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Classification of the cost of working time of production work. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment

The concept of working time

measured working time differently. It can be a shift, a day, a week, a month or a year. Given time is a measure of labor evaluation. The length of the work shift varies different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and occupations.

Purpose of classification of working hours

This classification makes it possible to optimal values costs of working time, to identify the share of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.

Classification of working hours

The costs of working time are divided into separate categories and types. When compiling the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Working time, in general, is divided into:

time spent on the performance of the production task (working time);
time spent on breaks.

In turn, working time is divided into:

preparatory-final time;
operational time;
workplace service time.

The preparatory-final time means the time spent preparing for the start labor process and at the end of this process. For example, a worker performs the norm of a certain task (output of products) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker must prepare workplace(starting equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must bring the equipment into proper condition (remove, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It should be noted that the duration of the time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, a hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparing and completing the work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparing and completing the work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the performance of the production task (fulfillment of standards).

In turn, operational time is divided into:

main time;
auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Auxiliary time is the time that provides quality spent main time. This may be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, a stop in the main time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time refers to the amount of time it takes to maintain a workspace in good order.

In turn, this time is divided into:

Maintenance;
organizational service.

Maintenance of the workplace ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational maintenance includes the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Working hours that are not provided for by the production task. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, when there is a power outage, it takes time to start the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unscheduled breaks can occur for both business and non-business reasons.

The object of labor regulation is the labor activity of a person in social production which requires working time.

Working time is the time during which the employee performs the work assigned to him. It is the most important resource of any production. The enterprise (firm) accepts employees in order for them to give part of their time to production during a certain time of the day, month, year. It is interested in efficient use of working time, since its losses are irreplaceable. Time cannot be accelerated, slowed down or accumulated.

All labor costs can be classified during work and breaks.

Work time includes the time spent on all activities of the employee associated with the work performed. Based on the content of the employee's actions, it is divided into the time spent on the performance of the production task and work not provided for by the production task. In turn, the time to complete the production task includes the preparatory and final time, operational time, and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final time is needed to prepare for the implementation of the given work and its completion. This is the receipt of materials and assignments for a shift, familiarization with the work, study of documentation, adjustment of equipment, sharpening of tools, delivery finished products and tools to the warehouse. If the specified works are absent, the preparatory-final time is not allocated.

Operational called the time required to change the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, to perform auxiliary actions to implement these changes. It is divided into basic and auxiliary.

The main (technological) is the time for a direct impact on the object of labor, a change in its size, properties, composition.
Auxiliary includes time for installing parts, eating finished products, changing the operating mode of equipment.

Maintenance of the workplace includes the time spent on caring for the equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition.

During the shift, the employee can perform one-time work at the direction of the foreman, foreman, which are not directly included in his duties. For example, fixing a marriage, searching for a tool, materials, an adjuster, a repairman or an electrician. This is the time of unproductive labor, due to the low level of organization of production.

The rest of the working time is the time breaks, which, depending on the reasons that caused them, are divided into regulated and unregulated. Scheduled breaks are time for rest and personal needs and breaks for organizational and technical reasons. Time for rest and personal needs is given to the employee to maintain normal performance and prevent fatigue. The duration of such breaks depends on the degree of tension and working conditions. The time of breaks for organizational and technical reasons is associated with the difference in the modes of operation of the associated equipment. Unscheduled breaks are caused by the lack of raw materials, equipment breakdowns, violation of internal regulations by employees.

When analyzing the use of working time, special attention is paid to its losses.

All working time spent at the workplace is divided into normalized and non-standardized.

Normalized - this is the time to perform the operation, the production task: preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace, regulated breaks. It is included in the time frame.
Irregular time occurs with various technical and organizational problems. It is not included in the time limit.

For the purposes of study and analysis, the costs of working time are classified, i.e. subdivided into groups according to certain characteristics. An analysis of the time spent by an employee allows you to establish the degree of his workload, determine the content and nature of the time spent in the performance of production tasks.

The classification of working time costs on the basis of its use is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Classification of working hours

Working time is established by law working hours, working week. Working hours are divided into working hours and breaks depending on the purpose.

Work time is the part of the working day during which activities related to the performance of work are performed.

Break time is a part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons and the employee is idle.

The operating time, in turn, includes two types of costs:

The time directly involved in the performance of the given work (the time of the production task), - Trz;

Time of work not determined by the production task (performing operations that are not characteristic of this worker: walking for a tool, correcting defective products, etc.) - Tz.

The production task execution time is divided into preparatory - final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory - final time (TPZ) is spent by the worker on preparing himself and his workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. The value of this time does not depend on the amount of work, but only on the type of production and the level of labor organization. In single and small-scale production (there are frequent readjustments of equipment), this time is 12 - 15% of the working time, in large-scale production - 3 - 5%, and in mass production - 1-3%. The preparatory and final time includes the time to receive orders, drawings, fixtures, tools, equipment adjustment, washing and steaming of devices, receiving and handing over shifts, and handing over finished products.

Operational (TOP) is the time during which the worker performs a given operation. This time is divided into the main TO (technological) - a change in the shape, properties and quality of objects of labor and auxiliary (Tvsp) - actions that contribute to these changes (installation and removal of a part, starting and stopping equipment, eliminating a broken thread, changing a shuttle, loading raw materials and unloading of the finished product, etc.).

Workplace maintenance (TORM) - time for activities related to the care of the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift. in machine and automated processes it is divided into technical time (Tto) and organizational time (Too) maintenance of the workplace. Tto - maintenance of the workplace in connection with the implementation of this operation (replacing a dull tool, adjusting equipment, bringing the solution to the required concentration, etc.). Too - actions for caring for the workplace (layout and cleaning of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment, cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. In some industries (in coal, metallurgical, food, etc.) Torm is not allocated, but refers to Tpz.

When analyzing the cost of working time, it is necessary to allocate manual time (Tvsp), overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. The labor rate includes manual time, not overlapped by machine time (performing auxiliary operations and other types of work with the equipment stopped).

Break times are divided into the following types:

Breaks for rest and personal needs (Toln);

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot);

Breaks due to violation labor discipline(Tndt).

Breaks for rest and personal needs are used by workers for rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene. These also include time for industrial gymnastics. The duration of the breaks depends on the working conditions.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature may be due to the established technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the normal course production process(Tpnt).

Tpt - removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading a thermal furnace, etc. All these breaks are regulated and included in the labor standard.

Tpnt - delays in the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for transport, etc. These interruptions in work are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons that depend on production.

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On the discipline "Rationing of the organization of labor"

on the topic "Classification of the cost of working time"

Introduction

The study of the cost of working time is of great importance, because. Based on the information obtained as a result of it, most of the tasks related to the organization of labor and its regulation are solved. Research is carried out in order to determine the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalize methods and methods of work, identify the reasons for non-fulfillment of norms, irrational costs and loss of working time, obtain data on factors affecting the time of performing elements of operations, develop regulatory materials, assess the quality of norms and regulations, as well as for other tasks.

The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and the efficiency of the use of production resources. The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance with ergonomic requirements, working conditions, applied technology, organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as professional qualification, psychophysiological, social characteristics workers and other factors. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study.

Optimal is the minimum of total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information with its subsequent use. Of greatest importance is the solution of two problems related to the study of labor processes.

The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on the execution of elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of time spent during the work shift or part of it. Determination of the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of work, the analysis of norms and standards.

The structure of working time costs is used in the development of standards for preparatory and final time, workplace maintenance time, assessment of the efficiency of using working time, analysis existing organization labor.

1. Working hours

Working time is the time during which the labor process takes place. Working time can be considered in the context of various calendar periods: a year, a production week, a working day (shift).

The composition of working time in terms of content, duration and order of alternation of elements is different when performing various operations.

For the scientific study of working time, the systematization and classification of its costs are used.

On the industrial enterprises adopted a unified classification of the cost of working time, which meets the goals and objectives of its organization and regulation. The classification of working time elements allows:

* study the use of working time for its intended purpose;

* establish the causes of loss of working time;

* determine the degree of necessity and expediency certain types working hours;

* differentiate the elements of working time that are part of the norms of time.

In the production process, the labor of workers is combined with the operation of equipment, therefore, in the practice of rationing, the costs of working time are classified:

* according to the costs of the contractor's working time (working);

* by time of use of the equipment.

According to the classification according to the costs of the contractor's working time, the worker's working time is the sum of the work time and the break time (Fig. 11).

Hours of work - the period during which the worker performs certain production operations.

It is determined by the time to complete the production task and the time not associated with the execution of the production task.

Rice. 1 Classification of working time costs

1. Time to complete the production task

The lead time for a production order includes:

* preparatory-final time - the time that an employee spends preparing himself and the means of production for the performance of a given job. It does not depend on the amount of work (the size of a batch of products) and is spent on obtaining a production assignment, familiarization with the drawings, preparing devices for performing work, etc.;

* operational time - the time of the production operation, repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production. It is divided into main and auxiliary. The main (technological) time is spent on directly changing the object of labor, performing technological operations and moving the object of labor; auxiliary - for the implementation by the employee of auxiliary methods of labor necessary for the performance of the main work and repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production or a certain number of them;

* workplace maintenance time - the time spent by an employee on caring for the workplace, equipment and maintaining the workplace in a condition that ensures productive work during a shift or other working period. It includes time Maintenance and time of organizational service. Maintenance time is allotted for caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary to perform a specific task (time spent on sharpening and replacing worn tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning production waste, cleaning, lubricating equipment, etc.). Organizational maintenance time is spent on maintaining the workplace in working condition during the shift and does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation (receiving and handing over a shift, laying out and cleaning tools and documentation, moving containers with blanks or finished goods and etc.).

The busy time can also be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (for example, in multi-machine work) and active monitoring of the progress technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course. If the worker is busy active surveillance, it should not perform other functions. In addition to active observation, passive observation is also possible, which is one of the types of interruptions in the employment of a worker for organizational and technical reasons. Passive watch time may occur during maintenance automatic lines, devices, during multi-machine work. The economic feasibility of passive surveillance is established as a result of calculations of optimal service and population standards. Whenever possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions (tool laying, workplace cleaning, etc.), the performance of which is stopped if the worker needs to intervene in the production process.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time costs into overlapped and non-overlapped is essential. Overlapping usually includes the time the worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the time for performing labor methods (setting the workpiece, quality control, etc.) with the equipment stopped (idle) and the time for machine-manual methods. In a broader sense, overlapped (combined) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider the overlapped time costs when an operation is performed by several workers.

2. Time to complete a non-production task.

Break times.

The time of work not provided for by the production task is spent on performing random and unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, fixtures, etc.).

Break time - the time during which the employee does not take part in work. It is divided into scheduled breaks and non-scheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks in work includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process, as well as time for rest and personal needs (provided for by the norms in force at the enterprise and the daily routine).

The time of unscheduled breaks is the time of breaks in work caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process (downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for workpieces, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time for breaks due to non-synchronization of the production process), and breaks in work related to violation of labor discipline (late start and premature end of work, excess rest time, etc.).

Main and essential element working time is operational time. By organizing the labor process at each workplace, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the share of operational time in total working time by reducing other elements of time and breaks.

The degree of use of working time during the shift characterizes the coefficient of use of working time, which is defined as the ratio of operational time to the duration of the shift:

where Top - operational time, min;

Tcm - shift duration, min.

The coefficient of use of working time is always less than unity, since with the most rational organization of labor, some time is required for preparatory and final work, maintenance of the workplace and regulated (minimum) breaks. The coefficient of use of working time characterizes the time spent on the manufacture of products (performing a production operation), but does not reflect the time of the actual work of the worker.

In addition to this factor, the worker load factor should be calculated:

break labor costs

where Tr is the working time of the worker during the shift, min; Tper - time of breaks during the shift, min.

The worker load factor measures how much of a shift a worker uses to work. If the worker's load factor significantly exceeds the working time utilization rate, this indicates shortcomings in the organization of work.

The main purpose of the classification of working time is the ability to compare and analyze the results of observations of the use of working time in order to identify reserves for growth in labor productivity, determine necessary costs working time on the elements of the labor process and the establishment of labor standards.

When classifying the cost of working time by the time of using the equipment, work time and break time are also distinguished.

This classification allows you to analyze the nature of the use of equipment and identify the degree of its extensive loading (Fig. 12).

Rice. 2 Classification of working hours by time of equipment use

When establishing labor standards and analyzing the costs of working time, the latter are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

Normalized costs of working time are included in the labor rate - this is the preparatory and final time, the time of operational work; workplace maintenance time, scheduled breaks. Non-standard labor costs of working time are direct losses of working time and are not included in the norm of time. The total value of standardized costs per unit of output is called piece-calculation time.

Conclusion

At any enterprise, regardless of the form of ownership, the efficiency of the production process is of great importance, i.e. its implementation with the least expenditure of working time and equipment. The main condition for the rationalization of the production process is the systematic study of the cost of working time and the use of observational materials. On their basis, conclusions are drawn about the presence of "bottlenecks" in the enterprise, about the causes and extent of the loss of working time, and they plan measures to improve labor and production.

Improving the labor process involves a rational combination in time of all elements of labor, as well as establishing the relationship of participants in production.

List of used literature

1. Gandina N.M. Economics and labor rationing: Tutorial. I.: Izd-vo IGEA, 1994.

2. Genkin B.M., Petrochenko P.F., Bukhalkov M.I. etc. Under. Ed. B.M. Genkin. Regulation of labor. - M.: Economics, 1985.

3. Nazarov A.Sh. Regulation of labor. - T .: Ukituvchi, 1987.

4. Cold G.N. Regulation of labor in industry. - M.: Economics, 1978.

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Purpose of classification of working hours

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity in the enterprise.

Classification of working hours

Working time, in general, is divided into:

time spent on the performance of the production task (working time);
time spent on breaks.

In turn, working time is divided into:

preparatory-final time;
operational time;
workplace service time.

The preparatory-final time implies the time spent on preparing for the beginning of the labor process and on the end of such a process. For example, a worker performs the norm of a certain task (output of products) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare the workplace (starting equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must bring the equipment into proper condition (remove, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

Operational time is the time directly spent on the performance of the production task (fulfillment of standards).

In turn, operational time is divided into:

main time;
auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Workplace maintenance time refers to the amount of time it takes to maintain a workspace in good order.

In turn, this time is divided into:

Maintenance;
organizational service.

Maintenance of the workplace ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational maintenance includes the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Working hours that are not provided for by the production task. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, when there is a power outage, it takes time to start the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unscheduled breaks can occur for both business and non-business reasons.

Classification of the cost of working time of production work. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment

Purpose of classification of working hours

Classification of working hours

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