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Knight

1. knight;
2. barons;
3. bishops;
4. graphs;
5. dukes;
6. king.

The knight came from petty feudal lords and closed the hierarchical ladder of feudal high society. Knights for their service to the king - the supreme lord - were given land plots.

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Supreme Senior King

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Knights weapons

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The main shrine of the knight is the sword

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Knight's coat of arms

The knight had his own coat of arms - a distinctive sign of the family and a motto - a short saying that explained the meaning of the coat of arms. The coat of arms and the motto were located on the shield, which was a kind of calling card knight.

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knight's horse

The knight had 2-3 horses: ordinary and combat, in armor. Such a horse could only be hit in the belly. The horse's head was covered with a metal or leather cap, the chest with iron plaques, and the sides with leather. In addition, the horse was covered with a blanket or saddlecloth made of velvet or other expensive material with embroidered coats of arms of knights. Horses "armed" in this way were called "plated".

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In order to become a real warrior-knight, it took a lot of time and effort. Knights were preparing for military service from childhood. At the age of seven, boys became pages (personal servants) of noble feudal lords or the king. Then - squires. They were trained in fencing, wrestling, horse riding, javelin throwing. And only after that, the ceremony of consecrating them as knights was finally performed.

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Knighting

Knighting symbolized entry into a privileged estate, its introduction to rights and duties, and was accompanied by a special ceremony called accolade.

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In the knightly environment, a set of ideas about the ideal knight gradually developed, which was considered mandatory to follow. This set of ideas was called the code of knightly honor.
The knight was required to:

• faithfully serve your lord and king;
• be brave;
• be ready for a feat in the name of knightly honor or for the sake of a beautiful lady;
• fight the enemies of the Christian faith;
• protect the weak and offended;
• be true to your word;
• be generous, don't be stingy.

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Occupations of the knights

The main occupation of a knight is war. In peacetime, the knights hunted and participated in tournaments. Tournament is a fighting competition of knights.

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Castles of the knights

The knights lived in fortified stone fortresses - castles. The castle was built on a hill, surrounded by a wide moat with water. A drawbridge was thrown over the moat. Powerful fortifications towered behind the moat: there could be several fortress walls. A donjon towered above all the buildings - the main tower of the castle, in which the owner lived with his family.

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Bourguignot A type of medieval European helmet. It was characterized by a strongly elongated back rounded body, equipped with a rigid or movable butt pad. The front was supplied with a visor directed upwards. From the sides on the loops they were attached to the ears, according to the type of which bourguignots can be classified: Open type. The ears are connected by chin straps. closed type. They form a chin rest on the ears, it could be supplemented with a folding chin rest, forming a kind of visor. From above, the helmet was usually supplemented with a crest; there were three of them on the early bourguignots. On the back of the head, under the crest, a sleeve for the Sultan was often installed. Brigantine Armor made of plates riveted under a cloth base. The cloth base of knightly brigantines was often covered with velvet, often with coats of arms, and the rivets were given a decorative shape. In the XIII-XIV centuries, the brigantine was a typical knightly armor, and in the XV century - a typical infantry.

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Bouvigère An element of a helmet or a separate element of head protection, in the form of a half-collar, which also covers part of the chest, the face from below to the chin and sometimes the shoulders. As a rule, it was used with sallet or caplet type helmets, with which it could form a single structure. Aventail An element of the helmet in the form of a chain mail mesh framing the helmet along the lower edge. Covered the neck, shoulders, back of the head and sides of the head; in some cases, the chest and lower face. Aventail met mainly in Russia or in eastern countries. Aventail can be open or cover the bottom of the face (in this case, the part that covered the face was unfastened on one or both sides).

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Bascinet View of the dome of a helmet of the XIV century with chain mail aventail. The bascinet appears in the years 1330-1340, representing a hemispherical helmet. Bascinets are distinguished by the type of visor: the visor of the “hundsgugel” type (German “dog muzzle”) is a cone-shaped visor strongly extended forward. Hauberk Type of armor. It was a chain mail with a hood and mittens (the hood and mittens could be made both separately and be integral with chain mail). Also complemented by chainmail stockings.

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Chausses Foot protection, usually made of mail. Chausses could be knee-length, or they could cover the leg along its entire length. They were the standard metal leg armor for much of the European Middle Ages. They provided flexible protection for the legs, and were effective against cutting blows, but practically did not protect against crushing blows. Starting from the 13th century, chausses began to be strengthened with plate plates. One of the first places protected by plate elements was the knee. Chausses fell into disuse in the 14th century with the advent of plate armor. Shosses were also called woolen stockings, as part of civilian clothing. Barbute Italian infantry helmet of the 15th century, largely covering the face due to the developed cheek pads. The Y-shaped neckline of some 15th-century barbutes replicates antique hoplite helmets. There are two explanations for this name, which literally means "bearded": a helmet "with a beard", that is, with protrusions covering the cheeks, and "a helmet from under which the wearer's beard sticks out". Barbutes were forged different shapes- from completely opening the face to completely covering it.

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ArmetClosed cavalry helmet of the XV-XVI century. characteristic feature of this helmet are: A spherical dome (before that, cavalry helmets had a spherical dome); Chinrest, consisting of two drop-down halves, in the closed position connected by a pin; The second visor, reclining on the back of the head; The helmet tightly fitted the wearer's head and neck. Most armets (except early ones) were equipped with neck and collarbone protection. Topfhelm A European cavalry helmet that appeared around the end of the 12th century during crusades. Cylindrical, pot-shaped, barrel-shaped or truncated-conical in shape, it completely hides the face of the owner. Small holes were often drilled below the eye slits to improve ventilation.

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Chapelle A type of steel helmet shaped like a hat. The only common element of the designs is the wide brim of the helmet, which provided additional protection to the wearer. The wide brim gave good protection against blows from above, such as cavalry sabers, and was very useful during sieges, as the wide brim protected the wearer from being shot or thrown from above. The first hats were made in England around 1011. Zervelier European medieval helmet. Used in the XII-XIV centuries. It was an iron hemispherical helmet, tightly fitting the head, similar to a helmet. He did not have any elements of face protection, except for rare helmets supplemented with nose guards. Could be worn over a chainmail hood by humble warriors. Zerveliers could be supplied with linings from rows of fabric, between which there was a shock-absorbing material.

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Rondel Disc, fixed on a plate pauldron and covering the armpit in front. The convenience of its use was that when a heavy cavalryman went on the attack, the rondel did not interfere with placing the spear on the stop: it simply moved to the side, and then returned to its place during hand-to-hand combat, leaving the hand vulnerable. If in the early Gothic the disks were made simply flat, then in the later samples, the disk, like all armor, was forged in a figured shape and decorated, including notching and engraving. Leggings A piece of armor that protects the front of the leg from the knee to the ankle. Leggings were part of Goliath's armor during his battle with David. They became widespread in the ancient world. They were used, in particular, by ancient Greek warriors (hoplites), as well as by Roman legionnaires from the times of the republic. Buturlyk (Batarlyg) - leg armor in Russia, which protected the lower leg and upper part of the foot of the rider in battles with infantry. The choker is a leg armor that protected the thigh from the waist to the knee.

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Plate armor The general name for plate armor. Depending on the epoch and region, the plates could not be made of metal, but of bone, fangs, horns, boiled leather, and even wood. Shoulders Shoulders are a piece of plate armor worn on the shoulders. Shoulders appeared during the Middle Ages, and were used until the Renaissance, when the popularity of plate armor began to decrease. During the 14th and 15th centuries, shoulder protection appeared as a small concave plate at the top of the shoulder, and several plates attached to it and running down the arm. As a consequence of the desire for more protection, the size of the shoulder pads increased to protect the armpits, as well as to protect part of the back and chest.

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Maximilian armor German armor of the first third of the 16th century, named after Emperor Maximilian I, as well as with a hint of maximum protection. The armor is characterized by an armet and a closed helmet with a corrugated visor, fine fan-shaped and parallel corrugations, often covering most of the armor, engraving, a sharply thinned cuirass, and square sabatons. Salad A group of helmets originating from bascinets, different in shape (from helmet-like to hat-like), but having as a common feature the presence of a nape (especially long for German sallads), as well as a longitudinal stiffening rib.

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Gothic armor German armor of the second half of the XV, characteristic feature which are sharp corners, especially noticeable on the elbow pads, sabatons (plate shoes) and gloves, as well as a sallet helmet, in variants without a crest, outlines very similar to the German helmet. In addition, as a rule, this type of armor had conspicuous corrugations and corrugations, which increased the strength of the armor as stiffeners. Another feature of the armor, which is not striking, was that this armor was designed to provide maximum freedom of movement, for example, the cuirass had a design that allowed it to bend and unbend freely. The only exceptions were half-gloves - half-mittens of some armor, better protecting fingers than a glove, but more mobile than a gauntlet, in which the large phalanges of the four fingers of the hand consisted of one relief plate, while the rest of the phalanges could move freely.

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Plate armor Protecting the chest and lower limbs was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, but fell into disuse after the collapse of the Roman Empire due to the cost and labor required to produce a lorica segmentata or similar plate armor. Full plate armor was very expensive to manufacture, and was mostly used only by the upper strata of society; lavishly decorated armor remained fashionable among 18th century nobility and generals long after it lost its military importance on the battlefield with the advent of muskets.

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Plate skirt The plate skirt was part of the armor. It was used in ancient Greece and Rome, in the form of leather strips descending from the cuirass. In the Middle Ages, plate skirts were first used on brigantines, then became part of white armor. It is a continuation of the cuirass and, as it were, part of it. Kulet Kulet - a piece of plate armor, consisting of small horizontal plates to protect the lower back and buttocks. The plates of the kulet were usually connected by hinges, which gave the armor a certain mobility.

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Cuirass The general name for armor consisting of one solid or several interconnected metal plates to protect the torso. A product of complex shape, for example, a helmet, was easier to cast than to forge. Bronze armor, including solid-cast cuirasses, was used in Rome until the beginning of our era, while helmets in Europe were made of bronze in the 19th century. The disadvantage of bronze was, however, its high cost. Copper, necessary for the manufacture of bronze, is found incomparably less often than iron, and tin was an acutely scarce material even in ancient times.

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Closed Helmet This is a military helmet worn by knights and other combatants in the late medieval era and early renaissance. He had a visor that turned and completely covered his head and neck. The closed helmet was used in battle, but was also popular in tournaments, where sometimes the visor was not solid, but had more slits, which reduced the degree of protection, but improved visibility. Tournament closed helmets were heavier and weighed up to 5.5 kg, while regular combat closed helmets were lighter and weighed approximately 3.5 kg.

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Gorget Originally a steel collar to protect the neck and throat. The gorget was part of ancient armor and was intended to protect against swords and other types of edged weapons. Most medieval gorgets were simple neck guards worn under the breastplate and back. These plates supported the weight of the armor worn on them and were often equipped with straps to attach other parts of the armor. Chainmail Armor woven from iron rings, a metal net to protect against cold weapons. She wore different names depending on the variety: chain mail, shell, baydana, yacerin. used different types chain mail - from a chain mail shirt that covered only the torso and shoulders to full hauberks that covered the body completely, from head to toe.

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Objectives: Find out: Who is a knight and WHICH PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? What is the code of honor for knights? What is the initiation of knights? How were the knights punished? Make a conclusion.

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Who is a knight? Knights were heavily armed mounted warriors who fought for the interests of the king or wealthy feudal lords. At first, anyone could become a knight, but gradually people began to be honored by rich people. Only they could afford to buy armor, a sword and a warhorse.

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WHICH PERIOD OF HISTORY IS CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? The Middle Ages was a period in the history of Europe and the Near East that lasted 1000 years, from 500 to 1500 BC. Things and concepts related to that period are called medieval.

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Code of honor. 1. A knight must be courageous - cowardice is the heaviest accusation. 2. The knight must respect the enemy, not attack him from behind and not use his weakness to achieve victory. Killing an unarmed enemy will forever cover the knight with shame. 3. Knights should not engage in an unequal battle, therefore, should not go several against one, and should avoid all deceit and lies. 4. A knight must be generous. 5. The knight obeys the chiefs and commanders placed over them; and lives brotherly with his equals. .

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What is knighthood? .Knighting is a great event in the life of a medieval person. It was both a symbolic and a legal act. Symbolic - because it meant the passage of initiation, familiarization with the glorious chivalric traditions and ideas of moral duty. It is no coincidence that in the late Middle Ages, the standard age for knighthood was considered the age of majority - 21 years. Legal - because it meant the entry of a person into the knighthood and the use of all his rights and obligations.

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Punishment of the Knights The rights and privileges given to the knights also implied greater responsibility for not fulfilling oaths and violating the code of honor. Misdemeanors were followed by cruel punishment up to the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or another grave and unworthy of his title sin was subjected to degrading and shameful expulsion from the noble society and the country, if he remained alive at all .. The shame that the demoted and damned knight incurred spread over several generations of his family.