Strategic missile submarines. Nuclear submarine cruisers of the Russian fleet

On the eve of the Navy Day, July 26, the nuclear submarine of the new generation Novosibirsk was laid down at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk. This submarine missile carrier will be the third among the multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Yasen project, which was developed by employees of the St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau Malachite.

According to the state program until 2020, the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk plans to build seven nuclear submarines of the Yasen class and the modernized Yasen-M, which will later become the main multi-purpose nuclear cruisers in Russia.

"Ash"
Project 885 Yasen multi-purpose submarines with a displacement of 13,800 tons are capable of reaching speeds of over 30 knots, diving to a depth of 600 meters and being in autonomous navigation for a hundred days. The crew of the submarine is designed for 90 people, including 32 officers. The ships are armed with ten 533 mm torpedo tubes and launchers for Caliber and Onyx cruise missiles.

"Severodvinsk", the lead submarine of the project, laid down at the "PO" Sevmash "on December 21, 1993, has already completed the entire cycle of factory sea trials and is now undergoing state tests at sea. They promise to hand over Severodvinsk to the fleet by the end of 2013. The second nuclear cruiser of the Kazan project, laid down in 2009, is currently in the slipway shop of Sevmash and will be handed over to the Navy in 2017.

Boreas
In addition to the multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Yasen project, this year Sevmash plans to commission the Navy and two strategic cruisers series "Borey" (955) - a project that in the future will form the basis of Russia's naval strategic nuclear forces. The lead cruiser in the series of submarine missile carriers of the fourth generation "Yuri Dolgoruky", developed at the Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering "Rubin", was put into service Navy RF in 2012. Laid down at Sevmashpredpriyatie on November 2, 1996, Yuri Dolgoruky is about 170 meters long, 13.5 meters wide and has a total displacement of 24,000 tons. The ship is to take into service 16 Bulava missiles, which were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering.

Another "Borey" "Alexander Nevsky" is now undergoing state tests, making the second state exit, on November 15 they are preparing to hand it over to the fleet. The third ship of the series, "Vladimir Monomakh", must complete state tests no later than December 12, 2013 and will also be handed over to the Navy this year.

It is assumed that under the state armament program until 2020, the fleet will receive eight strategic missile submarines: three project 955 (code "Borey") and five project 955A (code "Borey-A").

"Shark"
Today, the core of the Navy's combat power is about 60 submarines, from nuclear-powered missile submarines to multi-purpose diesel submarines. However, before 2018, the submarines of projects 941 (Shark, according to NATO classification Typhoon) and 667 BDR and BDRM (Kalmar and Dolphin, according to NATO classification Delta- 3" and "Delta-4").

The final decision to decommission two Project 941 Akula-class submarines, Arkhangelsk and Severstal, which were decommissioned several years ago, was made recently. The third strategic submarine of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, will remain in the fleet until 2017, when a separate decision will be made on it. The write-off and disposal of Arkhangelsk and Severstal will occur for financial reasons: maintaining their life support systems in a normal state requires prohibitively large financial expenses. Economically inexpedient and modernization - overhaul with the modernization of one "Shark" will cost more than the construction of two new "Borey". Dismantlement of Arkhangelsk and Severstal, which is scheduled for 2016-2020, will be handled by Rosatom.

Submarines of the "Shark" class, the largest submarines ever built, even got into the Guinness Book of Records due to their size: their length is 172 meters, width - 23.3 m, draft - 11.5 m. quiet and elusive to radar and designed to destroy enemy surface and submarine ships. The ammunition of such a submarine includes 20 missiles, each of which has 10 individually targetable multiple warheads.

The removal of all nuclear submarines of project 941 "Shark" (according to NATO classification - Typhoon) from combat duty occurred in accordance with the START-3 agreement between Russia and the United States, which entered into force in February 2011.
based on materials

HEAVY STRATEGIC MISSILE UNDERCRUISE (TPKSN) PROJECT 941 "SHARK"

HEAVY MISSILE SUBMARINE CRUISER OF STRATEGIC PURPOSE (TRPKSN) PROJECT 941 AKULA

07.03.2012
The Russian Navy will not modernize the Project 941 Akula strategic nuclear submarines in service for financial reasons, ITAR-TASS reports citing a source in the military-industrial complex. According to the source of the agency, the deep modernization of one Shark is comparable in cost to the construction of two new Project 955 Borey submarines.
Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with three submarines of the Akula project: Dmitry Donskoy, Arkhangelsk and Severstal. The last two ships are in the port of Severodvinsk and are not included in the combat strength due to the lack of ammunition - R-39 ballistic missiles. Severstal has been standing at the quay since 2004, and Arkhangelsk since 2006. "Dmitry Donskoy" was used as an experimental ship, participating in the tests of the Bulava missile. (lenta.ru)

30.12.2011
30 YEARS OF JOINING PROJECT 941 TRPKSN

On December 29, 2011, in the Sevmash Museum, veterans of the enterprise and military sailors recalled the history of the construction of the largest submarine in the world - the nuclear submarine "Dmitry Donskoy". 30 years ago, on December 29, 1981, the ship entered the Navy.
Shipbuilders and military sailors are justifiably proud of the unique nuclear-powered ship. More than 1,000 enterprises from all over the country participated in its creation; 1,219 employees at Sevmash were awarded orders and medals. The lead nuclear submarine of the Shark project is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for its size.
After 10 years of operation, the lead missile carrier was put in for repairs and re-equipment. In 2002, the nuclear submarine was taken out of the workshop, having been upgraded in some systems and complexes to the level of ships of the 4th generation. 2002 is considered the second birth of the ship. V last years from the nuclear submarine "Dmitry Donskoy" tests of the new missile system "Bulava" were carried out. Today, the ship is involved in testing new submarines being built at Sevmash. The crew of the nuclear submarine is headed by commander of the 1st rank Oleg Tsybin, the factory part of the delivery team is the responsible deliverer Evgeny Slobodyan.
For the 30th anniversary of the leading Shark, the scientists of the factory museum prepared an exposition, and the specialists of the television studio prepared a video film “Dmitry Donskoy is back in the ranks”, which was demonstrated to the audience. (Press service of JSC "PO" Sevmash ")

22.05.2013
By the end of 2013, the Russian Navy will decommission the two largest nuclear submarines in the world, Severstal and Arkhangelsk, built according to Project 941 Akula. According to RIA Novosti, citing a source in the military-industrial complex, by 2018-2020 both nuclear submarines will be disposed of.

22.06.2013
THE ENEMY'S SUBMARINE WILL BE MADE FROM "DMITRY DONSKOY"

In the White Sea, state tests of three nuclear submarines began at once. New boats of projects 995 and 885 "Alexander Nevsky" and "Severodvinsk" will launch training torpedoes on the "Dmitry Donskoy", which went to sea after repairs. According to the Izvestiya newspaper, the Dmitry Donskoy is being used as a measuring laboratory and the military intends to use it to record the sounds of two other submarines.
According to the publication, training torpedoes will be fired at the world's largest nuclear submarine and thus Alexander Nevsky and Severodvinsk will test fire control systems and torpedo tubes. In addition, it is planned to test most of the other systems of both submarines before July 1: if no serious shortcomings are revealed as a result, then in the fall they will be tested with missile launches from both surface and underwater positions. Then they will check the new automatic system control, allowing you to redirect the "Mace" in flight.
Previously, "Dmitry Donskoy" has already undergone several upgrades. In 1989, the nuclear submarine built in 1976 began to be modernized at Sevmashpredpriyatie under project 941U, but in 1991 the work was curtailed. They were only resumed five years later and completed in 2002; then the launch silos were re-equipped for Bulava missiles, which are significantly smaller in comparison with the R-39.
Lenta.ru

On September 23, 1980, the first Typhoon (Shark) strategic missile submarine was launched into the White Sea at the Severodvinsk shipyard. A feature of this submarine is the presence on board of ballistic missiles capable of hitting a target at a distance of more than 9,000 km. Firing from a submerged position from the North Pole, the Typhoon missile can hit targets on the Earth's equator. Therefore, this cruiser is rightly called strategic (in Greek "Strateqos" - "commander"), and missile, and underwater, capable of performing the most important tasks of the high command.

When the submarine's hull was still on the stocks, on the bow of the submarine, below the waterline, a grinning shark was drawn, which wrapped around a trident. And although after the descent, the shark with the trident disappeared under the water and no one else saw them, the people have already dubbed the cruiser the “Shark”. And for the crews of both the first and subsequent submarines of this class, a special sleeve patch with the image of a shark was introduced.

The name "Typhoon" was given to this submarine American experts. But even for those who served on the boat itself, this name was considered secret until recently.

This boat was our response to the Americans, who in April 1979 launched the first of the new class of boats, the Ohio. Then follow "Michigan", "Florida", "Georgia" and others.

Our "Typhoon" was a worthy response to the Americans. And not only because the submarine itself was unique. In itself, it was only one component of the grandiose program of the same name. This program planned an unprecedentedly wide scope of naval construction in our country.

In the North, along the entire coast of the Barents and White Seas, special berths, workshops, warehouses for storing spare parts and mechanisms were built; automobile and railways. The so-called places of loading were also built - gigantic structures, nicknamed among the sharp-tongued sailors "gallows". In fact, missiles, torpedoes and other equipment were hung on them, which were then loaded aboard the submarine.

Explosive work was also carried out to deepen the fjords in the places where boats were based, shelters were created in the rocks in case of a nuclear attack by a potential enemy, etc.

This program, according to one of its participants, Lieutenant Commander A.I. Sklyarov, also provided for a previously unheard-of routine for the operation of submarines. In the Moscow region, in the city of Obninsk, a special training center was built under this program.

Plus to it - housing, kindergartens, schools, medical institutions. In this center, replacing each other, crews of submariners were to be trained.

For each submarine, it was supposed to have as many as three crews: two combat - for service at sea and one technical - for troubleshooting, current repair and preparation of the nuclear-powered ship for a new campaign.

The mode of operation of the crews should have been like this. The first combat crew is on combat duty for two or three months at sea, during which some malfunctions inevitably accumulate on board. Upon arrival at the base, the ship is placed at the disposal of the technical crew, to whom all defective statements are transferred. Meanwhile, the combat crew itself is leaving for the airport, where a specially ordered aircraft is loaded and departs for the Moscow region. From here, taking their families, everyone goes on vacation to different parts of the country.

By that time, the second combat crew, tanned, rested and even tired of family comfort, flies together with their families from all over the country to Obninsk. Here, divers — to refresh their memory and skills — are driven through all the simulators, they take tests and, having confirmed their qualifications, fly with things on a return special flight to Murmansk. From the airport, the crew arrives by a special bus directly to the pier - to the gangway of their cruiser, which is already completely ready for a new military campaign. They take the boat from the technical crew, remove the ladder, and the ship goes into combat service, controlled by the second combat crew.

Then the whole process, in theory, is repeated again and again.

But, as they say, it was smooth on paper. Difficulties began already during the design, when the question of missile weapons arose. The Americans equip their submarines with solid-propellant missiles, which are less capricious to maintain than liquid ones. We didn’t have such missiles for a long time. And when the first domestic solid-propellant marine ballistic missile R-31 appeared, it turned out that it was impossible to fit it into the same missile shaft where the liquid one had previously been placed - the dimensions were not the same.

Thanks to domestic technologies of the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, such a missile turned out to be not more compact, as one might expect, but of a large size and weight of the weapon. Plus, the weight and size characteristics of the new radio-electronic equipment, which have increased in comparison with the devices of the previous complex by 2.5-4 times.

As a result, it was necessary to design an original, unparalleled type of submarine with two strong hulls located in parallel (a kind of “underwater catamaran”). In addition, such a “flattened” shape of the ship in the vertical plane was dictated by draft restrictions in the area of ​​​​the Severodvinsk shipbuilding plant and repair bases of the Northern Fleet, as well as technological considerations - it was necessary to ensure the possibility of simultaneously building two ships on one slipway “thread”; It seemed to be more convenient and cheaper.

However, even the designers themselves admit that the chosen scheme was largely forced, far from optimal. This, by the way, led to the fact that sometimes the submarines of the 941st project are also called "water carriers".

At the same time, as they say, every cloud has a silver lining - it made it possible to increase the survivability of a heavy submarine cruiser due to the separation of the power plant into autonomous compartments in two separate strong hulls (this improved explosion and fire safety, (by removing the missile silos from the strong hull ), as well as placing the torpedo room and the main command post in isolated rugged modules.

Translated from technical language into everyday language, this means the following. To accommodate all the weapons and equipment, the designers had to create a kind of underwater catamaran. Two strong cylindrical hulls are interconnected by three transverse transitions - in the bow, in the middle and at the stern. Missile silos and some other equipment are placed between the buildings. And from above, everything is covered with a light streamlined body, shaped like a flattened bread loaf of Gulliver's size.

Thus, it turns out that two boats are placed in one common lightweight hull. In practice, they are usually referred to as "port side" and "starboard side", meaning the left and right cylindrical cigar as a whole. In these durable cigar-boards, everything is duplicated: reactors, turbines, all mechanisms and even cabins.

And even if all the equipment suddenly fails in one half, the other half will allow you to fully complete the combat mission and return to the base. After all, all the specialists in the team also have exactly a pair, and they are called specialists of the right and left sides.

To distinguish between the right and left sides, it is customary to number everything on the left with even numbers, and everything on the right with odd numbers.

A rather large space remains between the light outer and durable inner hulls, where immersion tanks, all kinds of containers and, in general, everything that can not be protected from high pressure and the action of sea water are located. And containers with missiles are also placed at the "Typhoon" in the space between the sides - in front of the boat, in front of the wheelhouse. As a result, it turned out that the Typhoon is the only submarine missile carrier in which the missiles are located ahead of the wheelhouse. Other submarines, as it were, “drag” the missiles behind them, and the Typhoon “pushes” its missiles ahead of itself.

The nickname "water carrier" is where it comes from. When diving, the entire space between the sides is filled with outboard water, and the boat disperses and drags all this mass of water along with it. Which, ultimately, increases the total mass and adversely affects the maneuverability of the boat.

However, no one demanded special "fidgeting" from the "Typhoon". Its main task is to deliver missiles as discreetly as possible to the area indicated by the command and, if necessary, launch them at specified targets.

Therefore, the main weapons are those developed at the NPO named after V.P. Makeev intercontinental ballistic missiles. The containers, located, as already mentioned, between the cylinders of the pressure cases are connected by communications with the equipment in the compartments of the pressure case. And here there is a certain violation of symmetry. The equipment of one side serves to test missiles, and the other - to prepare and conduct launches.

Each of the 100-ton rockets is capable of hitting a target at a distance of up to 9000 km, which means that from the North Pole you can get to the equator. And as far as America, this is enough and even more so. Therefore, from the very beginning, the Typhoon was designed to sail only in the Arctic Ocean. He does not need to go far from his northern bases. For duty in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, off the coast of the United States, we have other submarines. But about them - in turn.

The double-hull design of the Typhoon, among other things, made it possible to accommodate the crew with unprecedented comfort for submariners. Such conditions, perhaps, could be expected from Jules Verne's Nautilus, but not from a real boat. For this, by the way, "Typhoon" received another nickname - "floating hotel" or "underwater hotel".

And what can I say: the team lives here in 2-, 4- and 6-bed cabins sheathed in plastic under a tree, with desks, bookshelves, wardrobes, washbasins and TVs.

There is also a special recreation complex on Typhoon, which includes a gym with a "Swedish" wall, a crossbar, a punching bag, bicycle and rowing machines, and treadmills.

There is also an oak-clad sauna for five people. And there is also a small pool on the boat: 4 meters long, 2 meters wide, and 2 meters deep. The pool can be filled with either fresh or salt water - cold or heated.

We even found a place on the Typhoon for a solarium, but for some reason the tan in it turns out with some kind of “alien”, greenish tint. Therefore, divers try not to abuse ultraviolet baths, so that later on the shore they do not particularly stand out.

There are also four showers, as well as nine latrines, which is also very good.

In a cozy and quiet lounge there are rocking chairs and singing canaries, fish and indoor flowers. And one of its walls is a large screen, which demonstrates any landscape of your choice: forest, mountains, steppe, Crimean beach and much more - about three dozen options in total.

Separately from this hall there is also a room with slot machines for amateurs.
There are also two wardrooms on the Typhoon: one for officers, the other for midshipmen and sailors. The wardroom, as you know, on the ship is called "a room serving for collective rest, classes, meetings and a common table." Four meals a day are accepted on board.

The menu is the most exquisite by the standards of the Soviet system; breakfast, lunch and dinner necessarily contained something meaty. At dinner, a small glass of dry wine (only 50 grams) was also supposed - not for the sake of drunkenness, but to combat beriberi. In the evenings - however, the concept of a day in a submarine, like in a spaceship, is very relative - you can also drink tea with condensed milk, honey, cookies, bagels.

Ship cooks - coca are generally famous for their invention, and in terms of skill they are in no way inferior to their land-based counterparts from the best restaurants. In addition, the food on the submarine is to some extent among the entertainment. So dishes prepared by coca are usually eaten clean.

Moreover, half-eaten food, like all food waste in general, is a very serious problem on a submarine.

There are no trash bins on the submarine, so food waste and any other garbage on the boat are packed in plastic bags and “shot” overboard from a special DUK device (to remove containers) every three days. At depth, by the way, it is much more difficult to do this than in space. There, when the hatch of the transition chamber is opened, the cosmic vacuum sucks everything out by itself, and under water, on the contrary, one has to overcome, “push through” the outboard water pressure. The "shot" bags of waste then sink to the bottom, where their contents are fed to marine life.

However, let us return to the combat capabilities of the Typhoon - in fact, in fact, it was not built at all as an underwater sanatorium.

When creating a new ship, the customer set the task of expanding its area combat use under the ice of the Arctic up to the pole (and beyond it) due to the improvement of navigation and sonar weapons.

Power plant with a capacity of 100,000 hp made according to the block layout principle with the placement of autonomous modules (unified for all boats of the 3rd generation) in both durable hulls. The adopted layout solutions made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the nuclear power plant, while increasing its power and improving other operational parameters.

It includes two OK-650 thermal pressurized water reactors (190 MW each) and two steam turbines. The block layout of all units and component equipment, in addition to technological advantages, made it possible to apply more effective vibration isolation measures that reduce the noise of the ship.

Compared to previous nuclear submarines, the reactor control and protection system has changed significantly. The introduction of impulse equipment! made it possible to control its state at any power level, including in a subcritical state. Safety is provided by the "self-propelled" mechanism, which, in the event of a power failure, ensures complete "silencing" of the reactor, even if the ship capsizes.

Four 3200 kW turbogenerators and two DG-750 diesel generators are installed on board the boat. As a reserve, two DC electric motors with a power of 190 kW each are used, which are connected to the main shaft line through couplings.

Two low-noise seven-blade propellers are installed in ring nozzles. For maneuvering in cramped conditions, the ship is equipped with a thruster in the form of two folding columns with propellers at the bow and stern.

When creating "Typhoon" great attention was given to reduce its hydroacoustic visibility. In particular, the ship received a two-stage rubber-cord pneumatic cushioning system, as well as new, effective soundproof and anti-sonar coatings. As a result, in terms of hydroacoustic secrecy, the Typhoon, despite its gigantic size, is shockingly less noticeable in the ocean than all previously built domestic submarines, and, probably, came close to its American counterpart, the Ohio-class submarine.

The submarine is equipped with the new Tobol-941 navigation system, which includes the Symphony satellite navigation system, a combat information and control system, the MG-519 Arfa sonar mine detection station, the MG-518 Sever echometer, and the MRKL- 58 "Buran", television complex MTK-100. On board there is a radio communication complex "Molniya-L 1" with a satellite communication system "Tsunami".

The Skat-type digital sonar complex, which integrates four sonar stations, is capable of providing simultaneous tracking of 10-12 underwater targets.

Retractable devices located in the cabin fence include two periscopes (commander's and universal), radio sextant antenna, RAS, radio antennas of the communication and navigation system, direction finder.

The boat is equipped with two pop-up buoy-type antennas that allow you to receive radio messages, target designations and satellite navigation signals when you are at a large (up to 150 m) depth or under ice.

We also thought about how to launch missiles in the conditions of the Arctic with minimal risk to the crew. It is optimal, of course, to carry out a rocket launch directly from under the water. But, unfortunately, not a single designer in the world has yet succeeded in teaching rockets to break through the ice on their own. So, in order to launch missiles from under the Arctic "ice shell", the boat had to float in polynyas, breaking through ice up to 3 m thick.

No other submarine in the world is designed for such "tricks". And for Typhoon, despite solid experience in this area and special technical equipment, each ascent in the ice is a difficult and unsafe process. First, they look for a suitable opening. It is generally accepted to call a polynya a place clear of ice, but there are few of them in the Arctic. In winter, 90% of the water area is covered with drifting ice, in summer - about 50%. The ice is very thick, there are fields with ice thickness up to 35 m.

Therefore, quite often the captain and his team just have to look for a place where the thickness of the ice does not exceed three meters. This is done with the help of special devices like an echo sounder. Then the bow horizontal rudders are removed and slowly, very carefully, they "ice up" - that is, they stick to the surface of the ice from below. And this surface is covered with numerous growths like icicles or stalagmites of very considerable size. So the places of "glaciation" on the boat had to be especially strengthened.

So, clinging to the ice ceiling with a specially adapted bow and wheelhouse, they sharply blow through the tanks of the main ballast. At this moment, throughout the boat, in addition to the whistling of air in the purged tanks, one can hear the crackling and gnashing of breaking ice.

On the Typhoon, as already mentioned, the missiles are located in front - in front of the wheelhouse. This was done just so that the covers of the mines were free from ice floes after the ascent. After that, the opening covers of the mines brush off the remaining pieces of ice overboard, and rocket firing can be carried out.

The launch of the entire ammunition load can be carried out in two volleys, and in clear water, missiles can be launched not only from the surface, but also from a depth of up to 55 m, without restrictions on weather conditions on the sea surface.

The D-19 missile system includes 20 solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 ICBMs with multiple heads D-19 (RSM-52, western designation - SS-N-20). Their guidance is carried out by means of an inertial navigation system with full astro-correction, which ensures the accuracy of hitting a circle with a diameter of 500 m at a distance of about 10,000 km.

For the D-19 complex, an original launch system was created with the placement of almost all elements of the launcher on the rocket itself. The launch is carried out using a powder pressure accumulator. At the moment of launch, powder charges create a gas cavity around the rocket, which significantly reduces hydrodynamic loads in the underwater section of movement.

For self-defense, the Typhoon has six 533-mm torpedo tubes with a quick-loader. A typical ammunition load is 22 53-65K, SET-65 and SAET-60M torpedoes, as well as 81R Vodopad rocket torpedoes. Instead of part of the missile and torpedo armament, mines can be taken on board the ship.

For the defense of a surfaced submarine from low-flying aircraft and helicopters, there are eight sets of Igla MANPADS. They also say that soon an anti-aircraft missile system for self-defense will appear in service, capable of being used from a submerged position.

The first Typhoon, which entered service on December 12, 1981, was commanded by Captain 1st Rank A.V. Olkhovnikov, who was awarded the title of Hero for the development of such a unique ship Soviet Union. Following the lead ship, it was planned to build a large series of heavy submarine cruisers of the 941st project and create an entire structure to service new modifications of this ship. All these plans fell apart at the end of the 80s, when the USSR began to burst at the seams.

As a result, it was decided to limit the construction of a series of six ships of project 941 (i.e., one division). The unfinished hull of the seventh missile carrier - TK-210 - was dismantled on the slipway in 1990. To some extent, the reduction of the program was also facilitated by the fact that in the mid-90s the implementation of the American program for the construction of Ohio-type submarine missile carriers also ceased. Instead of the planned 30 submarines, the US Navy received only 18 nuclear-powered ships, of which it was decided to leave only 14 in service by the beginning of the 21st century.

All six "heavy strategic missile submarines" were consolidated into a division, which is part of the 1st flotilla of nuclear submarines. The ships are based in Nerpichya Bay. The reconstruction of the base in Zapadnaya Litsa to accommodate new heavy-duty nuclear-powered ships began in 1977 and took four years.

During this time, a special berthing line was built, specialized piers were manufactured and delivered. An original complex of missile loading facilities (KSPR) was also created. Specifically to provide a “floating rear” for boats of the 941st project in Leningrad, at the Admiralty Plant in 1986, the floating base “Alexander Brykin” was launched, with a total displacement of 11,440 tons, having 16 containers for R-39 missiles and equipped with a 125-ton crane .

However, only the Northern Fleet managed to create a unique coastal infrastructure that provides maintenance for ships of the 941st project, and even then not completely. And the Pacific Fleet did not manage to build anything like this. Nevertheless, the Typhoons still had their say in the underwater Cold War.

A submarine of this type made its first combat duty in 1986, and during the patrol, with the help of an icebreaker, the crew was replaced. Ten years later, due to lack of funds, part of the submarines was put into reserve. However, the rest continue to carry out military service.

At present, plans for the development of Russia's strategic nuclear forces provide for the modernization of Project 941 ships with the replacement of the D-19 missile system with a new one. If the plans come true, the Typhoons have a chance to remain in combat formation for several more years.

In the future, it is possible to re-equip part of the nuclear-powered ships of the 941st project into transport nuclear submarines designed to transport goods from Europe to America under the ice of the Arctic. The cargo compartment built instead of the missile compartment will be capable of receiving up to 10,000 tons of cargo.

The magazine "Word and Deed" has compiled the TOP-5 SSBNs present in the arsenal of the most developed countries in the world.

A strategic missile submarine (SSBN) is the accepted designation for nuclear submarines designed to deliver missile strikes against strategically important enemy targets. In addition to the term "SSBN", the abbreviation SSBN (nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles), which is more common in the West, is also used to name this class.

Rocket carriers submarine cruisers are part of the triad of nuclear powers and are currently in service with Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France, India (under testing) and China. All of them to varying degrees meet the modern requirements of strike potential, stealth, defense and crew information, so there is a detailed comparison between them. Magazine "Word and Deed" made up TOP 5 SSBNs present in the arsenal of the most developed countries in the world.

1. Project 885 "Ash" submarines

Nuclear submarine "Severodvinsk"

To date, the absolute leader in its class is the Russian lead ship of Project 885 Severodvinsk. This nuclear submarine is the quintessence of everything that the domestic defense industry has developed over more than half a century of development of submarine shipbuilding. The project has fundamentally new system structures made of low-magnetic steel, allowing the submarine to dive to 600 (ordinary boats no more than 300 meters) or more meters, which makes it practically inaccessible to all types of modern anti-submarine weapons. The torpedo tubes of the submarine are located behind the central post compartment, which made it possible to place the antenna of the new hydroacoustic complex in the bow.

In the central part of the ship's hull there is a missile compartment with 8 universal missile silos. They can accommodate anti-ship operational-tactical missiles 3M55 "Onyx" (24 missiles, 3 in each mine). In addition, the nuclear submarine is capable of using Kh-35 anti-ship tactical missiles, Kh-101 or ZM-14E strategic cruise missiles of the P-900 Club complex, which can reach any coastal object from a distance of 5000 km.

“During sea trials and in the acceptance of the state commission of the Severodvinsk nuclear submarine, it showed an excellent result. Theoretically, Project 885 submarines alone are capable of inflicting significant damage to the US aircraft carrier group. 32 Caliber cruise missiles aboard a cruiser can destroy an aircraft carrier, even if it is escorted by several ships. A similar situation will happen with an enemy submarine, ”said the magazine "Word and Deed" military expert Alexey Leonkov

Main advantage Russian submarines of the Yasen project - low noise level: thanks to low-magnetic steel and a special magnetic coating, these are the quietest nuclear submarines in their class. The cost of Severodvinsk is approximately 47 billion rubles.

2. Submarines of the "Seawolf»

The second place is occupied by the fourth-generation American SSBNs of the Seawolf project, which are the “classmates” of the Russian Ashes. The hull of the submarine is made of HY 100 steel with a high yield strength, which provides the submarine with greater maneuverability. According to Western and domestic experts, the level of sonar visibility of both submarines is comparable, while the cost of the Sea Wolf is 7 times higher, which is why the States limited themselves to only 3 copies.

On the Seawoolf boat, the main means for destroying surface ships and striking coastal targets are the Tomahawk and Harpoon missiles, which are significantly inferior to the Russian Onyxes in range and detection. The American nuclear submarine loses both in speed, in underwater and silent mode it is 20 knots, while Ash has 30 knots. Thus, in the event of a one-on-one battle, the Russian submarine has every chance of winning.

3. Virginia-class submarines

USS Virginia-class nuclear submarine

The fourth-generation Virginia-class nuclear submarine is the main striking force of the US Navy. It is significantly cheaper than its successor "Seawolf", so it is given strategic preference. "Virginia" is also in the same class as the Russian "Ash", but seriously inferior to him. According to Alexei Leonkov, the firepower of the domestic nuclear submarine in terms of cruise missiles is 2.5 times superior to that of an American submarine, and in terms of anti-submarine torpedoes, a US submarine is no match for us at all, since it has much fewer launchers.

The main advantage of the Virginia is the presence of a special module for landing operations. In addition to fire missions, the submarine is capable of carrying out covert landings of tactical units of the SEAL type on land behind enemy lines.

4. Submarines of the type "Triumphant" of the French Navy

The French SSBNs of the "Le Triompant" class are distinguished by high-tech power plant, allowing submarines to maintain maximum mobility even in emergency situations. This is achieved through steam generators that are integrated into a single module with the K-15 reactor, as well as the presence of a backup retractable propulsion unit powered by emergency diesel generators. In addition, the French nuclear submarine has a relatively high submerged speed (25 knots) and a hull of sufficient strength.

However, in terms of armament, the Triumfan lags far behind its competitors. It is based on the French M45 solid-propellant ballistic missile, whose specifications and maneuverability are inferior to Russian and American models.

5. Submarines of project 094 "Jin" China

The Chinese nuclear submarines of the Jin project in the early 90s were created with significant technological support from the Russian Design Bureau Rubin. That is why, with its appearance with a developed fencing of missile silos, the submarine resembles the Soviet missile carriers of Project 667BDRM Dolphin. Despite this obvious similarity, the Chinese have succeeded in minimizing the noise level: in terms of silence, the Jin project significantly exceeds the performance of the American Los Angeles-class MAPLs.

Type 094 submarines each carry 12 Juilang-2 (JL-2) ballistic missiles with a range of 8,000-12,000 km. These missiles are an underwater version of China's latest DF-31 land-based strategic missiles. Russian experts believe that the JL-2 is a separate development: the three-stage DF-31 is too large to be placed in the missile silos of a submarine cruiser.

Thus, the Russian submarines of project 885 "Ash" are the winners in their class. Their technical equipment, firepower, high stealth and acceptable cost leave no chance for competitors in the event of a hypothetical battle, and the number of feasible combat missions significantly exceeds the capabilities of American, French and Chinese counterparts.

Maxim Rudenko

Information agency "Arms of Russia" continues to publish ratings various weapons and military equipment. This time, Russian experts are comparing the heavy strategic missile submarines (TPK) of Russia and foreign countries. Comparative assessment was carried out according to the following parameters:

- firepower(the number of warheads (WB), the total power of the WB, the maximum firing range of an intercontinental ballistic missile, its accuracy - KVO);

- constructive perfection TPK (displacement, overall characteristics, conventional density TPK - the ratio of the total mass of the submarine to its volume);

— technical reliability(probability of non-failure operation of submarine systems, time of salvo launch of all missiles, preparation time for missile launch, probability of successful launch);

- exploitation(speed of the TPK both on the surface and in the submerged position, noiselessness characteristics, autonomous navigation time).

The sum of scores for all parameters gave overall rating compared TRPK. At the same time, it was taken into account that each TRPK taken from the statistical sample, compared with other TRPKs, was evaluated based on technical requirements of his time.

The rating conducted by the IA "Arms of Russia" considered the TPK of all countries that are now full members of the world nuclear submarine club. Let us recall that, in addition to the United States (“founding father”) and Russia, it also includes Great Britain, France, China and India, which already has experience in operating the Soviet multi-purpose missile nuclear submarine of project 670, which was leased to it in 1988-1991, and is building its own nuclear submarine -rocket carrier "Arihant".

TRPK 941 "Shark" - Russia

TRPB 667BDRM "Dolphin" - Russia

TPRK 955 "Borey" - Russia

TPRK type "Ohio" - USA

TPRK type "Wangard" - England

TPRK type Le Triomphant - France

TPRK 094 class "Jin" - China

TPRK project "Arihant" - India

By the number of points scored, the listed submarines were distributed as follows:

According to the data given in the table, in terms of the number of points scored, the first 4 places were taken by:

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 17 knots

operating depth 365 m
maximum immersion depth 550 m
crew of 14-15 officers, 140 sailors and foremen

Dimensions:
surface displacement 16 746 t
displacement underwater 18 750 t
maximum length (on design waterline) 170.7 m
case width max. 12.8 m
average draft (on design waterline) 11.1 m

Nuclear power plant:
reactor type GE PWR S8G
two turbines of 30,000 liters. With
2 turbogenerators 4 MW each
1.4 MW diesel generator

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 4 TA caliber 533 mm
missile - 24 Trident II D5 ballistic missiles

Ohio class submarines (eng. Ohio class SSBN / SSGN) - a series of 18 American strategic nuclear submarines of the 3rd generation, which entered service from 1976 to 1992. Since 2002, the only type of missile carriers in service with the US Navy. Each boat is armed with 24 Trident missiles.

The first series of eight missile carriers was armed with Trident I C-4 missiles and based at Naval Base (Naval) Bangor, Washington, on the US Pacific coast. The remaining 10 boats, the second series, were armed with Trident II D-5 missiles and were located at the naval base of Kings Bay, Georgia.

In 2003, in order to fulfill the arms limitation treaty, a program was launched to convert the first four boats of the project into carriers of Tomahawk cruise missiles, which ended in 2008.

The remaining four boats of the first series were re-equipped with Trident-2 missiles, and all Trident-1 missiles were removed from combat duty. Due to the reduction of missile carriers in the Pacific, part of the Ohio-class boats was transferred from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Ohio-class boats form the backbone of the US strategic offensive nuclear forces and are constantly on combat duty, spending 60% of the time at sea. By the early 1960s, after a series of studies, American analysts came to the conclusion that the strategy of "massive retaliation" had no prospects.

In the 1950s, American strategists expected to disable strategic nuclear forces USSR with a preventive missile strike. Studies have shown that one blow cannot destroy all strategic goals, and a retaliatory nuclear strike will be inevitable. Under these conditions, the strategy of "realistic deterrence" was born.

As the head of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces N.V. Ogarkov would say in the early 1980s, “ The emergence and rapid improvement of nuclear weapons raised the question of the expediency of war as a means of achieving a political goal in a completely new way. The rejection of the need to conduct a general nuclear war led to a revision of the requirements for developing strategic weapons«.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 14 knots
speed (underwater) 24 knots

maximum immersion depth 650 m

crew 140 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 11,740 t
displacement underwater 18 200 t
maximum length (on design waterline) 167.4 m
case width max. 11.7 m
average draft (according to DWL) 8.8 m

Nuclear power plant:
2 VM-4SG reactors with a total capacity of 180 MW
2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 60,000 liters. With
2 turbogenerators TG-300, 3 kW each
2 diesel generators DG-460, 460 kW each
reserve propeller motor with a capacity of 325 liters. With

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 4 TA caliber 533 mm
missile - 16 R-29RM ballistic missiles

The last ship of the "667 family", as well as the last Soviet submarine missile carrier of the 2nd generation (actually "smoothly transferred" to the 3rd generation) was the project 667BRDM strategic missile submarine (code "Dolphin"), just like its predecessors , created by the Central Design Bureau of MT "Rubin" under the leadership of the general designer, academician S.N. Kovalev.

The government decree on the development of a new nuclear-powered submarine was issued on September 10, 1975. The main weapon of the ship was to be the new D-9RM missile system with 16 R-29RM intercontinental liquid rockets (RSM-54, SS-N-24), which have an increased firing range, accuracy and radius of separation of warheads. The development of the missile system began at KBM in 1979.

Its creators were focused on achieving the highest possible technical level and performance characteristics with limited changes to the submarine project. The tasks were successfully solved through the implementation of original layout solutions (combined tanks of the last marching and combat stages), the use of engines with limiting characteristics, the use of new structural materials, improved production technology, as well as increasing the dimensions of the rocket due to the volumes “borrowed” from the launcher. installation.

In terms of their combat capabilities, the new BR surpassed all modifications of the most powerful American Trident naval missile system, while having a smaller mass and dimensions. Depending on the number of warheads and their mass, the firing range of ICBMs could significantly exceed 8300 km.

The R-29RM was the last missile developed under the leadership of V.P. Makeev, as well as the last domestic liquid-propellant ICBM. In a sense, it was the "swan song" of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles of submarines. All subsequent domestic BRs were designed with solid fuel.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 12 knots
speed (underwater) 25 knots
operating depth 400 m
maximum immersion depth 500 m
autonomy of navigation 180 days
crew 160 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 28 500t
displacement underwater 49 800 t
maximum length (on design waterline) 172.8 m
case width max. 23.3 m
average draft (according to DWL) 11.2 m

Power point:
2 nuclear reactors OK-650VV, 190 MW each
2 turbines of 45000-50000 hp each
2 propeller shafts with 7-bladed propellers with a diameter of 5.55 m
4 steam turbine nuclear power plants, 3.2 MW each
2 diesel generators ASDG-800 (kW)
lead-acid battery, product 144

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 6 TA caliber 533 mm
22 torpedoes 53-65K, SET-65, SAET-60M, USET-80 or Vodopad missile torpedoes
Rocket - 20 R-39 SLBMs (RSM-52)
Air defense - 8 MANPADS "Igla"

The performance specification for the design was issued in December 1972, and S. N. Kovalev was appointed chief designer of the project. The new type of submarine was positioned as a response to the US construction of Ohio-class SSBNs. The dimensions of the new ship were determined by the dimensions of the new solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 (RSM-52), with which it was planned to arm the boat.

Compared with the Trident-I missiles, which were equipped with the American Ohio, the R-39 missile had the best performance flight range, throwable mass and had 10 blocks against 8 for the Trident. However, at the same time, the R-39 turned out to be almost twice as long and three times as heavy as the American counterpart. To accommodate such large missiles, the standard SSBN layout did not fit.

On December 19, 1973, the government decided to start work on the design and construction of a new generation of strategic missile carriers. "Shark", project 941. The first boat of this type TK-208 was laid down at the Sevmash enterprise in June 1976, the launch took place on September 23, 1980.

Before the descent, in the bow below the waterline, an image of a shark was applied to the side of the submarine; later, stripes with a shark appeared on the crew uniform. Despite the later launch of the project, the lead cruiser entered sea trials a month earlier than the American Ohio (July 4, 1981).

TK-208 entered service on December 12, 1981. In total, from 1981 to 1989, 6 Shark-type boats were launched and put into operation. The planned seventh ship was never laid down; hull structures were prepared for it. The construction of "9-storey" submarines provided more than 1000 enterprises of the Soviet Union.

Only at Sevmash, 1219 people who participated in the creation of this unique ship received government awards. The Akula submarine is designed to deliver long-range nuclear missile strikes against large military-industrial facilities and force bases.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 15 knots
speed (underwater) 29 knots
operating depth 400 m
maximum diving depth 480 m
autonomy of navigation 90 days
Crew 107 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 14,720 t
underwater displacement 24,000 tons
maximum length (on design waterline) 160 m
case width max. 13.5 m
average draft (according to waterline) 10 m

The power plant is nuclear
nuclear reactor OK-650V 190 MW
PTU with GTZA
propeller shaft
jet propulsion

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 6 TA x 533 mm, torpedoes, torpedo missiles, cruise missiles.
Rocket - 16 launchers of the D-30 complex, R-30 SLBM (SS-NX-30) - number of missiles: 16 (project 955)

The new, fourth-generation strategic nuclear submarines of project 955, Borey code, are coming into service with the Navy. The lead ship of this project was a submarine named after Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Design and technical documentation was developed by engineers Design Bureau"Ruby".

After the approval of the plan, the nuclear submarine was laid down on December 22, 1996 at the shipyard of OAO PO Severnoye machine-building enterprise» in Severodvinsk. During the construction of the Yury Dolgoruky nuclear submarine, the experience of Soviet shipbuilders was applied.

Also in the creation of a nuclear submarine, the idea of ​​​​creating a hull structure was borrowed, which made it possible to reduce the cost of building a submarine. A nuclear reactor of the OK-650V type on thermal neutrons is installed on the nuclear submarine. The power of steam turbine plants is 190 MW.

A novelty in the design of the Borey series was a water jet, which will significantly reduce the noise level of the submarine. One more characteristic feature Project 955A submarine will be armed with 12 Russian-made Bulava-type ballistic missiles.

The next upgraded series of Project 955 missile submarines will have 16 such missiles. After a series of successful mooring and sea trials, the Yuri Dolgoruky nuclear-powered missile submarine received tail number K-535 and became part of the Russian Navy. Soon, a series of successful rocket launches with new ballistic missiles was carried out from the nuclear submarine.

Government Russian Federation plans to build 8 Project 955 Borey missile carriers. However, today the completion of the construction of the second submarine K-550 "Alexander Nevsky", laid down on March 19, 2004, and the continuation of the construction of the third nuclear submarine "Vladimir Monomax", laid down on March 19, 2006, are progressing rather slowly.

Also, the name of the fourth submarine of this project is already known - "Saint Nicholas". All four nuclear weapons will be deployed at the naval base in Vilyuchinsk (Kamchatsky Peninsula) and will become part of the Pacific Fleet. A lot of work has already been done there to build the necessary infrastructure, both for ships and for submariners:
– completely rebuilt pier area
- organized technical protection of the basing system
- modernized training center
- several residential buildings for family members of submariners were put into operation.

Ships like the Yuri Dolgoruky strategic missile submarine will soon become the basis of the naval component of the nuclear triad of the Russian Federation.

When writing the article, open materials from Internet sources were used.