The concept and types of social groups. The social structure of society is a holistic set of interconnected and interacting A set of interconnected social communities and groups

1) social policy 3) social inequality

2) social mobility 4) social structure

Which of the following is a significant sign for determining the social

Noah's structure of society?

1) people's cognitive interests

2) features of the character of people

3) the mental abilities of people

4) the level of education of people

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

The images of their connections. What social group is allocated by territorial (settled

To what) a sign?

1) women 3) programmers

2) teenagers 4) Petersburgers

A. Social structure society is a set of connections and relationships between social

other groups.

B. Social structure reflects the internal structure of society.

The internal structure of society, reflecting the connection of its main parties, is called

Wyut

1) social status 3) social mobility

2) social structure 4) social inequality

A collection of interrelated social groups constituting internal

The structure of society is called

1) social institution 3) social structure

2) social mobility 4) social inequality

Which of the named social groups is distinguished according to a professional basis?

1) Muscovites 3) conservatives

2) youth 4) military personnel

Delights?

1) the elderly, young people 3) the marginalized, the middle strata

2) Russians, Ukrainians 4) Orthodox, Buddhists

Which of the following terms characterize the demographic structure of general

Delights?

1) women, men 3) Belarusians, Tatars

2) parents, children 4) Muslims, Christians

The structure of society is represented by social communities and groups in many

The diversity of their connections. What social group is allocated by professional

Sign?

1) passengers 3) townspeople

2) men 4) engineers

What social group is allocated on a territorial basis?

1) clergy 3) Muslims

2) Europeans 4) women

The structure of society is represented by a set of social communities and groups

In the variety of their connections. What social group is allocated for political reasons?

Sign?

1) Voronezh 3) officers

2) Democrats 4) Women

What social community is distinguished on the basis of ethnosocial characteristics?

1) Orthodox 3) Slovaks

2) teenagers 4) voters

What social group is demographic identified?

1) Petersburgers 3) wage-earners

2) physics teachers 4) youth

Are the following judgments about social groups correct?

A. Small groups include ethnic communities.

B. Social groups whose activities are determined regulatory documents, on the-

are called formal.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

Are the following judgments about the social structure of society correct?

A. The social structure of society includes strata, classes, ethnic groups.

B. The social structure of society changes due to economic development society.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

The diversity of their connections. What social group is allocated by territorial (settled

To what) a sign?

1) women 3) liberals

2) teenagers 4) Rostovites

T. was born in Paris, his grandmother left Russia even before the Revolution of 1917. T. ho-

Rochaux knows Russian and Russian culture. He is proud to be Russian. It's about-

The phenomenon of signs of community

1) demographic 3) ethnic

2) territorial 4) estate

What social group is distinguished according to a professional basis?

1) passengers 3) engineers

2) men 4) townspeople

Small social groups include

1) citizens of the country 3) pensioners of the region

2) university students 4) class students

Members of this social community have rights, responsibilities and

Legions enshrined in custom and legal law. This group is an

Social structure of society A holistic set of interrelated and interacting social groups, strata and communities Microgroups family, labor collective, a small number of participants who know a friend, have common goal Macro groups of a nation, classes of a large number of people, not knowing friend, have a decisive influence on the social process

SOCIETY CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS GREAT SOCIAL COMMUNITIES: classes, estates, castes, strata EVERY PERSON, AT ANYONE OF THESE SOCIAL GROUPS, OR TAKES AN INTERMEDIATE POSITION.

The main types of social groups The caste is a closed social group. A person from birth to death was a member of the same caste. The caste division is typical for India. BRAHMANS KSATRIYA VAYSYA SHUDRA

The main types of social groups Estates are large groups of people united by the same rights and responsibilities, inherited. FEUDALS SPIRITUALITY PEASANTS

The main types of social groups Classes are large groups of people differing in their attitude to the means of production. Classes began to take shape with the beginning of the Industrial Age. BOURGEOIS PROLETARIAT

The main types of social groups Strata - a social stratum or group united by some common social attribute (property, professional or other) ENTREPRENEURS FARMERS WORKERS

Stratification indicators n n INCOME - the amount of money received by a person or family for a certain period of time EDUCATION - the number of years of study POWER - the ability to impose one's will and decisions on other people PRESTIGE - respect for a person's social position, prevailing in public opinion

Causes social inequality 2 theories: n People are different by nature (intelligence, talent, character) n The most capable perform the most important social work n Inequality is a natural feature of social development n A certain group takes possession of the means of production, gaining economic power and the ability to exploit workers n Inequality is a consequence of economic inequality

Social differentiation is the division of society into groups that occupy different social status Differentiation for social reasons Economic differentiation (rich, middle stratum, poor) Political differentiation (managers and governed, leaders and masses) Professional differentiation Differentiation for biological reasons Ethnic differentiation (peoples, tribes) Demographic differentiation (gender, age, place of residence)

Layers in modern Russian society 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Elite (oligarchs, top bureaucracy, generals) - 3-5% Middle stratum (small and medium-sized businessmen, trade workers, service workers) - 12-15% Basic stratum (intelligentsia, technical personnel, peasants, workers) - 60 -70% Lower stratum (elderly, disabled, dependents, unemployed, refugees) - 10 -15% Desocialized bottom (thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3-5%

n marginals (people who occupy an intermediate position between the main social strata) n lumpen (people who have sunk to the bottom public life)

SOCIAL STATUS - a person's position in society Prescribed status - a position received from birth. gender, nationality, age, social origin Achievable is a position achieved by one's own efforts. profession, education, position

Main characteristics of personality status nnn Territorial status (urban, refugee, homeless) Sex (woman, man) Age (child, adult, elderly) Race (Negroid, Caucasian, Mongoloid,) Nationality Health (healthy, disabled) Profession Political views, Religious views Education Income

movement of individuals and groups from one stratum to another Social mobility Types of mobility: 1. Voluntary (due to a change in place of work, position, place of residence ...) 2. Forced (under the influence of structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization...) 3. Individual 4. Group 5. Vertical (raising or lowering status) 6. Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Throughout life, a person changes belonging to social groups - this is a manifestation social mobility... horizontal vertical

Factors of social mobility n n n social order system (traditional / industrial society) technology changes social production(emergence of new professions) social upheavals (wars, revolutions) education social status of the family family school army church P. Sorokin Elevators (channels)

A manifestation of vertical social mobility is: 1) 2) 3) 4) moving from one district to another retirement promotion, childbirth

Social role - behavior corresponding to the status of a PERSON OF A CERTAIN STATUS SHOULD FULFILL THE ROLE PRESCRIBED FOR THIS STATUS - RULES AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR IF THE EXPECTATIONS ARE NOT JUSTIFIED AND THE PERSON WAS DEPARTING FROM THE PREPARED RULES OF HIS STATUS. Requirements of various social roles may conflict

Social control The system of means and techniques that regulate the behavior of people in society and prevent its deviation Self-control - the internal correlation of one's own actions and actions with the rules adopted by society Norms Social self-regulation is a maintenance mechanism public order Sanctions

Norms prescriptions of how to behave in society established order of behavior n Customs and traditions n Legal norms n Political norms n Moral norms n Religious norms that are inherited from predecessors are enshrined in laws, observance is ensured by the power of the state are reflected in laws, international agreements, political principles, moral norms are evaluative in nature, observance is ensured by the power of public opinion; observance is supported by the moral consciousness of believers, faith in punishment for sins

incentives or punishments to encourage people to comply with social norms Sanctions public approval from official organizations: awards, titles, titles ... n formal positive public approval: friendly praise, compliment, applause ... n informal positive punishments prescribed by official institutions: prison imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, excommunication ... n formal negative punishments not provided for by official authorities: remark, reproach, ridicule, nickname ... n informal negative If a norm has no sanction, then it ceases to regulate people's behavior

Are the following judgments about social norms correct? A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws. B. Behavior that does not conform to socially accepted norms is called conformism. n true only A n true only B n true both A and B n both statements are false

a form of interaction based on the collision of interests and needs of individuals and social groups Conflict n n n G. Spencer (1820 -1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process of natural selection and the struggle for survival; society must develop evolutionarily. K. Marx (1818 -1883): the conflict is temporary in nature, it can be resolved by the social revolution of G. Simmel (1858 -1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (help people to become more aware of their interests, promote intragroup cohesion, etc.) Conflictology: conflict is not an anomaly, but the norm of relations between people, one of the ways of their interaction (along with competition, cooperation, adaptation, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict n n Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the outside. Instigators are those who push other participants into conflict. Aides - people who contribute to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties. Mediators are those who, by their actions, try to prevent, stop or resolve the conflict. PARTICIPANTS

an event or circumstance as a result of which contradictions pass into the stage of open confrontation incident (pretext) escalation of the conflict, an increase in the number of participants in the conflict escalation of the conflict agreement of the majority consensus

Types of conflicts nnn depending on the conflicting parties (intrapersonal, intergroup ...) by the duration and nature of the course (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...) by the form (internal, external) by the scale of distribution (local, regional, global) by the means used ( non-violent, violent) according to the areas in which they occur ↓

about the distribution of power, domination, influence, authority n Political conflict based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups n National-ethnic conflict over the means of livelihood, the level of wages, the level of prices for various goods, access to these goods n Social economic conflict is associated with religious, linguistic and other contradictions in the spiritual sphere n Cultural conflict Forms of social conflicts: discussions, requests, adoption of declarations ... rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes ... war is an extreme form

Conditions and methods of conflict resolution n n n Conditions: identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals mutual interest in overcoming contradictions joint search for ways to overcome the conflict n n Ways: direct dialogue between the parties, negotiations, development and improvement social sphere life of society (expansion of the education system, health care, social security, housing construction, i.e. the creation of a developed social infrastructure)

Are the following judgments about social conflict correct? A. Conflict interaction exists in any type of society. B. Social conflicts always lead to negative consequences... n true only A n true only B n true both A and B n both statements are false

Social structure- a set of interrelated and interacting social groups, as well as social institutions and relations between them. That is, this is an analysis of all significant differences between people in the process of their life.

-) Estates-class structure

--) Class structure of society

Class- a large social group that differs from other groups in relation to the means of production (ownership of the means of production or not), according to its place in the system of social production (exploiters or exploited) and according to the criteria of access to social wealth (distribution of goods in society).

--) Social stratification

Social stratification- (Latin stratum - layer, layer) - the differentiation of a given set of people into strata (layers) due to the uneven distribution of functions of management, power and influence, rights and privileges, prestige and respect. On the basis of social differentiation of society, a system of incentives to work is created in order to change its social and property status.

Social strata- allocation of groups by:

---) roles in public organization labor (organizers and production managers or ordinary performers);

---) ways and shares of obtaining social wealth (labor and non-labor);

---) the size of the income received;

---) the level and means of earning income;

---) physical and mental labor;

---) performance of management or subordination functions;

---) the size of the income received (the lion's share or pitiful crumbs);

---) place of residence;

---) pastime;

---) amateur interests;

---) propensities for certain free activities.

Marginal layers- groups of people who do not fit into the social structure of a given society (■ people from the countryside who did not fit into the rules of behavior and values ​​of city dwellers, the disabled, the unemployed, vagabonds, parasites, beggars, criminals). Estates- social groups that have rights and obligations enshrined in customs or laws and inherited. Castes(lat. castus - pure) - closed groups of people performing specific inherited social functions.

-) Professional educational structure

These are people with higher and secondary education, students and schoolchildren, doctors and economists.

-) Ethnic structure of society

Genus- a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal), having a common place of settlement, a common language, common customs and beliefs. Tribe- the unification of the clans that emerged from the same clan, but later separated from each other.

Nationality- uniting people by territorial, neighborhood ties.

Nation- a form of community of people, characterized by the following features: -) community of territory,

-) common language,

-) the commonality of economic life,

-) general features of the mental make-up, enshrined in the mentality of a given nation,

-) national identity.

-) Settlement structure

Settlement structure- the spatial form of organization of society (■ townspeople and villagers). The city is a historically specific socio-spatial form of the existence of society, which arose as a result of the social division of labor (separation of handicrafts from Agriculture), a place of concentration of the population engaged mainly in non-agricultural labor

-) Demographic structure

Family- a small social group based on marital union and family ties (husband and wife, parents and children, other relatives), on joint management common economy, united by a common life and mutual moral responsibility for the upbringing of children.

Family functions:

--) Reproductive- reproduction of people.

--) Economic and consumer- housekeeping, a unified budget, the exercise of "family power".

--) Educational- socialization of the child - his preparation for a future independent life.

A person participates in social life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social communities - a family, a friendly company, a work collective, a nation, a class, etc. His activities are largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as interactions within and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, society acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a set of specific social groups that are in a certain dependence on each other.

The structure of the whole public system, a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them is the social structure of society.

In sociology, the problem of dividing society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and is characteristic of all levels of theory.

Social group concept

Group is one of the main elements of the social structure of society and is a collection of people united by any essential feature - common activity, general economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics... This concept is used in jurisprudence, economics, history, ethnography, demography, psychology. In sociology, the term "social group" is commonly used.

Not every community of people is called a social group.... If people are just in a certain place (on a bus, at a stadium), then such a temporary community can be called “aggregation”. A social community that unites people only on one or several similar grounds is also not called a group; the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist might classify students between the ages of 14 and 18 as youth; elderly people who are paid benefits by the state are entitled to benefits in terms of payment utilities, - to the category of pensioners, etc.

Social group- it is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way based on several characteristics, in particular, the shared expectations of each member of the group in relation to others.

The concept of a group as an independent one, along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society, is already found in Aristotle. In modern times, T. Hobbes was the first to define a group as "a known number of people united by a common interest or common cause."

Under social group it is necessary to understand any objectively existing a stable set of people connected by a system of relationships governed by formal or informal social institutions... Society in sociology is viewed not as a monolithic entity, but as a set of many social groups interacting and being in a certain dependence on each other. Each person during his life belongs to many similar groups, including a family, a friendly collective, a student group, a nation, etc. The creation of groups is facilitated by similar interests and goals of people, as well as the realization of the fact that by combining actions, a significantly greater result can be achieved than by individual action. Wherein social activities each person is largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as interaction within and between groups. One can argue with complete confidence that only in a group does a person become a person and is able to find complete self-expression.

Concept, formation and types of social groups

The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups and . As forms of social interaction, they represent such associations of people, joint, solidarity actions of which are aimed at meeting their needs.

There are many definitions of the concept of "social group". So, according to some Russian sociologists, a social group is a collection of people who have a common social attributes, performing a socially necessary function in the structure of the social division of labor and activities. The American sociologist R. Merton defines a social group as a set of individuals who interact in a certain way with each other, who are aware of their belonging to this group and who are recognized as members of this group from the point of view of others. He identifies three main features in a social group: interaction, membership and unity.

Unlike mass communities, social groups are characterized by:

• stable interaction, contributing to the strength and stability of their existence;
• relatively high degree unity and cohesion;
• clearly expressed homogeneity of the composition, suggesting the presence of signs inherent in all members of the group;
• the possibility of entering broader social communities as structural units.

Since each person in the process of his life is a member of a wide variety of social groups, differing in size, nature of interaction, degree of organization and many other characteristics, it becomes necessary to classify them according to certain criteria.

There are the following types of social groups:

1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, Scheme 9).

Primary group, according to C. Cooley's definition, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal and characterized by a high level of emotionality (family, school class, peer group, etc.). Carrying out the socialization of the individual, the primary group acts as a link between the individual and society.

Secondary group- this is a larger group, in which interaction is subordinated to the achievement of a specific goal and is of a formal, impersonal nature. In these groups, the focus is not on the personal, unique qualities of the group members, but on their ability to perform certain functions. Organizations (industrial, political, religious, etc.) are examples of such groups.

2. Depending on the way of organizing and regulating interaction - formal and informal.

Formal group is a group with a legal status, interaction in which is regulated by a system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have a deliberately set purpose, normatively enshrined hierarchical structure and act in accordance with the administratively established order (organizations, enterprises, etc.).

Informal group arises spontaneously, based on common views, interests and interpersonal interactions... It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. These groups are usually led by informal leaders. Examples are friendly companies, informal associations among young people, rock music lovers, etc.

3. Depending on the individuals belonging to them - ingroup and outgroup.

Ingroup- this is a group to which the individual feels a direct belonging and identifies it as “mine”, “our” (for example, “my family”, “my class”, “my company”, etc.).

Outgroup- this is a group to which this individual does not belong and therefore evaluates it as “alien”, not his own (other families, another religious group, another ethnic group, etc.). Each individual of the ingroup has its own scale for evaluating outgroups: from indifferent to aggressively hostile. Therefore, sociologists propose to measure the degree of acceptance or closeness in relation to other groups according to the so-called Bogardus' social distance scale.

Reference group- this is a real or imaginary social group, the system of values, norms and assessments of which serves as a standard for the individual. The term was first proposed by the American social psychologist Hymen. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: normative being for the individual a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations; comparative, acting as a standard for the individual, allows him to determine his place in the social structure of society, to evaluate himself and others.

4. Depending on the quantitative composition and the form of implementation of connections - small and large.

Is a directly contacting small group of people united to carry out joint activities.

A small group can take many forms, but the original are "dyad" and "triad", they are called the simplest molecules small group. Dyad consists of two people and is considered an extremely fragile association, in triad actively interact three persons, it is more stable.

The characteristic features of the small group are:

• small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
• spatial proximity of group members;
• stability and duration of existence:
• a high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
• the intensity of interpersonal relationships;
• a developed sense of belonging to a group;
• informal control and information saturation in the group.

Large group- This is a group that is numerous in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly mediated (labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous groups of people with common interests and occupying the same position in the social structure of society. For example, social-class, professional, political and other organizations.

A collective (lat. Collectivus) is a social group in which all vital connections between people are mediated through socially important goals.

Characteristic features of the team:

• combination of interests of the individual and society;
• commonality of goals and principles that act for team members as value orientations and performance standards. The team performs the following functions:
• subject- the solution of the problem for which it is created;
• socio-educational- a combination of the interests of the individual and society.

5. Depending on socially significant features - real and nominal.

Real groups are groups distinguished according to socially significant criteria:

• floor- men and women;
• age- children, youth, adults, the elderly;
• income- rich, poor, prosperous;
• nationality- Russians, French, Americans;
• marital status- married, single, divorced;
• profession (occupation)- doctors, economists, managers;
• place of residence- townspeople, villagers.

Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes called social categories, - are allocated for the purpose of carrying out sociological research or statistical records of the population (for example, to find out the number of passengers on privileges, single mothers, students receiving personal scholarships, etc.).

Along with social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasigroup" is distinguished.

A quasigroup is an informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a definite structure and value system, the interaction of people in which is, as a rule, an external and short-term nature.

The main types of quasigroups are:

Lecture hall is a social community united by interaction with a communicator and receiving information from him... The heterogeneity of this social education due to the difference personality traits, as well as cultural values ​​and norms of the people included in it, determines the different degree of perception and assessment of the information received.

- a temporary, relatively unorganized, unstructured accumulation of people united in a closed physical space by a common interest, but at the same time devoid of a clearly perceived goal and related to each other by the similarity of an emotional state. Allocate General characteristics crowds:

• suggestibility- people in the crowd are usually more suggestible than outside;
• anonymity- the individual, being in the crowd, as if merges with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to "calculate";
• spontaneity (contagion)- people in a crowd are susceptible to rapid transmission and change of emotional state;
• unconsciousness- the individual feels invulnerable in the crowd, out of social control, therefore his actions are "saturated" with collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.

Depending on the way the crowd is formed and the behavior of people, the following types are distinguished in it:

• random crowd- an indefinite set of individuals, formed spontaneously without any purpose (to observe a suddenly appeared celebrity or a traffic accident);
• conventional crowd- a relatively structured gathering of people, influenced by planned predetermined norms (spectators in the theater, fans in the stadium, etc.);
• expressive crowd- a social quasigroup formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already a goal and a result (discos, rock festivals, etc.);
• active (active) crowd- a group performing some actions, which can act in the form of: gatherings- an emotionally agitated, violent crowd, and rebellious crowd- a group characterized by special aggressiveness and destructive actions.

In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories have emerged that explain the mechanisms of crowd formation (G. Le Bon, R. Turner, and others). But for all the dissimilarity of points of view, one thing is clear: to manage the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify the sources of the emergence of norms; 2) identify their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) to purposefully influence their creators, offering the crowd meaningful goals and algorithms for further actions.

Among quasigroups, social circles are the closest to social groups.

Social circles are social communities that are created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members.

Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identifies the following types of social circles: contact- communities that constantly meet on the basis of certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); professional- going to exchange information exclusively on a professional basis; status- formed about the exchange of information between people with the same social status (aristocratic circles, women's or men's circles, etc.); friendly- based on the joint holding of any events (companies, groups of friends).

In conclusion, we note that quasigroups are some transitional formations that, with the acquisition of such characteristics as organization, stability and structuredness, turn into a social group.