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The main stages of the production of printed media. The main stages of printing production

In the production of printed products, the following stages can be distinguished: typing, reproduction of graphic materials, prototyping, layout, transfer of an image to a medium (printing process), post-printing processes.

Consider how these processes have changed over time.

Kit. From ancient times (China, 8th century AD) and up to the 15th century, the set was carried out by carving in stone slabs (lithography) or in wooden boards (woodcuts) the full text of the page, including the pictorial design. This method was laborious. Plates and boards quickly fell into disrepair, in connection with which it was necessary to renew them.

With the invention of individual letters by I. Guttenberg, the nature of the typeset changed - now the laborious process of cutting text in stone or wood disappeared. The letters were metal, so they could withstand a large print run. This process did not fundamentally change with the invention of the linotype. The text, pre-typed on a typewriter, was typed again from the linotype keyboard and turned into castings in the form of monolithic metal lines with a relief surface. Then these metal strings were inserted into the so-called. checkout, and thus the image of the whole page was obtained.

The advent of computers has revolutionized the typing process. Although it is carried out from the keyboard in the same way as with the help of the linotype, the further fate of the typed text is significantly different.

Reproduction of pictorial materials. The use of pictorial materials, apparently, began only in the early Middle Ages. And even then these were mainly drop caps, patterned headpieces. They were carved in stone or wood at the same time as the text.

With I. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press, the input of visual materials took the form of production cliche. In the future, this form did not fundamentally change, only the cliche manufacturing technologies changed. They were cut out on metal plates on copying machines like a lathe, made by photochemography with further replication (plastic cliches).

Computer technology has made it possible to abandon clichés. Today, graphic materials, whether they are elements of page design, line, black-and-white or color photographs, are placed on the page of a publication on a computer in the process of typesetting.

Layout. In the pre-computer era, processes prototyping and layout were separated. Layout is the process of compositionally placing drawing elements on a format. The end result is a layout. The most recent model signed into production is the original model.

Prototyping took place in the editorial office.

Layout is the process of placing text and illustrative blocks in the format field, taking into account the layout design and spelling requirements. With the advent of computer technology, the process layout moved from the printing house to the editorial office and in time was combined with the process prototyping.

Transferring the image onto paper (printing). By definition, printing is the process of transferring a colorant (printing ink, toner) from a printing plate to a printing material, usually paper.

Polygraphic performance publications - the production of a material object using a number of printing processes: prepress, printing (high, flat, gravure or screen printing), binding and finishing. The level of printing of a publication largely determines its quality.

Printing ink is a heterogeneous colloidal system consisting of highly dispersed particles of pigments (lacquer pigments), evenly distributed and stabilized in the liquid phase of the binder.

Printable form - this is the surface of a plate, plate or plate cylinder made of a variety of materials (photosensitive layer or photopolymer, metal, plastic, paper, wood, lithographic stone), which serves to form and save the image in the form of separate areas that perceive the printing ink (printing elements) and not perceiving it (blank elements). The ink from the printing elements should easily transfer to the printed material or to a transfer link, for example, to a blanket or to a tampon, so that the image can then be transferred, as a rule, to paper.

Printing elements create an image on the printing plate. They perceive the ink and then transfer it to paper or to an intermediate link (blanket, swab), thus creating a colorful image on the print during the printing process.

Whitespace serves as a background for creating an image on a printed form. They do not perceive ink and therefore do not transfer image elements to the paper during printing.

The sharper and clearer the border between white space and printed elements, the better the printed form. The number of high-quality prints that can be obtained during the printing process before the blurring (destruction) of these boundaries is defined in the printing industry as the print form's circulation resistance.

Depending on the location of the printed and blank elements on the printing plate, four main printing methods can be distinguished: high, flat (offset), deep and stencil.

Post-printing processes. These include binding processes-Pulling off sheets, cutting, folding, assembling blocks, binding notebooks, cape cover, trimming and finishing processes - varnishing of prints, lamination, foil stamping, punching (figured cutting).

Control questions:

What did the Chinese artisan Bi Shen invented?

Who invented the first printing press?

Who first began to print Slavic books in the Cyrillic alphabet?

What is Ivan Fedorov famous for?

What is lithography?

What is woodcut?

What is incunabula?

Who Invented the Linotype?

What is the linotype for?

What is the difference between layout and layout processes?

What is a printable?

What does the post press include?

Rice. 1.8. The structure of the production of electronic, print media and multimedia products Rice. 1.9. Structural scheme printing technological process

Printing production is a combination of various technical means and technologies used for printed reproduction of text and graphic information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.

Polygraphic information presented in the form of text, digital data, tables, mathematical and other formulas is called text information, and illustrations, graphs, diagrams, ornaments, drawings, rulers, maps and other images are called graphic information. Traditionally, there were two separate areas in a printing company, one of which processed text information, and the second - graphic information. The unification of text and visual information is carried out in the third section, where the layout of a particular publication is carried out.

Printing is the basis of the production process in the printing industry. Printing is the multiple production of identical prints of text and images by transferring the ink layer from the printing plate to the printed material: paper, cardboard, plastic film, etc.

The carrier of graphic print information is a printing plate, which is, as a rule, a plate or a cylinder, on the surface of which there are printing and non-printing elements.

The printing element is the areas of the form that perceive the printing ink and subsequently transfer it to the printed material. Whitespace are areas that do not absorb ink and, therefore, these areas on the printed material will not be covered with an ink layer.

The formation of printing elements on a form can be carried out due to their spatial separation or the creation of various physicochemical or other properties of printing and space elements. The printing process is carried out in a printing machine, which requires ink and printing material.

Various types of printing are used in the printing industry, but the main ones are three types: high, flat and gravure printing.

Letterpress printing forms (Fig. 1.1, a) have a spatial separation of printing and blank elements: relief printing elements 1 are in the same plane, and blank elements 2 are deepened by different amounts depending on their area. In letterpress printing, the printing elements are covered with a uniformly thick ink layer 3 (Fig. 1.1, b) and therefore, in all areas of the print, the thickness of the ink layer is practically the same (Fig. 1.1, c)

Printing forms of flat printing (Fig. 1.2) have printing 1 and space 2 elements (Fig. 1.2, a) practically in the same plane, but they have different physicochemical properties: the former are oleophilic (perceive paint), the latter are hydrophilic (do not perceive paint).

When printing ink 3 (Fig. 1.2, b), it adheres only to oleophilic printing elements. Before each print is taken in the printing process, the plate is first moistened with a certain aqueous solution, which only wetts the hydrophilic blanks. Since all printing elements are in the same plane, they are all covered with a layer of paint uniform in thickness, and therefore all elements of the print (Fig. 1.2, c) consist of an ink layer of the same thickness.

Forms of gravure printing (Fig. 1.3) also have a spatial separation of space and printing elements. The printing elements 1 (Fig. 1.3, a) are deepened by different or the same amount. They represent, regardless of the nature of the image (text, illustrations), separate cells of a very small area, which are separated by thin partitions - spaces. These partitions and other space elements 2 (Fig. 1.3, a) are elevated and are at the same level. Intaglio forms are usually produced on a cylinder.

When printing, low-viscosity ink 1 (Fig. 1.4) is first applied in excess to the entire surface of the rotating form 2. Next, a special knife (squeegee) 3, in contact with the cylinder surface, completely removes ink from the blanks and excess ink from the printing elements. As a result, the paint remains only in the cells (Fig. 1.3, c). The form, in contact with the paper, transfers paint depending on the depth of the cells of the form, and can transfer paint in the same layer.

The production of printed matter usually consists of three separate but interrelated processes:

1) processing of text and graphic information - originals to be reproduced by printing. As a result of this process, negatives or transparencies are obtained on transparent film or immediately ready-made printing plates. This stage is called prepress processes and includes a number of technological operations, the composition of which depends on the selected printing plate manufacturing technology and printing method;

2) printing of circulation - obtaining from printed forms a certain number of identical printed sheets or newspapers, which is the reproduction of information. This stage is called the printing process;

3) execution of stitching or stitching-binding processes (production of books, magazines, newspapers, brochures from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes are performed (varnishing of printing sheets, etc.)

Printing process. The transfer of the ink image from various printing plates to the printed material occurs, as a rule, as a result of pressure. The material to be printed can be in direct contact with the printing plate or with an intermediate resilient elastic element.

When printing, two cylinders are used, on one of which the printing plate is fixed, and the other provides pressure (Fig. 1.5, a). This ink transfer is typically used in letterpress and gravure printing. In this case, the image on the form must be reversed (mirrored) so that a “direct” image is obtained on the print.

In the case of using an intermediate elastic-elastic (canvas), three cylinders are involved in printing (Fig. 1.5, b).

Printing plate 2 in the process of printing transfers the image to plate 3, which receives ink from the printing elements of the form, and then transfers it to the printing material 1. In this case, the image on the printing plate should be direct, and on the rubber-fabric plate, reverse, and on paper as a result, we get a direct image.

For the reproduction of text and graphic information in the printing industry, a wide variety of printing forms are used, which can be classified according to a number of characteristics (Fig. 1.6):

The colorfulness of printed matter - forms for one-color (in most cases, black-and-white) printing and multi-color (usually two-, three- and four-color) printing;

To the symbolic nature of information - figurative forms containing only figurative information, textual - textual information and text-figurative, which contain text and figurative information;

Types and methods of printing - forms of high, flat offset, gravure and special printing methods;

The method of transferring (recording) information from the original or an intermediate information carrier to the form material.

Most printed forms can be divided into two groups: a) forms obtained by format recording of information, i.e. simultaneous recording of all points of the image on the form material and b) the forms obtained by element-by-element recording of information on the form material sequentially, with very small individual elements.

Printing forms obtained by format recording of information can be produced by photochemical methods (using mainly photographic and chemical processes) and electrophotographic methods based on the use of electrophotography.

In the manufacture of printed forms by element-by-element recording of information, the technique of element-by-element electronic scanning (scanning) of the original information is used and the formation of printing and blank elements, usually due to electromechanical engraving or laser action.

In the classical version of the production of printing plates, photochemical processes were most widely used, which made it possible to obtain photographic forms from publishing originals. Further, information from them was transferred, usually by a contact method, of copying onto formal materials.

The processes of making photographic forms and the operations preceding them are often called processing (more precisely, processing) of text and visual information. Treatment text information is a complex of operations, including: editing and typing of text, its proofreading, layout of pages of a publication, production of publishing text originals, production of photo forms (recording information and chemical-photographic processing). The processing of pictorial information includes two groups of operations: transformation of an image for the purpose of its polygraphic reproduction and the production of photographic forms. The first group, depending on the nature of the figurative originals, may include various operations, but in general they usually include: image scaling and rasterization, color separation, gradation and color separation correction.

An original for printing publications is a text or graphic material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing and is the basis for creating a printed publication by means of printing.

Originals for printing publications can be divided into three groups:

Publishing original;

Original layout (reproduced original layout - ROM).

Publishing original- text or graphic material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, signed for the set (for printing) responsible persons publishing houses for the manufacture of printing plates at a printing company.

The original layout is publisher's original, each page of which coincides with a page of a future book in terms of the number of lines and their content. The original layout can be typewritten (typed on an ordinary office typewriter), signed into the set and stamp and sent to the printing house for typesetting and printing.

Reproducible original layout(POM) is an original prepared for the production of a photographic or printing plate by a photomechanical method or by scanning as an image. V Lately With the spread of computer typing and computer publishing systems, this type of original is widely used for printing operational low-circulation publications (abstracts, conference materials, leaflets).

The quality of the original determines the quality of the printed reproduction. Only a flawless original creates the preconditions for a good final result. Small flaws in the original can be eliminated by printing retouch, and any significant intervention is fraught with the danger of image distortion. Therefore, very high requirements are imposed on the quality of originals for reproduction.

Types of originals. In printing processes, three types of originals are mainly used: drawings, photographs and objects. Previously, the main type of originals was drawings, and now 90% of all originals are color photographs.

Drawings. There are two main types of drawings: painting and commercial graphics. Painting is the result of the artist's creative activity and when creating it, the task of reproducing it by printing methods is not worth it. Therefore, the task of the printing industry is to ensure the maximum identity of the print to the original painting. This will be determined by the capabilities of the image processing system and the printing process.

A special place among the drawings is occupied by polygraphic prints, which can be used as originals. The bitmap structure of a printed print makes special demands on the image processing process.

Commercial graphics are developed immediately with the calculation of further reproduction. In this case, the developer performs it in the color gamut that the reproduction system can provide.

Photos. The most common types of photographic images are color or black-and-white transparencies. These originals range in size from 35mm slides to A4 sheets. A slide is film exposed in the camera and therefore distorted by the capabilities of the optical system.

Color photo prints are made from a color negative. In this case, two optical systems are involved: one in the camera, and the second in the magnifier. Consequently, the loss of image clarity in this version is greater. However, color photo prints can be produced in future print format, and this makes it easier to assess the quality compared to a slide.

Nowadays, the photographic image, presented in electronic or digital form, is increasingly being used.

Samples of goods. The most common objects for reproduction are samples of goods: finishing materials, such as tiles, plastics, paints, etc. Such objects are usually photographed with a studio camera with a digital CCD scanner, which ensures high quality reproduction when printing.

When digitizing images and preparing for printing, consider the following requirements:

Technological requirements for the original;

Production requirements (plate and printing processes, features of material sealing);

Quality control and assessment.

In the production of printed products, in addition to the generally accepted units of measurement (SI), special units are used to measure some quantities - typographic units of measurement: copyright sheets, printed sheets, etc.

To measure the linear dimensions of printing plates and their individual elements, as well as the formats of stripes and the size of lines, typographic units of measurement are used - a point and a square.

One typographical point (etc.) is equal to (excluding England) 1/72 of a French inch, i.e. 0.3759 mm, or rounded 0.376 mm. The larger unit of measurement is a square of 48 kb, or approximately 18 mm. These units were proposed in France in the 18th century. In England, USA and some other countries 1 etc. is equal to 1/72 of an English inch, i.e. 25.4: 72 = 0.353 mm. In the Russian Federation, the French system of typographic measurements is used.

The paper industry produces sheet paper (in the form of individual sheets) and roll paper (in the form of a tape wound on a sleeve). The paper size is expressed in mm, where the sheet paper size is indicated by the product of the width by the length of the paper sheet, for example, 600 x 900 mm, and roll paper is measured by the width of the roll. In the Russian Federation, the formats of printed papers are standardized depending on the type of printed matter: book and magazine, newspaper, cartographic, etc.

The standard size range of paper for printing book and magazine products in the Russian Federation is established by GOST 1342.

Roll paper, as agreed with the consumer, can also be produced in widths: 360, 420, 640, 820, 1050, 1800 mm; sheet paper can be produced in additional sizes: 600 x 1000, 610 x 860, 700 x 750, 800 x 1000, 900 x 1000, 920 x 1200 mm.

The formats of the printed matter, as well as the formats of printing, plate and other equipment, are coordinated with the paper formats.

The format of the publication determines its size in width and length, expressed by their product in millimeters. The format of book and magazine editions is determined by the size of a block of a book, magazine, brochure cut off on three sides. In this case, the first size indicates the width, and the second - the height of the publication.

Based on GOST 5773-90, the format of publications is indicated by the size of the sheet of paper for printing in centimeters and fractions of the sheet (conventional designation), for example 60 x 90/16, where 60 x 90 is the size of the paper sheet, and 16 is the number of its fractions (parts). Typically, for book and magazine publications, the share is equal to a page. Therefore, a 60 x 90/16 paper sheet contains 16 pages on one side and the other, i.e. 32 pages in total.

To determine the format of an uncropped book and magazine publication, it is necessary to decompose the fraction of the sheet into two largest factors, and then divide the smaller side of the paper sheet by a smaller factor, and the larger by a larger one. So the format of editions 84 x 108/32 will be equal to: 84: 4 and 108: 8 before cropping, i.e. 210 x 135 mm. Since the width of the book is usually less than the height, this format is written as 135 x 210 mm.

The size of the finished edition (or its page) is less than a fraction of its sheet, since the block is trimmed on three sides. On the upper field by 3-4 mm, in the front - 5 mm and on the bottom 6-7 mm. Thus, the format of the previously considered example after trimming will be 130 x 200 mm.

Newspaper formats are indicated only by the width and height of the strip in millimeters, and sheet editions, depending on the type and format of the main publication, both in millimeters and in fractions of a paper sheet.

Table 1.1. Standard formats according to GOST 1342

Untitled document

Paper edition sheet size, mm	Leaf fractions	Symbol	Maximum edition size, mm	Minimum size, mm

Note: M - machine direction

Book formats must correspond to those indicated in table 1.1.

The original product of the transmission of information for visual perception is the original. Quite often, the original is the result of an author's work, presented in the form of text, drawings or poetry. To measure the volume of work of the author, as well as publishing workers, the concept of an author's sheet is introduced.

Author's sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of text and visual material. It is equal to 40 thousand characters. All visible characters - letters, punctuation marks, numbers, etc. are considered printable characters. and spaces in between. In the case of a poetic text, one author's sheet is equal to 700 lines of a poetic text, and for pictorial material this is 3 thousand allocation thousand characters, or 700 lines of poetic text or 3 thousand allocation "> A printed sheet is a unit of measurement of the volume of printed matter, which includes two concepts: a physical printed sheet and a conventional printed sheet. A physical printable sheet is any standard size paper sheet, printed on one side, or half of it, but printed on both sides.

Since standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, it is more convenient to use a conventional printed sheet, equated to a paper sheet size of 600 x 900 mm, to determine the total volume of published products. Then the reduction of any format to conditional diets is carried out according to coefficients taking into account the area of the given sheets. So the conversion factor for the 600 x 840 mm format will be 0.93, for the 700 x 900 format - 1.17, etc.

The volume of newspaper editions, as a rule, is calculated in the pages of the main newspaper format, i.e. A2 (420 x 595 mm) as well as printed sheets.

Publication - a product of the printing industry that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, printed and intended to convey the information available in it.

Circulation - the total number of copies of a particular publication.

A copy is each separate independent unit of this publication.

The total circulation is the sum of the circulation of all, for example, books, magazines and other products, issued by a publishing house for a certain period.

A notebook is a printed and folded sheet of paper. It is a unit of measure for the amount of work performed when performing some operations of the post-printing process. The folding option determines the order in which the stripes are placed when performing certain prepress operations.

The main task of the printing industry is to process information and disseminate it. However, in addition to this main task, the products of the printing industry perform many other functions, therefore the range of these products is very diverse. It is very difficult to develop a clear classification of printing products, primarily because of its diversity.

Printed products can be conditionally divided into five groups, taking into account their purpose:

1) publishing products, which mainly serve as a means of information;

2) label and packaging products, which are mainly a means of packaging (labels, packaging, etc.);

3) business products (various forms, technical documentation and much more);

4) special products(banknotes, stocks, certificates, postage stamps, letterheads government documents and much more);

5) products and semi-finished products that are subsequently used in other industries and industries (wallpaper, textured prints of various materials, etc.).

The most widespread of all products of the printing industry is publishing.

Currently, publishing products have a lot of highly competitive various types of information (radio, television, etc.). However, publishing products are very convenient for use, have a great preservation, a fairly low cost of reproduction, and are more acceptable for the bulk of the population.

Publishing products can be classified according to many criteria. However, the most commonly accepted are the following five features:

1) by material construction - book, magazine and sheet editions. The sheet includes: newspapers, posters;

2) according to the symbolic nature of information - text editions, graphic editions, cartographic, musical, etc. (include text and images);

3) by the frequency of publication:

Periodicals published after a certain interval (week, month, etc.), i.e. the number of issues constant for each year and at the same time of the same type (magazines, newspapers);

Non-periodical publications, issued once without their stipulated reprinting terms (books, brochures);

Continuing editions, released at indefinite intervals as materials accumulate (collections of scientific papers, etc.);

4) according to the intended purpose and nature of the information - official and scientific publications, monographs, literary and artistic publications, textbooks, workshops, encyclopedias, production publications.

V different countries in the world the printing industry in terms of production in value terms is from 1 to 12% of the production of the manufacturing industry.

V developed countries the volume of the printing industry accounts for 0.5-4% of the gross product, and in developing ones it can be at the level of 20%. The size and importance of the printing industry varies widely from country to country. For example, the US printing industry as an industrial sector ranks sixth, which determines its economic importance for the country. In the entire volume of world production of printing products, its various types have a different share. Currently, commercial products dominate. The distribution of the world market volume for certain types of products is characterized by the following data: books - 7%, newspapers - 16%, magazines - 9%, catalogs - 4%, packaging labels - 18% and advertising blanks - 46%.

A non-periodical print publication over 48 pages is considered a book, and an edition over 4 but not more than 48 pages is considered a brochure. The basis of the book is book block B, which is enclosed in cover A. Books can also be issued in covers. A book block consists of several notebooks or sheets, fastened together in the spine in one way or another.

External elements of the block. These elements include: spine, endpaper, captal, spine material, cuts and ribbon-bookmark.

The spine is the left end side of block B (Fig. 1.7, a), along which notebooks or book sheets are fastened. Depending on the type of design, there are straight, round and mushroom-shaped roots.

The endpaper is two four-page sheets of paper selection "> Kaptal K (Fig. 1.7, b) is used for a more durable connection of notebooks in a block, as well as an element of decoration for medium and large books. glued to the top and bottom edges of the trimmed book block.

Root material formula "src =" http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook842/files/for4.gif "border =" 0 "align =" absmiddle "alt =" (! LANG:, which increases the strength of the bonding of the block with the lid.

Cuts are called the end sides (front, top and bottom) of the book block and to improve the design of the book and to prevent contamination, they are sometimes painted over. The front edge, depending on the shape of the block spine, can be straight or concave.

Ribbon bookmark L makes the book easier to use. It is made of a tape, one end of which is attached to the upper part of the block spine, and the tape itself is inserted into the block and extends beyond the edge of the lower edge.

Internal elements of the book block. In addition to the pages of the main text, a book block can have the following additional elements:

Title page T (Fig. 1.7) is the first output page of the book. Basically, a single (two-page) title page is used. The title contains: the title of the book, the surname and initials of the author, the name of the publishing house (issuing company), the place and year of publication, and some other information.

Sometimes a title page is used, consisting of two adjacent pages of a book spread. This is used in multivolume, serial or specially designed editions. The design of the title page can be type, decorative type or illustrated.

The Schmutztitul is an unsealed back page in front of the title, which protects it from damage. In essence, this is an additional title page, on the odd page of which large headings, illustrations or various book decorations are placed.

The frontispiece is an illustration highlighting "> Leader or imposition is the first page of a book or component parts(chapters, sections). The text on it usually starts with some indent from the top edge. This space can be filled with an ornament or a splash pattern for decoration books.

Leading strip is the last strip of a book or section, chapter. Usually it is not completely filled with text. On the free part of the strip, an ending in the form of a decoration or pattern can be placed.

All other stripes are ordinary and can contain only text or images, or be text-graphic.

In addition to the main elements, additional reference elements are placed on the stripes: columns, footers, signatures and norms.

The column number defines the serial number of the page and can be located in the middle or on the side of the bottom or top margin of the page.

A header or footer is a line at the top (or bottom) of a strip with the title of a section or topic in a book. It makes it easier for the reader to use the book.

Signature is a number that defines the ordinal number of a notebook in a book block. A norm is printed next to the signature - a line of text with the author's surname or short name books. These elements are necessary for the correct completing of notebooks in a book block and they are placed on the first page of the bottom margin of each notebook.

There are unprinted margins around the strip to improve the readability of the book and prevent damage to the edges of the text and image. The sizes of the fields are determined by the book design option.

The magazine is one of the types periodicals... Magazines are very diverse in their readership. Most of the magazines are designed for a wide range of readers, but there are also special scientific and industrial magazines designed for a professional reader. Currently, a significant volume is occupied by advertising magazines. The magazine differs from the book by the frequency and efficiency of production, wide topics and variety of articles, as well as highly artistic design. In general, journals differ among themselves by their purpose, frequency, specialization, volume, design, design and other features. Unlike books, the cost of publishing magazines is partially offset by advertising revenue. The magazines have a short lifespan.

Many magazines have large circulations and their production differs significantly from the technology of book production. As a rule, the magazine is a folded notebook, sewing with wire or glue method and covered with a cover. The circulation of the magazine determines the printing option and, as a rule, sheet-fed or web-fed offset presses are used. In the case of mass circulation, it is economically feasible to use gravure printing machines.

Large format magazines require different stripe designs. The text on the strip is arranged in several columns, there are no imposition and trailing stripes, and the outer and inner sides of the cover are sealed with text and graphic material.

Illustrations on pages may be “bleed”.

Newspapers - periodical sheets containing operational information, official materials, articles on topical socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues. Newspapers may include advertisements, literary works, and more. In addition, newspapers of purely advertising content may be published. Newspapers usually consist of separate sheets of large format, selected in a set. Newspapers are issued on strictly fixed days of the week and time of day. The volume of newspapers varies quite widely. V Russian Federation Newspapers are issued in three formats: A2 (basic), equal to 420 x 594 mm, A3 - half A2, equal to 297 x 420 mm, and A4 - quarter A2, equal to 210 x 297 mm. Unlike books, only one page format is set for each newspaper format. For example, for A2 newspapers, the page format is 21.5 x 30.5 sq. 387 x 549 mm. A newspaper strip usually consists of text and images. The text on the page is arranged in columns, the number of which depends on the format of the newspaper (from four to eight). The most commonly used line format is from 2.5 to 4 square meters. The newspaper is distinguished by a wide variety of headings and headings typed in fonts of various designs and sizes.

For printing newspapers, rotary high-performance newspaper complexes are used, which ensure the efficiency of the newspaper issue with the provision of good efficiency indicators. At present, newspaper complexes provide multi-color printing of newspapers with good economic indicators. The advertising part of the newspaper covers the significant cost of publishing the newspaper, which makes it possible to reduce the price of a copy for the reader and makes it accessible to a significant mass of the population. The most significant newspaper categories are daily and weekly.

A brochure is a non-periodical publication, ranging from 5 to 48 pages, in a paperback, in the form of bound and bound sheets of printed matter.

Brochures are now widely used for the publication of brochures, descriptions and various consumer products. The volume of brochures is small and they are published in very small editions. However, to certain types brochures, especially those aimed at advertising, have very high demands on the quality of work. Most brochures come in multicolor and come in folded sheets or stapled notebooks. The costs of producing brochures are covered directly by the customers.

Other printed products mainly refer to packaging and various types of promotional products. Packaging can be made of various materials: paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, etc. Printing on packaging is performed by all known methods, and the choice of the type of printing is mainly determined by the material used for packaging.

Electronic media were widely used at the end of the 20th century and are of great importance in the field of information dissemination. In 1995 on the market of printed and electronic means information, the latter occupied a niche volume of 30%. Trends in recent years show that electronic media have steady growth at the level of 9% per year, and the print media are growing at the level of 3% per year. As a result, by 2010 the volume of services provided by print and electronic media will become equal. The intensive introduction of electronic media is ensured through the powerful use of computer technology and the Internet. High efficiency and the ability to obtain a large amount of information on any issue favorably distinguish electronic media from printed ones. Radio and television familiar to all of us, new forms of video and audio information using compact discs (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM) significantly expand the volume of electronic media.

Technological, technical and design possibilities of electronic media are very great. A traditional recording of a conventional film recorded on tape can be converted to video. Any book can also be presented in electronic form. Information in the form of a web page using a computer can be presented both in real and virtual space.

Electronic media can be distributed both on long-term storage media (CD-ROM, video, audio recording), and in real time (transmission of a concert, theatrical performances, etc.).

Output devices can be computer monitors, television screens, various types of projection devices, audio reproducing systems, etc. Of course, a special software.

Multimedia is a computer-oriented method of presenting information using a combination of different components: text, image, animation, graphics, video, audio, etc. As the most accessible example is a book with an attached CD-ROM.

In multimedia, information is presented in an integrated form and with the simultaneous use of several channels for its creation.

A laser CD-ROM may not always be a multimedia product. By itself, a CD-ROM is only a medium that can carry various information (text, sound, video, etc.). A CD-ROM becomes a multimedia product only when it combines text, sound and animation. Different kinds information on the Internet becomes a multimedia product only after they are linked together. The generalized structure of the production of electronic, printed media and multimedia products is presented in rice. 1.8

The Computer to Plate process is becoming widespread, since it has a high level of automation, is very efficient, provides high quality printing and software. economic performance is approaching the Computer to Film process.

With this method, the printing plate itself is exposed, and the production of a color print is carried out in 6 stages, including printing.

The most efficient way is Computer to Press. It is carried out in 4 stages thanks to the use of digital technology. In this method, electronic information is directly transferred to the printing plate, which is located in the printing press.

Nakoryakova K.M. A Guide to Literary Editing for Media Workers (Document)

Zasursky Ya.N. (ed.) Technique of Disinformation and Deception (Document)

Firsov B.M. Development Ways of Mass Communication (Document)

Braslavets L.A. Social Media as a Media (Document)

Bignell Jonathan. Postmodern media culture (Document)

Komarovsky V.S. Public Service and Mass Media (Document)

Presentation - Facts About Smoking (Abstract)

Rushkoff D. Media Virus (Document)

n1.doc

The main stages of printing production

Modern printing technology includes three main stages that no printing house can do without: prepress, printing and post-printing processes.

The pre-press production process ends with the creation of an information carrier from which text, graphic and illustration elements can be transferred to paper (printing plate production).

The printing process, or printing itself, allows you to get printed sheets. For their production, a printing machine and a carrier of information prepared for printing (printing form) are used.

At the third stage of the printing technology, called the post-printing process, the final processing and finishing of the sheets of paper printed in the printing machine (impressions) are carried out to give the resulting printed products presentation(brochure, book, booklet, etc.).
Prepress process. At this stage, one or more (for multi-color products) printing plates for printing a certain type of work must be received.

If the print is one-color, then a sheet of plastic or metal (aluminum), on which a drawing is applied in a direct (readable) image, can serve as a form. The surface of the offset form is processed in such a way that, in spite of the fact that the printing and non-printing elements are practically in the same plane, they perceive the ink applied to it selectively, providing an impression on paper during printing. If multicolor printing is required, then the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of printing inks, the image is pre-dismembered with the selection of individual colors or inks.

The basis of prepress processes is color separation. Isolating the constituent colors of a color photograph or other halftone pattern is a daunting task. To perform such a complex printing work, electronic scanning systems, powerful computer and software, special output devices for photographic film or plate material, various auxiliary equipment, as well as the availability of highly qualified, trained specialists are required.

Such a prepress system costs at least $ 500,000 - $ 700,000. Therefore, most often, in order to significantly reduce investments in the organization of a printing house, they resort to the services of special reproduction centers. They, having everything necessary for performing prepress works, prepare sets of color separation transparencies to order, from which sets of color separation printing plates can be made in a regular printing house.
Printing process. The printing plate is the backbone of the printing process. As already mentioned, at present in the printing industry, the offset printing method is widespread, which, despite its almost
100 years of existence, constantly improving, remaining dominant in the printing technology.

Offset printing carried out on printing machines, the principle of operation of which was discussed above.

Post-press process. The post-printing process consists of a number of important operations that give the printed impressions a presentation.

If leaflets were printed, then they need to be cropped and trimmed to specific formats. For these purposes, paper cutting equipment is used, ranging from hand cutters to high-performance cutting machines designed to cut simultaneously hundreds of sheets of paper of all formats common in practice.

For sheet products, the post-printing process ends after cutting. The situation is more complicated with multi-sheet products. In order to bend the sheets of a magazine or book, you need folding equipment, on which folding takes place ( from him.falzen- bend) - sequential folding of printed sheets of a book, magazine, etc.

If you need to make a brochure or book, consisting of separate sheets from the printed and cut into separate sheets of impressions, they need to be matched one to the other. For this, collating equipment is used. When the collate is complete, a thick stack of crumbling sheets is produced. For the sheets to be combined into a brochure or book, they must be stapled. At present, the most widespread are 2 types of fastening - wire and glued without sewing. Wire binding is mainly used for brochures, i.e. printed editions from 5 to 48 pages. Booklet makers are used for wire stapling. These devices can be used alone or
in combination with collating systems. More complex work is performed on special stitching machines.

For bonding a large number of sheets, glue bonding is used, which is carried out either using "cold" glue - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, or hot melt hot melt glue. The spine of the future book edition is coated with glue, firmly holding the sheets until the glue is completely dry. The advantages of this technology are the good appearance book, the flexibility and stability of the book block, strength and durability.

In the work of small and medium-sized printing houses, there are similar processes. However, these printing houses do not use offset presses as the main printing equipment, but duplicators capable of reproducing both single-color and multi-color copies.

Review questions for the first topic

1. The main stages of the formation of printing equipment and technology.

2. Methods of modern printing.

3. Systems of large and medium circulation printing.

4. Systems of low circulation printing.

5. The main stages of printing production.

Theme II
PHOTO TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY

Formation of photographic technique and technology

Photography is the theory and methods of obtaining a visible image of objects on light-sensitive photographic materials - silver halide (AgHal) and non-silver ones.

Photography originally emerged as a way of fixing portraits or creating images from nature, which took much less time than an artist painting. The advent of cinema and color photography greatly increased its possibilities, and in the twentieth century photography became one of the most important means of information and documentation. The variety of tasks solved with the help of photography makes it possible to consider it at the same time as a branch of science, technology and art.

The widespread use of photography in human life determines its versatility. Distinguish between black and white and color photography, artistic and scientific and technical (aerial photography, microphotography, X-ray, infrared, etc.), planar and volumetric. It is clear that any photographic image itself is flat, and its volume (in particular, in stereoscopic photography) is achieved by simultaneously shooting an object from two close points and then examining two images at once (each of them with only one eye). Absolutely special kind volumetric photography is holography: here the way of recording optical information is different than in ordinary photography.

The origins of photography go back to the late 15th century, when artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, used a camera obscura to project an image onto paper or canvas, which was then sketched.

Photography, in the true sense of the word, appeared much later. More than three hundred years passed before information appeared about the photosensitivity of certain substances and methods of using and preserving changes in such substances under the influence of light appeared. Among the first light-sensitive substances in the 18th century, silver salts were discovered and studied. In 1802, T. Wedgwood in Great Britain obtained an image on a layer of silver nitrate (AgNO 3), but could not fix it.

The date of birth of the photograph is considered to be January 7, 1839, when the French physicist D.F. Arago (1786 - 1853) informed the Paris Academy of Sciences about the invention by the artist and inventor L.J.M. Daguerre (1787 - 1851) of a practically acceptable method of photography, which he called daguerreotype. However, this process was preceded by the experiments of the French inventor J.N. Niepce (1765 - 1833), associated with the search for ways of fixing the image of objects obtained under the influence of light. So, the first preserved print of the city landscape, made with the help of a camera obscura, was obtained by him in 1826. Niepce used a solution of asphalt in lavender oil as a light-sensitive layer on tin, copper or silver-plated plates. In 1827 he sent to the British Royal Society a "Note on Heliography", in which he reported on his invention, and samples of his work. In 1829 Niepce concluded an educational agreement with Daguerre commercial enterprise"Niepce - Daguerre" for working together over the improvement of their method. Daguerre, continuing the development of Niepce, discovered in 1835 the ability of mercury vapor to show a latent image on an exposed iodized non-silver plate, and in 1837 he already recorded a visible image. The difference in photosensitivity compared to the Niepce process when using silver chloride was 1: 120.

The heyday of daguerreotype refers to the 40s - 60s of the 19th century. Almost simultaneously with Daguerre, the English scientist W.G.F. Talbot (1800 - 1877). He began photographic experiments in 1834 and in 1835 obtained a photograph using the "photogenic drawing" he had proposed earlier. A patent for this method was issued in 1841. In January 1839, upon learning of Daguerre's invention, Talbot tried to prove his priority. His brochure, A Report on the Art of Photogenic Painting, or The Process By Which Natural Objects Can Be Drawn Without the Aid of an Artist's Brush, was the world's first publication on photography.
February 21, 1839). A significant drawback of "photogenic drawing" was the long exposure.

The similarity between the Daguerre and Talbot methods was limited to the use of silver iodide as a photo layer. In the rest of the technology, the methods were very different: in the daguerreotype, a positive mirror-reflecting silver image was immediately obtained, which simplified the process, but made it impossible to obtain copies, and in Talbot's calotype, a negative was made.
with which it was possible to make any number of prints. Those. Talbot's method, representing a two-degree negative-positive sequence of the process, became the prototype of modern photography.

In the days of Niepce, Daguerre and Talbot, there was no term "photography" yet. This concept acquired the right to exist only in 1878, when it was included in the Dictionary of the French Academy. Most photography historians believe that the term photography was first used by the Englishman J. Herschel on March 14, 1839. However, there is another opinion: for the first time this term was used by the German astronomer Johann von Madler (February 25, 1839.).

Along with the development of chemical - photographic processes, Daguerre, Talbot and other scientists worked on the creation and development of photographic devices. The first cameras they developed were of considerable size and weight. So, L. Zh.M.'s cell Daguerra weighed over 50 kg. F. Talbot, using lenses with a shorter focal length, was able to produce smaller cameras. The Frenchman A. Selye in 1839 designed a camera with folding fur, as well as a tripod and a ball head to it, a light-protective awning, a stowage box in which all the photographer's equipment was placed.

In 1841 in Germany P.V.F. Feuchtländer manufactured the first metal camera equipped with I. Petzval's high-aperture lens. Thus, the design of most cameras of that period was a box - a camera consisting of a box with a tube in which a lens was built (focusing was carried out by extending the lens), or a camera consisting of two boxes moving relative to one another (the lens was mounted on the front wall one of the boxes). The further evolution of photographic equipment for filming was associated with a wide interest in photography, which led to the development of a lighter and more transportable camera, called a travel camera, as well as cameras different types and designs.

Simultaneously with the modernization and improvement of photographic technology, the development and chemical technology photos. Daguerreotype and talbotypy are a thing of the past. In the 60s - 70s of the XIX century, the wet collodion process became widespread, which was proposed in 1851 by the English sculptor F.S. Archer (1813 - 1857). Its essence consisted in the fact that a solution of collodion containing potassium iodide was applied to a glass plate immediately before photographing. However, the low photosensitivity of the photo layer, the need to prepare it immediately before shooting, as well as the fact that such a plate could only be used in a wet state, were significant disadvantages of the method; moreover, its use was limited to portrait work in pavilions.

Active developments to increase photosensitivity and create dry photolayers have led to the emergence of dry bromo-gelatinous plates. This discovery was made by the English physician R.L. Maddox (1816 - 1902), who published in 1871 the article "An Experiment with Gelatin Bromide" on the use of gelatin instead of collodion as a binder for silver bromide. The introduction of dry silver bromide plates made it possible to divide the photography process into two stages: the production of photo layers and the use of ready-made photographic materials to obtain negative and positive images.

The 80s marked the beginning of a period of development of modern photography. This was largely facilitated by the production of photographic materials of sufficiently high sensitivity. Indeed, if during heliography exposure was six hours, daguerreotype - thirty minutes, calotypy - three minutes, wet collodion process - ten seconds, then with the use of silver bromide gelatin emulsion it decreased to 1/100 of a second.

An important role in the development of photography on silver halide photographic layers was played by the discovery of optical sensitization ( from lat.sensibilis- sensitive). He found that the expansion of the spectral range of sensitivity of the layers can be achieved by introducing dyes into them that absorb light of longer waves than silver halides, which are selectively sensitive only to blue, blue and violet rays, i.e. shortwave rays. Vogel showed that the addition of the yellow-red dye coralline to the emulsion leads to an increase in sensitivity to green and yellow rays. Spectral sensitization not only made it possible to improve the rendering of colors when photographing, but also became a step in the development of color photography. Thus, by the end of the 19th century, fragile and heavy glass plates were replaced by photographic material on an elastic, light and transparent base, inert to chemicals.

American amateur photographer G.V. Goodwin (182-1900) became the inventor of the photographic film. In 1887 he applied for the invention "Photographic film and the process of its production." The creation of photographic film, and then the development by J. Eastman (1854 - 1933) of a photography system using this photographic material led to changes in the photographic industry, made photography available to the mass consumer both technically and economically. This invention had a very bright future. So,
by the 70s of the twentieth century, about 90% of all produced AgHal - photographic materials were photographic films. In the modern range of photographic materials, films are usually negative, papers are positive.

In modern photography, the AgHal version of black and white photography, a layer based on a process with "diffusion transfer", has also become widespread. In our country, this process is implemented in the "Moment" photo system; abroad, such systems were first developed by the "Polaroid" company (USA). The system includes a large-format (frame size 9 x 12 cm) camera, negative AgHal - photographic film, a multi-purpose processing solution uniformly applied to the surface of the film when it is rewound in the camera immediately after exposure, and a receiving, positive layer rolled onto the developing negative layer at that same rewind. Due to the high viscosity of the solution, the processing process is practically dry and allows you to obtain, without removing the negative film from the camera, a finished dried print on the receiving layer within a time of about a minute after shooting.

A special group of processes on AgHal - photographic layers - are the processes of color photography. Their initial stages are the same as in black and white photography, including the appearance of the latent image and its manifestation. However, the material of the final image is not the developed silver, but a set of three dyes, the formation and amount of which in each area of the photo layer is controlled by the developed silver; the silver itself is subsequently removed from the image. As in black and white photography, there exists both a separate negative - positive process with the printing of positives either on special color photographic paper or on film, and a direct positive process on reversed color photographs.
materials.

Color photography has become a major development photographic technology... The first who, back in 1861, pointed out the possibility of using color reproduction in photography, was an English physicist
J.C. Maxwell. Based on the three-component theory of color vision, he proposed to obtain one or another given color. According to Maxwell, any multi-color image can be color-separated into blue, green, and red in the visible spectrum. Then, by additive synthesis, these rays could be projected onto a screen. The results of the experiments showed that, for example, light with a predominance of blue and green rays forms blue on the screen, blue and red - purple, green and red - yellow, blue, green and red rays of equal intensity when mixed give white.

Color separation and additive synthesis (according to Maxwell) were carried out as follows. The subject was filmed with three black and white negatives through blue, green and red glass. Then, black-and-white positives were printed on a transparent basis, and rays of the same color as the filters used for shooting were passed through these positives, three partial (one-color) images were projected onto the screen, and by aligning them along the contour, a color image of the subject was obtained. Additive processes have found some application, for example, in the first versions of color cinema. However, due to the bulkiness of shooting and projection cameras and the complexity of combining partial images, they gradually lost their practical value.

The so-called raster method turned out to be more convenient. Starch grains stained in blue, green and red were applied to rasters, which were located between glass or film and a photosensitive layer. When shooting, the colored elements of the raster served as color-separating micro-light filters, and in the positive image obtained by inversion, they served as color reproduction elements. The first raster photographic materials, the so-called autochromic plates, were released in 1907 by the Lumiere company (France). However, due to the poor sharpness of the resulting images, insufficient brightness, the raster color photo already
in the 30s of the twentieth century gave way to methods based on the so-called subtractive principle of color synthesis.

These methods use the same principle of color separation as in additive processes, and color reproduction is carried out by subtracting primary colors from white light. This is achieved by mixing different amounts of dyes on a white or transparent base, the colors of which are complementary to the main ones - respectively, yellow, purple, cyan. So, by mixing magenta and cyan dyes, blue is obtained (magenta subtracts green from white, and cyan subtracts red), yellow and magenta dyes - red, cyan and yellow - green. By mixing equal amounts of all three dyes, a black color is obtained. For the first time (1868–1869) subtractive color synthesis was carried out by the French inventor L. Ducos du Oron.

The most widespread in modern amateur and professional cinema - and photography and color printing, are subtractive processes on multilayer color photographic materials. The first such materials were issued in 1935 by the American company Eastman Kodak and in 1938 by the German company Agfa. Color separation in them was achieved by selective absorption of the primary colors by three silver halide photosensitive layers placed on a single base, and the color image - as a result of the so-called color development using organic dyes, the foundations of which were laid by the German chemists B. Gomolka and R. Fischer in 1907 and 1912 respectively.

Color development is carried out using special developers based on color developing substances, which, unlike black and white developing substances, not only convert silver halide into metallic silver, but also participate, together with the colored components present in the emulsion layers, in the formation of organic dyes.

Along with the wide distribution of "silver" photographic materials
silver-free technologies are also used in photographic production, which are based on the use of photosensitive layers that do not contain halides or other silver compounds. They use photochemical processes in a substance dissolved in a binding medium, photoelectric processes on the surface of a thin layer of an electrified semiconductor, photochemical processes directly in polymer films and thin polycrystalline layers.

The advantage of non-silver photographic materials is one- or two-stage processing, a short image acquisition time, high resolution, low cost (4 times cheaper than black and white silver halide). The disadvantages of non-silver materials include low light sensitivity compared to silver halide photographic materials. Most are light sensitive only
in the UV region of the spectrum, they poorly reproduce halftones. For this reason, they are not used for direct photography, it is impossible or difficult to obtain color images on them. Nevertheless, non-silver photographic materials are used in microfilming, copying and duplicating documents, displaying information and other areas.

Thus, the sequence of actions for obtaining a photograph includes several stages. The first stage consists in creating a light-sensitive layer on the surface of the illumination distribution corresponding to the image or signal. Under the influence of light, chemical or physical changes, different in strength in different parts of it. The intensity of these manifestations is determined by the exposure applied to each area of the photosensitive layer. The second stage is associated with the intensification of the changes that have occurred, if they are too small for direct perception with the eye or device. At the third stage, the stabilization of the arisen or amplified changes takes place, which allows for a long-term storage of the obtained images or recording signals for viewing, analysis, and extracting information from the obtained image.

The available assessments of the importance and role of print media confirm the growing demand for them in the world. For example, the American magazine "Time" at the turn of the millennium emphasizes the discovery and use of printing in its socio-cultural meaning, and Johann Gutenberg's contribution to printing is considered one of the most important inventions of the past millennium. At the present time, the era of electronic media has come, but the printed matter does not lose its importance. For example, on print media - books, brochures, magazines and newspapers - the family budget in Germany, depending on the level of education, income, etc. in 1997, from 40 to 110 German rubles were spent monthly. stamps. The market for printed products in the world today is diverse. The greatest demand is for commercial products and periodicals. They differ from each other in the frequency of release, which determines and manufacturing process printing enterprises. Printing houses specialize in different segments of the print market. Commercial products are non-recurring printed materials (e.g. catalogs, brochures, leaflets, Business Cards). Periodicals, on the other hand, are printed publications issued at regular intervals (for example, newspapers and magazines, including illustrated ones). The usual customers of periodicals in the printing industry are publishing houses and editorial offices. Rice. 1.1-1 and 1.1-2 clearly show the variety of printed media. Another way to classify printed matter is to divide it into special commodity groups... The following briefly describes the individual groups of printed matter.

Books

Gutenberg's invention and his first prints in the middle of the 15th century, based on the production of printing plates composed (typed) from individual type characters, caused a revolution in book production. This

contributed to the development of education, culture and an increase in the degree of accessibility of information for the population in comparison with previously existing handwritten books. Thanks to this, illiteracy faded into the background in the following centuries. The discovery of Gutenberg contributed to the increase in the colorfulness of the printed matter. For over 500 years after Gutenberg's invention in a dominant way

printing during the preparation of books remained letterpress... Only in the 70s of the XX century phototypesetting and offset printing became widespread. The book has become a relatively inexpensive medium, not only because of the rational methods of its production, but also because of the availability of cheap paper. For the manufacture of printed book not only typesetting, but also illustrative forms began to be used. There has been a transformation of fonts that imitate handwritten letters into a font created taking into account aesthetic requirements, legibility, style, assortment, etc. The number of new titles of books published annually is constantly increasing. Today, in the era of electronic media, the annual volume of book production in Germany has reached 80,000 titles per year. Germany is one of the largest book-producing countries in the world. In 1997, only China and the United Kingdom produced more titles (Figure 13.3-8) .In 1998, the total circulation of books in Germany exceeded 500 million. total cost over 3.5 billion euros. On the one side, book market relies on the demand for the book, on the other hand, on the appropriate
printing performance, whether it be valuable volumes with sewing thread and leather binding with a "gold" edge or simple, glued, cheap editions. The book assortment includes both one-color editions and high-quality albums with color reproductions. At present, in Germany, not only the book market is large in terms of output, but also the market for other printed publications, for example, magazines, including illustrated magazines, newspapers, brochures, etc.

Magazines

The assortment of magazine products mostly consists of periodicals. These are special scientific and industrial magazines, magazines for a wide range of readers, illustrated monthly advertising magazines, etc. Special magazines cover a limited area of knowledge that is of interest to a small circle of readers. In contrast to books, the costs of publishing magazines are not borne by the buyers alone. Often, more than half of the cost of a publication is offset by advertising revenue. Magazines, as well as books, are mostly produced by publishing companies. But in contrast to books, they have a shorter life span. This is due to both the peculiarities of their content and the frequency of release. Due to the limited period of use and the content that differs from books, magazines have a different external form. The production of magazines with large circulation is very different from the technology of production of books. They are folded notebooks, glued or sewn with wire, and covered with a soft cover. Depending on the circulation, the magazines are printed on sheet-fed or web-fed offset machines. For the production of magazines in mass circulation, roll-to-roll gravure printing presses and other related equipment are often used.

Newspapers

One of the most important media today is the newspaper. The first newspapers appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. The newspaper's predecessors were leaflets published in the 16th century. Most newspapers are published daily in large print runs. Some newspapers are published in the morning and in the evening in order to increase the relevance of their content. The most significant categories of newspapers are daily and weekly. Outwardly, newspapers differ significantly from magazines.
cash. Newspapers usually consist of large-format independent sheets, selected in a set. In this case, the newspaper has several parts of different content. Newspapers are produced on special printing machines. These are high-performance rotary newspaper systems that provide economical production of publications on newsprint. The classic newspaper print was black and white. Modern web-fed printing machines allow
to produce economical multicolor printing. Thanks to this, the appearance of the newspaper corresponds to the modern visual habits of the reader (color photographs, television). Colorful advertisements in newspapers also meet customer requirements. Since ad attachments and advertisements cover most of the cost of producing a newspaper, the price per copy for the end user becomes relatively low.

Brochures

Many brochures, descriptions and other small volumes of various consumer products are currently being issued. These types of printed publications are called brochures. Unlike magazines and newspapers, they are not published periodically. Another significant difference between brochures and newspapers and magazines is their very low circulation. Most brochures are produced in multicolor and are delivered in the form of folded sheets or bound notebooks. Brochures before
put products over High Quality than newspapers. They mainly serve to present a company or product on the market. The costs of producing brochures are usually borne not by the readers, but by the customers of the copies.

Modern printing technology includes three main stages that no printing house can do without: prepress, printing and post-printing processes.

The pre-press production process ends with the creation of an information carrier from which text, graphic and illustration elements can be transferred to paper (printing plate production).

The printing process, or printing itself, allows you to get printed sheets. For their production, a printing machine and a carrier of information prepared for printing (printing form) are used.

At the third stage of the printing technology, called the post-printing process, the final processing and finishing of sheets of paper (impressions) printed in a printing machine are carried out to give the resulting printed products a marketable appearance (brochure, book, booklet, etc.).

Prepress process. At this stage, one or more (for multi-color products) printing plates for printing a certain type of work must be received.

Printing process. The printing plate is the backbone of the printing process. As already mentioned, at present in the printing industry, the offset printing method is widespread, which, despite its almost
100 years of existence, constantly improving, remaining dominant in the printing technology.

Offset printing is carried out on printing machines, the principle of which was discussed above.

Post-press process. The post-printing process consists of a number of important operations that give the printed impressions a presentation.

For sheet products, the post-printing process ends after cutting. The situation is more complicated with multi-sheet products. In order to bend the sheets of a magazine or book, you need folding equipment, on which folding takes place ( from him. falzen - to bend) - sequential folding of printed sheets of a book, magazine, etc.

For bonding a large number of sheets, glue bonding is used, which is carried out either using "cold" glue - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, or hot melt hot melt glue. The spine of the future book edition is coated with glue, firmly holding the sheets until the glue is completely dry. The advantages of this technology are the good appearance of the book, the flexibility and stability of the book block, strength and durability.