Plalb decryption. Heavy strategic missile submarines of Russia and foreign countries (rating)

Alexander MOZGOVOI

This event received a lot of attention in our country and abroad. And this is understandable. Yaseni are among the best submarines in their class. According to open data, nuclear-powered ships of this type have an underwater displacement of 13,800 tons, their length is 139.2 m, and the hull width is 13 m. The OK-650V pressurized water reactor allows a maximum underwater speed of 31 knots. Operating depth - 520 m, maximum - 600 m. Perfectly streamlined hull and high maneuverability contribute to the implementation of a wide variety of missions both in the ocean and off the coast. A rubber coating is applied to the housing made of low-magnetic steel, which reduces noise and reduces the reflection of sonar signals.

The boat carries a wide range of weapons. Behind the fence of retractable devices there are eight vertical shafts of the universal ship firing complex (UKKS), each of which houses four Onyx anti-ship missiles or the Caliber-PL family, various modifications of which can be fired at ships or at coastal facilities. The defeat of ground targets occurs at a distance of up to 2650 km. The supersonic version of this missile changes its flight path in terms of course and altitude, while the flight speed of the missile warhead after its separation approaches hypersonic. That is, it cannot be intercepted. In other words, "ash trees" will be used for non-nuclear strategic deterrence. However, some publications talk about the possibility of equipping "calibers" with nuclear warheads. The submarine's missile arsenal of 32 units is completed in various combinations.

In the central part of the hull there are ten torpedo tubes with ammunition from 30 remote-controlled and homing torpedoes, including the latest thermal "Physicist-1". Instead of torpedoes or parts of them, mines can be received. According to some sources, strategic cruise missiles "Granat" with a range of up to 3000 km and nuclear warheads, as well as cruise missiles of the Caliber-NK family and anti-submarine missiles "Vodopad-PL" can be fired through torpedo tubes. It is noted that in the future, SSGNs of this type will receive new samples of torpedoes, including the fifth generation Lomonos, and missiles that are currently in the process of being created.

No less impressive is the electronic equipment of the ship. The Okrug Combat Information and Control System (CICS) carries out real-time control of all combat systems, information about the state of the ship and from surveillance and target designation equipment. The operation of the CICS is provided by several on-board digital computers based on a modern element base. The CICS can receive and transmit data to other ships via secure underwater communication. Radio-electronic integrated systems 3Ts-30.0-M are designed to illuminate the situation and target designation.

Of particular note is the MGK-600 Irtysh-Amphora-Ash hydroacoustic complex, which belongs to the new generation SJSC. In the bow of the boat, its main conformal large-sized Amphora antenna is located with digital signal processing and using digital libraries of the Ajax-M automatic target classification system. On the sides there are large-area conformal antennas that allow you to control the situation around the ship. There is also a towed antenna, which is released from the vertical tail fairing of the submarine.

Ashes are highly automated ships. The boats have integrated control systems for technical means "Bulat-Ash", control systems for the electric power system "Luga-Ash", centralized power supply systems "Cosine-Ash" and a number of others. That is why the SSGN crew can consist of 64 people. But in practice, "for safety net" teams of the Premier League are formed from 85-93 people. All of them are officers or midshipmen.

The lead boat of this type, K-560 Severodvinsk, entered service with the Russian Navy on June 17 last year. This nuclear submarine was on the slipway for a very long time. She was laid down on December 23, 1993. But the assembly of the ship was not carried out due to lack of funding. Work resumed in 2004 on a revised project 0885. Serial SSGNs (Kazan, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and now Arkhangelsk) are also being built according to a modified project - 08851 (885M). It uses components exclusively of Russian production.

According to Vladimir Dorofeev, General Director of the St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau "Malakhit", which is the designer of the ship, "Severodvinsk" has successfully completed all the activities of the program of factory and state tests, as well as pilot operation in the fleet. "These are deep-sea tests - diving to the maximum depth with testing all the necessary technical means, and activities related to the implementation of rocket and torpedo firing from the ship, as well as the completion of state tests of the main electronic weapons systems at great depths," he said in an interview. agency ITAR-TASS. Having received a submarine of a fundamentally new project, military sailors worked out the use of all technical means in various conditions operation. “Projects 885/885M are breakthrough for our Navy, - Vladimir Dorofeev emphasized, - they have a lot of serious innovations. Such ships are now absent in all fleets, except for the Russian one.

That is why, as noted, "ash trees" are of great interest and concern abroad. Rear Admiral Dave Johnson, head of the U.S. Naval Systems Command (NAVSEA) Submarine Development Unit, ordered a model of the Severodvinsk to be placed in his office. “I have to see a model of this nuclear submarine every day when I enter the office,” he says. - In the face of this submarine, we will face a tough opponent. That's why I asked in Carderock (there is a research center of the US Navy - Editor's note) to make this model for me. In turn, American The magazine National Interest, which specializes in the problems of national security of the United States, naming the five most dangerous Russian nuclear weapons for Washington, ranked the Project 955 Borey SSBNs, Bulava SLBMs and Project 885 Yasen multipurpose nuclear submarines in the first three places. Fourth and fifth places are occupied by tactical missiles and RS-24 Yars ICBMs.

According to foreign experts, Yasen-class SSGNs are not inferior to the best American nuclear-powered multi-purpose submarines of the Seawolf type (3 units), and surpass them in terms of the ability to deliver missile strikes against ships and coastal targets. They are placed higher than those currently under construction in a series of 30 Virginia-type submarines (for comparison, we will give the tactical and technical elements of these boats: underwater displacement - 7900 tons, length - 115 m, maximum underwater speed - 30-35 knots, 12 vertical launchers with cruise missiles BGM-109 Tomahawk, designed for firing at coastal targets, four 533-mm torpedo tubes with an ammunition load of 27 torpedoes, a crew of 115 people).

What is the exclusivity of "ash trees"? These are truly versatile submarines. They are equally good for defense and attack. Project 885 SSGNs and their modifications are capable of operating against enemy ships and vessels, inflicting missile and torpedo strikes on them, and laying mines. But most importantly, these nuclear submarines are an ideal means to destroy coastal targets. At the same time, they can use cruise missiles in both conventional and nuclear weapons. That is, it is achieved high degree flexibility in the use of weapons.

At present, the fight against the coast is coming to the fore for submarines of all subclasses, including non-nuclear ones. Now they do not need to scour the sea and ocean depths to search for enemy ships and vessels. About 75-80% of the economic potential of most countries of the world, as well as their political centers, is within the firing range of submarine cruise missiles. At one time, the United States declared itself an "island", thereby motivating its oceanic expansion in accordance with the theory of "sea power" of Admiral Alfred Mahan (1840-1914). Now the "island" may be under crossfire from submarine cruise missiles. Most Western European capitals are also great targets for them.

Even conventional cruise missiles are capable of inflicting enormous damage on cities, especially ports, and those where petrochemical industries are concentrated. Let us recall the tragedy that happened in Halifax, Canada on December 6, 1917, when the French steamer Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian Imo collided in the harbor of this city. Mont-Blanc was transporting 2300 tons of picric acid, 10 tons of pyroxylin, 200 tons of TNT and 35 tons of benzene in barrels placed on the upper deck. The collision caused several barrels of benzene to leak and spread it across the deck of Mont-Blanc. And when the ships dispersed, their iron sides struck sparks that caused a fire on the French steamer. On June 9, a monstrous explosion occurred, which is considered the most powerful in the entire pre-nuclear era. As a result, Richmond - the northern district of Halifax - was razed to the ground, 1963 people died, about two thousand were missing, almost nine thousand were maimed and injured, 1600 buildings were destroyed, and approximately 12000 were badly damaged.

Modern ports, with their huge gas, oil, chemical terminals, as well as other flammable and explosive products, can pose an even greater danger than the steamer Mont-Blanc. The same applies to large industrial centers. Submarine-to-shore cruise missiles tend to attack targets that are well known. These include, among other things, military and civilian administration, ammunition depots and bases. And it's almost impossible to avoid them. The United States and other NATO countries are watching with concern Russia's buildup of cruise missile submarines. “If this trend continues,” the head of the US Northern Command, which is responsible for the defense of the entire country, Admiral William Courtney, who simultaneously heads the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), said at a hearing in the US Congress on March 19, “then over time NORAD will face challenges in protecting North America from the Russian cruise missile threat." In turn, the former American submariner, and now an expert in naval strategy Brian Clark believes: "If they really create a new generation of submarine fleet, it will create a problem for the US Navy."

Meanwhile, the activity of Russian submarines in the seas and oceans is growing. According to the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Chirkov, “for the period from January 2014 to March 2015, the intensity of military service increased by almost 50% compared to 2013”. According to him, over ten submarine crews of the Northern and Pacific fleets were trained for combat service in the World Ocean last year.

However, the Americans are not idle. No wonder Rear Admiral Dave Johnson keeps the Severodvinsk model in front of his eyes. From sub-series to sub-series (in the USA they are called “blocks”), Virginia-class submarines are being improved, and their capabilities are being increased. The Block III sub-series is currently under construction. On March 7 of this year, the Colorado submarine was officially laid down (its construction actually began in 2012), the fifteenth of the Virginia class and the fifth of the Block III subseries. These boats have a new bow sonar station LAB, which in its capabilities is 40% superior to the sonar installed on the first boats of this project. In addition, the Tomahawk CRs are located in two modules, which, if necessary, can contain other payloads, including unmanned aircrafts, delivery vehicles for combat swimmers, etc.

In the future, new modifications of Virginia-type nuclear submarines can change the configuration of weapons. So, by inserting an additional section, it is planned to increase the number of Tomahawk cruise missiles by 28 units, that is, the total ammunition will be 40 pieces. The US Navy wants to receive the first such submarine by 2019. It is not excluded that in the future boats can even be equipped with compact medium-range ballistic missiles. Now we are talking about bringing the series of these boats to 48 units.

To date, the US Navy has received 11 Virginia-class submarines of three sub-series since 2000, two more are being tested and will be commissioned in the near future. The industry has been tasked with delivering at least two nuclear submarines of this family annually.

French nuclear submarine Saphir.

Unfortunately, the pace of construction of the Yasen-class SSGNs so needed by the fleet cannot be considered satisfactory. At the laying of the first serial nuclear submarine "Kazan" in 2009, Vice Admiral Nikolai Borisov, then Deputy Commander of the Russian Navy for armaments, argued that this submarine "will be commissioned no later than 2015." Now they are talking about 2017.

There is no clarity with the number of boats that the fleet will receive. One has already been delivered to the Russian Navy, four are under construction, two have been ordered. But the fate of the eighth is not yet clear. Some representatives of the military-industrial complex and the Navy say that it will also be built, others argue that the series will be limited to seven units. Although it is obvious that the fleet needs at least 20 "ash trees". The price of each unit depends on the construction time and the number of ships in the series. The higher the pace and the more boats in the series, the lower their cost.

It is necessary to understand that the military-political hysteria around Russia is a kind of modification cold war 50-80s of the last century - will not quickly "resolve". In a state of tough confrontation with the West, and above all with the United States, we will have to live for a long time.

On the day of laying the Arkhangelsk SSGN, Viktor Chirkov told reporters that by 2020 the fleet would receive ten upgraded nuclear submarines of projects 971 and 949A. They will also become carriers of cruise missiles. For example, project 949AM submarines will carry 72 cruise missiles for various purposes.

However, the commander-in-chief did not mention the titanium nuclear submarines of projects 945 and 945A. They also had to undergo modernization to give them modern qualities. On May 14 last year, a contract was signed with the Zvyozdochka Ship Repair Center for overhaul and the modernization of the Karp and Kostroma nuclear submarines, the first two boats of this type out of four, which should radically “rejuvenate”. Active work began on the Karp. It was assumed that this nuclear submarine will return to service in 2017. But in February, the first reports appeared about the suspension of work on the boat. And although there were sluggish denials of this information from Zvyozdochka, just on the day of laying the Arkhangelsk, it became known that due to budget cuts due to the financial crisis, all work on the Karp was frozen. The enemies of Russia rejoice! After all, they predicted that the fall in oil prices and Western sanctions would slow down, or even stop the renewal of the Russian submarine fleet. “Putin doesn’t have a lot of money, and with the fall in oil prices, Russia has had very difficult problems,” Norman Friedman, a well-known American naval analyst, said in late January. That is why “in the future, Russia is unlikely to deploy a submarine fleet at the forefront in the oceans in numbers capable of threatening the US Navy,” Christopher Keivas, a columnist for the influential American edition of Defense News, noted at the same time.

Yes, sanctions low prices on energy carriers are forced to “squeeze”. And here the choice of priorities is important. In our opinion, during the crisis period and taking into account the situation that is developing around Russia, it is just right to focus on the construction and modernization of submarines. Large surface ships designed to display the flag in distant seas will wait until better times.

Moreover, they are undoubtedly inferior in combat stability to submarines. Suffice it to recall the recent episode off the coast of the United States, when, before being sent to long-distance navigation US Navy 12th Aircraft Carrier Strike Group, led by nuclear aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt conducted a ten-day exercise off the coast of Florida in February of this year. The French nuclear submarine Saphir took part in them. She managed to safely overcome the order of anti-submarine defense and go on the attack. In real combat conditions, she would have sunk or at least seriously damaged an aircraft carrier. But very serious ships escorted the nuclear floating airfield: the recently completed modernization of the cruiser Normandy, the latest missile destroyers Farragut, Forrest Sherman and Winston S. Churchill, as well as the nuclear submarine Dallas. But they could not intercept Saphir, although they knew about her presence.

This is not the first time that submarines have made a mockery of surface ships. The most notorious incident occurred on October 26, 2006 off Okinawa, when a Chinese Song-class diesel-electric submarine conducted a successful mock attack on American aircraft carrier kitty hawk. She safely passed the anti-submarine warrant and surfaced five miles from the American ship. And only after that it was discovered.

An example can be given from domestic practice. During exercises held in June 2003 in the Baltic Sea, a diesel-electric submarine of project 877 “hit” the Peter the Great nuclear-powered missile cruiser with torpedoes. The anti-submarine forces, and they were considerable, really did not want to lose face, since the Presidents of Russia Vladimir Putin and Poland Alexander Kwasniewski watched the exercises from the Marshal Ustinov cruiser, but failed to disrupt the attack. When the large anti-submarine ship "Admiral Levchenko" fired torpedoes at the boat and rained rocket bombs on it, it had already done its job.

To work out anti-submarine actions, the US Navy regularly attracts not only its own nuclear submarines, but also diesel-electric submarines of other states, since they have less noise compared to nuclear submarines. The Swedish nuclear submarine Gotland was even leased by the American fleet for two years. Such exercises involve diesel-electric submarines and nuclear submarines of the navies of Australia, South Korea, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Peru and other countries. And, as a rule, they get the better of American PLO forces.

The same exercises confirmed that submarines are the most effective means of combating modern submarines. This is especially relevant in connection with the intention of the United States to upgrade the fleet of its strategic missile submarines. 12 SSBN(X) submarines with a submerged displacement of 20,810 tons each will be built under the Ohio Replacement Program (ORP) for a whopping $347 billion. The bow end, together with the GAS LAB and two modules for Tomahawk cruise missiles, is “borrowed” from Virginia Block III multipurpose nuclear submarines. SSBNs have a pump-jet water jet propulsion system. But most importantly, the boats will receive a fully integrated electrical system, which will make it possible to get rid of hydraulic drives, and the propellers will not be connected by turbo-gear units that turn the propeller shafts with noise. The stern electric motor will rotate the propeller. Thus, the acoustic visibility of the submarine will be significantly reduced. The designers came to the original design of the fence of retractable devices. This is a very narrow structure, in profile resembling a small sail inflated by the wind. In a submerged position, it will play the role of a keel, only located not in the lower part of the hull, but in the upper one. Behind the retractable devices fence are four Trident II D-5 LE SLBM launchers. There are 16 units in total.

The detection, tracking, and, if necessary, the destruction of such SSBNs will fall on the shoulders of Russian multi-purpose submarines. That is why when designing fifth-generation nuclear submarines, according to Viktor Chirkov, the Navy's main requirements for designers are to increase stealth and improve weapon systems. This also applies to strategic nuclear submarines. As stated CEO TsKB MT Rubin, which designs Russian SSBNs, Igor Vilnit, "the Boreys will certainly have modifications Borey-B, Borey-D, etc." That is, the rivalry under water continues. And this derby, apparently, will not have a stop.

The magazine "Word and Deed" has compiled the TOP-5 SSBNs present in the arsenal of the most developed countries in the world.

A strategic missile submarine (SSBN) is the accepted designation for nuclear submarines designed to deliver missile strikes against strategically important enemy targets. In addition to the term "SSBN", the abbreviation SSBN (nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles), which is more common in the West, is also used to name this class.

Rocket carriers submarine cruisers are part of the triad of nuclear powers and are currently in service with Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France, India (under testing) and China. All of them to varying degrees meet the modern requirements of strike potential, stealth, defense and crew information, so there is a detailed comparison between them. Magazine "Word and Deed" made up TOP 5 SSBNs present in the arsenal of the most developed countries in the world.

1. Project 885 "Ash" submarines

Nuclear submarine "Severodvinsk"

To date, the absolute leader in its class is the Russian lead ship of Project 885 Severodvinsk. This nuclear submarine is the quintessence of everything that the domestic defense industry has developed over more than half a century of development of submarine shipbuilding. The project has fundamentally new system structures made of low-magnetic steel, allowing the submarine to dive to 600 (ordinary boats no more than 300 meters) or more meters, which makes it practically inaccessible to all types of modern anti-submarine weapons. The torpedo tubes of the submarine are located behind the central post compartment, which made it possible to place the antenna of the new hydroacoustic complex in the bow.

In the central part of the ship's hull there is a missile compartment with 8 universal missile silos. They can accommodate anti-ship operational-tactical missiles 3M55 "Onyx" (24 missiles, 3 in each mine). In addition, the nuclear submarine is capable of using Kh-35 anti-ship tactical missiles, Kh-101 or ZM-14E strategic cruise missiles of the P-900 Club complex, which can reach any coastal object from a distance of 5000 km.

“During sea trials and in the acceptance of the state commission of the Severodvinsk nuclear submarine, it showed an excellent result. Theoretically, Project 885 submarines alone are capable of inflicting significant damage to the US aircraft carrier group. 32 Caliber cruise missiles aboard a cruiser can destroy an aircraft carrier, even if it is escorted by several ships. A similar situation will happen with an enemy submarine, ”said the magazine "Word and Deed" military expert Alexey Leonkov

Main advantage Russian submarines of the Yasen project - low noise level: thanks to low-magnetic steel and a special magnetic coating, these are the quietest nuclear submarines in their class. The cost of Severodvinsk is approximately 47 billion rubles.

2. Submarines of the "Seawolf»

The second place is occupied by the fourth-generation American SSBNs of the Seawolf project, which are the “classmates” of the Russian Ashes. The hull of the submarine is made of HY 100 steel with a high yield strength, which provides the submarine with greater maneuverability. According to Western and domestic experts, the level of hydroacoustic visibility of both submarines is comparable, while the cost of the Sea Wolf is 7 times higher, which is why the States limited themselves to only 3 copies.

On the Seawoolf boat, the main means for destroying surface ships and striking coastal targets are the Tomahawk and Harpoon missiles, which are significantly inferior to the Russian Onyxes in range and detection. The American nuclear submarine also loses in speed, in underwater and silent mode, it is 20 knots, while for Ash, this figure is 30 knots. Thus, in the event of a one-on-one battle, the Russian submarine has every chance of winning.

3. Virginia-class submarines

USS Virginia-class nuclear submarine

The fourth-generation Virginia-class nuclear submarine is the main striking force of the US Navy. It is significantly cheaper than its successor "Seawolf", so it is given strategic preference. "Virginia" is also in the same class as the Russian "Ash", but seriously inferior to him. According to Alexei Leonkov, the firepower of the domestic nuclear submarine in terms of cruise missiles is 2.5 times superior to that of an American submarine, and in terms of anti-submarine torpedoes, a US submarine is no match for us at all, since it has much fewer launchers.

The main advantage of the Virginia is the presence of a special module for landing operations. In addition to fire missions, the submarine is capable of carrying out covert landings of tactical units of the SEAL type on land behind enemy lines.

4. Submarines of the type "Triumphant" of the French Navy

The French "Le Triompant" SSBNs are distinguished by a high-tech power plant that allows submarines to maintain maximum mobility even in emergency situations. This is achieved through steam generators that are integrated into a single module with the K-15 reactor, as well as the presence of a backup retractable propulsion unit powered by emergency diesel generators. In addition, the French nuclear submarine has a relatively high speed in a submerged position (25 knots) and a hull of sufficient strength.

However, in terms of armament, the Triumfan lags far behind its competitors. It is based on the French M45 solid-propellant ballistic missile, whose specifications and maneuverability are inferior to Russian and American models.

5. Submarines of project 094 "Jin" China

The Chinese nuclear submarines of the Jin project in the early 90s were created with significant technological support from the Russian Design Bureau Rubin. That is why, with its appearance with a developed fencing of missile silos, the submarine resembles the Soviet missile carriers of Project 667BDRM Dolphin. Despite this obvious similarity, the Chinese have succeeded in minimizing the noise level: in terms of silence, the Jin project significantly exceeds the performance of the American Los Angeles-class MAPLs.

Type 094 submarines each carry 12 Juilang-2 (JL-2) ballistic missiles with a range of 8,000-12,000 km. These missiles are an underwater version of China's latest DF-31 land-based strategic missiles. Russian experts believe that the JL-2 is a separate development: the three-stage DF-31 is too large to be placed in the missile silos of a submarine cruiser.

Thus, the Russian submarines of project 885 "Ash" are the winners in their class. Their technical equipment, firepower, high stealth and acceptable cost leave no chance for competitors in the event of a hypothetical battle, and the number of feasible combat missions significantly exceeds the capabilities of American, French and Chinese counterparts.

Maxim Rudenko

HEAVY STRATEGIC MISSILE UNDERCRUISE (TPKSN) PROJECT 941 "SHARK"

HEAVY MISSILE SUBMARINE CRUISER OF STRATEGIC PURPOSE (TRPKSN) PROJECT 941 AKULA

07.03.2012
The Russian Navy will not modernize the Project 941 Akula strategic nuclear submarines in service for financial reasons, ITAR-TASS reports citing a source in the military-industrial complex. According to the source of the agency, the deep modernization of one Shark is comparable in cost to the construction of two new Project 955 Borey submarines.
Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with three submarines of the Akula project: Dmitry Donskoy, Arkhangelsk and Severstal. The last two ships are in the port of Severodvinsk and are not included in the combat strength due to the lack of ammunition - R-39 ballistic missiles. Severstal has been standing at the quay since 2004, and Arkhangelsk since 2006. "Dmitry Donskoy" was used as an experimental ship, participating in the tests of the Bulava missile. (lenta.ru)

30.12.2011
30 YEARS OF JOINING PROJECT 941 TRPKSN

On December 29, 2011, in the Sevmash Museum, veterans of the enterprise and military sailors recalled the history of the construction of the largest submarine in the world - the nuclear submarine "Dmitry Donskoy". 30 years ago, on December 29, 1981, the ship entered the Navy.
Shipbuilders and military sailors are justifiably proud of the unique nuclear-powered ship. More than 1,000 enterprises from all over the country participated in its creation; 1,219 employees at Sevmash were awarded orders and medals. The lead nuclear submarine of the Shark project is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for its size.
After 10 years of operation, the lead missile carrier was put in for repairs and re-equipment. In 2002, the nuclear submarine was taken out of the workshop, having been upgraded in some systems and complexes to the level of ships of the 4th generation. 2002 is considered the second birth of the ship. AT last years from the nuclear submarine "Dmitry Donskoy" tests of the new missile system "Bulava" were carried out. Today, the ship is involved in testing new submarines being built at Sevmash. The crew of the nuclear submarine is headed by commander of the 1st rank Oleg Tsybin, the factory part of the delivery team is the responsible deliverer Evgeny Slobodyan.
For the 30th anniversary of the leading Shark, the scientists of the factory museum prepared an exposition, and the specialists of the television studio prepared a video film “Dmitry Donskoy is back in service”, which was demonstrated to the audience. (Press service of JSC "PO" Sevmash ")

22.05.2013
By the end of 2013, the Russian Navy will decommission the two largest nuclear submarines in the world, Severstal and Arkhangelsk, built according to Project 941 Akula. According to RIA Novosti, citing a source in the military-industrial complex, by 2018-2020 both nuclear submarines will be disposed of.

22.06.2013
THE ENEMY'S SUBMARINE WILL BE MADE FROM "DMITRY DONSKOY"

In the White Sea, state tests of three nuclear submarines began at once. New boats of projects 995 and 885 "Alexander Nevsky" and "Severodvinsk" will launch training torpedoes on the "Dmitry Donskoy", which went to sea after repairs. According to the Izvestiya newspaper, the Dmitry Donskoy is being used as a measuring laboratory and the military intends to use it to record the sounds of two other submarines.
According to the publication, training torpedoes will be fired at the world's largest nuclear submarine and thus Alexander Nevsky and Severodvinsk will test fire control systems and torpedo tubes. In addition, it is planned to test most of the other systems of both submarines before July 1: if no serious shortcomings are revealed as a result, then in the fall they will be tested with missile launches from both surface and underwater positions. Then they will check the new automatic system control, allowing you to redirect the "Mace" in flight.
Previously, "Dmitry Donskoy" has already undergone several upgrades. In 1989, the nuclear submarine built in 1976 began to be modernized at Sevmashpredpriyatie under project 941U, but in 1991 the work was curtailed. They were only resumed five years later and completed in 2002; then the launch silos were re-equipped for Bulava missiles, which are significantly smaller in comparison with the R-39.
Lenta.ru

On September 23, 1980, the first Typhoon (Shark) strategic missile submarine was launched into the White Sea at the Severodvinsk shipyard. A feature of this submarine is the presence on board of ballistic missiles capable of hitting a target at a distance of more than 9,000 km. Firing from a submerged position from the North Pole, the Typhoon missile can hit targets on the Earth's equator. Therefore, this cruiser is rightly called a strategic (in Greek "Strateqos" - "commander"), and missile, and underwater, capable of performing the most important tasks of the high command.

When the submarine's hull was still on the stocks, on the bow of the submarine, below the waterline, a grinning shark was drawn, which wrapped around a trident. And although after the descent, the shark with the trident disappeared under the water and no one else saw them, the people have already dubbed the cruiser the “Shark”. And for the crews of both the first and subsequent submarines of this class, a special sleeve patch with the image of a shark was introduced.

The name "Typhoon" was given to this submarine American experts. But even for those who served on the boat itself, this name was considered secret until recently.

This boat was our response to the Americans, who in April 1979 launched the first of the new class of boats, the Ohio. Then follow "Michigan", "Florida", "Georgia" and others.

Our "Typhoon" was a worthy response to the Americans. And not only because the submarine itself was unique. In itself, it was only one component of the grandiose program of the same name. This program planned an unprecedentedly wide scope of naval construction in our country.

In the North, along the entire coast of the Barents and White Seas, special berths, workshops, warehouses for storing spare parts and mechanisms were built; automobile and railways. The so-called places of loading were also built - gigantic structures, nicknamed among the sharp-tongued sailors "gallows". In fact, missiles, torpedoes and other equipment were hung on them, which were then loaded aboard the submarine.

Explosive work was also carried out to deepen the fjords in the places where boats were based, shelters were created in the rocks in case of a nuclear attack by a potential enemy, etc.

This program, according to one of its participants, Lieutenant Commander A.I. Sklyarov, also provided for a previously unheard-of routine for the operation of submarines. In the Moscow region, in the city of Obninsk, a special training center was built under this program.

Plus to it - housing, kindergartens, schools, medical institutions. In this center, replacing each other, crews of submariners were to be trained.

For each submarine, it was supposed to have as many as three crews: two combat - for service at sea and one technical - for troubleshooting, current repair and preparation of the nuclear-powered ship for a new campaign.

The mode of operation of the crews should have been like this. The first combat crew is on combat duty for two or three months at sea, during which some malfunctions inevitably accumulate on board. Upon arrival at the base, the ship is placed at the disposal of the technical crew, to whom all defective statements are transferred. Meanwhile, the combat crew itself is leaving for the airport, where a specially ordered aircraft is loaded and departs for the Moscow region. From here, taking their families, everyone goes on vacation to different parts of the country.

By that time, the second combat crew, tanned, rested and even tired of family comfort, flies together with their families from all over the country to Obninsk. Here, divers — to refresh their memory and skills — are driven through all the simulators, they take tests and, having confirmed their qualifications, fly with things on a return special flight to Murmansk. From the airport, the crew arrives by a special bus directly to the pier - to the gangway of their cruiser, which is already completely ready for a new military campaign. They take the boat from the technical crew, remove the ladder, and the ship goes into combat service, controlled by the second combat crew.

Then the whole process, in theory, is repeated again and again.

But, as they say, it was smooth on paper. Difficulties began already during the design, when the question of missile weapons arose. The Americans equip their submarines with solid-propellant missiles, which are less capricious to maintain than liquid ones. We didn’t have such missiles for a long time. And when the first domestic solid-fueled marine ballistic missile R-31 appeared, it turned out that it was impossible to fit it into the same missile shaft where the liquid one was previously placed - the dimensions were not the same.

Thanks to domestic technologies of the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, such a missile turned out to be not more compact, as one might expect, but of a large size and weight of the weapon. Plus, the weight and size characteristics of the new radio-electronic equipment, which have increased in comparison with the devices of the previous complex by 2.5-4 times.

As a result, it was necessary to design an original, unparalleled type of submarine with two strong hulls located in parallel (a kind of “underwater catamaran”). In addition, such a “flattened” shape of the ship in the vertical plane was dictated by draft restrictions in the area of ​​​​the Severodvinsk shipbuilding plant and repair bases of the Northern Fleet, as well as technological considerations - it was necessary to ensure the possibility of simultaneously building two ships on one slipway “thread”; It seemed to be more convenient and cheaper.

However, even the designers themselves admit that the chosen scheme was largely forced, far from optimal. This, by the way, led to the fact that sometimes the submarines of the 941st project are also called "water carriers".

At the same time, as they say, every cloud has a silver lining - it made it possible to increase the survivability of a heavy submarine cruiser due to the separation of the power plant into autonomous compartments in two separate strong hulls (this improved explosion and fire safety, (by removing the missile silos from the strong hull ), as well as placing the torpedo room and the main command post in isolated rugged modules.

Translated from technical language into everyday language, this means the following. To accommodate all the weapons and equipment, the designers had to create a kind of underwater catamaran. Two strong cylindrical hulls are interconnected by three transverse transitions - in the bow, in the middle and at the stern. Missile silos and some other equipment are placed between the buildings. And from above, everything is covered with a light streamlined body, shaped like a flattened bread loaf of Gulliver's size.

Thus, it turns out that two boats are placed in one common lightweight hull. In practice, they are usually referred to as "port side" and "starboard side", meaning the left and right cylindrical cigar as a whole. In these durable cigar-boards, everything is duplicated: reactors, turbines, all mechanisms and even cabins.

And even if all the equipment suddenly fails in one half, the other half will allow you to fully complete the combat mission and return to the base. After all, all the specialists in the team also have exactly a pair, and they are called specialists of the right and left sides.

To distinguish between the right and left sides, it is customary to number everything on the left with even numbers, and everything on the right with odd numbers.

A rather large space remains between the light outer and durable inner hulls, where immersion tanks, all kinds of containers and, in general, everything that can not be protected from high pressure and the action of sea water are located. And containers with missiles are also placed at the "Typhoon" in the space between the sides - in front of the boat, in front of the wheelhouse. As a result, it turned out that the Typhoon is the only submarine missile carrier in which the missiles are located ahead of the wheelhouse. Other submarines, as it were, “drag” the missiles behind them, and the Typhoon “pushes” its missiles ahead of itself.

The nickname "water carrier" is where it comes from. When diving, the entire space between the sides is filled with outboard water, and the boat disperses and drags all this mass of water along with it. Which, ultimately, increases the total mass and adversely affects the maneuverability of the boat.

However, no one demanded special "fidgeting" from the "Typhoon". Its main task is to deliver missiles as discreetly as possible to the area indicated by the command and, if necessary, launch them at specified targets.

Therefore, the main weapons are those developed at the NPO named after V.P. Makeev intercontinental ballistic missiles. The containers, located, as already mentioned, between the cylinders of the pressure cases are connected by communications with the equipment in the compartments of the pressure case. And here there is a certain violation of symmetry. The equipment of one side serves to test missiles, and the other - to prepare and conduct launches.

Each of the 100-ton rockets is capable of hitting a target at a distance of up to 9000 km, which means that from the North Pole you can get to the equator. And as far as America, this is enough and even more so. Therefore, from the very beginning, the Typhoon was designed to sail only in the Arctic Ocean. He does not need to go far from his northern bases. For duty in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, off the coast of the United States, we have other submarines. But about them - in turn.

The double-hull design of the Typhoon, among other things, made it possible to accommodate the crew with unprecedented comfort for submariners. Such conditions, perhaps, could be expected from Jules Verne's Nautilus, but not from a real boat. For this, by the way, "Typhoon" received another nickname - "floating hotel" or "underwater hotel".

And what can I say: the team lives here in 2-, 4- and 6-bed cabins sheathed in plastic under a tree, with desks, bookshelves, wardrobes, washbasins and TVs.

There is also a special recreation complex on Typhoon, which includes a gym with a "Swedish" wall, a crossbar, a punching bag, bicycle and rowing machines, and treadmills.

There is also an oak-clad sauna for five people. And there is also a small pool on the boat: 4 meters long, 2 meters wide, and 2 meters deep. The pool can be filled with either fresh or salt water - cold or heated.

We even found a place on the Typhoon for a solarium, but for some reason the tan in it turns out with some kind of “alien”, greenish tint. Therefore, divers try not to abuse ultraviolet baths, so that later on the shore they do not particularly stand out.

There are also four showers, as well as nine latrines, which is also very good.

In a cozy and quiet lounge there are rocking chairs and singing canaries, fish and indoor flowers. And one of its walls is a large screen, which shows any landscape of your choice: forest, mountains, steppe, Crimean beach and much more - about three dozen options in total.

Separately from this hall there is also a room with slot machines for amateurs.
There are also two wardrooms on the Typhoon: one for officers, the other for midshipmen and sailors. The wardroom, as you know, on the ship is called "a room serving for collective rest, classes, meetings and a common table." Four meals a day are accepted on board.

The menu is the most exquisite by the standards of the Soviet system; breakfast, lunch and dinner necessarily contained something meaty. At dinner, a small glass of dry wine (only 50 grams) was also supposed - not for the sake of drunkenness, but to combat beriberi. In the evenings - however, the concept of a day in a submarine, like in a spaceship, is very relative - you can also drink tea with condensed milk, honey, cookies, bagels.

Ship cooks - coca are generally famous for their invention, and in terms of skill they are in no way inferior to their land-based counterparts from the best restaurants. In addition, the food on the submarine is to some extent among the entertainment. So dishes prepared by coca are usually eaten clean.

Moreover, half-eaten food, like all food waste in general, is a very serious problem on a submarine.

There are no garbage bins on the submarine, so food waste and any other garbage on the boat is packed in plastic bags and “shot” overboard from a special DUK device (to remove containers) every three days. At depth, by the way, it is much more difficult to do this than in space. There, when the hatch of the transition chamber is opened, the cosmic vacuum sucks everything out by itself, and under water, on the contrary, one has to overcome, “push through” the outboard water pressure. The "shot" bags of waste then sink to the bottom, where their contents are fed to marine life.

However, let us return to the combat capabilities of the Typhoon - in fact, in fact, it was not built at all as an underwater sanatorium.

When creating a new ship, the customer set the task of expanding the zone of its combat use under the ice of the Arctic up to the pole (and beyond it) by improving navigation and sonar weapons.

Power plant with a capacity of 100,000 hp made according to the block layout principle with the placement of autonomous modules (unified for all boats of the 3rd generation) in both durable hulls. The adopted layout solutions made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the nuclear power plant, while increasing its power and improving other operational parameters.

It includes two OK-650 thermal pressurized water reactors (190 MW each) and two steam turbines. The block layout of all units and component equipment, in addition to technological advantages, made it possible to apply more effective vibration isolation measures that reduce the noise of the ship.

Compared to previous nuclear submarines, the reactor control and protection system has changed significantly. The introduction of impulse equipment! made it possible to control its state at any power level, including in a subcritical state. Safety is provided by the "self-propelled" mechanism, which, in the event of a power failure, ensures complete "silencing" of the reactor, even if the ship capsizes.

Four 3200 kW turbogenerators and two DG-750 diesel generators are installed on board the boat. As a reserve, two DC electric motors with a power of 190 kW each are used, which are connected to the main shaft line through couplings.

Two low-noise seven-blade propellers are installed in ring nozzles. For maneuvering in cramped conditions, the ship is equipped with a thruster in the form of two folding columns with propellers at the bow and stern.

When creating "Typhoon" great attention was given to reduce its hydroacoustic visibility. In particular, the ship received a two-stage rubber-cord pneumatic cushioning system, as well as new, effective soundproof and anti-sonar coatings. As a result, in terms of hydroacoustic secrecy, the Typhoon, despite its gigantic size, is shockingly less noticeable in the ocean than all previously built domestic submarines, and, probably, came close to its American counterpart, the Ohio-class submarine.

The submarine is equipped with the new Tobol-941 navigation system, which includes the Symphony satellite navigation system, a combat information and control system, the MG-519 Arfa sonar mine detection station, the MG-518 Sever echometer, and the MRKL- 58 "Buran", television complex MTK-100. On board there is a radio communication complex "Molniya-L 1" with a satellite communication system "Tsunami".

The digital sonar complex of the Skat type, which integrates four sonar stations, is capable of providing simultaneous tracking of 10-12 underwater targets.

Retractable devices located in the cabin fence include two periscopes (commander's and universal), radio sextant antenna, RAS, radio antennas of the communication and navigation system, direction finder.

The boat is equipped with two pop-up buoy-type antennas that allow you to receive radio messages, target designations and satellite navigation signals when you are at a large (up to 150 m) depth or under ice.

We also thought about how to launch missiles in the conditions of the Arctic with minimal risk to the crew. It is optimal, of course, to carry out a rocket launch directly from under the water. But, unfortunately, not a single designer in the world has yet succeeded in teaching rockets to break through the ice on their own. So, in order to launch missiles from under the Arctic "ice shell", the boat had to float in polynyas, breaking through ice up to 3 m thick.

No other submarine in the world is designed for such "tricks". And for Typhoon, despite solid experience in this area and special technical equipment, each ascent in the ice is a difficult and unsafe process. First, they look for a suitable opening. It is generally accepted to call a polynya a place clear of ice, but there are few of them in the Arctic. In winter, 90% of the water area is covered with drifting ice, in summer - about 50%. The ice is very thick, there are fields with ice thickness up to 35 m.

Therefore, quite often the captain and his team just have to look for a place where the thickness of the ice does not exceed three meters. This is done with the help of special devices like an echo sounder. Then the bow horizontal rudders are removed and slowly, very carefully, they "ice up" - that is, they stick to the surface of the ice from below. And this surface is covered with numerous growths like icicles or stalagmites of very considerable size. So the places of "glaciation" on the boat had to be especially strengthened.

So, clinging to the ice ceiling with a specially adapted bow and wheelhouse, they sharply blow through the tanks of the main ballast. At this moment, throughout the boat, in addition to the whistling of air in the purged tanks, one can hear the crackling and gnashing of breaking ice.

On the Typhoon, as already mentioned, the missiles are located in front - in front of the wheelhouse. This was done just so that the covers of the mines were free from ice floes after the ascent. After that, the opening covers of the mines brush off the remaining pieces of ice overboard, and rocket firing can be carried out.

The launch of the entire ammunition load can be carried out in two volleys, and in clean water, missiles can be launched not only from the surface, but also from a depth of up to 55 m, without restrictions on weather conditions on the sea surface.

The D-19 missile system includes 20 solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 ICBMs with multiple heads D-19 (RSM-52, western designation - SS-N-20). Their guidance is carried out by means of an inertial navigation system with full astro-correction, which ensures the accuracy of hitting a circle with a diameter of 500 m at a distance of about 10,000 km.

For the D-19 complex, an original launch system was created with the placement of almost all elements of the launcher on the rocket itself. The launch is carried out using a powder pressure accumulator. At the moment of launch, powder charges create a gas cavity around the rocket, which significantly reduces hydrodynamic loads in the underwater section of movement.

For self-defense, the Typhoon has six 533-mm torpedo tubes with a quick-loader. A typical ammunition load is 22 53-65K, SET-65 and SAET-60M torpedoes, as well as 81R Vodopad rocket torpedoes. Instead of part of the missile and torpedo armament, mines can be taken on board the ship.

For the defense of a surfaced submarine from low-flying aircraft and helicopters, there are eight sets of Igla MANPADS. They also say that soon an anti-aircraft missile system for self-defense will appear in service, capable of being used from a submerged position.

The first Typhoon, which entered service on December 12, 1981, was commanded by Captain 1st Rank A.V. Olkhovnikov, who was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the development of such a unique ship. Following the lead ship, it was planned to build a large series of heavy submarine cruisers of the 941st project and create an entire structure to service new modifications of this ship. All these plans fell apart at the end of the 80s, when the USSR began to burst at the seams.

As a result, it was decided to limit the construction of a series of six ships of project 941 (i.e., one division). The unfinished hull of the seventh missile carrier - TK-210 - was dismantled on the slipway in 1990. To some extent, the reduction of the program was also facilitated by the fact that in the mid-90s the implementation of the American program for the construction of Ohio-type submarine missile carriers also ceased. Instead of the planned 30 submarines, the US Navy received only 18 nuclear-powered ships, of which it was decided to leave only 14 in service by the beginning of the 21st century.

All six "heavy strategic missile submarines" were consolidated into a division, which is part of the 1st flotilla of nuclear submarines. The ships are based in Nerpichya Bay. The reconstruction of the base in Zapadnaya Litsa to accommodate new heavy-duty nuclear-powered ships began in 1977 and took four years.

During this time, a special berthing line was built, specialized piers were manufactured and delivered. An original complex of missile loading facilities (KSPR) was also created. Specifically to provide a “floating rear” for boats of the 941st project in Leningrad, at the Admiralty Plant in 1986, the floating base “Alexander Brykin” was launched, with a total displacement of 11,440 tons, having 16 containers for R-39 missiles and equipped with a 125-ton crane .

However, only the Northern Fleet managed to create a unique coastal infrastructure that provides maintenance for ships of the 941st project, and even then not completely. And the Pacific Fleet did not manage to build anything like this. Nevertheless, the Typhoons still had their say in the underwater cold war.

The submarine of this type made its first combat duty in 1986, and during the patrol, the crew was replaced with the help of an icebreaker. Ten years later, due to lack of funds, part of the submarines was put into reserve. However, the rest continue to carry out military service.

Now plans for the development of strategic nuclear forces Russia provides for the modernization of Project 941 ships with the replacement of the D-19 missile system with a new one. If the plans come true, the Typhoons have a chance to remain in combat formation for several more years.

In the future, it is possible to re-equip part of the nuclear-powered ships of the 941st project into transport nuclear submarines designed to transport goods from Europe to America under the ice of the Arctic. The cargo compartment built instead of the missile compartment will be capable of receiving up to 10,000 tons of cargo.

On the eve of the Navy Day, July 26, the nuclear submarine of the new generation Novosibirsk was laid down at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk. This submarine missile carrier will be the third among the multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Yasen project, which was developed by employees of the St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau Malachite.

According to the state program until 2020, the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk plans to build seven nuclear submarines of the Yasen class and the modernized Yasen-M, which will later become the main multi-purpose nuclear cruisers in Russia.

"Ash"
Project 885 Yasen multi-purpose submarines with a displacement of 13,800 tons are capable of reaching speeds of over 30 knots, diving to a depth of up to 600 meters and being in autonomous navigation for a hundred days. The crew of the submarine is designed for 90 people, including 32 officers. The ships are armed with ten 533 mm torpedo tubes and launchers for Caliber and Onyx cruise missiles.

Severodvinsk, the lead submarine of the project, laid down at the Sevmash Production Association on December 21, 1993, has already completed the entire cycle of factory sea trials and is now undergoing state tests at sea. They promise to hand over Severodvinsk to the fleet by the end of 2013. The second nuclear cruiser of the Kazan project, laid down in 2009, is currently in the slipway shop of Sevmash and will be handed over to the Navy in 2017.

Boreas
In addition to the multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the Yasen project, this year Sevmash plans to commission the Navy and two strategic cruisers series "Borey" (955) - a project that in the future will form the basis of Russia's naval strategic nuclear forces. The lead cruiser in the series of fourth-generation submarine missile carriers, Yuri Dolgoruky, developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering, was adopted by the Russian Navy in 2012. Laid down at Sevmashpredpriyatie on November 2, 1996, Yuri Dolgoruky is about 170 meters long, 13.5 meters wide and has a total displacement of 24,000 tons. The ship is to take into service 16 Bulava missiles, which were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering.

Another "Borey" "Alexander Nevsky" is now undergoing state tests, making the second state exit, on November 15 they are preparing to hand it over to the fleet. The third ship of the series, "Vladimir Monomakh", must complete state tests no later than December 12, 2013 and will also be handed over to the Navy this year.

It is assumed that under the state armament program until 2020, the fleet will receive eight strategic missile submarines: three project 955 (code "Borey") and five project 955A (code "Borey-A").

"Shark"
Today, the core of the Navy's combat power is about 60 submarines, from nuclear-powered missile submarines to multi-purpose diesel submarines. However, before 2018, the submarines of projects 941 (Shark, according to NATO classification Typhoon) and 667 BDR and BDRM (Kalmar and Dolphin, according to NATO classification Delta- 3" and "Delta-4").

The final decision to decommission two Project 941 Akula-class submarines, Arkhangelsk and Severstal, which were decommissioned several years ago, was made recently. The third strategic submarine of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, will remain in the fleet until 2017, when a separate decision will be made on it. The write-off and disposal of Arkhangelsk and Severstal will occur for financial reasons: maintaining their life support systems in a normal state requires prohibitively large financial expenses. Modernization is also not economically feasible - a major overhaul with the modernization of one Shark will cost more than the construction of two new Boreys. Dismantlement of Arkhangelsk and Severstal, which is scheduled for 2016-2020, will be handled by Rosatom.

Submarines of the "Shark" class, the largest submarines ever built, even got into the Guinness Book of Records due to their size: their length is 172 meters, width - 23.3 m, draft - 11.5 m. quiet and elusive to radar and designed to destroy enemy surface and submarine ships. The ammunition of such a submarine includes 20 missiles, each of which has 10 individually targetable multiple warheads.

The removal of all nuclear submarines of project 941 "Shark" (according to NATO classification - Typhoon) from combat duty occurred in accordance with the START-3 agreement between Russia and the United States, which entered into force in February 2011.
based on materials