How to make plain ink at home black. Chemistry and Manufacturing: General Information on Inks

By and large, ink can be called any liquid dye, with which the image is applied to some kind of material carrier using various devices.

You can make the simplest ink yourself: mix a spoonful of starch with a spoonful of water and add a few drops of iodine. However, the image applied with such ink is short-lived and is only suitable for playing with children or chemical experiments. To increase durability and other qualities, modern industrial inks contain all kinds of modifiers - viscosity, drying rate, wettability, durability, preservatives, etc.

From time immemorial, ink was the name for a dyeing liquid, with which letters or pictures were applied to paper or fabric using a stick, pen or brush. Currently, ink is mainly used with all kinds of devices - seals, stamps, fountain pens, as well as printing equipment - inkjet printers, plotters, risographs. Inks for printing equipment are now the most common; they are divided according to their composition into water-soluble and pigment inks.

Water-soluble ink, as the name implies, is made on the basis of dyes dissolved in distilled water (possibly with the addition of alcohol or glycerin), they are deeply absorbed into paper, and are more suitable for printing photographs. The positive aspects of water-soluble ink are the intensity and breadth of the color gamut, smooth transitions colors, low production cost. The print quality is more dependent on the quality of the paper.

Printer nozzles are less likely to clog and flush easier when using water-based ink. Negative sides - ink spreads slightly on plain paper, which makes letters and drawings look a little smudged, low resistance to such influences environment like light, air, temperature and humidity.

If water gets in, ink may dissolve and damage the print. If you use thin office paper, the water-soluble ink soaks through it, making it impossible to print double-sided documents. The disadvantages of water-soluble ink can be successfully dealt with by lamination, but this incurs additional costs.

Pigment ink is a dye suspension with suspended polymer particles 50-150 nanometers in size, which, when printed, remain on the surface of the paper. The positive side of using pigment ink is that it is highly resistant to the influence of factors such as sunlight, air, temperature and humidity. Documents and photographs are more durable, even if printed on ordinary office paper, they can be hung on the wall, the image is not washed off when water gets in. They can print double-sided documents because the ink does not penetrate the paper.

The negative sides of pigment ink - not too wide a range of colors, printer nozzles are more likely to clog up and are more difficult to wash out, particles have abrasive properties, which leads to faster wear of the printer head. They are also more expensive to manufacture than water-soluble inks. Based on the qualities described, pigment ink is good for printing text.

Video how to make invisible ink:

Ideas for Business from the section:

Learn how to make ink with your own hands

Equipment and materials

1. Ingredients for homemade ink.

2. Instruction or numbering of actions. (follow instructions)

3. You will need a camera to photograph your result.

Why does the study need materials from other participants?

So that everyone knows many ways to make homemade ink.

Research protocol

1. find the ingredients

2. Make ink according to instructions

3. Take a photo of what you need

4. Fill in the form

If you don't know how ink is made, you can choose a method:

Making Invisible Lemon Ink

Entertaining experience For the experiment you will need: half a lemon, cotton wool, a match, a cup of water, a sheet of paper.



Squeeze lemon juice into a cup, add the same amount of water.



Dip a match or a toothpick with cotton wool wrapped in a solution of lemon juice and water and write something on paper with this match.



When the "ink" is dry, heat the paper over a table lamp that is on. On paper, previously invisible words will appear.

You can make ink using more complex instructions:

● Gallic ink (what is it you will learn on the Internet, books or from relatives).

You will need:

Gauls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

Metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Fold the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of ferrous sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and leave for several hours

The ink is ready.

Here's another way:

● Ink from oak bark solution

You will need:

Oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

To shave off the oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and turns dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from the shavings.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

The ink is ready.

Milk ink

If you write on plain paper with a brush or a cotton swab dipped in milk, then after drying the inscription becomes colorless. It manifests itself under the influence high temperature- for this, the paper must be ironed with an iron.

I think the older generation knows this method well from school stories about how grandfather Lenin in prison made an inkwell from bread crumb and wrote his messages with milk at will. And this is not a legend - indeed, among the revolutionaries, this method of writing secret messages was in vogue!

Soda ink

An invisible inscription is obtained if you write on paper with a solution baking soda 1: 1. After drying, the paper is completely colorless.

The inscription appears when exposed to high temperature (iron with an iron)

Juice ink

Try writing lemon juice on plain paper. The ink is developed after smearing the text with an aqueous solution of iodine (use a cotton pad or cotton wool). Iodine reacts with the starch in the paper and dyes it light purple. And those places where there was juice remain white!

Another variant of manifestation with the help of a solution of methyl orange (it can be found in the kit for children's experiments in chemistry)

You can choose one of the suggested ink options, or you can find the recipe yourself!

Safety engineering

Only carry out the experiment under the supervision of an adult! If you are not sure about something, it is better to check with your parents, teachers, friends, the Internet or look in books.

To make ink or ink with your own hands, you will have to tinker a lot. But if you look at it from the other side, when will we have to do these seemingly simple and mundane things ourselves? Probably only after a global catastrophe or when we are completely cut off from the civilized world. Then we will have a lot of time and, perhaps, there will be a desire to write with ink or ink. But how do you make them? We read below the answer to this question.

How to make ink?

Nut ink
To prepare ordinary office or school ink by insisting or drawing in cold water, take: 3 ink nuts, 2 iron vitriol, 2 gum arabic, 60 water. Nuts are pounded into powder and poured into a glass bottle, poured over with water. In another vessel, ferrous sulfate and gum arabic are dissolved together or separately. The infusion of nuts should stand for several days until the water has removed all the tannin from it, while vitriol and gum arabic completely dissolve within a few hours. Both solutions are poured together, mixed well and, after allowing to stand for a day or two, carefully drained to separate the liquid from the sediment.

Alizarin ink
It is completely wrong to call ink by this name, since alizarin is not at all included in their composition. Alizarin ink is also prepared from the extract of ink nuts, and they contain acetic acid. In ordinary ink, the dye is in the smallest particles floating in the liquid. In alizarin ink, from the presence in them of a significant dose of acid and glue, the formation of a precipitate does not occur. Acetic acid, which is part of the ink, has the purpose of dissolving and maintaining the dye in a dissolved form. However, alizarin ink has the disadvantage that it dries quickly, as a result of which it forms a thick mass and the pen often has to be wiped off with a cloth.

For the preparation of "alizarin" ink take: 10 ink nut, 6 iron vitriol, 1 gum arabic, 100 vinegar, 20 indigo carmine solution. The crushed nut is insisted in vinegar for 4 - 6 days, as for vitriol and gum arabic, they are dissolved separately in vinegar, and it is necessary to boil them once. When the liquids are then poured together and strained, then the indigo carmine solution is added. The latter should not be added at once to a large amount, but little by little, and with each addition, shake the solution. You can take ordinary vinegar, but wood-acetic acid is better, as it contains a small amount of carbolic acid, which prevents the formation of mold.

Another recipe for making "alizarin" ink is as follows: 20 ink nut, 5 gum arabic, 5 wood vinegar, 2 ½ indigo carmine, 50 water. Ink nut is insisted for a week in half of vinegar and water. At the same time, a solution of iron in vinegar is prepared; for this you need to take some kind of wooden dish, pour in the rest of the vinegar and put in it various old iron, for example, nails, horseshoes, hoops, etc. After three days, drain the liquid and strain, dissolve gum arabic in an infusion of ink nut and connect everything filtered together. Add indigo carmine to the finished nuts as much as is necessary to give the ink the desired strength of blue-green color. Steel nibs are less damaged by the presence of the iron-acetic salt in this ink.

How to save ink?

If the ink is not well clogged, it will mold, especially if it is in a humid place. Some substances tend to prevent the appearance of mold: these include, first of all, creosote, formalin, carbolic and salicylic acid. For ordinary office ink, it is enough to add 30-40 g of creosote or 100 g of carbolic acid per 100 kg of ink. For ink highest quality for the same amount of ink add 100 g of salicylic acid.

How to make mascara?

Liquid Chinese ink for drawing similar to the products of Gunther Wagner et al.
Take 2 shellac, 1 borax in 15 water, heat, with frequent stirring, until the shellac dissolves and add water aniline paint until the desired tone is obtained. For ordinary black ink, water nigrosine is used, for other colors: sepia, terdisiena, etc., mixtures of water aniline paints are used. If the colors turn out to be too bright, then a few drops of an aqueous solution of nigrosine are added to neutralize.

Chinese ink according to Winkler
Apricot pits are burned in a charcoal oven. The burnt grains, when cooled, are pounded into a fine powder in a porcelain mortar and sifted through a fine sieve. The resulting black powder is ground on a stove with soft water and gum arabic, a little camphor is added, evaporated using a water bath, then long rectangular bars are formed from it, which are then dried in air.

Chinese ink according to Vosvel
Horny sawdust is dissolved in caustic potassium lye until saturation; the resulting dark brown liquid is evaporated and fused in a crucible. Then the mass is dissolved with a double amount by weight of boiling water and mixed with a solution of alum, due to which a precipitate is formed, which is washed, dried and triturated with gum arabic diluted in water.

Manufacturing
home ink
conditions

4th grade student

municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum"

Karasev Prokhor Timofeevich

Work manager

Gubina Marina Nikolaevna,

teacher primary grades MBOU "Lyceum"

2017 year

Content

Introduction

Theoretical part

4-9

1.1. History of the invention of ink

4-6

1.2. Ink requirements

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

7-9

Practical part

10-16

2.1. Resistant ink

2.1.1. Recipe No. 1 "A mixture of soot and oil"

10-11

2.1.2. Recipe No. 2 "Broth of oak bark, solution of ferrous sulfate, PVA glue"

11-12

2.2. Developing ink

2.2.3. Recipe No. 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

2.2.5. Recipe # 6 "Spy Ink"

13-14

14-15

2.3. Disappearing ink

2.3.1. Recipe No. 8 "Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine"

15-16

Results of work and conclusions

16-17

Bibliography

Introduction

Last year, pen ink leaked in my jeans pocket. The clothes were tainted, but the "stain" made me wonder: what is the ink made of? What were they made of before? When did the first ink appear? Can ink be made at home? This is how the topic of this project arose.

this work seems relevant because on the present stage ink is usually produced in specialized chemical plants and factories. Chemical production causes serious damage to the environment and human health. In the past, ink was made from natural ingredients, which makes it more environmentally friendly.

Objective of the project : to study the history of the appearance of ink, to make ink at home.

Project objectives :

1. Learn the history of origin and recipes for making ink.

2. Make ink according to the recipe at home.

3. Identify the most resistant ink.

The stated goal and objectives of the project determinedmethods used in this work, namely: analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, descriptive method, observation, experiment.

Hypothesis of the project lies in the fact that at the present stage it seems possible to make ink according to a number of surviving old recipes and find their application.

Theoretical significance the project consists in finding recipes for making ink at home from ancient times to the present day.

Practical value the project is to define the scope practical application ink at the present stage.

Project object: ink.

Project subject: the process of making ink.

1. Theoretical part

1.1. History of the invention of ink

Before presenting recipes for making ink, you need to determine what ink is. To do this, I turned to the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova and to Internet resources.

In Russian, the wordink from the word black (also in a number of other languages: Fin.musta , Swede,black ), but this word very early underwent de-etymologization: inks of different colors have been known since ancient times. "Ink is a coloring liquid for writing." “Ink is a liquid dye suitable for writing and / or creating images with writing tools and stamps. From these definitions, it follows that ink is primarily intended for writing, therefore, the first ink was created in ancient times.

After analyzing various ink recipes found in scientific publications and Internet resources, I presented them by the time of invention in the table “Historical stages of the invention of ink ”.

Table No. 1

Epoch

Composition and method of manufacturing ink

Note

Ancient Egypt

The root of the reed that grows in the stagnant waters of the Nile,

called "Cyperus Papyrus"

Black ink has been used by people of different origins.

Red ink was considered sacred and was available for use only by clergy and emperors.

A mixture of soot and oil

Were already known in ancient Greece and China

Ancient Rome

A mixture of soot and oil

It was used in painting and writing. Ancient Roman artists made ink from fruit seeds, grapevines, softwood, soot, charcoal and bone charcoal. Interestingly, until now, the best black paint is made from soot obtained from burning grape seeds.

Purpure and cinnabar - Red "court ink", which was used to write only government documents... Even an imperial decree was born, forbidding the use of red ink outside the imperial court on pain of death.

This ink was guarded by a special guard. The process of obtaining purple was very laborious. At first, literally hundreds of thousands, millions of shells were collected. In southern Italy, a "shell mountain" has survived, consisting almost entirely of the shells of the Brandaris mollusc. The bodies of the molluscs were removed from the shells and placed in salt water. Then they dried it in the sun for three to four days, then boiled it, and as a result, out of every ten thousand shellfish they got ... only one gram of paint!

Ancient Russia

Soot with gum (cherry glue), diluted with ordinary water

This is the so-called "smoked" ink

From a decoction of the bark of tanning plants - "Boiled Ink", XVcentury

Their recipe is as follows:

"part of the oak bark, the other alder, half of the ash, and this overlay is full of a vessel of iron or clay, and boil with water, not all of the water will boil, and the rest of the water is stuck into the oprishny vessel, and packs of water are boiled for that skin, and overlap with fresh bark and then cook without bark, and put a gesture in the circuit board, tying it up and put in the iron and interfere, and on the third day write. "

Ink nut juice, iron vitriol *, glue

With this method, the ink was thick, durable, and cheap. But they do not turn black immediately, but 10-12 hours after they write something with them. Ink nuts do not appear on all types of oak, so oak bark was often used instead of mix. It needs to be cut, boiled in water for 15-20 minutes, until the liquid turns dark brown, filtered and a solution of ferrous sulfate is added to obtain black ink. If ferric chloride is added instead of vitriol, the ink will be dark blue.

Germany 1855

German teacherChristian Augustan Leonhardi invented alizarin ink

Leonhardi ink was also made from ink nuts, but the inventor added a substance called crappin to them. Crapp is obtained from the roots of the oriental madder plant. Later, a synthetic substitute for speck was found, and ink nuts were replaced with gallic acid, similar in composition. So alizarin ink began to be made entirely of artificial substances. Making them became easier and cheaper.

USA 1900s

Everyone knows the great inventorT. Edison ... He invented the phonograph, the carbon filament light bulb, and many other wonderful things, including ink for the blind.

Ink of a pale gray color had such a property: as soon as they wrote a text, the paper on which the letters were inscribed rose, hardened and formed a relief. The blind easily "read" these raised letters with their sensitive fingers.

Comparing different ways making ink, you can do the followingconclusions :

1.In the composition of ink for a long time (before active development chemical industry) included only components of natural origin.

2. The process of making ink was quite laborious and time-consuming.

3.Inkdifferent colors were used by people of different classes and were used in the fields of human activity.

4.Any ink contains the following main components:

solvent (usually pure or distilled water);

coloring matter (vegetable or chemical origin);

modifiers * (for example, viscosity, wettability, durability, etc.).

1.2. Ink requirements

The following basic requirements are imposed on ink :

1. They should not act in a corrosive manner on the pen, should not give sediment in the inkwell, should not contain highly toxic substances.

2. Ink must run off the pen easily and be free of insoluble particulate matter so that the finest line can be drawn.

3. In addition, they must be strong and free of mold.

4. Special attention is paid to color saturation and durability for a long time under normal storage conditions, relative cheapness, availability and safety of components and finished ink.

Additional requirements may apply to ink :

1.increased water resistance or resistance to certain solvents;

2.increased thermal, light, frost resistance;

3. The ability to mix different colors of the same type of ink to obtain a given shade.

List of possible additional requirements is not limited to the above requirements.

1.3. Disappearing and developing ink

As follows from the above material, ink has been and is appliedvthe sphere of writing and execution of documents and / or other paper carriers. In addition, one of the important requirements for ink is its stability, i.e. the ability to maintain the brightness of color in all conditions. However, in the course of studying scientific sources, I found recipes for disappearing and emerging ink.

A characteristic feature of all disappearing ink is the loss of color by the ink composition. The time for the disappearance of such ink is from 1-2 days to 2 weeks.

The developing ink is special kind ink widely used and used in "secret" correspondence. Text written with such ink appears under the influence of heat, treatment with special reagents, or in ultraviolet or infrared rays. There are many known recipes for such ink.

It is believed that "secret" ink, which does not leave traces on paper and appears when heated or wetted with a certain solution, first appeared in the 17th century in France.

But ink for secret correspondence, that is, sympathetic, was used even in ancient times. In the 1st century ADPhilo of Alexandria described a method of making "secret" ink fromjuice of ink nuts,for the development of which a solution of iron-copper salt was used.

Romanpoet Ovid suggested using for writing textmilk,manifested after sprinkling it with soot powder.

Secret of cryptographyPliny the Elder was to usesap of plants. Chinese emperorQing Shi Huang (249-206 BC), during whose reign the Great Wall of China appeared, used thick rice water for his secret letters, which, after drying the written hieroglyphs, does not leave any visible traces. If such a letter is slightly moistened with a weak alcohol solution of iodine, then blue letters appear. And the emperor for the manifestation of the letter used a brown broth of seaweed, apparently containing iodine.

In the 15th century, a Swiss physician and scientistParacelsus made a drawing of a landscape, which, when heated, turned from "winter" into "summer": bare branches of trees were covered with green foliage.

Secret agentsIvan the Terrible wrote their reports with onion juice. The letters became visible when the paper was heated.

Famous spyMata Hari also used secret ink. When she was arrested in Paris, a vial of an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride was found in her hotel room, which became one of the pieces of evidence in the exposure of her espionage activities. Cobalt chloride can be successfully used for secret writing: letters written with its solution containing 1 g of salt in 25 ml of water are completely invisible and appear, turning blue, when the paper is slightly heated.

Secret ink was widely used in Russia by underground revolutionaries. The revolutionaries used cryptography to transfer secret information to each other. The secret text, written in milk between the lines of an outwardly harmless ordinary letter, was revealed when the paper was ironed with a hot iron. The tsarist secret police knew about this secret correspondence and successfully read it.

In 1878Vera Zasulich shot at the Petersburg mayor Khrenov. The jury acquitted Zasulich, but the gendarmes tried to arrest her again as she left the courthouse. However, she managed to escape, informing her friends in advance of the plan to escape at the end of the trial, regardless of any of his decisions. A note with a request to bring some of the clothes contained information on the back of the sheet, written with an aqueous solution of ferric chlorideFeCl 3 ... Zasulich took this substance as medicine. Such a note can be read by treating it with a cotton swab moistened with a dilute aqueous solution of potassium thiocyanate: all invisible letters will turn blood red due to the formation of an iron thiocyanate complex.

Members of a secret organization"Black redistribution" also used invisible ink in correspondence. Secret letters were written with diluted aqueous solution copper sulfate... The text written in such ink appeared if the paper was held over a bottle of ammonia. The letters turn bright blue due to the formation of the copper ammonia complex.

Lenin used lemon juice or milk for secret writing. For the manifestation of the letter in these cases, it is enough to hold the paper for several minutes over the fire.

DuringSecond World War The military used various substances for the covert transmission of military reports, including copper sulfate (manifested by sodium iodide), ferrous sulfate (sodium carbonate), sodium chloride, i.e. common table salt (manifested by silver nitrate). Often, bubbles with such substances were hidden in completely unexpected places - keys, doorknobs, switches, etc.

In 2006, two researchers from the University of Michigan uncovered the secret of invisible messages used by Germanspecial services (Stasi). A sheet of paper impregnated with cerium oxalate was placed between two blank sheets of white paper. After that, a message was written on the top sheet, which was then transferred to the bottom sheet. For the message to appear, it was necessary to process the "letter" with a mixture of magnesium sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and several other substances, after which the hidden message appeared in orange.

Today there is a special ink that only develops under ultraviolet light, which is used in the manufacture of paper money. Another area of ​​application of such inks is different public events, discos in nightclubs as passes, a pen for making school cribs. A number of household chemicals glow in ultraviolet light, so they can also be used as ink. For development, you can use ultraviolet flashlights, miniature currency detectors and even parts of copiers (lamps with an ultraviolet spectrum of radiation are often used there).

2.Practical part

Having analyzed the studied theoretical material, let's move on to the experimental part of my project. I have identified the following as the main criteria when choosing a particular recipe for making ink:

1) ink must be safe to manufacture and use

2) the constituent components of the ink must be available

3) ink must be environmentally friendly

4) the ink must have a scope

During the experiment, I will adhere to the following plan:

1) preparation of the components necessary for the manufacture of ink

2) manufacture of ink in accordance with the recipe;

3) the use of the received ink for writing.

Since in the theoretical part of the project it was determined that all existing inks can be classified into persistent, emerging and disappearing, I will produce ink in accordance with this classification.

2.1. Resistant ink

While studying theoretical sources, several recipes for resistant ink have been identified. For research, 2 recipes were selected, since the constituent components of this ink are available, safe, and the process of making the ink itself is simple.

2.1.1. Recipe number 1 « A mixture of soot and oil "

In the sources available to me, the ratio of the components of this recipe was not found, therefore it was decided to experimentally establish the necessary proportion of the components (soot and vegetable oil). I suggested that you first mix the components in a 1: 1 ratio. However, the resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and did not come off the pen well, so it was rather difficult to write anything with such thick ink. By adding another part of vegetable oil, I got a thinner ink that easily came off the pen, but left blots and smudged. It was decided to add 1 more part of soot to this mass. With a ratio of 1 part soot to 1.5 parts vegetable oil, ink was obtained that easily came off the pen and did not cause difficulties in writing.

Table No. 2

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

Color saturation

Soot,

vegetable

butter

1:1

1:2

2:3

+

+

+

+

+

2.1.2. Recipe number 2 "Broth of oak bark,

solution of ferrous sulfate, PVA glue "

The manufacturing process for this ink recipe is more complicated and time consuming. First, I prepared a decoction of oak bark. To do this, he poured 200 ml of cold water bought in a pharmacy (1 tsp), brought to a boil, boiled for 20 minutes. Then the resulting broth was cooled, filtered. To make a solution of ferrous sulfate, I used the ratio of water and salt presented on the package (1: 1). Then he mixed in equal proportions a filtered broth of oak bark, a solution of ferrous sulfate and PVA glue. The resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and viscous and could hardly come off the pen, so it was decided to add another part of the oak bark broth to the resulting composition. After which the ink mass became suitable for use.

Table No. 3

"Changing the quality of ink when changing the ratio of the composition of the components"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

From the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Decoction of oak bark, solution of ferrous sulfate,

PVA glue

1:1:1

+

+

-

-

-

2:1:1

+

+

+

+

-

2.2. Developing ink

A significant number of developing ink recipes have been found in the sources I have analyzed. Most of the components of this ink are available and safe to use.

2.2.1. Recipe No. 3 "Onion Juice"

The recipe for such ink is quite simple: you just need to peel the onion (preferably large and juicy) and squeeze the juice out of it manually or using a press. The only difficulty in making and using these inks is that they have an unpleasant odor and cause watery eyes.

writing heat

2.2.2. Recipe No. 4 "Lemon Juice"

Similar to the ink described above - ink made from lemon juice. They are also available and easy to make and use.

writing heat

2.2.3. Recipe number 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

I have also tested ink made from a concentrated baking soda solution. In order to make this ink, it is necessary to dissolve a significant amount of baking soda in water. In my experiment, the ratio of water to baking soda was2:1.

writing heat

2.2.4 Comparative analysis of the above described inks

Table No. 4 " comparison table qualities of developing ink "

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Onion juice

1:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

Lemon juice

1:2

+

+

+

+

+ -

Concentrated baking soda solution

2:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

2.2.5. Recipe number 6 Spy Ink

1.Pour one tablespoon of starch into a metal bowl or small saucepan.

2.Pour one glass of cold water and mix thoroughly.

3.Heat the resulting starch solution over low heat for 10-15 minutes, stirring thoroughly and breaking lumps, do not allow boiling.

4. We will see how the solution thickens and becomes like a liquid colorless jelly.

5. The paste is ready - this is the "ink". They can be used to draw a "message to a friend" on paper. When the paper is dry, the pattern will "disappear".

6. To develop it, you need “iodine water” (20-30 drops of iodine in half a glass of water): the paper with the message must be sprayed with a spray bottle with iodine water.

result the next day

2.2.6. Recipe No. 7 "Ink from milk"

The recipe for this ink has been known for a long time; this ink has been used for a long time by underground revolutionaries. However, none of the recipes indicated the fat content of milk, so it was decided to try milk with different mass fraction fat. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Table No. 5

Changes in the quality of ink when changing the fat content of milk

Mass fraction of milk fat

Ink requirements

Not

eat a feather

No sediment in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

1,8%

+

+

+

-

-

3,2%

+

+

+

+

+-

6%

+

+

-

+

+-

10%

+

+

+

+

+-

Since one of the requirements for ink is the ability to draw the thinnest line with such ink, a nib with a thin pointed end was used in the experimental part of the study. Thus, a thin line was drawn, the ink easily came off the pen, however, when heated, not all of the text appeared, but mostly only the final part of the text, since by the end of the work, droplets of milk accumulate and the drawn lines become thicker.

It is also interesting to note that not all of the milky ink was developed. It was assumed that the higher the fat mass fraction of milk, the brighter the "milk" ink appears when heated. Therefore, it is not surprising that the text written with 1.8% milk did not appear at all. As the mass fraction of fat increases from 3.2% to 6%, the text becomes brighter. However, the text written with Toptyzhka milk with a fat mass fraction of 3.2% practically did not appear. Only some elements of the letters are faintly visible.

It was decided to re-experiment with milky ink using a wide nib. The results of the experiment showed that with an increase in the mass fraction of milk fat, the color saturation of the "milk" ink increases. However, as in the first experiment with “milk” ink, ink from “Toptyzhka” milk did not appear as clearly as ink from milk with a similar mass fraction of fat.

Milky ink recipes indicated that they appear when heated under a lamp, on a battery, or when paper is steamed with an iron. It should be noted that the text written with this ink appeared only under the influence of the heat of a hot iron.

In addition to milky ink, other inks can also be used. Some of the more readily available are ink made from onion juice.

2.3. Disappearing ink

Of all the recipes for endangered ink I found, one was chosen for the experimental part of the study for reasons of affordability and safety.

Recipe number 8 "Dextrin, iodine alcohol solution"

The only difficulty in making this ink was the dextrin production. Turning to the Internet resources, I found out that "dextrin is a polysaccharide obtained by thermal processing of potato or corn starch."

For the manufacture of dextrin, starch, a heating device, and dishes for calcination are needed. An oven is usually used as a heating device. Dishes - a baking sheet from the oven is most convenient, but you can also use a frying pan. The starch is evenly distributed over the surface and placed in the oven at the very top. I bring the temperature in the oven to 200C and hold it for an hour and a half. It must be mixed well from time to time so that it does not melt and collect into lumps. The resulting dextrin is usually yellowish brown in color. The starch may not completely decompose, but this does not in any way affect the quality of dextrin and its properties. Then 1 tsp. I mix dextrin with 50 ml of iodine alcohol solution, and the ink is ready.

Table 6

"Quality of Disappearing Ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

The thinnest line can be driven

Color saturation

Dextrin, iodine alcohol solution

1h a spoon

Dextrin: 50 ml of iodine alcohol solution

+

-

-

-

+

3.Results and conclusions

In the course of my research, I was able to establish that the first ink was invented in ancient times. The recipes for making ink were constantly changing in accordance with the natural materials that were available in each specific area, and improved in connection with the development of science and technology.

A variety of recipes for making ink have come down to us. Their study made it possible to classify ink into stable, emerging and disappearing. Many inks can be made at home, but not all inks are, in my opinion, safe.

All inks I make have been evaluated according to the following criteria for ink: affordability, safety, color saturation and fastness, ease of use. The maximum score for each criterion is 10 points, the minimum is 1 point. The ones that best meet these requirements are “milk” ink, then ink made from soot and vegetable oil. The least satisfying ink is ink made from a copper sulfate solution.

Thus, all the tasks of the project have been solved, the goal has been achieved. The hypothesis I put forward at the beginning of the project was confirmed.

The creation of creative project using more home-made ink.

4.List of literature

Dietrich A., Yurlin G., Koshurnikova R. Why Much. - M .: Pedagogika, 1988 .-- 384 p.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - Publishing house, 24th rev. - M .: Peace and education, 2003. - 895 p.

That which no longer exists // School stories. Children's encyclopedia. - M., 2010, No. 10. - S. 35-38.

I get to know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Chemistry / Auth.-comp. L.A. Savina, - M .:ACT, 1997 .-- 448 p.

E.L. Nemirovsky A journey to the origins of Russian typography. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 224 p.

Yurlin G. About notebook and hag, pencil and desk. - M .: Children's literature, 1983.-64 p.

How to prepare invisible ink? / U. Scanwork. - 2011. - No. 9. - P. 56.

Tereshin A. Nostalgia for the inkwell // Kalina Krasnaya. - 2012. - No. 4. - S.

Every day we use ballpoint pens, there are printers on desktops that run virtually non-stop. We are already so used to it that we don’t think about how it works. And the first step towards inventing all these convenient devices was a recipe for an amazing composition that can leave permanent marks on paper and fabric. However, today we want to talk about what ink is made of. A short excursion into history and modern technologies will be interesting for adults and children.

Old folios

The finest parchment, the lines inscribed on the dressed leather, ancient manuscripts are always striking in that you can still easily make out what was written. The first ink was done very simply - mixed soot with something sticky. It was essentially mascara that dried out and cracked. In addition, it was quite viscous, it was necessary to get a handle on it to bring out a beautiful line. Then the recipe was strictly classified. What ink is made of, only the clergy knew. By the way, there were many variations. They took honey as a base and added gold powder to it. The composition of elderberries and walnut... But all this has already sunk into oblivion. Today, ink production has become simple and affordable. Let's follow the chain further.

Gall nut ink

Continuing to consider, one cannot forget the famous discovery, namely, the special growths on the oak leaves. They are called galls, and insect larvae live in them - gall-makers. That is why the growths are called ink nuts. Juice was squeezed out of them, then mixed with iron sulfate and glue was added. The result was a long-lasting composition with a beautiful shine. Even today, the surviving manuscripts look very fresh. However, there was one important nuance. This ink was colorless, it was possible to read what was written only when the letters were dry.

A coup in history

In the 19th century, people became more educated, many already knew what ink was made of. In 1885, another coup was made. The teacher invented the alizarin ink. They were also gallic, but had an intense coloration due to a unique additive. Blue-green in the bottle, they turned black when applied to paper. This was achieved by adding kappa, that is, extracts from madder roots.

Coloring glass

Smooth surface ink is prepared from two working solutions. The first is 100 ml of water and 1 g of potassium sulfide and 7 g dissolved in it. Prepared by simple mixing. The second contains similarly 100 g of water, 3 g and 13 ml of hydrochloric acid. The mixture can be used immediately as ink. You can safely apply to glass and get matte inscriptions after drying.

Compositions for metal

They can be called ink only conditionally. Writing on metal should be done with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid. To do this, the surface is covered with wax, then an inscription is made with a sharp object, and then the composition is applied on top. After five minutes, you can immerse the vessel in warm water. To get an analogue of the blue ink inscription, you need to prepare a different composition.

It is prepared by mixing 3.5 g of borax with 15 ml of ethyl alcohol, 2 g of rosin powder and 25 ml of methylene blue solution. The result is a blue text.

Fabric ink

We have already examined the compositions and are guided by what the ink is made of. However, all these compositions are not very resistant to washing and repeated boiling. For this, the recipe should be slightly changed. For this, 42 g of aniline and 2.5 g of berthollet's salt and 13 ml of water are heated in a flask. Then add 15 ml of hydrochloric acid (25%) and continue to heat the mixture until it darkens. There remains little to do. Copper chloride is poured into the flask, this process can be considered almost complete.

The resulting solution is heated to a red-violet color. After that, under the influence of a dye, an oxidizing agent and a reaction catalyst, we can get the final result. The ink made with this recipe is very resistant. They do not fade in the washing process and can be used in light industry.

Instead of a conclusion

As you can see, there are many ways to prepare ink. Modern industry allows you to produce from black to multi-colored inks. V Lately the technology of preventing the appearance of mold has been worked out. There are special compounds that, when added to the ink, completely neutralize the role of the fungus. These are creosote and formalin, salicylic acid.

As you can see, the composition of the ink is not at all complicated. If you are fond of chemistry, then you can easily repeat this at home. However, the big question is whether this is worth the time, especially considering the cost of the product in the store. stationery and its consumption.