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Missile submarine cruiser. Nuclear submarines of Russia: number

8:26 / 24.02.12

Heavy missile submarine cruisers strategic purpose Russia and foreign countries(rating)

News Agency "Arms of Russia" continues to publish ratings various weapons and military equipment... This time, Russian experts compare the strategic missile submarine cruisers (TRPK) of Russia and foreign countries.

The comparative assessment was carried out according to the following parameters:

firepower(the number of warheads (BB), the total power of the BB, the maximum firing range of an intercontinental ballistic missile, its accuracy - KVO)
constructive perfection of TRPK(displacement, overall characteristics, conditional density of the TRPK - the ratio of the total mass of the submarine to its volume)
technical reliability(the probability of failure-free operation of the submarine systems, the time of the salvo launch of all missiles, the preparation time for the missile launch, the probability of a successful launch)
exploitation(the speed of the TRPK both on the surface and in the submerged position, the characteristics of noiselessness, the time of autonomous sailing)

The sum of points in all parameters gave overall assessment compared TRPK. At the same time, it was taken into account that each TRPK taken from the statistical sample, when compared with other TRPK, was estimated based on technical requirements of its time.

In the rating carried out by IA "Arms of Russia" TRPK of all countries, which are now full members of the world nuclear submarine club, were considered. In addition to the United States (the "founding father"), Russia also includes Great Britain, France, China and India, which already has experience in operating the Soviet multipurpose missile nuclear submarine of Project 670 that was leased to it in 1988-1991 and is building its own nuclear submarine. - missile carrier "Arihant".

Heavy missile submarine strategic cruisers of Russia and foreign countries

According to the number of points scored, the listed complexes were distributed as follows:

Symbol TPRK	The country	Number of points scored
TRPK type Ohio	USA	49,4
TRPK 667BDRM "Dolphin"	Russia	47,7
TRPK 941 " Shark"	Russia	47,1
TRPK 955 "Borey"	Russia	41,7
TRPK type Vanguard	England	35,9
TRPK type Le triomphant	France	33,4
TRPK project 094 "Jin"	China	30,1
TRPK project INS Arihant	India	17,7

According to the data given in the table, according to the number of points scored, the first 4places were taken by:

TRPK type Ohio

Main characteristics:

speed (surface) 17 knots
speed (underwater) 25 knots
working immersion depth 365 m
maximum immersion depth 550 m
crew of 14-15 officers, 140 sailors and foremen

Dimensions (edit):

surface displacement 16 746 t
underwater displacement 18 750 t
overall length (at design waterline) 170.7 m
body width naib. 12.8 m
average draft (at design waterline) 11.1 m

Power point atomic:

pressurized water reactor type GE PWR S8G
two turbines of 30,000 liters each. With
2 turbine generators, 4 MW each
diesel generator with a capacity of 1.4 MW

Armament:

missile - 24 Trident II D5 ballistic missiles

Submarines of the Ohio class (English Ohio class SSBN / SSGN) - a series of 18 American strategic nuclear submarines of the 3rd generation, which entered service from 1976 to 1992. Since 2002, the only type of missile carriers in service with the US Navy. Each boat is armed with 24 Trident missiles.

The first series of eight missile carriers were armed with Trident I C-4 missiles and were based at the Bangor Naval Base (naval base), Washington, on the US Pacific coast. The remaining 10 boats, the second series, were armed with Trident II D-5 missiles and were stationed at the Kings Bay naval base, Georgia.

In 2003, in order to fulfill the arms limitation treaty, a program was launched to convert the first four boats of the project into carriers of Tomahawk cruise missiles, which ended in 2008.

The remaining four boats of the first series were rearmed with Trident-2 missiles, and all Trident-1 missiles were removed from combat duty. Due to the reduction of missile carriers in the Pacific, some of the Ohio-class submarines were transferred from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Boats of the Ohio class form the backbone of the US strategic offensive nuclear forces and are constantly on alert, spending 60% of the time at sea. By the early 1960s, after a series of studies, American analysts came to the conclusion that the strategy of "massive retaliation" was futile.

In the 1950s, American strategists hoped to disable strategic nuclear forces USSR with a preventive missile strike. Research has shown that one blow cannot destroy all strategic goals, and a nuclear retaliation will be inevitable. In these conditions, the strategy of "realistic intimidation" was born.

As the chief of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces N.V. Ogarkov said in the early 1980s, “the appearance and rapid improvement of nuclear weapons raised a completely new question about the expediency of war as a means of achieving a political goal. to the developed strategic weapons ".

TRPK project 667BDRM "Dolphin"

Main characteristics:

speed (surface) 14 knots
speed (underwater) 24 knots
maximum immersion depth 650 m
crew of 140 people

Dimensions (edit):

surface displacement 11 740 t
underwater displacement 18 200 t
overall length (at design waterline) 167.4 m
body width naib. 11.7 m
average draft (at design waterline) 8.8 m

Nuclear power plant:

2 reactors VM-4SG with a total capacity of 180 MW
2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 60,000 liters. With
2 turbine generators TG-300, 3 kW each
2 diesel generators DG-460, 460 kW each
reserve rowing electric motor with a capacity of 325 liters. With

Armament:

torpedo-mine - 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber

missile - 16 ballistic missiles R-29RM

The last ship of the "667 family", as well as the last Soviet submarine missile carrier of the 2nd generation (in fact, "smoothly transitioned" to the 3rd generation) was the Project 667BRDM strategic missile submarine (code "Dolphin"), just like its predecessors , created by CDB MT “Rubin” under the leadership of the general designer, academician SN Kovalev.

A government decree on the development of a new nuclear submarine was issued on September 10, 1975.The main weapon of the ship was to be a new D-9RM missile system with 16 R-29RM intercontinental liquid-propellant missiles (RSM-54, SS-N-24), having an increased firing range, accuracy and radius of separation of warheads. The development of the missile system began at KBM in 1979.

Its creators were focused on achieving the best possible technical level and performance characteristics with limited changes to the submarine design. The assigned tasks were successfully solved by implementing original layout solutions (combined tanks of the last sustainer and combat stages), the use of engines with extreme characteristics, the use of new structural materials, improvement of production technology, as well as an increase in the size of the rocket due to the volumes "borrowed" from the launcher installation.

In terms of their combat capabilities, the new ballistic missiles surpassed all modifications of the most powerful American Trident naval missile system, while having less weight and dimensions. Depending on the number of warheads and their mass, the firing range of an ICBM could significantly exceed 8300 km.

R-29RM was the last missile developed under the leadership of V.P. Makeev, as well as the last domestic liquid-propellant ICBM. In a well-known sense, it was the "swan song" of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles of submarines. All subsequent domestic ballistic missiles were designed with solid fuel.

TRPK project 941 "Shark"

Main characteristics:

speed (surface) 12 knots
speed (underwater) 25 knots
working immersion depth 400 m
maximum immersion depth 500 m
sailing autonomy 180 days
crew of 160 people

Dimensions (edit):

surface displacement 28 500 t
underwater displacement 49 800 t
overall length (at design waterline) 172.8 m
body width naib. 23.3 m
average draft (at design waterline) 11.2 m

Power point:

2 water-moderated nuclear reactors OK-650VV, 190 MW each
2 turbines 45000-50000 hp each each one
2 propeller shafts with 7-blade propellers 5.55 m in diameter
4 steam turbine NPPs of 3.2 MW each
2 diesel generators ASDG-800 (kW)
lead-acid battery, item 144

Armament:

torpedo-mine - 6 TA caliber 533 mm
22 torpedoes 53-65K, SET-65, SAET-60M, USET-80 or missile-torpedoes "Waterfall"
Rocket - 20 R-39 SLBM (RSM-52)
Air defense 8 MANPADS "Igla"

Tactical and technical design assignment was issued in December 1972, SN Kovalev was appointed the chief designer of the project. The new type of submarine cruisers was positioned as a response to the construction of the US SSBN Ohio-class. The dimensions of the new ship were determined by the dimensions of the new solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 (RSM-52), with which it was planned to equip the boat.

Compared with the Trident-I missiles, which were equipped with the American Ohio, the R-39 missile possessed the best characteristics flight range, throw weight and had 10 blocks against 8 for "Trident". However, at the same time, the P-39 turned out to be almost twice as long and three times heavier than its American counterpart. To accommodate such large missiles, the standard SSBN layout scheme did not fit.

On December 19, 1973, the government decided to start work on the design and construction of a new generation of strategic missile carriers. Akula, project 941. The first submarine of this type, TK-208, was laid down at the Sevmash enterprise in June 1976, and launched on September 23, 1980.

Before the descent, in the bow section below the waterline, an image of a shark was applied to the side of the submarine; later, stripes with a shark appeared on the crew's uniform. Despite the later launch of the project, the lead cruiser entered sea trials a month earlier than the American "Ohio" (July 4, 1981).

TK-208 entered service on December 12, 1981. In total, from 1981 to 1989, 6 Akula-class boats were launched and put into operation. The planned seventh ship was never laid down; hull structures were being prepared for him. The construction of "9-storey" submarines was provided by more than 1000 enterprises of the Soviet Union.

Only at "Sevmash" 1219 people who participated in the creation of this unique ship received government awards. Purpose Designed for delivering long-range nuclear missile strikes against large military-industrial facilities and force basing points.

TRPK project 955 "Borey"

Main characteristics:

speed (surface) 15 knots
speed (underwater) 29 knots
working immersion depth 400 m
maximum immersion depth 480 m
sailing autonomy 90 days
Crew 107 people

Dimensions (edit):

surface displacement 14 720 t
underwater displacement 24,000 t
overall length (at design waterline) 160 m
body width naib. 13.5 m
average draft (at design waterline) 10 m

Nuclear power plant

OK-650V 190 MW
PTU with GTZA
propeller shaft
jet propulsion

Armament:

torpedo-mine - 6 TA x 533 mm, torpedoes, torpedo-missiles, cruise missiles.
Rocket - 16 launchers of the D-30 complex, SLBM R-30 (SS-NX-30) "Bulava" Number of missiles: 16 (project 955)

Nuclear weapons come into service with the Navy submarines strategic purpose of the new - the fourth generation of the project 955 cipher "Borey". The lead ship of this project was a submarine named after Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Design and technical documentation was developed by engineers Design Bureau"Ruby".

After the approval of the plan, the nuclear submarine was laid down on December 22, 1996 at the shipyard JSC PO Severnoe machine-building enterprise"In Severodvinsk. During the construction of the Yuri Dolgoruky nuclear submarine, the experience of Soviet shipbuilders was applied.

Also, in the creation of a nuclear submarine, the idea of creating a hull structure was borrowed, which made it possible to reduce the cost of building a submarine. The nuclear submarine is equipped with a pressurized water-cooled nuclear reactor of the OK-650V type using thermal neutrons. The capacity of the steam turbine units is 190 MW.

A novelty in the design of the Borey series is a water jet, which will significantly reduce the noise level of the submarine. Another characteristic feature of the Project 955A submarine will be its armament, consisting of 12 Russian-made Bulava-type ballistic missiles.

The next modernized series of Project 955 missile carriers will have 16 such missiles. After a series of successful mooring and sea trials, the Yuri Dolgoruky nuclear-powered missile-carrying submarine received the tail number K-535 and became part of the Russian Navy. Soon, a series of successful missile firing of new ballistic missiles was made from the nuclear submarine.

Government Russian Federation plans to build 8 Project 955 Borey missile carriers. However, today the completion of the construction of the second submarine K-550 "Alexander Nevsky", laid down on March 19, 2004, and the continuation of the construction of the third nuclear submarine "Vladimir Monomakh", laid down on March 19, 2006 are progressing rather slowly.

Also, the name of the fourth submarine of this project is already known - "St. Nicholas". All four nuclear-powered submarines will be deployed at the naval base in Vilyuchinsk (Kamchatsky Peninsula) and will become part of the Pacific Fleet.

A huge work has already been done there to build the necessary infrastructure, both for ships and for submariners:

completely rebuilt pier area
organized technical protection of the basing system
modernization of the training center
several residential buildings for family members of submariners were put into operation

Ships like the strategic missile submarine Yuri Dolgoruky will soon become the backbone of the naval component of the Russian Federation's nuclear triad.

When writing the article, we used open materials from Internet sources.

On the eve of the Day of the Navy, on July 26, at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, the nuclear submarine of the new generation "Novosibirsk" was laid down. This submarine missile carrier will be the third among the multipurpose nuclear submarines of the Yasen project, which was developed by employees of the Malakhit St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau.

According to the state program, by 2020, the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk plans to build seven Yasen-class nuclear submarines and the upgraded Yasen-M, which will later become the main multipurpose nuclear cruisers in Russia.

"Ash"
Project 885 Yasen multipurpose submarines with a displacement of 13.8 thousand tons are capable of speeds over 30 knots, dive to a depth of 600 meters and be in autonomous navigation for a hundred days. The crew of the submarine is designed for 90 people, including 32 officers. The ships are armed with ten 533 mm torpedo tubes and launchers for the Caliber and Onyx cruise missiles.

Severodvinsk, the lead submarine of the project, laid down at PO Sevmash on December 21, 1993, has already completed the entire cycle of factory sea trials and is now undergoing state tests at sea. They promise to hand over "Severodvinsk" to the fleet by the end of 2013. The second nuclear-powered cruiser of the Kazan project, laid down in 2009, is currently in the slipway shop of Sevmash and will be handed over to the Navy in 2017.

"Borey"
In addition to the Yasen multipurpose nuclear submarine, this year Sevmash plans to commission the Navy and two strategic cruisers of the Borey (955) series, a project that will form the basis of Russia's naval strategic nuclear forces in the future. The lead cruiser in a series of fourth-generation submarine missile carriers "Yuri Dolgoruky", developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering, was put into service Navy RF in 2012. Laid down at Sevmash on November 2, 1996, Yuri Dolgoruky has a length of about 170 meters, a width of 13.5 meters and a total displacement of 24 thousand tons. The ship is to adopt 16 Bulava missiles, which were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering.

Another "Borey" "Alexander Nevsky" is now undergoing state tests, making a second state exit, on November 15 they are preparing to hand it over to the fleet. The third ship of the series, "Vladimir Monomakh", must complete state tests no later than December 12, 2013 and will also be delivered to the Navy this year.

It is assumed that under the state armament program until 2020, the fleet will receive eight strategic missile submarine cruisers: three projects 955 (code "Borey") and five projects 955A (code "Borey-A").

"Shark"
Today, the basis of the Navy's combat power is about 60 submarines, from nuclear missile submarines to multipurpose diesel submarines. However, by 2018, carriers will be withdrawn from the fleet today. combat service submarines of projects 941 ("Shark", according to NATO classification "Typhoon") and 667 BDR and BDRM ("Kalmar" and "Dolphin", according to NATO classification "Delta-3" and "Delta-4").

The final decision on the disposal of two Project 941 submarines of the Akula class - Arkhangelsk and Severstal, decommissioned several years ago, was made recently. The third strategic submarine of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, will remain in the fleet until 2017, when a separate decision will be made on it. The write-off and disposal of Arkhangelsk and Severstal will take place for financial reasons: maintaining their life support systems in a normal state requires prohibitively large financial expenses... Modernization is also economically inexpedient - overhaul with the modernization of one "Shark" will cost more than the construction of two new "Boreys". The disposal of Arkhangelsk and Severstal, which is scheduled for 2016-2020, will be handled by Rosatom.

Shark-class submarines, the largest ever built submarines, due to their size even got into the Guinness Book of Records: their length is 172 meters, width - 23.3 meters, draft - 11.5 meters. quiet and elusive for radars and designed to destroy enemy surface and submarine ships. The ammunition load of such a submarine includes 20 missiles, each of which has 10 multiple independently targetable warheads.

The removal of all Project 941 "Shark" nuclear submarines (according to NATO classification - Typhoon) from combat duty took place in accordance with the START-3 treaty between Russia and the United States, which came into effect in February 2011.
based on materials

June 18th, 2015

September 23, 1980 at the shipyard of the city of Severodvinsk, on the surface of the White Sea, the first Soviet submarine of the class "Shark"... When her hull was still in the stocks, on his nose, below the waterline, he could see a drawn grinning shark, which was wrapped around a trident. And although after the descent, when the boat stood on the water, the shark with the trident disappeared under the water and no one else saw it, the people have already dubbed the cruiser "Shark". All subsequent boats of this class continued to be named the same, and for their crews a special sleeve patch with the image of a shark was introduced. In the West, the boat was given the codename “ Typhoon". Subsequently Typhoon This boat began to be called here as well.

So, myself Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev , speaking at the XXVI Party Congress, said: "The Americans have created a new submarine" Ohio"With missiles" Trident“. A similar system - „ Typhoon"We also have it."

Photo 2.

In the early 70s in the United States (as the Western media wrote, "in response to the creation of the Delta complex in the USSR"), a large-scale Trident program began, providing for the creation of a new solid-propellant missile with an intercontinental (more than 7000 km) range, as well as SSBNs a new type, capable of carrying 24 such missiles and having an increased level of stealth. The ship with a displacement of 18,700 tons had a maximum speed of 20 knots and could carry out rocket launches at a depth of 15-30 m.In terms of its combat effectiveness, the new American weapon system was to significantly surpass domestic system 667BDR / D-9R, which was in serial production at that time. The political leadership of the USSR demanded from the industry an "adequate response" to the next American challenge.

Tactical and technical assignment for a heavy nuclear submarine missile cruiser-Project 941 (code "Shark") - was issued in December 1972 December 19, 1973 the government adopted a decree providing for the start of work on the design and construction of a new missile carrier. The project was developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by General Designer I.D. Spassky, under the direct supervision of the chief designer S.N. Kovalev. The main observer from the Navy was V.N. Levashov.

“The designers were faced with a difficult technical task - to place on board 24 missiles weighing almost 100 tons each,” says S.N. Kovalev. - After many studies, it was decided to place the missiles between two strong hulls. There are no analogues to such a solution in the world ”. “Only Sevmash could build such a boat,” says A.F. Helmets. The construction of the ship was carried out in the largest boathouse - shop 55, which was headed by I.L. Kamai. Used in principle new technology construction - the modular-modular method, which significantly reduced the time. Now this method is used in everything, both underwater and surface shipbuilding, but for that time it was a serious technological breakthrough.

Photo 3.

Photo 4.

The indisputable operational advantages demonstrated by the first Russian naval solid-propellant ballistic missile R-31, as well as the American experience (which was always held in high esteem in the Soviet military and political circles) led to the customer's categorical demand to equip the 3rd generation submarine missile carrier with solid-propellant missiles. ... The use of such rockets made it possible to significantly reduce the time of prelaunch preparation, eliminate the noise of its implementation, simplify the composition of the ship's equipment, abandoning a number of systems - atmospheric gas analysis, filling the annular gap with water, irrigation, draining the oxidizer, etc.

The preliminary development of a new intercontinental missile system for equipping submarines began at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau under the leadership of chief designer V.P. Makeev in 1971. Full-scale work on the RK D-19 with R-39 missiles was deployed in September 1973, almost simultaneously with the start of work on a new SSBN. When creating this complex, an attempt was made for the first time to unify underwater and land-based missiles: the R-39 and the heavy ICBM RT-23 (developed at the Yuzhnoye design bureau) received a single first stage engine.

Photo 7.

The level of domestic technologies of the 70-80s did not allow the creation of a solid-propellant ballistic intercontinental missile of high power in dimensions close to the dimensions of the previous liquid-propellant missiles. The increase in the size and weight of the weapon, as well as the weight and size characteristics of the new radio-electronic equipment, which have increased by 2.5-4 times compared to the radio electronic equipment of the previous generation, led to the need for unconventional layout decisions. As a result, an original, unparalleled type of submarine with two strong hulls arranged in parallel (a kind of "underwater catamaran") was designed. Among other things, such a "flattened" in the vertical plane shape of the ship was dictated by restrictions on draft in the area of the Severodvinsk shipyard and repair bases of the Northern Fleet, as well as technological considerations (it was required to ensure the possibility of simultaneous construction of two ships on the same slipway "line").

It should be admitted that the chosen scheme was largely a forced, far from optimal solution, which led to a sharp increase in the ship's displacement (which gave rise to the ironic nickname of the boats of the 941th project - "water carriers"). At the same time, it made it possible to increase the survivability of the heavy submarine cruiser by separating the power plant into autonomous compartments in two separate robust hulls; improve explosion and fire safety (by removing the missile silos from the rugged hull), as well as placing the torpedo compartment and the main command post in isolated rugged modules. The possibilities for modernizing and repairing the boat have also expanded somewhat.

Photo 8.

When creating a new ship, the task was set to expand the zone of its combat use under the ice of the Arctic up to maximum latitudes by improving navigation and hydroacoustic weapons. To launch missiles from under the arctic "ice shell", the boat had to float up in the openings, breaking through the deckhouse fencing ice up to 2-2.5 m thick.

Flight tests of the R-39 rocket were carried out on an experimental diesel-electric submarine K-153, converted in 1976 according to Project 619 (it was equipped with one shaft). In 1984, after a series of intensive tests, the D-19 missile system with the R-39 missile was officially adopted by the Navy.

The construction of Project 941 submarines was carried out in Severodvinsk. For this, a new workshop had to be built at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise - the largest covered boathouse in the world.

The first TAPKR, which entered service on December 12, 1981, was commanded by Captain 1st Rank A.V. Olkhovnikov, awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for mastering such a unique ship. It was planned to build a large series of heavy submarine cruisers of the 941st project and create new modifications of this ship with increased combat capabilities.

Photo 9.

However, in the late 1980s, for economic and political reasons, it was decided to abandon the further implementation of the program. The adoption of this decision was accompanied by heated discussions: the industry, boat developers and some representatives of the Navy were in favor of continuing the program, while the Main Staff of the Navy and the General Staff of the Armed Forces were in favor of stopping construction. The main reason was the difficulty of organizing the basing of such large submarines armed with no less "impressive" missiles. Most of the existing bases of "Akula" simply could not enter due to their tightness, and the R-39 missiles could be transported at almost all stages of operation only along the railway track (along the rails they were also fed to the berth for loading onto the ship). The missiles were to be loaded with a special super-powerful crane, which is a unique engineering structure.

As a result, it was decided to limit the construction of a series of six ships of Project 941 (that is, one division). The unfinished hull of the seventh missile carrier - TK-210 - was dismantled on the slipway in 1990. It should be noted that a little later, in the mid-90s, the implementation of the American program for the construction of submarine missile carriers of the Ohio type also ceased: instead of the planned 30 SSBNs, the US Navy received only 18 nuclear-powered ships, of which it was decided to leave in service by the beginning of the 2000s. only 14.

Photo 10.

The design of the project 941 submarine is made as a "catamaran": two separate strong hulls (7.2 m in diameter each) are located in a horizontal plane parallel to each other. In addition, there are two separate sealed capsule-compartments - the torpedo compartment and the control module located between the main buildings in the center plane, in which the central post and the radio-technical weapons compartment located behind it are located. The missile bay is located between the rugged hulls at the front of the ship. Both hulls and capsule compartments are interconnected by passages. The total number of watertight compartments is 19.

At the base of the wheelhouse, under the fence of the retractable devices, there are two pop-up rescue chambers that can accommodate the entire crew of the submarine.

The compartment of the central post and its light fence are shifted towards the stern of the ship. Strong hulls, central post and torpedo compartment are made of titanium alloy, and the light hull is made of steel (a special hydroacoustic rubber coating is applied to its surface, which increases the stealth of the boat).

The ship has a well-developed stern plumage. The front horizontal rudders are located in the bow of the hull and are retractable. The deckhouse is equipped with powerful ice reinforcements and a rounded roof that serves to break the ice when surfacing.

Photo 11.

For the crew of the boat (consisting mostly of officers and warrant officers), conditions of increased comfort have been created. The officers were accommodated in relatively spacious double and quadruple cabins with washbasins, TVs and air conditioning, while the sailors and foremen were accommodated in small quarters. The ship received a sports hall, a swimming pool, a solarium, a sauna, a recreation room, a "living corner", etc.

Power plant of the 3rd generation with a nominal capacity of 100,000 liters. With. made according to the block layout principle with the placement of autonomous modules (unified for all boats of the 3rd generation) in both robust hulls. The adopted layout solutions made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the nuclear power plant, while increasing its power and improving other operational parameters.

The power plant includes two water-cooled thermal neutron reactors OK-650 (190 mW each) and two steam turbines. The block layout of all units and component equipment, in addition to technological advantages, made it possible to apply more effective vibration isolation measures that reduce the noise of the ship.

Atomic power plant equipped with a battery-free cooling system (BBR), which is automatically activated in the event of a power failure.

Photo 12.

Compared with the previous nuclear submarines, the reactor control and protection system has changed significantly. The introduction of impulse equipment made it possible to control its state at any power level, including in a subcritical state. A self-propelled mechanism is installed on the compensating organs, which, in the event of a power failure, ensures the lowering of the gratings onto the lower limit switches. In this case, there is a complete "jamming" of the reactor, even when capsizing the ship.

Two low-noise fixed-pitch seven-bladed propellers are mounted in annular nozzles. There are two 190 kW DC motors as backup means of propulsion, which are connected to the main shaft line by means of couplings.

On board the boat there are four 3200 kW turbogenerators and two DG-750 diesel generators. For maneuvering in cramped conditions, the ship is equipped with a thruster in the form of two folding columns with propellers (in the bow and stern). The thruster propellers are driven by 750 kW electric motors.

When creating a Project 941 submarine, great attention was paid to reducing its hydroacoustic signature. In particular, the ship received a two-stage system of rubber-cord pneumatic damping, a block layout of mechanisms and equipment, as well as new, more effective soundproofing and anti-hydrolocation coatings, were introduced. As a result, in terms of hydroacoustic stealth, the new missile carrier, despite its gigantic size, significantly surpassed all previously built domestic SSBNs and, probably, came close to the American counterpart, the Ohio-class SSBN.

Photo 13.

The submarine is equipped with a new navigation system "Symphony", a combat information and control system, an MG-519 "Arfa" hydroacoustic mine detection station, an MG-518 "Sever" echometer, an MRKP-58 "Buran" radar system, and an MTK-100 television complex. On board there is a radio communication complex "Molniya-L1" with a satellite communication system "Tsunami".

A digital sonar complex of the "Skat-3" type, which integrates four sonar stations, is capable of providing simultaneous tracking of 10-12 underwater targets.

Retractable devices located in the wheelhouse enclosure include two periscopes (commander's and universal), a radiosextan antenna, a radar station, radio antennas for communication and navigation systems, and a direction finder.

The boat is equipped with two buoy-type pop-up antennas that allow receiving radio messages, target designations and satellite navigation signals when being at a great (up to 150 m) depth or under ice.

The D-19 missile system includes 20 solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles with multiple warheads D-19 (RSM-52, western designation - SS-N-20). The start of the entire ammunition load is carried out in two volleys, with minimal intervals between missile launches. The missiles can be launched from a depth of up to 55 m (without restrictions on weather conditions on the sea surface), as well as from the surface.

Photo 14.

The three-stage R-39 ICBM (length - 16.0 m, hull diameter - 2.4 m, launch weight - 90.1 tons) carries 10 individually guided warheads with a capacity of 100 kg each. Their guidance is carried out by means of an inertial navigation system with full astrocorrection (CEP is provided about 500 m). The maximum launch range of the R-39 exceeds 10,000 km, which is greater than the range of the American analogue, the Trident C-4 (7400 km) and approximately corresponds to the range of the Trident D-5 (11,000 km).

To minimize the size of the rocket, the engines of the second and third stages have retractable nozzles.

For the D-19 complex, an original launch system was created with the placement of almost all elements of the launcher on the rocket itself. In the mine, the R-39 is in a suspended state, relying on a special depreciation rocket launch system (ARSS) on a support ring located in the upper part of the mine.

Photo 15.

Start-up is performed from a “dry” mine using a powder pressure accumulator (PAD). At the moment of launch, special powder charges create a gas cavity around the rocket, which significantly reduces the hydrodynamic loads on the underwater section of movement. After exiting the water, the ARSS is separated from the rocket by means of a special engine and is pulled aside at a safe distance from the submarine.

There are six 533-mm torpedo tubes with a quick-loading device, capable of using almost all types of torpedoes and rocket-torpedoes of this caliber in service (typical ammunition - 22 USET-80 torpedoes, as well as Shkval rocket-torpedoes). Instead of part of the missile and torpedo armament, mines can be taken on board the ship.

There are eight Igla (Igla-1) MANPADS sets for self-defense of a submarine on the surface against low-flying aircraft and helicopters. The foreign press reported on the development of the 941 project for submarines, as well as a new generation of SSBNs, an anti-aircraft missile system for self-defense, capable of being used from a submerged position.

Photo 16.

All six TAPRKs (which received the western codename Typhoon, which quickly "took root" in our country) were consolidated into a division that was part of the 1st flotilla of nuclear submarines. The ships are based in Zapadnaya Litsa (Nerpichya Bay). The reconstruction of this base to accommodate new super-powerful nuclear-powered ships began in 1977 and took four years. During this time, a special berthing line was built, specialized piers were manufactured and delivered, which, according to the designers' plan, are capable of providing the TAPKR with all types of energy resources (however, at present, for a number of technical reasons, they are used as ordinary floating piers). For heavy missile submarine cruisers, the Moscow Design Bureau of Transport Engineering has created a unique complex of missile loading facilities (KSPR). It included, in particular, a two-cantilever gantry-type loader crane with a lifting capacity of 125 tons (it was not put into operation).

In Zapadnaya Litsa there is also a coastal ship repair complex, which provides servicing of boats of the 941 project. Especially to provide the "floating rear" of the boats of the 941st project in Leningrad at the Admiralty Plant in 1986, the sea transport-rocket carrier "Alexander Brykin" (project 11570) with a total displacement of 11.440 tons, having 16 containers for R-39 missiles and equipped with 125 -ton crane.

Photo 17.

However, the unique coastal infrastructure that provides service to the ships of the 941 project was created only in the Northern Fleet. In the Pacific Fleet until 1990, when the program for the further construction of "Sharks" was curtailed, they did not manage to build anything of the kind.

The ships, each of which is manned by two crews, carried (and probably continue to carry it now) constant combat duty even while at the base.

The combat effectiveness of the "Sharks" is largely ensured through the continuous improvement of the communications system and combat control of the country's naval strategic nuclear forces. To date, this system includes channels using different physical principles, which increases reliability and noise immunity in the most adverse conditions. The system includes stationary transmitters broadcasting radio waves in various ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, satellite, aircraft and ship repeaters, mobile coastal radio stations, as well as hydroacoustic stations and repeaters.

The huge buoyancy reserve of the heavy submarine cruisers of the 941st project (31.3%), combined with powerful reinforcements of the light hull and deckhouse, provided these nuclear-powered ships with the possibility of surfacing in solid ice thickness up to 2.5 m (which has been repeatedly tested in practice). Patrolling under the ice shell of the Arctic, where there are special hydroacoustic conditions that reduce, even with the most favorable hydrology, the detection range of an underwater target by means of the most modern GAS to only a few kilometers, the Sharks are practically invulnerable to US anti-submarine nuclear submarines. The United States also does not have aircraft capable of searching for and engaging underwater targets through the polar ice.

Photo 19.

In particular, the "Sharks" carried out combat service under the ice of the White Sea (the first of the "941s" such a cruise was made in 1986 by TK-12, on which, during patrols with the help of an icebreaker, the crew was replaced).

The growing threat from the projected missile defense systems of a potential adversary demanded an increase in the combat survivability of domestic missiles during their flight. In accordance with one of the predicted scenarios, the enemy could try to "blind" the optical astronavigation sensors of the BR using space nuclear explosions. In response to this, at the end of 1984, under the leadership of V.P. Makeeva, N.A. Semikhatova (missile control system), V.P. Arefiev (command devices) and B.C. Kuzmin (astrocorrection system), work began on the creation of a stable astrocorrector for submarine ballistic missiles, capable of restoring its operability after a few seconds. Of course, the enemy still had the ability to carry out nuclear space explosions with an interval of every few seconds (in this case, the accuracy of the missile guidance should have significantly decreased), but such a decision was difficult to implement for technical reasons and senseless - for financial reasons.

Photo 20.

An improved version of the R-39, which in its main characteristics is not inferior to the American Trident D-5 missile, was put into service in 1989. In addition to increased combat survivability, the modernized rocket had an increased breeding zone of warheads, as well as increased firing accuracy (the use of the GLONASS space navigation system in the active phase of the missile flight and in the MIRV guidance area made it possible to achieve an accuracy no less than the accuracy of a mine-based Strategic Missile Forces ICBM). In 1995, TK-20 (commander Captain 1st Rank A. Bogachev) performed rocket fire from the North Pole.

In 1996, due to a lack of funds, TK-12 and TK-202 were decommissioned, in 1997 - TK-13. At the same time, additional financing of the Navy in 1999 made it possible to significantly accelerate the protracted overhaul of the head missile carrier of the 941 project - K-208. For ten years, during which the ship was in the State Center for Nuclear Submarine Shipbuilding, the replacement and modernization (in accordance with project 941 U) of the main weapon systems was carried out. It is expected that in the third quarter of 2000 the work will be fully completed, and after the end of the factory and sea acceptance tests, in early 2001, the updated nuclear-powered ship will re-enter service.

Photo 21.

In November 1999, two RSM-52 missiles were fired from the Barents Sea from one of the TAPKR 941 projects. The interval between launches was two hours. The missile warheads hit targets at the Kamchatka range with high precision.

According to the domestic press, the existing plans for the development of Russia's strategic nuclear forces provide for the modernization of the ships of Project 941 with the replacement of the D-19 missile system with a new one. If this is true, "Sharks" have every chance to remain in the ranks in the 2010s.

In the future, it is possible to re-equip a part of the nuclear-powered ships of the 941st project into transport nuclear submarines (TAPL), designed for the transportation of goods along transpolar and cross-polar ice routes, the shortest route connecting Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific countries. The cargo compartment built instead of the rocket compartment will be capable of receiving up to 10,000 tons of cargo.

Photo 22.

As of 2013, out of 6 ships built in the USSR, 3 ships of Project 941 "Akula" have been scrapped, 2 ships are awaiting scrapping, and one has been modernized according to Project 941UM.

Due to the chronic lack of funding, in the 1990s it was planned to disable all units, however, with the advent of financial capabilities and the revision of the military doctrine, the remaining ships (TK-17 Arkhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal) underwent maintenance repairs in 1999-2002. TK-208 "Dmitry Donskoy" underwent a major overhaul and modernization under the project 941UM in 1990-2002 and since December 2003 has been used as part of the test program for the newest Russian SLBM "Bulava". When testing the Bulava, it was decided to abandon the previously used test procedure.
The 18th submarine division, which included all the Sharks, was downsized. As of February 2008, it consisted of the TK-17 Arkhangelsk TK-17 (last combat duty from October 2004 to January 2005) and TK-20 Severstal, which were in reserve after the working life of the "main caliber" missiles had been exhausted. "(Last combat duty - 2002), as well as converted into" Bulava "K-208" Dmitry Donskoy ". TK-17 "Arkhangelsk" and TK-20 "Severstal" more three years were awaiting a decision to dismantle or re-equip with new SLBMs, until in August 2007 the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral of the Fleet V.V.

An option is being considered to re-equip them to accommodate cruise missiles by analogy with the rearmament of the US Navy's Ohio-class submarines. On September 28, 2011, a statement was published by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, according to which the Typhoons, as they do not fit into the START-3 treaty limits and are excessively expensive in comparison with the new Borei-class missile carriers, are planned to be written off and cut into metal up to 2014 year. Options for converting the three remaining ships into transport submarines according to the Rubin Design Bureau or submarines-arsenals of cruise missiles were rejected due to the excessive cost of work and operation.

At a meeting in Severodvinsk, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said that Russia had decided to temporarily abandon the disposal of third-generation strategic nuclear submarines currently in service with the Navy. As a result, the service life of the boats will last up to 30-35 years instead of the current 25. The modernization will affect the strategic nuclear submarines of the "Akula" type, where the electronic filling and armament will be changed every 7 years.

In February 2012, the media reported that the main armament of the Akula-class nuclear submarine, RSM-52 missiles, had not been fully utilized, and by 2020 it is possible to commission the Severstal and Arkhangelsk boats with standard weapons on board.

In March 2012, information appeared from sources of the Russian Ministry of Defense that the strategic nuclear submarines of Project 941 "Akula" would not be modernized for financial reasons. According to the source, the deep modernization of one "Akula" is comparable in cost to the construction of two new submarines of the project 955 "Borey". Submarines TK-17 Arkhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal will not be upgraded in light of the recent decision, TK-208 Dmitry Donskoy will continue to be used as a test platform for weapons systems and sonar systems until 2019.

Photo 24.

Interesting Facts:

For the first time, the placement of missile silos in front of the wheelhouse was carried out on boats of the Akula project
For mastering a unique ship, the title of Hero Soviet Union was assigned to the Commander of the first missile cruiser Captain 1st Rank A.V. Olkhovnikov in 1984
The ships of the project "Shark" are included in the Guinness Book of Records
The commander's chair in the central post is inviolable, there is no exception for anyone, not for the commanders of a division, fleet or flotilla, and even the Minister of Defense. Breaking this tradition in 1993, P. Grachev during his visit to the "Shark" was rewarded with the hostility of the submariners.

Photo 25.

Photo 26.

Photo 27.

Photo 28.

Photo 30.

Photo 31.

Photo 32.

Photo 33.

Photo 34.

And here it is. Here is a somewhat controversial title and The original article is on the site InfoGlaz.rf The link to the article this copy was made from is

Alexander MOZGOVOY

This event received a lot of attention in our country and abroad. And this is understandable. Yaseni are among the best nuclear submarines in their class. According to open data, nuclear-powered ships of this type have an underwater displacement of 13,800 tons, their length is 139.2 m, and the hull width is 13 m. The OK-650V pressurized water reactor allows a maximum 31-knot underwater speed. Working depth of immersion - 520 m, maximum - 600 m. The ideally streamlined hull and high maneuverable characteristics contribute to the implementation of a wide variety of missions both in the ocean and off the coast. The low-magnetic steel body has a rubber coating to reduce noise and reduce the reflection of sonar signals.

The boat carries a wide range of weapons. Behind the fence of retractable devices there are eight vertical shafts of the universal ship firing complex (UKSK), each of which houses four Onyx anti-ship missiles or the Caliber-PL family, various modifications of which can be fired at ships or at coastal targets. The defeat of ground targets occurs at a distance of up to 2650 km. The supersonic version of this rocket changes the flight path along the course and altitude, while the flight speed of the warhead of the rocket, after its separation, approaches the hypersonic one. That is, it cannot be intercepted. In other words, Ash trees will be used for non-nuclear strategic deterrence. However, some publications talk about the possibility of equipping "calibers" with nuclear warheads. The submarine's missile arsenal of 32 units is assembled in different combinations.

In the central part of the hull there are ten torpedo tubes with ammunition of 30 remote-controlled and homing torpedoes, including the newest thermal "Physicist-1". Instead of torpedoes or their parts, it is possible to receive mines. According to some sources, strategic cruise missiles Granat with a range of up to 3000 km and nuclear warheads, as well as cruise missiles of the Kalibr-NK family and anti-submarine missiles Vodopad-PL, can be fired through torpedo tubes. It is noted that in the future, this type of SSGN will receive new samples of torpedoes, including the fifth generation "Lomonos", and missiles, which are currently in the process of being created.

Equally impressive is the ship's electronic equipment. The combat information and control system (BIUS) "Okrug" carries out in real time control of all combat systems, information about the state of the ship and from the means of observation and target designation. The operation of the CIUS is provided by several on-board digital computers on a modern element base. CIUS can receive and transmit data to other ships via secure sonar communications. Electronic complex systems 3Ts-30.0-M are designed to illuminate the situation and target designation.

It is especially worthwhile to dwell on the MGK-600 hydroacoustic complex "Irtysh-Amphora-Ash", which belongs to the new generation SJSC. The bow of the boat houses its main conformal large-sized antenna "Amphora" with digital signal processing and using digital libraries of the automatic target classification system "Ajax-M". Conformal antennas of a large area are located on the sides, allowing you to monitor the situation around the ship. There is also a towed antenna, which is released from the fairing of the vertical tail of the submarine.

"Ash" are highly automated ships. The boats have integrated control systems for technical means "Bulat-Yasen", control systems for the electric power system "Luga-Yasen", centralized power supply systems "Cosinus-Ash" and a number of others. That is why the crew of a SSGN can be up to 64 people. But in practice, "to hedge" the Premier League teams are formed from 85-93 people. They are all officers or warrant officers.

The lead boat of this type, K-560 Severodvinsk, entered service with the Russian Navy on June 17 last year. This submarine was on the slipway for a very long time. It was laid down on December 23, 1993. But the assembly of the ship was not carried out due to lack of funding. Work resumed in 2004 on a revised project 0885. Serial SSGNs (Kazan, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and now Arkhangelsk) are also being built according to the revised project - 08851 (885M). It uses exclusively Russian-made components.

According to Vladimir Dorofeev, General Director of the Malakhit St. Petersburg Marine Engineering Bureau, which is the ship's designer, Severodvinsk has successfully completed all the activities of the program of factory and state tests, as well as pilot operation in the fleet. “This is deep-sea testing - diving to the maximum depth with the testing of all the necessary technical means, and activities related to the performance of missile and torpedo firing from the ship, as well as the completion of state tests of the main complexes of electronic weapons at great depths, "he said in an interview with ITAR-TASS. Having received a submarine of a fundamentally new project, naval sailors worked out the use of all technical means in different conditions exploitation. “Projects 885 / 885M are breakthrough for our Navy,” stressed Vladimir Dorofeev, “there are a lot of serious innovations in them. Such ships are now absent in all fleets, except for the Russian one. "

That is why, as noted, ash trees are of great interest and concern abroad. The head of the submarine development unit of the US Naval Systems Command (NAVSEA), Rear Admiral Dave Johnson, has ordered a model of Severodvinsk to be installed in his office. “I have to see a model of this submarine every day when I walk into the office,” he says. - In the face of this submarine, we will face a tough opponent. That's why I asked Carderock to make this model for me. " In turn, the American The magazine The National Interest, which specializes in the problems of the national security of the United States, naming the five most dangerous Russian nuclear weapons for Washington, put Project 955 Borey SSBNs, Bulava SLBMs and Project 885 Ash multipurpose nuclear submarines in the first three places. The fourth and fifth places are occupied by tactical missiles and ICBMs RS-24 "Yars".

According to foreign experts, the Yasen-class SSGNs are not inferior to the best American nuclear-powered multipurpose submarines of the Seawolf type (3 units), and surpass them in their ability to deliver missile strikes against ships and coastal targets. They are placed higher and are now being built in a series of 30 units of Virginia-class submarines (for comparison, we will give the tactical and technical elements of these boats: underwater displacement - 7900 tons, length - 115 m, maximum underwater speed - 30-35 knots, 12 vertical launchers with cruise missiles BGM-109 Tomahawk, designed for firing at coastal targets, four 533-mm torpedo tubes with 27 torpedo ammunition, crew - 115).

What is the exclusivity of "ash trees"? These are truly versatile submarines. They are equally good for defense and attack. Project 885 SSGNs and their modifications are capable of acting against enemy ships and vessels, inflicting missile and torpedo strikes on them, and plant mines. But most importantly, these nuclear submarines are an ideal weapon for hitting coastal targets. At the same time, they can use cruise missiles in both conventional and nuclear weapons. That is, it is achieved high degree flexibility in the use of weapons.

At present, the struggle against the coast is highlighted for submarines of all subclasses, including non-nuclear ones. Now they do not need to scour the sea and ocean depths to search for ships and ships of the enemy. Within the firing range of submarine cruise missiles is about 75-80% of the economic potential of most countries in the world, as well as their political centers. At one time, the United States declared itself an "island", thereby motivating its ocean expansion in accordance with the theory of "sea power" by Admiral Alfred Mahan (1840-1914). Now the "island" may find itself under the crossfire of submarine cruise missiles. Most Western European capitals are great destinations for them too.

Even conventional cruise missiles can cause enormous damage to cities, especially ports, and those where petrochemical industries are concentrated. Let us recall the tragedy that happened in Halifax, Canada on December 6, 1917, when the French steamer Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian Imo collided in the harbor of this city. Mont-Blanc transported 2,300 tons of picric acid, 10 tons of pyroxylin, 200 tons of TNT and 35 tons of benzene in barrels placed on the upper deck. Several barrels of benzene leaked from the impact and spilled across the Mont-Blanc deck. And when the ships parted, their iron sides struck sparks, which caused a fire on a French steamer. At 9.06 a monstrous explosion occurred, which is considered the most powerful in the entire pre-nuclear era. As a result, Richmond - the northern region of Halifax - was razed to the ground, 1,963 people died, about 2,000 went missing, almost 9,000 were injured and injured, 1,600 buildings were destroyed, and about 12,000 were badly damaged.

Modern ports with their huge gas, oil, chemical terminals, as well as saturated with other fire and explosive products can pose an even greater danger than the Mont-Blanc steamer. The same applies to large industrial centers. Submarine-to-shore cruise missiles typically attack well-reconnoitred targets. These include, among other things, military and civilian administration, ammunition depots and bases. And it is almost impossible to avoid getting them. The United States and other NATO countries are watching with concern the Russian buildup of cruise missile submarines. “If this trend continues,” said Admiral William Courtney, the head of the US Northern Command, which is responsible for the defense of the entire country, who also heads the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), at a March 19 hearing in the American Congress, “over time NORAD will face challenges in protecting North America from the threat of Russian cruise missiles. ” In turn, former American submariner and now an expert on naval strategy, Brian Clarke, believes: "If they really create a new generation of submarine fleet, it will create a problem for the US Navy."

Meanwhile, activity is growing Russian submarines in the seas and oceans. According to the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Chirkov, "for the period from January 2014 to March 2015, the intensity of submarine deployments to combat service increased by almost 50% compared to 2013." According to him, more than ten submarine crews of the Northern and Pacific fleets were trained for combat service in the World Ocean last year.

However, the Americans are not asleep either. It is not for nothing that Rear Admiral Dave Johnson keeps a model of Severodvinsk in front of his eyes. From sub-series to sub-series (in the US they are called "blocks"), Virginia-class nuclear submarines are being improved, and their capabilities are increasing. The Block III sub-series is currently under construction. On March 7 this year, the Colorado submarine was officially laid down (its construction actually began in 2012) - the fifteenth Virginia type and the fifth Block III sub-series. These boats have a new bow hydroacoustic station LAB, which in its capabilities is 40% higher than the GAS installed on the first boats of this project. In addition, the Tomahawk missile systems are located in two modules, in which, if necessary, there may be other payloads, including unmanned aircrafts, combat swimmer delivery vehicles, etc.

In the future, new modifications of the Virginia class nuclear submarines can change the configuration of the armament. So, by inserting an additional section, it is planned to increase the number of Tomahawk cruise missiles by 28 units, that is, the total ammunition will be 40 units. The US Navy wants to receive the first such submarine by 2019. It is possible that in the future the boats may even be equipped with compact medium-range ballistic missiles. Now we are talking about bringing the series of these boats up to 48 units.

To date, the US Navy has received 11 Virginia-class submarines of three sub-series since 2000, two more are being tested and will be commissioned in the near future. The industry has been tasked to hand over at least two nuclear submarines of this family annually.

French nuclear submarine Saphir.

Unfortunately, the pace of construction of the Yasen-class SSGNs, so much needed by the fleet, cannot be considered satisfactory. At the bookmark in 2009 of the first serial nuclear submarine "Kazan", the then Deputy Commander of the Russian Navy for armaments, Vice Admiral Nikolai Borisov, argued that this submarine "will enter service no later than 2015". They are already talking about 2017.

There is also no clarity about the number of boats that the fleet will receive. One has already been delivered to the Russian Navy, four are under construction, and two have been ordered. But the fate of the eighth is not yet clear. Some representatives of the defense industry and the navy say that it will also be built, while others argue that the series will be limited to seven units. Although it is clear that the fleet needs at least 20 ash trees. The price of each unit depends on the construction time and the number of ships in the series. The higher the pace and more boats in a series, the lower their cost.

It is required to understand that the military-political hysteria around Russia is a kind of modification cold war 50-80-ies of the last century - will not quickly "dissolve". In a state of tough confrontation with the West, and above all with the United States, we will have to live for a long time.

On the day the Arkhangelsk submarine was laid, Viktor Chirkov told reporters that by 2020 the fleet will receive ten modernized nuclear submarines of projects 971 and 949A. They will also become carriers of cruise missiles. For example, Project 949AM submarines will carry 72 cruise missiles for various purposes.

However, the commander-in-chief did not mention the titanium nuclear submarines of projects 945 and 945A. They also had to undergo modernization to give them modern qualities. On May 14 last year, a contract was signed with the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center for the overhaul and modernization of the Karp and Kostroma nuclear submarines - the first two boats of this type out of four, which should radically "rejuvenate". Active work began at Karp. It was assumed that this submarine will return to service in 2017. But in February, the first reports appeared about the suspension of work on the boat. And although Zvezdochka received sluggish denials of this information, just on the day the Arkhangelsk was laid it became known that due to budget cuts due to the financial crisis, all work at Karp was frozen. That's what the enemies of Russia rejoice at! After all, they predicted that the fall in oil prices and Western sanctions would slow down, or even stop the renewal of the Russian submarine fleet. “Putin doesn’t have much money, with the fall in oil prices Russia is facing very difficult problems,” said Norman Friedman, a well-known US naval analyst at the end of January. That is why “in the future, Russia is unlikely to deploy a submarine fleet in the forefront in the oceans in a quantity capable of threatening the US Navy,” noted Christopher Keivas, a columnist for the influential American publication Defense News at the same time.

Yes, sanctions and low prices on energy carriers are forced to "tighten up". And here the choice of priorities is important. In our opinion, during the crisis period and taking into account the situation around Russia, it is just necessary to focus on the construction and modernization of submarines. Large surface ships, designed to display the flag in distant seas, will wait until better times.

Moreover, they are undoubtedly inferior to submarines in terms of combat stability. Suffice it to recall a recent episode off the coast of the United States, when, before being sent to long voyage 12th US Navy Aircraft Carrier Strike Group, led by nuclear aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt held a ten-day drill off the coast of Florida in February this year. The French nuclear submarine Saphir took part in them. She managed to successfully overcome the order of anti-submarine defense and go on the attack. In real combat conditions, it would have sunk, or at least seriously damage an aircraft carrier. But the atomic floating airfield was escorted by very serious ships: the recently completed modernization cruiser Normandy, the latest missile destroyers Farragut, Forrest Sherman and Winston S. Churchill, as well as the nuclear submarine Dallas. But they could not intercept Saphir, although they knew of her presence.

This is not the first time that surface ships have been ridiculed by submarines. The most not American aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk. She safely passed the anti-submarine warrant and surfaced five miles from the American ship. And only after that it was discovered.

An example can also be cited from domestic practice. During exercises held in June 2003 in the Baltic Sea, Project 877 diesel-electric submarines “hit” the nuclear-powered missile cruiser “Peter the Great” with torpedoes. Anti-submarine forces, and they were considerable, really did not want to face the mud, since the exercises from the cruiser "Marshal Ustinov" were watched by the presidents of Russia Vladimir Putin and Poland, Alexander Kwasniewski, but they did not succeed in disrupting the attack. When the large anti-submarine ship "Admiral Levchenko" fired torpedoes at the boat and dropped rocket bombs on it, it had already done its job.

To practice anti-submarine operations, the US Navy regularly engages not only its nuclear submarines, but also diesel-electric submarines of other states, since they are less noisy than nuclear submarines. The Swedish nuclear submarine Gotland was even leased by the American fleet for two years. Diesel submarines and submarines of the Navy of Australia, South Korea, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Peru and other countries are involved in such exercises. And, as a rule, they take over the American PLO forces.

The same exercises confirmed that submarines are the most effective means of dealing with modern submarines. This is especially true in connection with the intention of the United States to update its fleet of strategic missile nuclear submarines. 12 SSBN (X) submarines with a submarine displacement of 20,810 tons each will be built under the Ohio Replacement Program (ORP) for a grandiose amount of $ 347 billion. The bow end, together with the GAS LAB and two modules for the Tomahawk cruise missiles, is "borrowed" from the Virginia Block III multipurpose nuclear submarines. The SSBN has a pump-jet propulsion unit. But the most important thing is that the boats will receive a fully integrated electrical system, which will make it possible to get rid of hydraulic drives, and the propellers will not be connected by turbo-gear units, which rotate the propeller shafts with noise. A stern electric motor will rotate the propeller. This will significantly reduce the acoustic signature of the submarine. The designers came up with the original design of the retractable fencing. It is a very narrow structure, resembling a small wind-blown sail in profile. In the submerged position, it will play the role of a keel, only located not in the lower part of the hull, but in the upper one. Behind the retractable enclosure are four Trident II D-5 LE SLBM launchers. There are 16 of them in total.

Detection, tracking, and, if necessary, destruction of such SSBNs will fall on the shoulders of Russian multipurpose submarines. That is why, in the design of fifth generation nuclear submarines, according to Viktor Chirkov, the main requirements of the fleet for designers are to increase stealth and improve weapons systems. This also applies to strategic nuclear submarines. As stated general manager CDB MT "Rubin", designing Russian SSBNs, Igor Vilnit, "the Boreis will undoubtedly have modifications of Borey-B, Borey-D, etc." That is, the underwater rivalry continues. And this derby, apparently, will not have a stop.

The Arms of Russia news agency continues to publish ratings of various weapons and military equipment. This time, Russian experts compare the strategic missile submarine cruisers (TRPK) of Russia and foreign countries. Comparative assessment was carried out according to the following parameters:

- firepower(the number of warheads (BB), the total power of the BB, the maximum firing range of an intercontinental ballistic missile, its accuracy - KVO);

- constructive excellence TRPK (displacement, overall characteristics, conditional density TRPK - the ratio of the total mass of the submarine to its volume);

- technical reliability(the probability of failure-free operation of the submarine systems, the time of the salvo launch of all missiles, the preparation time for the missile launch, the probability of a successful launch);

- exploitation(the speed of the TRPK both on the surface and in the submerged position, the characteristics of noiselessness, the time of autonomous navigation).

The sum of points for all parameters gave an overall assessment of the compared TPPK. At the same time, it was taken into account that each TRPK taken from the statistical sample, being compared with other TRPK, was evaluated based on the technical requirements of its time.

In the rating carried out by IA "Arms of Russia" TRPK of all countries, which are now full members of the world nuclear submarine club, were considered. In addition to the United States (the "founding father") and Russia, it also includes Great Britain, France, China and India, which already has experience in operating the Soviet multipurpose missile nuclear submarine of project 670 that was leased to it in 1988-1991 and is building its own nuclear submarine - missile carrier "Arihant".

TRPK 941 "Shark" - Russia

TRPB 667BDRM "Dolphin" - Russia

TPRK 955 "Borey" - Russia

TPRK type "Ohio" - USA

TPRK type "Vanguard" - England

ТПРК type Le Triomphant - France

TPRK 094 class "Jin" - China

TPRK project "Arihant" - India

According to the number of points scored, the listed submarines were distributed as follows:

According to the data given in the table, according to the number of points scored, the first 4 places were taken by:

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 17 knots

working immersion depth 365 m
maximum immersion depth 550 m
crew of 14-15 officers, 140 sailors and foremen

Dimensions:
surface displacement 16 746 t
underwater displacement 18 750 t
overall length (at design waterline) 170.7 m
body width naib. 12.8 m
average draft (at design waterline) 11.1 m

Nuclear power plant:
reactor type GE PWR S8G
two turbines of 30,000 liters each. With
2 turbine generators, 4 MW each
diesel generator with a capacity of 1.4 MW

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 4 TA caliber 533 mm
missile - 24 Trident II D5 ballistic missiles

In 2003, in order to fulfill the arms limitation treaty, a program was launched to convert the first four boats of the project into carriers of Tomahawk cruise missiles, which ended in 2008.

In the 1950s, American strategists hoped to disable the USSR's strategic nuclear forces with a preemptive missile strike. Studies have shown that one strike cannot destroy all strategic targets, and a retaliatory nuclear strike will be inevitable. In these conditions, the strategy of "realistic intimidation" was born.

As the head of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces N.V. Ogarkov will say in the early 1980s, “ the emergence and rapid improvement of nuclear weapons raised the question of the expediency of war as a means of achieving a political goal in a completely new way. The rejection of the need to conduct a general nuclear war led to a revision of the requirements for the developed strategic weapons«.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 14 knots
speed (underwater) 24 knots

maximum immersion depth 650 m

crew of 140 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 11 740 t
underwater displacement 18 200 t
overall length (at design waterline) 167.4 m
body width naib. 11.7 m
average draft (at design waterline) 8.8 m

Nuclear power plant:
2 reactors VM-4SG with a total capacity of 180 MW
2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 60,000 liters. With
2 turbine generators TG-300, 3 kW each
2 diesel generators DG-460, 460 kW each
reserve rowing electric motor with a capacity of 325 liters. With

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber
missile - 16 ballistic missiles R-29RM

The last ship of the "667 family", as well as the last Soviet submarine missile carrier of the 2nd generation (in fact, "smoothly transitioned" to the 3rd generation) was the strategic missile submarine of the project 667BRDM (code "Dolphin"), just like its predecessors , created by CDB MT "Rubin" under the leadership of the general designer, academician SN Kovalev.

Its creators were focused on achieving the highest possible technical level and performance characteristics with limited changes to the submarine design. The assigned tasks were successfully solved due to the implementation of original layout solutions (combined tanks of the last sustainer and combat stages), the use of engines with extreme characteristics, the use of new structural materials, an improvement in production technology, as well as an increase in the size of the rocket due to the volumes "borrowed" from the launcher installation.

R-29RM was the last missile developed under the leadership of V.P. Makeev, as well as the last domestic liquid-propellant ICBM. In a sense, it was the "swan song" of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles of submarines. All subsequent domestic ballistic missiles were designed with solid fuel.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 12 knots
speed (underwater) 25 knots
working immersion depth 400 m
maximum immersion depth 500 m
sailing autonomy 180 days
crew of 160 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 28 500 t
underwater displacement 49 800 t
overall length (at design waterline) 172.8 m
body width naib. 23.3 m
average draft (at design waterline) 11.2 m

Power point:
2 nuclear reactors OK-650VV, 190 MW each
2 turbines 45000-50000 hp each each one
2 propeller shafts with 7-blade propellers 5.55 m in diameter
4 steam turbine NPPs of 3.2 MW each
2 diesel generators ASDG-800 (kW)
lead-acid battery, item 144

Armament:
torpedo-mine - 6 TA caliber 533 mm
22 torpedoes 53-65K, SET-65, SAET-60M, USET-80 or missile-torpedoes "Waterfall"
Rocket - 20 R-39 SLBM (RSM-52)
Air defense - 8 MANPADS "Igla"

Compared with the Trident-I missiles, which were equipped with the American Ohio, the R-39 missile had the best characteristics of flight range, throw weight and had 10 blocks versus 8 for Trident. However, at the same time, the R-39 turned out to be almost twice as long and three times heavier than its American counterpart. To accommodate such large missiles, the standard SSBN layout scheme did not fit.

On December 19, 1973, the government decided to start work on the design and construction of a new generation of strategic missile carriers. Akula, project 941. The first submarine of this type TK-208 was laid down at the Sevmash enterprise in June 1976, launched on September 23, 1980.

Only at "Sevmash" 1219 people who participated in the creation of this unique ship received government awards. The Akula submarine is designed to deliver long-range nuclear missile strikes against large military-industrial facilities and force bases.

Main characteristics:
speed (surface) 15 knots
speed (underwater) 29 knots
working immersion depth 400 m
maximum immersion depth 480 m
sailing autonomy 90 days
Crew 107 people

Dimensions:
surface displacement 14 720 t
underwater displacement 24,000 t
overall length (at design waterline) 160 m
body width naib. 13.5 m
average draft (at design waterline) 10 m

Nuclear power plant
nuclear reactor OK-650V 190 MW
PTU with GTZA
propeller shaft
jet propulsion

Armament:
torpedo and mine - 6 TA x 533 mm, torpedoes, torpedo missiles, cruise missiles.
Rocket - 16 launchers of the D-30 complex, SLBM R-30 (SS-NX-30) - number of missiles: 16 (project 955)

The naval forces are now using the new fourth-generation project 955 Borey nuclear submarines. The lead ship of this project was a submarine named after Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. The design and technical documentation was developed by engineers from the Rubin Design Bureau.

After the plan was approved, the nuclear submarine was laid down on December 22, 1996 at the shipyard of OAO PO Severnoye Machine-Building Enterprise in Severodvinsk. During the construction of the Yuri Dolgoruky nuclear submarine, the experience of Soviet shipbuilders was applied.

Also, in the creation of a nuclear submarine, the idea of creating a hull structure was borrowed, which made it possible to reduce the cost of building a submarine. The nuclear submarine is equipped with a nuclear reactor of the OK-650V type using thermal neutrons. The capacity of the steam turbine units is 190 MW.

The government of the Russian Federation plans to build 8 Project 955 Borey missile carriers. However, today the completion of the construction of the second submarine K-550 "Alexander Nevsky", laid down on March 19, 2004, and the continuation of the construction of the third nuclear submarine "Vladimir Monomakh", laid down on March 19, 2006 are progressing rather slowly.

Also, the name of the fourth submarine of this project is already known - "St. Nicholas". All four nuclear power plants will be deployed at the naval base in Vilyuchinsk (Kamchatka Peninsula) and will become part of the Pacific Fleet. A huge work has already been done there to build the necessary infrastructure, both for ships and for submariners:
- completely rebuilt pier area
- organized technical protection of the basing system
- modernization of the training center
- several residential buildings for family members of submariners were put into operation.

Ships like the strategic missile submarine Yuri Dolgoruky will soon become the backbone of the naval component of the Russian Federation's nuclear triad.

When writing the article, we used open materials from Internet sources.

Missile submarine cruiser. Nuclear submarines of Russia: number

Heavy missile submarine cruisers strategic purpose Russia and foreign countries(rating)

TRPK type Ohio

TRPK project 667BDRM "Dolphin"

TRPK project 941 "Shark"

TRPK project 955 "Borey"

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