Mobility in Sociology. Social mobility

Scientific definition

Social mobility- a change by an individual or a group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). Sharply limited in caste and estate society, social mobility increases significantly in an industrial society.

Horizontal mobility

Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another located at the same level (example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish between individual mobility - the movement of one person independently of the others, and group - movement occurs collectively. In addition, geographic mobility is distinguished - moving from one place to another while maintaining the previous status (for example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and vice versa). As a type of geographic mobility, the concept of migration is distinguished - moving from one place to another with a change of status (for example: a person moved to a city for permanent residence and changed his profession) and is similar to castes.

Vertical mobility

Vertical mobility- promotion of a person up or down the career ladder.

• Upward mobility- social recovery, upward movement (For example: promotion).
• Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).

Social elevator

Social elevator- a concept similar to vertical mobility, but more often used in the modern context of discussing the theory of elites as one of the means of rotation of the ruling elite.

Generational mobility

Intergenerational mobility is a comparative change in social status among different generations (example: a worker's son becomes president).

Intra-generational mobility (social career) - a change in status within one generation (example: a turner becomes an engineer, then a shop manager, then a plant director). Vertical and horizontal mobility is influenced by gender, age, birth rate, mortality rate, and population density. In general, men and young people are more mobile than women and the elderly. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the consequences of emigration (resettlement from one country to another for economic, political, personal reasons) than immigration (moving to a region for permanent or temporary residence of citizens from another region). Where fertility is high, the population is younger and therefore more mobile, and vice versa.

Literature

• Social mobility- an article from the Newest Philosophical Dictionary
• Sorokin R. Α. Social and cultural mobility. - N. Y. - L., 1927.
• Glass D. V. Social mobility in Britain. - L., 1967.

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• Pletink, Joseph
• Amsterdam (album)

See what "Social mobility" is in other dictionaries:

Social mobility- (social mobility) Moving from one class (class) or, more often, from a group with a certain status to another class, to another group. Social mobility both between generations and within professional activity individuals is ... Political science. Dictionary.

SOCIAL MOBILITY- change by an individual or a group of social position, place occupied in the social structure. S. m. Is associated both with the operation of the laws of societies. development, class struggle, leading to the growth of some classes and groups and a decrease ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

SOCIAL MOBILITY- SOCIAL mobility, change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Modern encyclopedia

SOCIAL MOBILITY- change by an individual or a group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Social mobility- SOCIAL MOBILITY, change by an individual or a group of the place occupied in the social structure, movement from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

SOCIAL MOBILITY- a concept by which the social movements of people in the direction of social positions are designated, characterized by a higher (social ascent) or lower (social degradation) level of income, prestige and degree ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

SOCIAL MOBILITY- see SOCIAL MOBILITY. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

SOCIAL MOBILITY- SOCIAL MOBILITY, a term used (along with the concepts of social movement and social mobility) in sociology, demography and economics. sciences to designate the transitions of individuals from one class, social groups and layers into others, ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

SOCIAL MOBILITY- (vertical mobility) See: overflow work force(mobility of labor). Business. Dictionary. M .: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. Graham Betts, Barry Braindley, S. Williams et al. General editorship: Ph.D. Osadchaya I.M .. 1998 ... Business glossary

Social mobility - personal quality acquired in the process learning activities and expressed in the ability to quickly master new realities in various spheres of life, find adequate ways to resolve unforeseen problems and fulfill ... ... Official terminology

Books

• Sports and social mobility. Crossing borders, Spaay Ramon. Great athletes, Olympic champions, famous football players, hockey players or racers are known all over the world. Undoubtedly, the sport that became their profession made them famous and rich. A…

Social mobility is the ability to change social stratum.

Social mobility- change by an individual or a group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility)

Kinds:

Under the vertical social mobility means those relations that arise when an individual or social object moves from one social stratum to another

Horizontal mobility- this is the transition of an individual or social object from one social position to another, lying at the same level, for example, the transition of an individual from one family to another, from one religious group to another, as well as a change of place of residence

Upward mobility- social recovery, upward movement (For example: promotion).

Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).

Individual mobility- this is when an individual moves down, up or horizontally independently of others.

Group mobility- a process by which movements occur collectively. "It occurs where and when the social significance of an entire class, estate, caste, rank, category rises or falls"

Structural social mobility- a change in the social position of a significant number of people, mostly due to changes in society itself, and not individual efforts. It is caused by changes in the structure of the national economy and occurs against the will and consciousness of individual individuals

Voluntary mobility this is mobility at will, and compulsory- due to forced circumstances.

Intergenerational mobility suggests that children achieve a higher social position or fall to a lower step than their parents

Intragenerational mobility- change in the social position of the individual throughout his life. (Social career)

Channels of social mobility there are methods called "rungs of the stairs", "elevators" that allow people to move up and down the social hierarchy. " Social elevator is a way to let you rise and help you to find a more pleasant position in society.

For Pitirim Sorokin, such channels as the army, church, school, political, economic and professional organizations were of particular interest.

Army. Used as a vertical circulation channel in wartime most of all. Large losses among the command staff make it possible to climb the lower ranks up the career ladder. lead to filling vacancies from lower ranks.

Church . It is the second channel among the main ones. But at the same time, “the church performs this function only when its social significance increases. During periods of decline or at the beginning of the existence of a particular confession, its role as a channel of social stratification is insignificant and insignificant ”1.

School . “The institutions of education and upbringing, no matter what specific form they take, have been the means of vertical social circulation in all centuries. In societies where schools are available to all its members, the school system is a “social lift” moving from the very bottom of society to the very top ”2 .

Government groups, political organizations and political parties as channels of vertical circulation. In many countries there is an automatic promotion officials in service over time, regardless of what position the person entered.

Professional organization how channel vertical circulation . Some of the organizations play a large role in the vertical movement of individuals. Such organizations are: scientific, literary, creative institutes. “Entry into these organizations was relatively free for all who showed the appropriate abilities, regardless of their social status, then the advancement within such institutions was accompanied by a general advancement on the social ladder ”3.

Organizations to create material values as channels of social circulation. The accumulation of wealth at all times has led to the social advancement of people. Throughout history, there has been a close relationship between wealth and nobility. The forms of "enriching" organizations can be: land tenure, oil production, banditry, mining, etc.

Family and other channels of social circulation . Marriage (especially between representatives of different social statuses) can lead one of the partners to social advancement, or to social degradation. In democratic societies, we can observe how rich brides marry poor, but titled grooms, thereby one is moving up the social ladder thanks to the title, and the other is material reinforcement of their titled status.

Assignment 2

Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Count d'Artagnan (fr. Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, comte d "Artagnan, 1611, Castelmore castle, Gascony, France, - June 25, 1673, Maastricht, Netherlands) - Gascon nobleman who made brilliant a career under Louis XIV in the company of the royal musketeers.

1. Type of social mobility:

Vertical mobility. Ascending. Individual. Voluntary. (D ”Artagnan made a career as a courier for Cardinal Mazarin in the years after the first Fronde => lieutenant of the French guard (1652) => captain (1655) => second lieutenant (that is, deputy to the actual commander) in the reconstituted company of the royal musketeers (1658) = > Lieutenant Commander of the Musketeers (1667) => Governor of Lille (1667) => Field Marshal (Major General) (1672).

Horizontal mobility. Charles de Baz moved to Paris in the 1630s from Gascony.

2. Channel of social mobility - the army

Factors that determined social mobility: personal qualities (high level of motivation, initiative, sociability), Physical and mental abilities, migration process (moving to a large city), demographic factors (male gender, age of entry into the service), social status of the family (D 'Artagnan was a descendant of the counts on the maternal side, his father had a title of nobility, which he appropriated after marriage)

3. Charles de Baz has reached a new social status, a high standard of living

4. There was no cultural barrier, D-Artagnan was easily accepted into the new society, was the king's close associate, respected both at court and in the army.

Louis XIV: "almost the only person who managed to make people love themselves without doing anything for them that would oblige them to do it"

1Sorokin P.A. Civilization. Society. - M .: Politizdat, 1992.

2Sorokin P.A. Civilization. Society. - M .: Politizdat, 1992.

3Sorokin P.A. Civilization. Society. - M .: Politizdat, 1992.

Concept social mobility means the movement of individuals (sometimes groups) between different positions in the hierarchy of social stratification, associated with a change in their status.

According to P. Sorokin's definition, "social mobility is understood as any transition of an individual ... from one social position to another."

There are two main types of social mobility - intergenerational and intragenerational, as well as two main types - vertical and horizontal. They, in turn, break down into subspecies and subtypes, which are closely related to each other.

Intergenerational mobility assumes that children achieve the highest social position or fall to a lower position than their parents. Example: the son of a worker becomes a professor.

Intra-generational mobility takes place where the same individual changes social positions several times throughout his life. In other words, it is called a social career. Example: a turner becomes an engineer, and then a shop manager, a plant director, a minister.

Vertical mobility implies movement from one stratum (estate, class, caste) to another.

Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward mobility (social ascent) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement).

Promotion is an example of upward mobility, demotion is an example of downward mobility.

Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level.

An example is the transfer of one work collective to another, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (their own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.

Variety horizontal mobility serves geographic mobility. It does not mean changing the status or group, but moving from one place to another while maintaining the previous status.

An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and vice versa.

If a change of status is added to a change of place, then! geographic mobility turns into migration.

If a villager came to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographic mobility. If he moved to the city for permanent residence and found work here, then this is already migration. He changed his profession.

Social mobility can be classified according to; other criteria. So, for example, they distinguish:

individual mobility, when movements down, up or horizontally occur in one person independently of others;

group mobility, when movements occur collectively, for example, after a social revolution, the old class gives way to the dominant position of the new class.

Sociologists refer to the factors of individual mobility, that is, the reasons that allow one person to achieve greater success than another: the social status of the family; level of education; nationality; floor; physical and mental abilities, external data; getting upbringing; place of residence; profitable marriage.

Mobile individuals begin socialization in one class and end up in another. They are literally torn between different cultures and lifestyles. They do not know how to behave, dress, or speak in terms of the standards of another class. Often, adaptation to new conditions remains very superficial.

Group mobility occurs when the social significance of an entire class, estate, caste rises or falls.

For example, the invasion of soil, pawnshops, Goths violated the social stratification of the Roman Empire: one after another, old aristocratic families disappeared, and new ones came to replace them. Barbarians founded new dynasties, and new nobles appeared.

As P. Sorokin showed on a huge historical material, the reasons for group mobility were the following factors: social revolutions; foreign interventions, invasions; interstate wars; civil wars; military coups; change of political regimes; replacement of the old constitution with a new one; peasant uprisings; internecine war of aristocratic families; the creation of an empire.

Group mobility takes place where the stratification system itself changes.

The concept of "social mobility" was introduced by P. Sorokin. Social mobility means the movement of individuals and groups from one social strata, communities to others, which is associated with a change in the position of an individual or group in the system of social stratification, i.e. we are talking about a change in social status.

Vertical mobility is a change in the position of an individual, which causes an increase or decrease in his social status, a transition to a higher or lower class position.

It distinguishes between ascending and descending branches (for example, career and lumpenization). V developed countries world ascending branch vertical mobility exceeds the downtrend by 20%. However, the majority of people, starting their working career at the same level as their parents, only slightly move forward (most often, 1-2 steps).

a) Ascending intergenerational mobility.

Intergenerational (intergenerational) mobility implies that children occupy a different position in relation to that of their parents.

For example, the parents are peasants, and the son is an academician; the father is a worker at the factory, and the son is a bank manager. In both the first and second cases, it is assumed that children have a higher level of income, social prestige, education and power compared to their parents.

b) Downward group mobility.

Group mobility is a change in the social position of an entire class, estate, caste, group. As a rule, with group mobility, displacements occur due to some objective reasons, and at the same time there is a radical breakdown of the whole way of life and a change in the very system of stratification.

For example, the change in the position of the nobility and the bourgeoisie in Russia as a result of the 1917 revolution. As a result of various kinds of repression (from forced confiscation of property to physical destruction), the hereditary aristocracy and the bourgeoisie lost their leading positions.

c) Group geographic.

Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another located at the same level (for example, changing a workplace while maintaining the same wages, the level of power and prestige).

Geographic mobility, not associated with a change in status or group, is a kind of horizontal mobility. For example, group tourism. Tourist trips of Russian citizens, for example, to Europe in order to get acquainted with historical and cultural sights.

If a change of location is added to a change of status, as in the above example, geographic mobility turns into migration.

Migration can be voluntary. For example, the mass migration of villagers to the city, or the mass exodus of Jews led by Moses from Egypt in search of the Promised Land, described in the Bible.

Also, migration can be violent. For example, the resettlement of the Volga Germans' diaspora during the reign of I.V. Stalin to the territory of Kazakhstan.

7.2. Social mobility of society

In the process of development of a society, its social structure does not remain unchanged. At the micro level, relationships, social ties, the composition of groups, statuses and roles, and relations between groups change.

At the macro level, the quantitative composition of the lower and middle strata changes the economic situation and political decisions of the authorities, legal and moral norms.

In addition, each person strives to improve his status.

All this creates not a frozen, not static, but a dynamic picture of society. Social mobility is one of the processes of social dynamics.

Social mobility is the transition of an individual or social group from one social stratum to another.

Social mobility is distinguished by types, types and directions.

There are two types of social mobility:

horizontal mobility is movement within one's own stratum. For example, the transfer of an engineer from one plant to another to a similar position;

vertical mobility - moving from a higher (lower) stratum to a lower (higher) one.

Vertical mobility has two directions of movement. For example, when a manager is assigned to superior position, we can talk about climbing. When a manager is dismissed and promoted to demotion, sociologists talk about descent.

Vertical mobility can be of two types:

group. For example, increasing or decreasing the prestige of the military in society;

individual vertical mobility serves as an indicator of changes in the position of an individual in society.

In addition, social mobility differs in spheres: economic, political, social, cultural, etc.

The intensity of social mobility depends on the level of development of society, economic conditions, democratic relations, and the standard of living of the population.

Postindustrial society is characterized by intense, vertical mobility. In a democratic society, where the position of a person does not depend on his prescribed status, nationality, religion, channels of vertical mobility are open, and everyone who meets certain requirements has the opportunity to raise his social status.

According to P. Sorokin, in a democratic society "there are many openings and lifts for ascent and descent." But the opposite statement, that is, the greater the social mobility, the more democratic the society, will be incorrect, since each society has a certain mobility corresponding to its democracy, the level of political and socio-economic development, the standard of living and the general culture of its members. Excessive social mobility, for example, a large number of people from the lower strata in management structures, speaks of some kind of abnormality, social cataclysm (revolution, war, epidemic, which destroyed many representatives of the upper strata at once).

G. Mosca believed that three options for the social mobility of the elite are possible:

"Perpetuating" without renewal;

"Immortalization" with renewal;

"Clean" update.

The best option for a stable society is the second, that is, the systematic renewal of the elite within a certain framework.

The same is true for the concept of a non-elite, democratic society. Obviously, there is a certain limit, a threshold of social mobility, which, without disturbing stability, stability social structure and social processes cannot be exceeded.

In a democratic society, where there are no social, national and other restrictions, nevertheless, a certain social mechanism, restraining mobility, preventing it from reaching a critical limit. This is a mechanism of competition, which manifests itself not only in the economic struggle, but also in any struggle to raise social status. In the competitive struggle for a higher status in a democratic society, restrictions are manifested in education (certain positions require a certain level and quality of education), in abilities and physical capabilities. Finally, the possibilities of competitive struggle for raising the status largely depend on the opposition of other people occupying neighboring positions in the social structure of society (above, below, next to each other).

Thus, there is no stable society where social mobility is not limited. Unlimited mobility means a crisis in society, when the ruling elite and the strata that support it completely change. Lack of mobility means stagnation and decay of society.

Social mobility is a natural social process. Its goal is the stabilization of society, the organization of social exchange, the timely replacement of free social positions, the satisfaction of the social and natural needs of people for power, influence and prestige.

As noted above, vertical mobility is carried out along certain elevators, or channels.

Let's take a closer look at the channels of social mobility.

School (education). The school not only provides primary education, but also performs primary selection (selection). First, the selection is made by school. Pupils of prestigious (private, specialized) schools have the best chances for admission to a university. At the end of school, the selection mechanism assigns graduates either to production, or to a college (technical school), or to a university.

For those entering universities, there is also a choice - a prestigious or a non-prestigious university, which provide different starting positions for a subsequent career. Thus, the school (education) is the primary social distributor, the social lift.

Family. Carries out socialization, that is, ensures the entry of the individual into society. The fate of a person depends on the upbringing, knowledge and skills acquired in the family, on the connections that the family has. In addition, the family, which a person creates himself, is of great importance. Social status spouse, his family is also a channel of social mobility.

Professional organizations (industrial, agricultural, scientific, managerial, etc.) are the next link in social selection, a channel of social mobility. Graduates from the same institution may receive different distributions. In addition, people with different abilities and capabilities have different terms in their primary position. In a meritocratic society, that is, in a society where a person's status is directly related to the benefits brought to him (from the Latin meritas - benefit), social selection is made according to personal qualities and depends on the efficiency of the individual's work. In an authoritarian society, other selection mechanisms are triggered: connections in power structures, personal loyalty to the boss, support for a certain policy, ideology, etc.

Political parties are an important channel for vertical mobility. An example of the rise of Colonel A. Rutskoy and Professor R. Khasbulatov to the heights of political influence, and then a sharp decline in their social status shows that this channel is also operating in Russia.

The army is a specific channel of social mobility. V ancient history there are many cases when people, using their military career, climbed to the very top of the social pyramid. Of the 96 Roman emperors, 36 began their activities in the lowest strata of society and achieved supreme power through military service. In modern times, everyone knows the example of Napoleon. V modern history these are C. de Gaulle, D. Eisenhower, G.K. Zhukov.

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