e. can be investigated by means of general systems theory.

2. Logistics systems are artificial, dynamic and purposeful. For such systems, relevant management problems, problems of analysis and synthesis of controlled and control systems, which can be studied, solved and modeled by the methods of cybernetics.

3. When it comes to control system, then the problems of choosing the optimal solution and estimating the efficiency of control arise. The solution of these problems is provided by methods of research of operations.

4. Any organizational and economic activity, and hence the management of logistics flow processes, is unthinkable without their long-term planning, without scientifically based forecasts of parameters and development trends external environment, indicators of logistics processes in logistics systems, etc. Such tasks are solved on the basis of methods and principles of forecasting.

System analysis is a methodology of the general theory of systems, which consists in the study of any objects by presenting them as systems, carrying out their structuring and subsequent analysis.

The main tasks of system analysis are:

The task of decomposition means the representation of the system in the form of subsystems consisting of smaller elements;

the task of analysis is to find various kinds of properties of the system, its elements and the environment in order to determine the patterns of system behavior;

the task of synthesis is to create a model based on the knowledge about the system obtained in solving the first two problems

system, determine its structure, parameters that ensure the effective functioning of the system, the solution of problems and the achievement of goals.

The main functions of system analysis within the described three main tasks are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Main tasks and functions of system analysis

System Analysis Structure
Decomposition
Definition and decomposition common purpose, main function	Functional-structural analysis	System model development
Separating the system from the environment	Morphological analysis (analysis of the relationship of components)	Structural synthesis
Description of influencing factors	Genetic analysis (analysis of background, trends, forecasting)	Parametric synthesis
Description of development trends, uncertainties	Analysis of analogues	System evaluation
Description as "black box"	Performance analysis
Functional, component and structural decomposition	Formation of requirements for the system being created

System analysis is based on many principles, i.e. provisions of a general nature, summarizing the experience of a person with complex systems. One of the main principles of system analysis is the principle of the ultimate goal, which consists in the absolute priority of the global goal and has the following rules:

1) to conduct a system analysis, it is first necessary to formulate the main goal of the study;

2) the analysis should be carried out on the basis of understanding the main goal of the system under study, which will determine its main properties, quality indicators and evaluation criteria;

3) when synthesizing systems, any attempt to change or improve an existing system must be evaluated in terms of whether it helps or hinders the achievement of the ultimate goal;

4) the purpose of the functioning of an artificial system is set, as a rule, by a system in which the system under study is an integral part.

When forming logistics systems, the following principles of a systematic approach should be taken into account:

The principle of consistent progress through the stages of creating a system. Compliance with this principle means that the system must first be studied at the macro level, i.e. in relation to the environment, and then at the micro level, i.e. within its structure;

· the principle of harmonization of information, reliability, resource and other characteristics of the designed systems;

The principle of the absence of conflicts between the goals of individual subsystems and the goals of the entire system.

The use of system analysis in logistics allows you to:

Determine and organize the elements, goals, parameters, tasks and resources of the logistics system, determine the structure of the logistics system;

identify the internal properties of the logistics system that determine its behavior;

identify and classify the links between the elements of the logistics system;

identify unresolved problems, bottlenecks, uncertainties affecting the functioning, possible logistics activities;

· formalize semi-structured problems, disclose their content and possible consequences for entrepreneurs;

highlight the list and indicate the appropriate sequence for performing the tasks of the functioning of the logistics system and its individual elements;

· develop models that characterize the problem being solved from all the main sides and allow you to "lose" possible options for action, etc.

General systems theory in logistics.

The first version of the general systems theory was put forward by Ludwig von Bertalanffy. His main idea was to recognize the isomorphism of the laws governing the functioning of system objects.

General systems theory is a scientific discipline that develops methodological principles for the study of systems. The main feature of the general theory of systems is the approach to the objects of study as systems.

It proceeds from the fact that any object, technical, economic, social, biological, etc. can be analyzed and created as a system, i.e. as a complex of interrelated elements acting to achieve a common goal. Thus, the system is a collection of some constituent parts(or elements) that have certain characteristics and even their own local goals, but are connected together by a certain structure and act to achieve a single goal and in connection with this form something whole, ordered and organized.

At the same time, general systems theory involves analyzing and creating technical and economic systems by analogy with biological systems, i.e. living beings. These are the main points of the methodological approach to the analysis and creation of technical or economic enterprises based on the principles of the General Systems Theory. The functioning of real logistics systems is characterized by the presence of complex relationships both within these systems and in their relationship with the environment. Under these conditions, the adoption of private decisions without taking into account the general goals of the functioning of the system and the requirements imposed on it may turn out to be insufficient, and possibly erroneous.

The subject of research within this theory is the study of:

various classes, types and types of systems;

basic principles and patterns of behavior of systems (for example, the bottleneck principle);

processes of functioning and development of systems (for example, equilibrium, evolution, adaptation, infraslow processes, transient processes).

Within the boundaries of systems theory, the characteristics of any complexly organized whole are considered through the prism of four fundamental determining factors:

system device;

its composition (subsystems, elements);

the current global state of system conditioning;

an environment within whose boundaries all its organizing processes are deployed.

In exceptional cases, in addition, in addition to the study of these factors (structure, composition, state, environment), large-scale studies of the organization of elements of the lower structural-hierarchical levels, that is, the system infrastructure, are acceptable.

Conclusion.

The terms systems theory and system analysis, despite the period of more than 25 years of their use, still have not found a generally accepted, standard interpretation.

For the general theory of systems, the object of study is not a "physical reality", but a "system", i.e. abstract formal relationship between the main features and properties.

Bibliography.

http://victor-safronov.ru/systems-analysis/lectures/rodionov/00.html

http://grachev62.narod.ru/bertalanffy/bertalanffy_1.html

http://bourabai.ru/dm/system.htm

http://serg.fedosin.ru/ts.htm

http://www.aup.ru/books/m95/5_1.htm

http://transportnaya-logistika.ru/logisticheskie-sistemy/obshhaya-teoriya-sistem.html

http://www.intuit.ru/studies/courses/1087/244/lecture/6274%3Fpage%3D1

http://www.apmath.spbu.ru/ru/staff/morozov/lection3.pdf

http://wl-center.ru/alesinskaya/index.htm

http://www.up-pro.ru/encyclopedia/logistika-na-predpriyatii.html

http://www.grandars.ru/college/logistika/sluzhba-logistiki.html

http://www.aup.ru/books/m95/9_1.htm

There are a lot of problems in logistics - disruption of shipment deadlines, delivery out of time, a bed in warehouses, outdated software and many others. In fact, often all these problems can have only 1-2 main causes. How to understand the intricacies of data and numbers? How to organize information and draw the right conclusions? System analysis will help.

System analysis of logistics - an example. What is a system?

In fact, each of us knows and imagines what a system is. A system is something ordered, the objects in the system are logically interconnected. Systems analysis helps us find and identify these relationships and their causes.

This definition of the system helps to form the basic principles of the systems approach:

• All parts of the whole are considered in relation to each other,
• Move from one stage of the logistics system to another sequentially,
• We are looking for the cause of the problem, and not trying to defeat all the consequences that we have,
• The goals of each object in the logistics system must be equal to the goals of the entire system.

System analysis of logistics - an example. Stages of system analysis

Like any other analysis, a logistics system analysis consists of several main stages:

• we define the problem and set the goal of the study (to find out the cause of this problem),
• based on the goal - we collect the necessary data,
• we process the data - we correct it, bring it to a single format, clean it,
• we analyze the data - we select suitable solution methods, we make calculations according to formulas,
• visualization of the obtained decisions (for presentation of the obtained conclusions to management and colleagues),
• and finally, we draw conclusions and build hypotheses!

System analysis of logistics - an example. What difficulties may arise?

Unfortunately, the difficulties and problems we face in analysis are usually the same for everyone:

• Already at the first stage, it is difficult to set a goal and break it down into subtasks (for example: shipment delay - where to go, what to analyze? And yes, you have to analyze all areas of activity that are somehow related to shipment).
• Data collection is usually complicated by the fact that we do not always have access to the necessary information. You have to contact other departments, ask IT specialists to unload from the database. And wait.
• Data processing is a fairly simple but routine task (you have to manually correct all errors and inaccuracies).
• The analysis itself also requires time and concentration - you have to enter the same formula several times and make sure not to make a mistake.
• And of course, there is no time left for the analysis itself - conclusions and hypotheses. And this is the most important thing for which system analysis is needed!

Report example: struggle with the "sunbed" (done in)

Logistics System Analysis - Example: Shipment Delay in Warehouse

The customer set a goal: to make sure that 90% of customers leave the warehouse within 70 minutes. But often customers have to wait much more than 70 minutes to receive their order.

What can be done using the relatively simple Tabeau software?

1. We collect data: by departments, time, etc.
2. We load the data and the program builds a graph:

We look at the departments that participate in the work of the fast shipment warehouse.
Green lines are the time during which the client must be served. Red dots - the number of orders in the time period. That is, if the red dot is above the line, then this means that the client has been waiting for his service for more than the set period.

• The first column is the arrival at the fast shipment warehouse (SBO), where he was supposed to be provided with the necessary data within 15 minutes.
• The next process is selection. Here the consultant selects the necessary equipment for the client and draws up an order form with him. All this should take no more than 30 minutes.
• Seal required documents and a form. No more than 5 minutes.
• The order should be delivered within 15 minutes.
• In the next 10 minutes, the order must be shipped.

And it immediately becomes clear that a lot of time was spent on some processes. For example, an order sometimes took more than 100 minutes to print, although this stage should not take more than 5 minutes.

It's simple - we are looking for the reason for such a delay. As a result, it turned out that in the process of transferring the printing process to other equipment, as well as changing business processes in this sector, there were technical failures. The task is clear - to correct these errors!

System analysis of logistics - an example. What tools and services can be used?

The most popular and accessible tool is Excel. But, unfortunately, the data has to be entered and corrected manually, there is no interactivity, there is no way to view the report from any device, there are graphs and charts, but their visualization is outdated - they are simply inconvenient to use.

Many companies have implemented complex accounting systems - where it "comes" and where all information on the processes in the company is stored: sales, logistics. Finance, marketing, etc. This is a great solution. But - you need time for implementation and a budget for specialists who will work with the system and upload data for you and build reports.

If you need a beautiful and useful report here and now, and you also need to save a budget, then here is another tool - the so-called "light" BI solutions for reports and analytics (like Tableau).

• They are easy to install on any device in a couple of minutes.
• Easy to learn and learn to use (such programs are designed for people without technical knowledge).
• It's easy to start building beautiful and useful reports.

5. Methodology for making logistics decisions

Methodology- this is the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. The modern theory of logistics is conceptually based on four methodologies: system analysis(general systems theory), cybernetic approach(cybernetics), operations research, forecasters. Let us formulate a logical sequence of using the described scientific areas in the analysis, synthesis and optimization of drugs.

1. LC with through flows moving along it objectively represents a complex or large LC, i.e. can be explored by means general systems theory.

2. Drugs are artificial, dynamic and purposeful. For such systems, control problems, problems of analysis and synthesis of controlled and control systems are relevant, which can be studied, solved and modeled by methods cybernetics.

3. If we are talking about a control system, then there are problems of choosing the optimal solution and evaluating the effectiveness of control. The solution of these problems is provided by methods operations research.

4. Any organizational and economic activity, and hence the management of logistics flow processes, is unthinkable without their long-term planning, without scientifically based forecasts of parameters and trends in the development of the external environment, indicators of logistics processes in drugs, etc. Such tasks are solved on the basis of methods and principles forecasters.

5.1. System Analysis

General systems theory- a scientific discipline that develops methodological principles for the study of systems. The main feature of the general theory of systems in the approach to the objects of study as systems.

System Analysis- this is the methodology of the general theory of systems, which consists in the study of any objects by presenting them as systems, carrying out their structuring and subsequent analysis.

The main tasks of system analysis are:

· decomposition problem means the representation of the system in the form of subsystems consisting of smaller elements;

· analysis task consists in finding various kinds of properties of the system, its elements and the environment in order to determine the patterns of system behavior;

· synthesis problem is to create a model of the system on the basis of knowledge about the system obtained in solving the first two problems, to determine its structure, parameters that ensure the effective functioning of the system, the solution of problems and the achievement of goals.

The main functions of system analysis within the framework of the described three main tasks are presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

Main tasks and functions of system analysis

System Analysis Structure
Decomposition	Analysis	Synthesis
Definition and decomposition of a common goal, main function	Functional-structural analysis	System model development
Separating the system from the environment	Morphological analysis (analysis of the relationship of components)	Structural synthesis
Description of influencing factors	Genetic analysis (analysis of background, trends, forecasting)	Parametric synthesis
Description of development trends, uncertainties	Analysis of analogues	System evaluation
Description as "black box"	Performance analysis
Functional, component and structural decomposition	Formation of requirements for the system being created

System analysis is based on a set principles, i.e. provisions general summarizing the experience of a person working with complex systems. One of the basic principles of system analysis is ultimate goal principle , which is the absolute priority of the global target and has the following rules:
1) to conduct a system analysis, it is first necessary to formulate the main goal of the study;
2) the analysis should be carried out on the basis of understanding the main goal of the system under study, which will determine its main properties, quality indicators and evaluation criteria;
3) when synthesizing systems, any attempt to change or improve an existing system must be evaluated in terms of whether it helps or hinders the achievement of the ultimate goal;
4) the purpose of the functioning of an artificial system is set, as a rule, by a system in which the system under study is an integral part.

The use of system analysis in logistics allows you to:
Determine and organize the elements, goals, parameters, tasks and resources of the LS, determine the structure of the LS;
to identify the internal properties of the drug that determine its behavior;
identify and classify the links between the elements of the LS;
identify unresolved problems, bottlenecks, uncertainties affecting the functioning, possible logistics activities;
· formalize semi-structured problems, disclose their content and possible consequences for entrepreneurs;
highlight the list and indicate the appropriate sequence for performing the tasks of the functioning of the drug and its individual elements;
· develop models that characterize the problem being solved from all the main sides and allow you to "lose" possible options for action, etc.

Previous

In logistics, as in many other subsystems of the enterprise, the use of system analysis allows solving many emerging problems.
System analysis in the narrow sense is a decision-making methodology, in a broad sense it is a synthesis of the methodology of general systems theory, a system approach and system methods for substantiating and making decisions. In addition, system analysis is understood as a methodology for solving complex problems. large scale. System analysis in logistics allows you to divide a complex logistics task into a set of separate simple tasks, divide a complex logistics system into elements, taking into account their relationship. In this case, analysis is a process of sequential decomposition of a complex logistical problem to be solved into interrelated private half-problems. System analysis is based on a systems approach. System analysis is an interrelated logical - mathematical and complex consideration of a set of issues related not only to the design, development and operation modern systems, but also to the methods of managing all these stages, taking into account all social, political, strategic, psychological, legal, geographical and other aspects. System analysis in relation to logistics is a methodology for researching or streamlining a logistics system. In this case, ordering is understood as the arrangement of the elements of the logistics system in a certain sequence, depending on some of their features. The main differences between system analysis and other approaches are: alternatives to logistics systems are evaluated from a long-term perspective; there are no standard logistics solutions; different views are clearly stated when solving the same logistical problem; applies to problems for which cost or time requirements are not fully defined; the fundamental importance of organizational and subjective factors in the process of making logistical decisions is recognized and, in accordance with this, procedures for coordinating different points of view are being developed; special attention is paid to risk factors and uncertainty, their consideration and evaluation in the selection of the most optimal solutions among the possible options. The usefulness of systems analysis in logistics is that there is a greater understanding and insight into the essence of the logistics problem: practical efforts to identify relationships and quantitative values ​​contribute to the discovery of hidden points of view behind certain decisions, greater accuracy, greater comparability, greater usefulness and efficiency.

The use of system analysis for solving logistical problems is an effective tool, since its use allows solving logistical problems that arise in practice. The application of system analysis should be carried out in a certain sequence.

1. Analysis of the problem in the field of logistics services to consumers. This stage is of particular importance, since invented problems can often be presented as actual ones. A problem in the service sector is understood as a discrepancy between the necessary (desired) and the actual state of affairs in the field of servicing end consumers.

2. Definition of the logistics system. In order to define the logistics system, the service problem is divided into a set of clearly defined tasks. As a result, the tasks facing the logistics system and the methods for their implementation are determined. In large logistics systems, tasks form a hierarchy.

3. Analysis of the structure of the logistics system . At this stage, the functional elements of the logistics system are determined, such as supply, production, warehousing, distribution, transportation. It is necessary to follow a certain order in the selection of subsystems, elements of the logistics system and the processes implemented in them.

4. Formulation of a global goal and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the functioning of the logistics system . It is necessary to follow from the analysis of the current situation, the achieved level to a consistent forecast of the development of the logistics system.

5. Decomposition of the goal, identification of needs for resources and processes. At this stage, the goal tree method is used, in which the goal is linked to the means.

6. Forecast and analysis of future conditions. This stage allows you to get information about the future development of the logistics system.

7. Evaluation of ends and means. This stage is necessary because when analyzing logistics systems, a logistics specialist, as a rule, deals with unstructured or semi-structured problems.

8. Selection of options. The choice is made on the basis of criteria that allow eliminating the discrepancy between the needs of consumers and the means of satisfying them.

9. Analysis of the existing logistics system. In the process of analysis, there is a need for a diagnostic examination organizational structure enterprise management aimed at identifying its capabilities and shortcomings.

10. Formation of a development program. When forming a development program, matrix, network methods are used. economic analysis, descriptive models, normative operating models.

The relevance of a system analysis of the logistics system of an enterprise increases if its resources and funds are limited. Under such circumstances, it is important to follow an orderly analysis procedure. It is necessary to optimally combine these procedures in the process of system analysis. In theory, a list of procedures is formed that is necessary for conducting a system analysis of the enterprise's logistics system:

1) Determination of the boundaries of the investigated logistics system. These boundaries are conditional and are determined by the specific task of the study, taking into account all the suppliers of the enterprise, its consumers and any other entities that are somehow connected with it;

2) Definition of all supersystems that include the system under study as a part. Such supersystems as economic, political, state, regional, social, environmental, international should be studied as the main ones;

3) Determination of the main features and directions of development of all supersystems. This procedure applies to all subsystems that own the logistics system of the enterprise. In particular, it is necessary to formulate their goals and contradictions between them;

4) Determining the role of the investigated logistics system in each subsystem. In this procedure, the following aspects should be considered: the idealized, expected role of the logistics system from the point of view of the supersystem, the real role of the investigated logistics system in achieving the goals of the supersystem;

5) Identification of the composition of the logistics system. This procedure involves the identification of the parts of which it consists;

6) Determination of the structure of the logistics system, which is understood as the totality of links between its components;

7) Definition of the function of the components of the logistics system. It is necessary to identify the purposeful actions of the components, their contribution to the implementation of the role of the system as a whole;

8) Identification of the reasons that unite individual parts into a single logistics system, into integrity. As a rule, an integrating factor that forms integral logistics systems is human need. Thus, the primary integrating factor is the customer service goal;

9) Definition of all possible links, communications of the logistics system with the environment;

10) Consideration of the logistics system in dynamics, in development. It is necessary to formulate the history of the logistics system, the source of its occurrence, to consider the periods of formation, trends and prospects for its development, transitions to qualitatively new states.

System analysis is based on the use of certain tools. The basis of this toolkit is the methods of system analysis. The method is a way of cognition, which is based on a certain set of previously obtained general knowledge (principles). When conducting a system analysis, the following methods can be used:

1) Methods such as brainstorming. The main purpose of these methods is to search for new ideas, their broad discussion, constructive criticism;

2) The scenario method. It is a means of primary ordering of the identified problem in the field of consumer service, obtaining and collecting information about the relationships of the logistical problem being solved with others, about possible and probable directions for the future development of the system;

3) Methods of expert assessments. These methods are based on various forms of expert survey with subsequent evaluation and selection of the most preferred option according to the selected criteria;

4) Methods like "Delphi". The basis of this method is brainstorming. The goals of this method are feedback, familiarizing experts with the results of the previous stage of the analysis and taking these results into account when evaluating the significance of experts;

5) Target tree type methods . The goal tree is a connected graph, the vertices of which are considered as the goals of the logistic system, and the edges or arcs are considered as links between them. Experts are invited to evaluate the structure of the model of the studied logistics system as a whole and give suggestions on the inclusion of unaccounted links in it;

6) Morphological methods. The main idea of ​​the morphological approach is to systematically find all possible solutions to the logistic problem by combining the selected elements or their features;

7) Matrix forms of data presentation and analysis. They are not a specific tool for analyzing the studied logistics systems, but are widely used at different stages of the analysis of the logistics system as an auxiliary tool;

8) Program - target method. It is the development and implementation of promising tasks focused on achieving a specific goal, regardless of the established framework. It involves the consistent implementation of a set of technical, organizational and economic measures;

9) Systems analysis method. This method is used to evaluate alternative courses of action in the allocation of resources in accordance with the goals of the logistics subsystems. Once the goals are set, different programs are offered to solve certain problems. The analysis process evaluates alternative plans.

Following the principles allows you to achieve good results in any activity. This is because the principles are requirements derived from theory and practice specifically to achieve optimal states in various conditions. Knowledge of the principles in logistics allows its specialists to respond relatively adequately to the uncertainty of the external environment.

The principle is a generalized experimental data, the law of phenomena, found from observations. In addition, a principle can be understood as a consistently and consistently applied method.

It is necessary to follow certain principles of system analysis.

Principle of optimality . Proved that feature development in modern conditions is to determine the most suitable variant of the logistics system. It is necessary to choose such solutions that are the best according to a set of criteria for given conditions.

The principle of emergence. Serves as a continuation of the principle of optimality and expresses the following important property of the system: the larger the size of the investigated logistics system and the greater the difference in size between the part and the whole, the more likely it is, as a rule, that the properties of the whole can differ greatly from the properties of individual parts systems.

The principle of consistency . In accordance with this principle, it is necessary to approach the consideration of the logistics system as a complex object, represented by a set of interrelated private elements (functions), the implementation of which ensures the achievement of the desired effect in the shortest possible time and at the most minimal cost of labor, financial and material resources. It is necessary, on the one hand, to consider the logistics system as a whole, on the other hand, as part of a larger system in which the analyzed object is in certain relationships.

The principle of hierarchy. In accordance with this principle, it is necessary to form hierarchical structure complex logistics systems, since management in them is associated with the processing and use of significant amounts of information. At the same time, on lower levels more detailed and specific information is used. At higher levels, generalized information is used.

The principle of integration. This principle is aimed at identifying and developing integrative properties and patterns in logistics systems. The integrative properties of the system appear as a result of the combination of elements to the whole, the combination of functions in time and space.

The principle of formalization. This principle is focused on obtaining quantitative and complex characteristics of the functioning of the logistics system.

Practical part

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