Fitzroy's Stormglass: A forgotten meteorological instrument from the 19th century. The history of the creation and development of home appliances In the 19th century, this appliance was described as follows
inventions of the 19th century. From grateful descendants
The inventions of the 19th century laid the scientific and practical foundation for the discoveries and inventions of the 20th century. The nineteenth century became the springboard for the breakthrough of civilization. In this article I will talk about the most significant and outstanding scientific achievements of the nineteenth century. Tens of thousands of inventions, new technologies, fundamental scientific discoveries. Cars, aviation, spacewalks, electronics… You can list for a long time. All this became possible in the 20th century thanks to scientific and technical inventions nineteenth century.
Unfortunately, in one article it is impossible to tell in detail about each invention created in the century before last. Therefore, in this article, all inventions will be described as briefly as possible.
inventions of the 19th century. The Age of Steam. rails
The nineteenth century was golden for steam engines. Invented in the eighteenth century, it was increasingly improved, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it was used almost everywhere. Plants, factories, mills...
And in 1804, the Englishman Richard Trevithick installed a steam engine on wheels. And the wheels rested on metal rails. It turned out the first steam locomotive. Of course, it was very imperfect and was used as an amusing toy. The power of the steam engine was only enough to move the locomotive itself, and a small cart with passengers. The practical use of this design was out of the question.
But after all, a steam engine can be put more powerful. Then the steam locomotive will be able to carry more cargo. Of course, iron is expensive and the creation railway will go to hell. But the owners of coal mines and mines knew how to count money. And from the middle of the thirties of the century before last, the first steam locomotives went along the plains of the Metropolis, hissing steam and scaring away horses and cows.
Such clumsy constructions made it possible to sharply increase the turnover. From the mine to the port, from the port to the steel furnace. It became possible to smelt more iron, and from it to create more machines. So the steam locomotive dragged technical progress forward.
inventions of the 19th century. The Age of Steam. Rivers and seas
And the first steamboat that was ready for practical use, and not just another toy, splashed down the Hudson with paddle wheels in 1807. Its inventor, Robert Fulton, installed a steam engine on a small riverboat. The engine power was not great, but still the steamer made up to five knots per hour without the help of the wind. The steamer was a passenger one, but at first few people dared to step aboard such an unusual design. But gradually things got better. After all, steamships were less dependent on the vagaries of nature.
In 1819, the Savannah, a ship with sailing equipment and an auxiliary steam engine, crossed the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. For most of the journey, the sailors used a fair wind, and the steam engine was used during calm. And 19 years later, the steamship Sirius made the crossing of the Atlantic only with the help of steam.
In 1838, the Englishman Francis Smith installed a propeller instead of bulky paddle wheels, which was much smaller and allowed the ship to reach greater speed. With the introduction of screw steamers, the centuries-old era of handsome sailboats came to an end.
inventions of the 19th century. Electricity
In the nineteenth century, experiments with electricity led to the creation of many devices and mechanisms. Scientists and inventors conducted many experiments, deduced the fundamental formulas and concepts used in our 21st century.
In 1800, the Italian inventor Alessandro Volta assembles the first galvanic cell - the prototype of the modern battery. A disc of copper, then a cloth soaked in acid, then a piece of zinc. Such a sandwich creates an electrical voltage. And if you connect such elements together, you get a battery. Its voltage and power directly depend on the number of galvanic cells.
1802, Russian scientist Vasily Petrov, having designed a battery of several thousand elements, receives the Voltaic arc, the prototype of modern welding and a light source.
In 1831, Michael Faraday invented the first electric generator which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Now there is no need to burn yourself with acid and collect countless metal mugs together. On the basis of this generator, Faraday creates an electric motor. So far, these are still demonstration models that clearly show the laws of electromagnetic induction.
In 1834, the Russian scientist B. S. Yakobi designed the first electric motor with a rotating armature. This motor can already find practical application. The boat, driven by this electric motor, goes against the current along the Neva, carrying 14 passengers.
inventions of the 19th century. Electric lamp
Since the forties of the nineteenth century, experiments have been going on to create incandescent lamps. A current passed through a thin metal wire heats it up to a bright glow. Unfortunately, the metal hair burns out very quickly, and the inventors are struggling to increase the life of the light bulb. Various metals and materials are used. Finally, in the nineties of the nineteenth century, the Russian scientist Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin presents the electric light bulb that we are used to. This is a glass flask from which air is pumped out; a spiral of refractory tungsten is used as a filament.
inventions of the 19th century. Telephone
In 1876, American Alexander Bell patented the "talking telegraph", the prototype of the modern telephone. This device is still imperfect, the quality and range of communication leave much to be desired. There is no call familiar to everyone and to call a subscriber you need to whistle into the phone with a special whistle.
Literally a year later, Thomas Edison improved the telephone by installing a carbon microphone. Now subscribers do not need to yell heart-rendingly into the phone. The communication range increases, a familiar handset and a call appear.
inventions of the 19th century. Telegraph
The telegraph was also invented in the early nineteenth century. The first samples were very imperfect, but then there was a qualitative leap. The use of an electromagnet made it possible to send and receive messages faster. But existing legend about the inventor of the telegraph alphabet, Samuel Morse, is not entirely true. Morse invented the very principle of coding - a combination of short and long pulses. But the alphabet itself, numerical and alphabetic, was created by Alfred Weil. Telegraph lines eventually entangled the entire Earth. There were submarine cables linking America and Europe. The huge data transfer rate also made a significant contribution to the development of science.
inventions of the 19th century. Radio
Radio also appeared in the nineteenth century, at its very end. It is generally accepted that the first radio was invented by Marconi. Although his discovery was preceded by the work of other scientists, and in many countries the primacy of this inventor is often questioned.
For example, in Russia, Alexander Stepanovich Popov is considered the inventor of the radio. In 1895, he introduced his device, called the lightning detector. Lightning during a thunderstorm caused an electromagnetic pulse. From the antenna, this pulse entered the coherer - a glass flask with metal filings. The electrical resistance sharply decreased, the current went through the wire winding of the bell electromagnet, a signal was heard. Then Popov repeatedly upgraded his invention. The transceivers were installed on warships of the Russian Navy, the communication range reached twenty kilometers. The first radio even saved the lives of fishermen who broke away on an ice floe in the Gulf of Finland.
inventions of the 19th century. Automobile
The history of the car also dates back to the nineteenth century. Of course, connoisseurs of history can also remember the steam car of the Frenchman Cugno, the first exit of which took place in 1770, by the way, the first exit ended and the first accident, the steam cart crashed into the wall. Cugno's invention cannot be considered a real car, it is more of a technical curiosity.
The inventor of the same real car that is suitable for everyday practical application, with a high degree of certainty can be considered Daimler Benz.
Benz made his first ride in his car in 1885. It was a three-wheeled carriage, with a gasoline engine, a simple carburetor, electric ignition and water cooling. There was even a differential! Engine power was just under one horsepower. The motor crew accelerated to 16 kilometers per hour, which, with a spring suspension and simple steering, was quite enough.
Of course, other inventions preceded the Benz car. So, a gasoline, or rather a gas, engine was created in 1860. It was a two-stroke engine that used a mixture of light gas and air as fuel. The ignition was spark. In its design, it resembled a steam engine, but it was lighter and did not require time to ignite the firebox. Engine power was about 12 horsepower.
In 1876, a German engineer and inventor, Nikolaus Otto, designed a four-stroke gas engine. It turned out to be more economical and quiet, although more complex. In the theory of internal combustion engines, there is even the term "Otto Cycle", named after the creator of this power plant.
In 1885, two engineers, Daimler and Maybach, designed a light and compact carburetor engine that runs on gasoline. This unit installs on its tricycle Benz.
In 1897, Rudolf Diesel assembles an engine in which the mixture of air and fuel is ignited by strong compression, and not by a spark. In theory, such an engine should be more economical than a carburetor. Finally the engine is assembled and the theory is confirmed. Trucks and ships now use engines called diesels.
Of course, dozens and hundreds of automotive little things are being invented, such as the ignition coil, steering, headlights, and much more, which made the car comfortable and safe.
inventions of the 19th century. The photo
In the 19th century, another invention appeared, without which existence seems to be unthinkable now. This photo.
Camera - obscura, a box with a hole in the front wall, has been known since ancient times. Even Chinese scientists noticed that if the room is tightly draped with curtains, and there is a small hole on the curtain, then on a bright sunny day, an image of the landscape outside the window appears on the opposite wall, although it is upside down. This phenomenon was often used by magicians and negligent artists.
But it wasn't until 1826 that Frenchman Joseph Niepce found a more practical use for a box that collects light. On the sheet of glass, Joseph applied a thin layer of asphalt varnish. Then the first photographic plate was installed in the apparatus and ... In order to get an image, it was necessary to wait about twenty minutes. And if this was not considered critical for landscapes, then those who wanted to capture themselves in eternity had to try. After all, the slightest movement led to a spoiled, blurry frame. And the process of obtaining an image was not yet like that which had become familiar in the twentieth century, and the cost of such a “picture” was very high.
A few years later, chemicals more sensitive to light appeared, now there was no need to sit, staring at one point and be afraid to sneeze. In the 1870s, photographic paper appeared, and ten years later, photographic film replaced heavy and fragile glass plates.
The history of photography is so interesting that we will definitely devote a separate large article to it.
inventions of the 19th century. Gramophone
But a device that allows you to record and reproduce sound appeared almost at the turn of the century. At the end of November 1877, the inventor Thomas Edison presented his next invention. It was a box with a spring mechanism inside, a long foil-covered cylinder, and a horn outside. When the mechanism was started, it seemed to many that a miracle had happened. From the metal bell came, albeit softly and unintelligibly, the sounds of a children's song about a girl who brought her lamb to school. And the song was sung by the inventor himself.
Edison soon improved this device, calling it the phonograph. Instead of foil, wax cylinders began to be used. Recording and playback quality has improved.
If instead of a wax cylinder a disc made of durable material is used, the volume and duration of the sound will increase. The first disk made of shell was used in 1887 by Emil Berlinner. The device, called the gramophone, gained great popularity, because it turned out to be much faster and cheaper to stamp records with records than to record music on soft wax cylinders.
And soon the first record companies appeared. But this is the history of the twentieth century.
inventions of the 19th century. Warfare
And of course, technological progress has not bypassed the military either. Of the most significant military inventions of the nineteenth century, one can note the massive transition from muzzle-loading smoothbore guns to rifled firearms. There were cartridges in which gunpowder and a bullet were a single whole. There was a bolt on the guns. Now the soldier did not have to separately pour gunpowder into the barrel, then insert the wad, then push the bullet and again the wad, wielding a ramrod during each operation. The rate of fire has increased several times.
The queen of the fields, artillery, has also undergone similar changes. Since the second half of the nineteenth century, gun barrels have become rifled, dramatically increasing the accuracy and range of fire. The loading now took place from the breech, and instead of the cores they began to use cylindrical shells. Gun barrels were no longer cast from cast iron, but from stronger steel.
Smokeless pyroxylin powder appeared, nitroglycerin was invented - an oily liquid that explodes with a small push or impact, and then dynamite - all the same - nitroglycerin mixed with binders.
The nineteenth century gave the generals and admirals the first machine gun, the first submarine, naval mines, unguided rockets and armored steel ships, torpedoes, soldiers received instead of red and blue uniforms, suitable only for parades, a comfortable and inconspicuous uniform on the battlefield. The electric telegraph began to be used for communication, and the invention of canned food greatly simplified the provision of food to the armies. Many of the wounded were saved by the invention of anesthesia in 1842.
inventions of the 19th century. Match
In the nineteenth century, a lot of things were invented, sometimes invisible in everyday life. Matches were invented, the most seemingly simple and ordinary thing, but for the appearance of this small wooden stick, the discoveries of chemists and designers were needed. Special machines were created for the mass production of matches.
1830 — Thomas McCall of Scotland invents the two-wheeler
1860 - Pierre Michaud from France modernizes the bike by adding pedals to it
1870 — James Starley of France creates a modification of a bicycle with a large wheel
1885 — John Kemp from Australia makes cycling safer
1960 race bike appears in the USA
In the mid-1970s, mountain biking appeared in the USA.
inventions of the 19th century. Stethoscope
Remember going to the doctor - the therapist. A cold touch to the body of a metal round, the command "Breathe - do not breathe." This is a stethoscope. He appeared in 1819 due to the reluctance of the French physician Rene Laennec to put the ear to the body of the patient. At first, the doctor used tubes made of paper, then made of wood, and then the stethoscope was improved, it became even more convenient, and modern devices use the same principles of operation, the hundred and first paper tubes.
inventions of the 19th century. Metronome
To train beginning musicians to get a sense of rhythm, the nineteenth century invented the metronome, a simple mechanical device that clicked evenly. The frequency of sounds was regulated by moving a special weight on the scale of the pendulum.
inventions of the 19th century. metal feathers
The nineteenth century brought relief to the saviors of Rome - the geese. In the 1830s, metal feathers appeared, now there was no need to run after these proud birds in order to borrow a feather, and there was no need to correct steel feathers. By the way, the penknife was originally used for the constant sharpening of bird feathers.
inventions of the 19th century. ABC for the blind
While still a toddler, the inventor of the alphabet for the blind, Louis Braille became blind himself. This did not stop him from learning, becoming a teacher, and inventing a special method of 3D printing, now the letters could be felt with your fingers. The Braille alphabet is still used today, thanks to it, people who have lost their sight or have been blind since birth were able to gain knowledge and get an intellectual job.
In 1836, an interesting structure appeared in one of California's endless wheat fields. Several horses pulled a wagon that made noise, creaked, screeched, frightened crows and respectable farmers. The wagon's wheels spun, the chains rattled, and the blades of knives gleamed. This mechanical monster was devouring wheat and spitting out straw that no one wanted. And the wheat accumulated in the belly of the monster. It was the first grain harvester. Later, harvesters became even more productive, but they also required more and more traction power, up to forty horses or oxen were pulled through the fields of mechanical monsters. At the end of the nineteenth century, the steam engine came to the aid of horses.
Material from GS
List of releases and tasks of the game "Field of Wonders" from 2007. Bold indicates the winning player in a trio. The winner of the game has his final score. A total of 52 issues were published.
Issue 1 (847), January 5, 2007
Members:
Natalia Golub (Grodno), Rafail Madgazin (Nukus), Lyudmila Tutova (Udelnaya settlement); Irina Veliko (Comrat), Vladislav Arkhangelsky (settlement Zaoksky), Tamila Saparova (Kaluga); Sergei Ustinkin (Penza)(5 250 points), Elena Buraya (Zinkovichi village), Sergey Samsonts-Astafiev (Saratov);
- According to some version, the word "Kutya" comes from the old Russian word "Kut", which means exactly it. (8 letters)
- The main tradition of Christmas time was and remains kutya. During the holiday, porridge-kutya was celebrated three times, the first time - at the beginning, on Christmas Eve, then there was a generous kutya for Vasily, at the end before baptism - a hungry kutya. What was the name of the Christmas kutya? (7 letters)
- On the second day of Christmas, December 26 (old style) or January 8 (new style) in some places, as on Christmas Eve and on New Year, prepared kutya. What was her name? This holiday is dedicated to this: “In ancient times, the custom was to visit the house, to serve attentively, in which a newborn appeared. Unlike the Christmas lenten kutya, this kutya was rich. Orthodox Church was on this day, and celebrates the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the holiday is dedicated to the glorification of the Mother of God and the joy of giving birth. But most importantly, on this day it was supposed to visit the houses where the newborn appeared. (5 letters)
- How did people call kutya, Christmas porridge made from whole grains of barley, sprinkled with honey or honey satiety, from ancient times? (5 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 2 (848), January 12, 2007
Members:
Elena Bukharina (St. Petersburg), Vasily Zima (Ulyanovsk region), Igor Donets (Orenburg region); Marina Cheburova (Stavropol Territory), Marat Dolgov (Naberezhnye Chelny), Denis Mikheev (Pskov); Irina Semyonova ( Chuvash Republic), Irina Sharapova (Moscow)(3,007 points), Andrey Agibalov (Irkutsk region);
- On January 12, 1769, by decree of Catherine II, banknotes were issued for the first time - paper money. What was the raw material for making the first banknotes? (8 letters)
- By folk omens, on January 12, people were born on Anisya this professions. What are we talking about? (7 letters)
- January 12, 49 B.C. e. Gaius Julius Caesar gathered the soldiers of the 13th legion, delivered a speech to him and completed the famous crossing of the river. What river did he cross? (7 letters)
- The day of January 12, 1834 became significant in Russia. Emperor Nicholas I, by his decree, approved "God Save the Tsar!" as the national anthem of Russia. Who was the author of the words of the new anthem? (9 letters)
- Which Russian prince on this day, January 12, 1108, married the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Aiepa? The marriage was political, the peace did not last long, but already in 1109 wars began with the Polovtsians. The name of the prince is famous. (10 letters)
- What was the name of the evening on New Year's Eve in the 19th century, that is, January 12? (6 letters)
- On January 12, 1769, by decree of Catherine II in Russia, they began to issue paper money “rollers”, Catherine herself was depicted on them, there were also “Petkas”, on which Peter I was depicted. What, besides “Katki”, was this money called? The word exists to this day, received a new birth in Russia. Funny, a little sad, but funny. (5 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 3 (849), January 19, 2007
Members:
Alevya Huseynova (Lenkoran), Oleg Grishechkin (Gomel), Angelina Everskova (Cheboksary)(1,700 points); Nasreddin Akhmadov (Samarkand), Elena Utina (Ushinka village), Valery Shevchenko (Prokopyevsk); Nasir Rzayev (Astara), Natalya Podolyakova (v. Znob-Trubachevskaya), Alexander Tulyakov (Moscow);
- What was the name of the legendary character who is credited with inventing the axe, glue, and even the drill? Among other things, he was an artificial mechanic, architect, sculptor, invented the prototype of the glider, and he even has the honor of discovering artificial insemination. (5 letters)
- Leonardo da Vinci owns a great many inventions, it is difficult to even list them. Name one of the tools he invented. (8 letters)
- The Russian people have preserved many legends about the origin of household tools. What tool, according to legend, was given to people by the wise King Solomon? Agricultural implements were used as military weapons until the 19th century. (4 letters)
- What necessary tool was introduced in Russia under Peter I and entered the carpentry round only in the 19th century? By the way, Chechen folk wisdom says: “Do not always try for yourself, like a hoe, do not always try for others, like a hoe, be with people this way and that, like ...” What? (4 letters)
Issue 4 (850), January 26, 2007
Members:
Muratbai Temirmuratov (Khadzhent city), Raisa Zhaglenko (Tbilisi), Artyom Shabakhov (Vologda); Pavel Spotykay (Bobruisk), Ekaterina Baratkovskikh (village of Zenezeli), Andrey Petrochenko (city of Seredina-Buda); Larisa Dmitrienko (state farm Voronezh)(2,250 points), Akhmadzhan Mansurov (village Agalyk), Valentina Golovina (city of Maloyaroslavets);
- Which bird is considered holy by Muslims, because, according to legend, it once carried water for washing to Magomed in its beak? The ancient Romans believed that the souls of the dead leave the body and turn into these birds. It is from here that all repositories, urns with ashes are named after this bird, and not in any other way. What bird are you talking about? (6 letters)
- According to legend, which bird was punished by the Mother of God for betraying the Mother of God with the baby Jesus the Persecutor with her cry, and also for bringing her nest to the annunciation? According to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, the goddess of life Zhiva turned into this bird. (7 letters)
- What bird was punished for what, according to legend, betrayed Jesus Christ, brought nails when he was crucified, and shouted angrily: “Live! Alive! ”, rejoicing when he died? This bird, according to folk beliefs, cannot be seen on Semyon-day on September 14th. What bird are you talking about? (7 letters)
- What bird, according to an old Russian legend, does not fly into Moscow, because Saint Alexy, then Metropolitan of Moscow, cursed them after he once noticed witches disguised as them? According to folk beliefs, the eagle is considered the cursed god of the bird, and the scripture is expressed: when God created the world, He ordered the eagle to clean and dig out the source. Who lied to God that the eagle is slacking off from work? Belarusians believe that the bird will someday become white, but only when women stop giving birth. (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 5 (851), February 2, 2007
Members:
Anna Rasmyslova (Kupavna), Vladimir Sapytsky (village Malech)(2,750 points), Alisa Yakimova (Kamyshov); Andrey Segitov (st. Grigoropolisskaya), Lyubov Grebenyukova (v. Dmitrievka), Vitaly Yashenko (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk); Olga Kulikova (Perm), Rakhim Schmalz (Sumgayit), Tatiana Kosnikovskaya (Glubokoe);
- What was the name of the Ural Mountains in the old days? (6 letters)
- How was a hillock or a hill called in the Urals from ancient times? (7 letters)
- What is the name of a cliff on a river in the Urals that is dangerous for ships? The danger is created by a water jet that hits the rock directly, which usually occurs at sharp turns in the river. (4 letters)
- In the 11th century, the Russians called the Urals a stone, in the middle of the 16th century - the beginning of the 17th century, the Bashkir name Ural, which comes from the Turkic "Aral", came into use. What does it mean? (6 letters)
- What is the city center in Miass and in many other Ural cities? This has happened historically for very specific reasons. The fact is that Ural cities numbered around the factories, here it was the center of the plant, the driving force and energy, the head was laid there, that was the name in the Urals of a coin with the image of a human head, thereby confirming that this is the center. If it disappeared, the plant stopped for a long time. (7 letters)
- How was the Ural Mountains called in Russia since the 11th century? (4 letters)
- What was the name of the deep place in the river in the Ural dialects? (3 letters)
The player did not guess the horizontal and two vertical words.
Issue 6 (852), February 9, 2007
Members:
Mikhail Nagibin (san. Zagorskiye Dali)(2 650 points), Nadezhda Yakovleva (Kushva), Igor Babkov (Vologda); Alexander Kupryushkina (Pskov), Grigory Dovgal (Nizhin), Arzu Babaeva (Gomel); Lyubov Doroshina (Bezenchuk), Ekaterina Zhuravleva (Pyatigorsk), Bechimkuly Dzhumbaev (village of Kyrgyou);- In the book “Summer of the Lord,” the wonderful writer Ivan Shmelev wrote: “Shrovetide is in ruins. Such a sun that warmed up the puddles. Guys with merry bands are walking, hurdy-gurdies are buzzing. Factory workers, in bulk, ride cabs with harmony. Further, he describes the games with the boys: hands back, trying to pull out each other's teeth, not to drop them, they beat their muzzles merrily. What's in the teeth of boys? (4 letters)
- To whom, according to one of the versions that exists, was the first pancake baked on Maslenitsa dedicated? In “The first pancake is lumpy” the emphasis was incorrectly rearranged, because of this the meaning was distorted, in general the correct saying “The first pancake is lumpy”, from here we can conclude to whom this pancake was dedicated. (9 letters)
- Dough for pancakes on Maslenitsa was prepared by cooks with special rituals. What, for example, was the dough for pancakes made of? In the yard, when the month comes out, they say: “You are the month, the month, your golden horns, look, cat, blow on the dough.” It was believed that due to the fact that the dough was made from this pancakes will be whiter and fluffier. (4 letters)
- All days of the oil week have their own names: Monday - "meeting", Tuesday - "flirting", Wednesday - "gourmet", Thursday - "revelry", Friday - "Teschina evenings" or "Teschin pancakes", Saturday - "Sister-in-law gatherings" , Sunday - "forgiveness day", seeing off Maslenitsa. What is another name for Thursday? It was on this day that a kind of transition from the narrow Shrovetide to the wide one took place. (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 7 (853), February 16, 2007
Members:
Vladislav Yaroshenko (Tambov), Irina Chebanenko (Tiraspol), Avas Imomov (Samarkand); Olga Pupysheva (Ryazan), Evgeniy Dvornikov (village of Belye Vody)(2050 points), Natalya Rudenko (Astara); Larisa Tarasenko (farm. Boguraev), Aram Minasyan (Yerevan), Lyubov Rodionova (Omsk);
- What plant, according to legend, Noah planted, watering it first with the blood of a bird, then with the blood of a lion, and then with the blood of a pig? (8 letters)
- What was considered and is considered a symbol of a pig in China and Egypt? (7 letters)
- What was the symbol of the pig in ancient Rome? (7 letters)
- Which saint in Russia was considered the patron saint of domestic pigs and pig breeding? That is why on December 31 (according to the old style), on the eve of the new year, it was supposed to eat pork. (7 letters)
- On New Year's Eve, the girls and boys performed a definitely strange action: they slaughtered and roasted a wild boar, they ate it, but the tail was cut into small circles. For what? (7 letters)
- The ancient Celts believed that this is a place where there is a lot of fried pork. (3 letters)
- One Russian peasant was asked to eat. Becoming king, he said: "Salo with ...". With what? (4 letters)
The player guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 8 (854), February 22, 2007
Members:
Dmitry Strochilov (Rostov-on-Don), Xenia Illiadova-Valeri (Dnepropetrovsk), Pavel Nemarov (Angarsk)(1,000 points); Tatyana Gorlova (village Parusnoe), Oleg Zudin (Lobnya), Lyudmila Lyalina (settlement Oktyabrsky); Vyacheslav Dzhailganov (v. Enotaevka), Tatyana Ivanova (village Razvilka), Samandar Kabilov (Samarkand);
- As you know, the military oath in Russia since ancient times was called an oath. Slavic warriors took an oath before the battle: to fight to the death for their father. In difficult times, Alexander Nevsky encouraged the soldiers with his own words: "Brothers, God is not in power, but in truth." What does the Turkic word "Cossack" mean, a symbol of courage, luck and military prowess? (6 letters)
- What were the frontier detachments called in the 13th century? During the battle on the Neva, they provided invaluable assistance by finding the enemy and promptly informing Alexander, the future Nevsky, of his appearance. (7 letters)
- In the XIV-XV centuries. in Russia began to develop methods of warfare. The battle order began to be divided along the fronts and in depth, which increased the maneuverability and combat strength of the troops, a regimental rank appeared, a battle formation consisting of three parts: two side ones were called "Wings". What was the name of the central part? (4 letters)
- Once upon a time, many years ago, the Austrians, in admiration for military art, the courage of the great commander Suvorov, gave him a rather strange name for those times, they called him General-... Who? (6 letters)
- What saint appeared in a dream to Kuzma Minin and ordered him to arouse the dead, gather a militia and expel the enemy of the Russian land? When in October 1611 the senior people in the city with the clergy gathered for advice, Minin told them: “Here he came to me in a dream to excite the dead, ”this is written by Solovyov. It was he who, in 1380, on the eve of the battle on the Kulikovo field in the Trinity Monastery, blessed the Moscow prince Dmitry for the battle with the troops of the Golden Horde commander Mamai, his name was hegumen of the Russian land, it was he who predicted victory for Dmitry and slept with him two soldiers, namely Alexander Peresvet and Rodion Oslyabya. (6 letters)
- What exactly did the ancient Slavs consider the greatest shame for themselves? (4 letters)
- At the end of the 8th century, the military forces of the ancient Slavs consisted of princely squads and the people's militia. The militias were divided into clans, hundreds and tribes (regiments). What was the union of tribes called? (6 letters)
Issue 9 (855), March 2, 2007
Members:
Victor Tishaninov (Voronezh), Lilya Alibkhanova (Serpukhov), Beysynbai Nurylbaev (Almaty); Inna Saturday (Dnepropetrovsk), Mukhamed Azizov (v. Yarkatay)(4,000 points), Natalya Soprykina (Moscow); , Gulmarzhan Adukova (Makhachkala), Pyotr Romanov (village Yaromor);
- What is the predecessor of iron? (9 letters)
- In the 19th century, this device was described as follows: a barrel of impressive size, an inner surface and a refrained bottom, a massive lid on top, a tap on the bottom, a cross with blades inside the tank, which rotates with a lever, which is a stick long as a person, tilted into one, then to the other side. What is this device for? (6 letters)
- What does the word "calcupus" mean in Latin, from which the word "calculator" comes from? (7 letters)
- In ancient Egypt, porous clay pots with water were placed in houses in a draft, this is a prototype of what? (11 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 10 (856), March 9, 2007
Members:
Natalya Karol, Elena Gorbunova, Nina Berezina; Anastasia Ivanova, Tatiana Khlobystova(1,000 points), Albina Temirbayeva; Svetlana Lupanova, Elena Kushnir, Tatyana Filippova;
- Once in the old days in Vladimir and other provinces of Russia, it was not the beauty of the girl that was valued, but what ...? (7 letters)
- During the siege of Sevastopol (Russian-Turkish campaign of 1853-1856), many women brought to the bastion water, carried out the wounded, delivered ammunition on their hands. For these exploits, many of them were presented by Admiral Nakhimov himself with a specially silver medal and awarded it, it was written there. For what? (7 letters)
- Only a few of the holy women of Christian history have been honored with the great honor of the face of Equal-to-the-Apostles, there are only six of them, one of them is Russian. Who? (5 letters)
- The Order of St. Catherine was established by the great Peter, as a token of gratitude to his wife, the future Empress Catherine I, for donating all her jewelry to the Turkish Viziliy for saving the Russian army during the Prussian campaign of 1711. In the division of this order, the main word is a word that is more in more than one order and is not found anywhere else. What is this word? (6 letters)
- The Russian people have long had a custom to make a special promise "vow". Women also took a vow, as a rule, if the child fell ill afterwards. It was called here this veil. This meant that in one day it was necessary to wear out a certain amount of linen, spin it, weave a veil, that is, a coverlet on the icon of the saint in the local church. What was the name of this blanket? (9 letters)
- What is the name of the ribbon on the bride's head until she is engaged? (4 letters)
- There was such a strange custom: in the villages, girls, in order to bewitch the guy Ivan, went to the bathhouse, took with them it, steamed and rubbed themselves on a sweaty body this, then took it, after the bath they went out into the fresh air and tried to feed their beloved with it. If he ate to the crumbs, then it was believed that he would definitely fall in love. (6 letters)
Issue 11 (857), March 16, 2007
Members:
Natalia Ivanova (Kazan), Movess Bukachyan (Yerevan), Galina Simonova (village of Kardaylovo); Nikolai Manin (village of Russian Maskino), Ekaterina Motailova (Tver), Sergey Cherkov (settlement Proletarsky); Marina Alekseeva (Zelenograd), Vladimir Boyko (Nikolaev), Nadezhda Dolzhenko (village Novobataysk)(3,500 points);- What hero of ancient Greek myths was from Thrace, that is, the territory of present-day Bulgaria? (5 letters)
- What ancient Greek god, according to myths, was a Thracian by origin? Fraction - the territory on which Bulgaria is located. (6 letters)
- What saint do Bulgarians associate next year's harvest with? (7 letters)
- What was the name of the settlement under the Romans, on the site of which the modern third largest city in Bulgaria, Varna, grew up? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 12 (858), March 23, 2007
Members:
Olesya Fatkullina (Oktyabrsky), Andrey Zhernosek (Ushachi settlement), Nelli Kostina (settlement Teya); Shahsazam Izrailova (Samarkand), Anatoly Bondarev (Krasnodon)(1,200 points), Larisa Tsymbalyuk (p. Pivnichany); Evgenia Rachkava (Severodonetsk), Alexander Karavalov (village Novoe), Tatyana Fomina (Pushkino);
- Which god in ancient Greece was considered the patron saint of diplomats? He has a wand with bird wings, which symbolized quickness and two interlaced knots. (6 letters)
- How in Russia in the XV-XVII centuries was the name of the representative at peace negotiations? (8 letters)
- As the Prussian ambassador to Russia, in 1859-1862. the famous politician and diplomat Otto von Bismarck learned Russian and was very proud of it. Few European diplomats serving in Russia at that time knew Russian. Bismarck fell in love with the Russian language. The most common word, which he repeated very often and which, flesh to flesh and essence from essence, he used the Russian word in the mouths of the Germans very often, he liked it terribly with the meaning and taste of pronunciation. (5 letters)
- What was the name of a special tablet or tablet presented by ambassadors in ancient Greece official cities as "credentials"? (6 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 13 (859), March 30, 2007
Members:
Alena Vasina (Gzhel)(1,300 points), Pyotr Khomulo (Kopeysk), Rozalia Minatasova (Bugulma); Mikhail Vorobyov (Sentsovo village), Yulia Zakomoldina (Tambov), Tiurshut Akhmetov (Chirchik); Vera Slizh (Konecherkasskoye village), Nikolay Onishchenko (Feodosia), Tatyana Balashova (Vysokoye village) (no winner);- What does the Latin word "fons" mean, from which the word "fountain" is derived? (8 letters)
- In Istanbul's Topkapi Palace, fountains were built into the walls of the rooms to protect against something. For what? (13 letters)
- As you know, ancient Rome was famous not only for its fountains, but, most importantly, they conducted water with specially made pipelines. Water flowed through these pipelines into the fountain. Fountains in those days served not only to decorate, but also to supply drinking water to the city, many years later it was in St. Petersburg. What were these pipes made of at that time? (6 letters)
- In ancient Greece, in Persia, and in Mongolia, sometimes, as literary and historical sources, there were fountains not at all from water, they beat with streams of something else, there are no such fountains now. (4 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 14 (860), April 6, 2007
Members:
Azat Makdzhanov (v. Tatarskoye Maklakovo), Galina Makarova (Arkhangelsk)(2,750 points), Ivan Kalamanov (village of Tvarditsa); Lydia Demskaya (Simferopol), Alexander Golovan (Ivanteevka), Tamara Abludlahmanova (Toytepa); Ekaterina (Kirov), Anton Lobets (St. Petersburg), Chuplan Gubaidullina (village Baltasi);
- In the villages, to the sound of Easter bells, people washed themselves at the springs for health, and the girls - to get rid of this… What? (8 letters)
- Those wishing to be cured of what ailment stood in Mother Russia on Easter under the biggest bell? (7 letters)
- Traditionally in Orthodoxy it was considered forbidden to it to throw away at Easter, because Jesus Christ himself and the apostles walk on Earth during the Week, and this could have hit. (8 letters)
- In one version, the word "Easter" comes from the Greek word "Easter". What does it even mean? (8 letters)
- What was Easter called in Russia? It was believed that when Jesus resurrected, the sun was in the sky, not setting all week. (10 letters)
- Shortly before Easter, the church celebrates one of the twelve feasts - the Entrance to the Lord in Jerusalem. On this day, Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, where he was met by supporters holding palm branches in their hands. What has replaced palm branches in Mother Russia and become a symbol of the holiday? (5 letters)
- In many provinces in Russia, they always cooked something on Clean Thursday, put it on the window or took it out for the night, on the porch. (6 letters)
The participant guessed two vertical words, but could not guess the horizontal one.
Issue 15 (861), April 13, 2007
Members:
Yulianna Voskresenskaya (Mariupol), Gennady Dmitriev (Yuriev-Polsky), Olga Ganiman (Kastonai)(3,700 points); Victoria Nikolaeva (Ugledar), Pavel Syarkin (Dmitrov), Galina Vasilets (Lomonosov); Vladimir Savchenko (city of Engels), Lyubov Busygina (village of Smetanino), Alexander Kabak (Serpukhov);
- What were the Russian shoemakers of the early 19th century called? Shoes were made in tiny workshops away from people. (6 letters)
- How was a shoemaker called in ancient times in Old Slavonic? (7 letters)
- What was the name of a shoemaker in the old days? (8 letters)
- There is a biblical character who is especially revered by shoemakers, the reason is unknown. (9 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 16 (862), April 20, 2007
Members:
Vladimir Manko (village of Petrovo), Svetlana Bartemyeva (Aleksin)(2 350 points), Arsatur Khudoyan (Tataev); Ziajan Khalibaev (Osh city), Nina Marchuk (Corbin), Yadgar Mukhamediev (Nizhniye Aty village); Valentina Mezhenkova (village Ploskoe-2), Boris Usov (city of Naro-Fominsk), Stella Gevorkyan (St. Petersburg);
- One day, the military ataman Stepan Efremov saw a beautiful young Cossack woman in the bazaar, naturally fell in love, made the same proposal to her, and soon a magnificent wedding was played. There was so much food and drink that the wedding lasted several weeks. This fact was so amazing that, firstly, it remained in the people's memory, and secondly, it became a proverb. The name of this woman-bride entered the proverb, which came from the Cossacks. (7 letters)
- What was the name of a long piece of dense matter, woven into colored stripes, which served the Cossacks until the 19th century instead of a skirt? (7 letters)
- The booty of the Cossacks was usually divided as follows: a tenth of the church, a tenth to the king, a tenth to the Cossacks themselves, who needs the rest? (6 letters)
- Once upon a time, for many centuries among the Cossacks, one word was considered offensive. Why - the reasons were not found. (5 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 17 (863), April 28, 2007
Members:
Natalia Stotsenko (farm. First of May), Pavel Tachilov (Vologda), Larisa Anapriyanko (Kamyshin); Lucia Shamilova (Kazan)(2550 points), Galzinur Izintaev (Berezniki), Karina Gulvan (Geltsy); Galina Ogurkina (Mednogorsk), Gennady Shevchenko (Anthracite), Nina Strelchenko (Rechitsa);
- Who is so described in the tales of Pomors? “A feisty woman, her face is wrinkled, her teeth caress, and she is afraid of cloudberries, cranberries and lettuce.” What are we talking about? (5 letters)
- The legend says that Nestor built the Church of the Transfiguration in Kizhi, and when the construction was completed, he went ashore and said: “No! There has never been and never will be such a temple!” he threw something into the lake, either for good luck, or for happiness, or for no one knows why. (5 letters)
- The Pomors had such a custom: when going on a dangerous hunting hunt, they ordered a prayer service for health in the church, they baked and gave bread with them, and at the same time, the bread had to be baked precisely this person and no other. (4 letters)
- That Russians, especially those living in the North, who lived in the North, specially froze for the winter and, if necessary, cut with a knife, on the basis of the same they cooked fish soup in the north of Russia, precisely on the basis of this. What's this? What are we talking about? (6 letters)
- Mikhail Prishvin described his journey to the North: “Until now, Russian sailors do not take into account the scientific description of the Arctic Ocean. They have their own sailing directions… the description of the sailing by the Pomors is almost a work of art” and further: “While the signs on the shore are visible, the Pomor reads one side of the book, when the signs disappear and the storm is about to break the ship, the Pomor turns the pages and turns to…”. Who is the Pomor addressing? (7 letters)
- This distance of 30 versts was designated by this very word on the White Sea. (4 letters)
- In the north of Russia, women and wives called their husbands like this: master, spouse, man, father, boyar, father. How else? (3 letters)
The participant did not guess the horizontal and two vertical words.
Issue 18 (864), May 4, 2007
Members:
Zhanna Kopochenya (village Yazyl)(2 850 points), Anvar Anirov (Pavlodar), Rafiya Pulatova (Termez); Oleg Karyukin (Tomta), Elvira Kovaleva (village Novoselovka), Igor Kazhurin (farm. Ryabichev); Olga Makeeva (Mr. Nizhny Novgorod), Viktor Kovalev (Severouralsk), Tatyana Filimonova (Novocherkassk);- In our country, seals are found only in Baikal and also in the Caspian Sea, and in one lake in the north. In which? This lake in the north was called Nebo until the 13th century, from which the river probably originated. (9 letters)
- What is the name of a shallow lake with banks overgrown with reeds in Russian dialects? If we speak correctly about that lake, then this lake can be considered carbonated, in winter there is so much gas accumulated under the ice that if holes are punched in the ice and a match is brought up, a fire breaks out and local fishermen often warm themselves near such fires on this lake. (7 letters)
- What is the largest lake in the world? (10 letters)
- What is the name of the world's oldest lake on Earth, it is 25 million years old? This name is translated from Turkic as “rich lake”, its reserves are 20% of fresh water, 80% of clean water throughout the planet. (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 19 (865), May 11, 2007
Members:
Lidia Tarasova (Teikovo), Roman Botov (Tambov)(1,700 points), Vera Gorodets (Berdyansk); Vladimir Shvetsov (Yekaterinburg), Akzhol Dzhumaliyeva (Kant), Anton Belousov (Kyiv); Ganiyar Ishanov (Ucharal), Raisa Masterova (Balabanovo), Alexander Kruglov (Pereslavl-Zalessky);
- Which city's name comes from the name of a type of honey? (6 letters)
- How in ancient Russia called a mixture of rye flour with honey and berry juice? (6 letters)
- From whom, according to one of the old Russian legends, did bees originate? The merman threw here it into the swamp, and when the fishermen pulled out the net, instead of fish, bees turned out to be in it and they scattered all over the world. (6 letters)
- Among the ancient Slavs, the bee was considered a sacred insect, and honey was sacrificed to the gods and used at weddings and other holidays, and even at feasts. What was the bee a symbol of in ancient Russia? (6 letters)
- Now honey can be bought everywhere. As it is easy to understand, honey can be bought everywhere, in any kiosk, in any stall, in any store, but in the Middle Ages, honey was sold here. (6 letters)
- According to Domostroy, a honey drink was necessarily made with the help of one known thing, because of this, the diluted honey drink fermented, then it was poured into barrels, put in the cold, but something like that was added to leaven this honey drink. (5 letters)
- Honey was diluted with water, exactly this was cooled, in houses it was served at the end of a meal, at the end of dinner. What is this drink? (4 letters)
The player guessed the horizontal word, but the other two could not.
Issue 20 (866), May 18, 2007
Members:
Valentina Zhidkova (Smolensk), Alexander Timokhovich (village Staroselye), Lydia Pavlova (town of Mikhailovka); Galina Makhmuddinova (Livny)(3,000 points), Boris Koreev (Shuya), Tatyana Murtazina (Elabuga); Tatyana Osipova (Ufa), Vladimir Gladov (Almaty), Svetlana Tapla (v. Alexanderfeld);- Since ancient times, mills have been associated with evil spirits. They believed that a mermaid washes her hair at the mill, devils sit on the pillars of the destroyed mill, and a vampire is on the roof. The owner of the water mill was considered a water mill. Who was considered the owner of the windmill? The mill was sometimes set up on the ninth grain, believing that it was the ninth part of the brought grain that would be given to him. (5 letters)
- What, according to old beliefs, can be built from the wreckage of old mills? (9 letters)
- According to the legends, it was believed that it was impossible to do without evil spirits at the mill. And who helped turn the wheels of the water mill? (7 letters)
- There is such a belief not only in the Russian epic: in order for the work to be successful at the mill, it is necessary to make some kind of sacrifice to the goblin or the water one, otherwise it will interfere with work. This belief exists in the legends of many peoples of the world, but almost everywhere one thing coincides. it sacrifice for that. (5 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 21 (867), May 25, 2007
Members:
Tatyana Isaevicheva (Saransk), Alexander Sobsolev (Kirov district), Guzeliya Tyzybdinova (Dolgiy Ostrov village); Natalia Zhuravskaya (Sergiev Posad), Mikhail Konevsky (settlement Dubrovino), Dina Obukhova (Yekaterinburg); Natalia Ostashkina (Orenburg), Daria Konovalova (Tver), Lydia Klevakina (Kurgan);
- What was the Aztec crime punishable by death? (8 letters)
- What was the undeniable sign of beauty among Maya women? (10 letters)
- When preparing a drink from cocoa, the Aztecs ground the beans and added there it. This thing was called "chocolatl", which is where chocolate comes from. In general, they believed that cocoa was something like soup and treated it like that, moreover, this thing was used by them during the Spanish invasion as a weapon, they burned it, and when burning it, this poisonous gas was produced. At the same time, using the control of the wind, the thing acted as the first gas attack in the history of mankind, and the Spaniards were afraid of this terrible ... What is it? (5 letters)
- The Maya tribe has been known since antiquity as astronomers and great mathematicians. What concept did the Mayans introduce into our lives, without which a lot of things would not have happened at all? (4 letters)
All three finalists were eliminated and the winner was not determined.
Issue 22 (868), June 1, 2007
Members:
Marcel Abgabyrov (Ufa), Zukhra Smirnova (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky), Semyon Berdnikov (St. Petersburg)(3,800 points); Alexander Rostovtsev (Voronezh), Anna Fedotova (Kaliningrad), Vladimir Ryazhin (Samara); Angelina Pustovalova (Rostov-on-Don), Timur Gubaidulin (Kazan), Natalya Buruntsova;
- What toy was invented by Russian artist Sergey Malyutin and turner Vasily Zvezdochkin? (8 letters)
- What gift did the future Tsar Peter I receive on his first birthday? (6 letters)
- What toy was invented in 1897 by a boy from London, his name was Walter Lyns? In history, it is believed that this is the youngest inventor in the world, he was 15 years old, no one designed this toy as an invention, because the boy’s father considered it to be complete stupidity, this is not a toy, but a prank that no one needs. The toy has survived to our age. (7 letters)
- What was the name of the most popular toy at Russian fairs? (8 letters)
- What is the oldest known toy? This toy was made in the following way: it was made of clay (these are animal figurines), and pebbles were put inside. (10 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a certificate for the winner of the Field of Miracles capital show for a free trip to the amusement and amusement park Port Aventura (Spain).
Issue 23 (869), June 9, 2007
Members:
Vladimir Meshchuk (Rostov-on-Don), Galina Kalinicheva (Samara), Elena Volkova (Nizhny Tagil); Ekaterina Shchetnikova (Balakhna), Denis Litsaenko (Moscow)(4,900 points), Elena Musina (Tyumen); Evgeny Vagitov (St. Petersburg), Gulnara Abludaeva (Kazan), Vitaly Druzhinin (Yaroslavl);
- There was a certain thing that was sold at all the fairs of Russia by weight, and it was sold at 15 rubles per pood. What kind of subject is this? What is it about? (7 letters)
- What was the pier itself called in the old days in Russia? (4 letters)
- In the manifesto on the merchants, published on January 1, 1807, the merchants were provided from a week to a month with a bulletin on exemption from duty due to illness. What disease are we talking about? (5 letters)
- In the XIV-XV centuries in Russia, not only in a certain city, but in any collapse, in a fair, in front of any merchant, there was a vessel with honey vinegar. The epidemic was enough. What was released there before making a purchase? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the merchants in Russia in the old days, who gathered together, setting off on a journey in a joint caravan, jointly dressed up difficulties along the way, and jointly defended their goods from robbers? (7 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize from X5 Retail Group: a car.
Issue 24 (870), June 15, 2007
Members:
Victor Molajdan (Soroca), Svetlana Laristova (village of Kachubeevo), Victor (city of Alga); Ayturi Masim (Palestine)(3 600 points), Rakhimkhon Rakhmatova (Andijan), Vyacheslav Belyaykin (Saransk); Galina Dymchenko (village Nikolaevka), Sambat Yegayan (Echmidzin), Svetlana Gorokhova (Tolyatti);- There are several words in Dahl's dictionary, the meanings of which he could not explain, and he could not explain them so much that instead of his own explanation, he added drawings. We found two such words in Dahl's dictionary, one of them is it. What is this word that even Vladimir Ivanovich Dal could not describe in his dictionary no more and no less? (5 letters)
- Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl did not have two explanations in the first edition, and a drawing was also attached to another one. What a word? (8 letters)
- There is one word that appeared in many dictionaries of the world, and appeared in the Russian dictionary in 1821, but in many dictionaries it was recorded that this word is outdated. The main thing is that this word is in Ushakov's dictionary, there is a slightly different spelling, but nevertheless it was this word that first appeared in Ushakov's dictionary. The word today is known very, a little slang, so far no one really guesses what this word came from. Meanwhile, it now exists and has a completely different meaning. What is this word? (4 letters)
- Who uttered these words: “I apologize to you that even so my poor style would be much less colorful with foreign words, although I looked in an old academic dictionary”? (6 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 25 (871), June 22, 2007
Members:
Poshenbey Aridotov (Dushanbe), Raisa Gromova (Surgut), Eldam Abdulvariev (Mamadysh)(3,050 points); Mubumba Raisa (Gabon) Izatulla Khabizov (Kibray region), Kira Yashkina (Balakovo); Elizaveta Pivneva (Irkutsk), Marat Gainutdinov (Nizhny Novgorod), Tatyana Romanova (Engels);
- What, as the village sorcerers advised, should be taken in the teeth in order to get rid of the headache? (6 letters)
- In the Nizhny Novgorod province, in this place in Russia on Petrov's day on June 29 (old style) / July 12 (new style), the mother-in-law gave her son-in-law along with cheese, two spoons, a rake and a scythe. What else? (7 letters)
- In the old days, in Russia, guilty peasants were sent to hunt for what animals in the old days? (4 letters)
- What did the people from ancient times call white ladies, naked ladies a sparrow, a gander, a curiosity, a wild boar, a bream, a doll, a zuleika, a monk, etc.? What are we talking about? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 26 (872), June 29, 2007
Members:
Maria Dolopchi (village of the Hollows), Aduila Serge-Pokat (city of Cotonou), Ekaterina Gavrilova (Lesosibirsk); Andrey Zaitsev (Dmitrov), Valentina Vasilenko (Belsk), Ibragim Abdullayev (Kovrov); Nina Storozhenko (Ostashkov), Shakhof Sharipov (Samarkand), Anna Salnikova (Plavsk)(2,850 points);
- Which composer's music do doctors recommend for pregnant women to listen to? This music calms the child in the mother's womb, fits childbirth, and contributes to the mental development of the baby in the future. (8 letters)
- Previously, this thing was sold in pharmacies, they say it helped a lot with headaches and palpitations: a few drops had to be consumed, even pharmacists prescribed it. Composer Wagner used about a liter a month as a sedative. this from the thing itself. (8 letters)
- Leonardo da Vinci wrote the following about one of our organs: “No other organ needs such a large number of muscles as this one. Of all the limbs that are moved by voluntary movement, he surpasses the rest in the number of movements. What did he say that about? About what such body? (4 letters)
- What is the name of the drink that Russian folk medicine recommended as a general tonic that improves digestion and improves tone? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 27 (873), July 6, 2007
Members:
Ali Albereda (Yemen), Lyudmila Lukicheva (Pushkino), Alexander Teterin (Aprelevka); Zuret Batyrbieva (village Khatanzhu)(2600 points), Rohmanoli Suleymanov (Kyzyl-Kiya), Evgenia Bolshakova (Obninsk); Alexander Burimsky (village of Krasny Chikoy), Natalya Egorova (village of Berezovka), Yuriy Yashchenko (Tiraspol);- On the day of which saint did the whole village go out to set up milestones along the roads, so that it would be easier for travelers to find the way in a blizzard and snowfall? In addition, it was believed that from this day a good sledge track was established. This day is December 5 (according to the new style). They said: "Come this- dug up a snowdrift, steps on the snow - digs the road. What is this saint? (6 letters)
- In ancient times, a special kind of pillars were placed at crossroads and crossroads. They met near them, and the last partings with those departing on a long journey took place right there. What were these pillars called? The name of each such pillar comes from the name of the very saint, which travelers so often mentioned. (7 letters)
- As you know, Nikolai Ugodnik is considered the patron saint of travelers. This is from the time of the baptism of Russia. And before the baptism of Russia, who was the patron saint of travelers? (5 letters)
- What was the name of a non-combatant soldier who opened the barrier for travelers who paid a road pass at the outpost when leaving the city? By the way, Pushkin has one such line in his poem “In Road Complaints”: “Or a barrier will slam into my forehead. Ignorant…". Who are we talking about? (7 letters)
- The path of pilgrims in any faith is long and difficult, the path is long, walking in the heat, in the cold and in the heat, the path is hard. Special inns for pilgrims were created at the monasteries. They had very accurate name. This word in the original translation means hospitality. Here is such an inn at the monastery for pilgrims was called somehow in a special way. (9 letters)
- This is a kind of animal that, if it crosses the road, then this is good luck. (4 letters)
- This animal, if it crosses the road, it is unfortunately. (5 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 28 (874), July 13, 2007
Members:
Tatyana Markeeva (Almaty), Igor Dolgikh (Voronezh), Natalya Safonova (settlement Kurkino); Vasily Manuilov (Gornyak), Tatyana Domracheva (settlement Novy Tarial), Asan Tanaev (Osh); Olga Krinovskaya (Shchuchin)(4,200 points), Yuri Lebedikin (Kursovka village), Elmira Kaladbieva (Taganrog);
- With the grain of which plant, used as a seasoning, something very small was compared in ancient times? St. Luke, chapter 17, verse 6, is this: “If you have even a grain like this…”, the Lord said. What is a grain? What is the conversation about? (7 letters)
- A spice that has been known since ancient times, with which manna from heaven is compared in the Bible. Specifically, it is said: “Like a seed, behold this, only white. The second book of Moses, verse 16, line 31. What spice is sometimes called Arabic parsley by the French? The name of this plant, used as a spice, comes from the name of the Greek word meaning "bug", because when it grows, it roughly smells like a forest bug, when it ripens, this smell disappears and, conversely, turns into a pleasant, spicy smell. . What is it about? (8 letters)
- What spicy herb is otherwise called "Bogorodskaya" grass, and the ancient Greeks, when they wanted to say that a person is elegant and looks good, they said this: "You smell like ..."? (6 letters)
- The name of which flour product in translation means cumin, is it translated from Turkic? (7 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 29 (875), July 20, 2007
Members:
Maria Balasanyan (st. Kirpilskaya), Sergei Palkin (Kronstadt), Larisa Manzhula (Balashov); Jafar Akhmedov (Kentau), Lilia Artyukhina (Ishimbay), Valery Panferov (Saratov); Valentin Bardyuzha (village Sidorovo), Raisa Kopylenko (village Dovolnoye), Alexey Bogdashkin (Serpukhov)(1,850 points);
- What word is considered very offensive to an Icelander? To use this word in relation to a person in Iceland is to call him a rude, lazy, uncouth dork. (10 letters)
- As it turned out, calling an Icelander a peasant means literally insulting him, even insulting him. There is something else that is considered to be the most perfect insult, a lifetime insult. If you compare an Icelander with someone, you can inflict on him a grave insult that he will never forget in his life. (6 letters)
- Icelanders say it's better to leave the house barefoot than without one. this. (5 letters)
- Iceland is famous for its hot springs. These sources are still used both in everyday life and in industry. Primitive people in Iceland in ancient times used hot springs for something very necessary, very important. For what? Like what? What were these sources used for? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 30 (876), July 27, 2007
Members:
Vyacheslav Chikalin (village of Lesnye polyany), Oksana Pevrukhina (St. Petersburg), Ruslan Adzhiumerov (Kirovsk)(1,950 points); Ainur Mirazov (Uchaly), Galina Kotova (Komsomolsk), Bakhtior Karimov (Samarkand); Ashot Popikyan (Sochi), Olga Bratskevich (Peno village), Sergey Tarasov (Teikovo);
- The image of what organ served as a symbol of God the Father before they began to be depicted in human form? This organ was placed in a triangle, which symbolized the trinity of "Supreme power over us all." (4 letters)
- What was the word "elms" called in ancient Russia? (3 letters)
- What in the old days in Russia in some areas was called buttocks? (4 letters)
- A rudiment is that which, in the process of human evolution, was tired and unnecessary, for example, the coccyx (former tail), appendix, some muscles, thanks to which some people can move their ears, wisdom teeth and everything else. What phenomenon (one of) was inherited by a person due to the fact that our ancestors were once covered with wool? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 31 (877), August 3, 2007
Members:
Alexander Hovhannisyan (Yerevan), Olga Gorbunova (village Pyatnitskoye), Oleg Suslopanov (village Bogdanovo); Elena Kuchirevich (Odessa), Abdullahi Gafarov (Istaravshan)(1,550 points), Galina Golovizna (village of Mikhailovka); Svetlana Vinokurova (v. Svatay), Viktor Yakovenko (farm Degtyarevsky), Galina Kim (Almaty);- The Russian word "cockroach" comes from the Turkic word "karakhan", which means "Black ...". Who? (7 letters)
- What insect, according to popular belief, cannot be offended, otherwise major troubles are expected? There is a second definition of this insect. It is known that it is quite difficult to convert the temperature from the Celsius scale to the Fahrenheit scale. What insect can do this in literally 15 seconds without complicated mathematical calculations? If you count the number of sounds an insect makes in 15 seconds and add 40, you get the current temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. (7 letters)
- As in ancient times in Russia they called happy person? In ancient times, it was believed that just such a person can be called happy. (6 letters)
- According to old folk signs, you need to eat something in the evening before the invasion of mosquitoes so that they do not bite. (6 letters)
- What insect taught King Solomon wisdom? What insect, according to scientists, was one of the first living creatures to rise into the air and begin to fly? What insect was considered by the Japanese as a symbol of war? In this country, that is, in Japan, even a reserve for these insects has been created. (8 letters)
- An insect whose poison is 30 times stronger than the poison of the karakurt. (5 letters)
- What insect, according to legend, was created by the devil when God created foxes, owls and sables? (4 letters)
Issue 32 (878), August 10, 2007
Members:
Gulbarchin Zulpikarova (Osh city), Victor Agapin (Lipkan city), Lyudmila Saenko (Voronezh); Dmitry Zhadanov (Smolensk), Margarita Goskudinova (village of Borbovka), Bezhan Khamidov (city of Chkalovsk); Amirzyan Valiev (Staroselye village), Yana Kirichenko (Krivoy Rog), Konstantin Potanov (Sergiev Posad)(3,650 points);
- What stationery at the end of the 19th century was called klyakspapir? It was recorded by the academic dictionary of 1910, this essential stationery was invented quite by accident, they just forgot to add glue to the paper pulp. (10 letters)
- In the Middle Ages, they wrote in Persia that in 1594 Mother Russia sold 30 pounds to Persia. this especially so that they could write in Persia. Many years have passed, in the Great Patriotic War partisans in their reports in some cases were the first to write precisely on this. (7 letters)
- After the war, the schools had black ink, purple ink, which was quite difficult to get. But in some especially important cases, in order for the written to shine, something was added to the ink, although the time was difficult, after the war. What was added to the ink? (5 letters)
- The oldest writing instrument on Earth. (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 33 (879), August 17, 2007
Members:
Olga Tolmacheva (Pinsk), Alexander Kupryushkin (Michurinsk)(3,550 points), Valentina Myachina (Dankov); Zaina Karimova (Grozny), Rami Barguh (Bethlehem), Julia Popova (Elabuga); Gadzhi Izmailov (Makhachkala), Olga Shokhova (Saransk), Anton Loginov (Yaroslavl);
Issue 34 (880), August 24, 2007
Members:
Lyudmila Polshina (Ramensky district), Kamil oglu-Asmailov (Agdash), Gulnara Nigmatulina (village Vasilievka)(6,700 points); Tumilo Muenga (Livingston), Alexander Seleznev (Prokopyevsk), Lyubov Nimezhan (v. Lovozero); Maria Motina (Chkalovsk), Maria Orlova (Zheleznodorozhny), Natalia Kondratieva (Ulyanovsk);
- In the old days, on November 26, all summer work ended, everything was already collected and folded, it was on this day that the settlement with workers was made. November 26 - this day of which saint, on this day, was the calculation made with all the hired workers who worked in the field from spring to late autumn to get a good harvest? (6 letters)
- Harvest traditionally begins on July 21 in Russia. As people working on the earth used to say in the old days, it is on the day of this saint that the harvest should begin. (8 letters)
- On July 6, in Mother Russia, it was recommended to plant the second most important crop, after potatoes, turnips. July 6 - on this day, which saint in Mother Russia recommended planting turnips? (8 letters)
- From the beginning of the 14th century to the beginning of the 19th century, what was the name of the peasant who gave half of the harvest to the owner? (8 letters)
- August 2 is the day of Elijah the Prophet, according to Russian folk signs, beliefs, no one worked in any case, the day of Elijah the Prophet was considered a day off. People of only one profession had the right to work, and then only partially. What profession are we talking about? (8 letters)
- By which saint's day did the spring and summer fishing season end? (4 letters)
- On June 5, on Leonty Ogurechnik, the last cucumbers are planted. What should be put in the grains prepared for sowing? (4 letters)
The participant guessed the horizontal and the first vertical word, but did not guess the second vertical word.
Issue 35 (881), August 31, 2007
Members:
Vera Parchevskaya (Berdichev), Talgat Ayubaev (Astana), Irina Ershova (Pervomaisky settlement); Nafa Chich (Krasnodar), Alexander Katashov (Rodniki), Valentina Kolesnichenko (Kamyshin); Nina Glotova (v. Yolnat)(3,350 points), Nikolai Novoseltsev (October village), Evgenia Novikova (Vorotynsk);- According to Gilyarovsky, in one of the best Moscow taverns they gave a dinner, which was called very strange, it was called "Lunch in the camp of Ermak Timofeevich." There were two appetizer dishes and here it. What is it about? (8 letters)
- In the old days, at the court of the Moscow tsars, there was a court of reference, which was the production and storage of wine, honey and honey broth. What was the name of this yard? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the merchants in Moscow, from whom you could buy clay pots, boiled and stewed meat trimmings, sausages, potatoes, jelly on the street and have a bite to eat right on the go? These same traders wore such huge skirts on purpose, and so that the grub did not cool down, they sat on these korchags, like women on a samovar. When it was necessary to buy, she got up, took it out, took it out, gave a piece of bread, a scrap and sat back down. (7 letters)
- Part of ancient Moscow, located in the Streltsy Sloboda and fenced with logs and wooden fortifications, in which the soldiers lived, the bodyguards of Vasily III, was somehow specially called. There also lived soldiers, bodyguards of the tsar-father Vasily III. (9 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 36 (882), September 7, 2007
Members:
Nina Efremova (Polessky), Oleg Taktanov (Ulan-Ude), Antonina Korneeva (settlement Tuchkovo); Elena Triputenok (Minsk), Leonid Yevtushenko (Saldus), Olga Ging (Belebey); Gulsirin Igimamedova (Balkanabad), Vladimir Sychev (Kuznetsk)(3,300 points), Svetlana Rozhdestvenskaya (Kaluga);
- What was the name of the pebbles in Mother Russia, which were placed on the counting board (abacus) to perform arithmetic operations? The Russian folk saying has remained to this day. (4 letters)
- Who introduced a new monetary system in Poland in the 16th century? In the treatise that this man presented to King Sigismund I, four main causes of the death of the kingdoms of kings and republics were noted: discord, mortality, without soil, and damage to money. (8 letters)
- Who first came up with a way to protect money, documents and stamps from forgery? The managers of the state bank were asked to come up with something because there were so many fakes that it became a threat to the national security of the state. (8 letters)
- There is such a French word "budget", in Russian transcription they pronounce the same way. What it is? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 37 (883), September 14, 2007
Members:
Marina Udartseva (Astana), Oleg Alisov (Krasnoyarsk), Rimma Popkova (St. Petersburg); Viktor Fedorov (Omsk), Dilfuza Dazhibaeva (village of Monbekovo), Davyd Eremeenik (Voronezh); Zulaiko Zinnazarova (village of Nasa), Valery Kolikov (village of Bolotnovo), Elena Konovalova (Mytishchi)(3,300 points);
- The great architect of antiquity, Vitruvius, proclaimed a triad, that is, three unities of architecture: this is strength, usefulness ... What else? (7 letters)
- The great architect Gaudi believed that in architecture the model of perfection is ... (4 letters)
- In the annals of the architect Aristotle Fioravonti, who built the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin in part, there is one phrase: “The master mourol, who builds churches and chambers, so does the cannonman of that one ostensibly lit and bells and other lits are cunning velmy.” What is a master murol? (8 letters)
- What were the builders looking for in the first place before building the main tower of the knight's castle? (6 letters)
- Who in Russia (in particular, in Moscow), according to tradition, determined the place for the construction of churches and temples? (8 letters)
- This is something that should not be, according to any villager, in the old days in Russia in the northern part of the house. (6 letters)
- What part of the hut, according to the old Russian custom, did not make a roof during the year, so that all sorts of troubles and evil spirits would fly out of there? (4 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 38 (884), September 21, 2007
Members:
Zilya Galeeva (Ufa), Magomed Ali-Magomedov (village Butri), Olga Anzar (Kyzyl); Viktor Kuvshinov (village of Krutovo), Svetlana Dyukova (village of Kinel-Cherkassy), Elturan Gadzhi-Balaev (Belaken); Svetlana Nesterova (settlement Zolotkovo), Alexey Zustin (village Kratovo)(3400 points), Natalia Ryabova (Severodvinsk);
- About what puzzle that appeared in the 1970s, Mark Twain wrote: “In the last few weeks, a new puzzle from the Atlantic to the Pacific has come into fashion, the entire population of the United States has stopped working and is doing only this. In connection with it, all business life froze: judges, lawyers, burglars, merchants, working women ... - in a word, everyone, from morning to evening, is busy with a highly intellectual and complex business. At the end of the 19th century, a woodworking artist, Matthias Reiss, started a business producing a new puzzle called the Gem Puzzle. Under what name did it enter Russian life and exists to this day? (8 letters)
- Whose words belong to: "Usually people do not even suspect how many similarities these trifling puzzle games reveal with the big game that we play with nature in order to unravel its laws"? (8 letters)
- The name of which puzzle comes from the French word, which means "wagon" in translation? In the Middle Ages, this kind of cart on two wheels, then the feudal lords, who, in their free time from idleness, indulged in games of all kinds, began to call it: to designate it as a whole load of chatter. What is it about? (6 letters)
- To whom does Ovid recommend in the book The Art of Love by Ars Amandi to master the game of Tic-Tac-Toe? Among other things, it is known that in 1300 in England this game was known as the "Dance of the Three Men", it is precisely this game, which later became known as the "Dance of the Three Men", that Ovid recommends to someone first of all learn how to play. (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 39 (885), September 28, 2007
Members:
Alexey Valov (Arkhangelsk)(1450 points), Saadak Boltaeva (Samarkand), Maxim Prikhodko (Rovenki); Boris Maksimov (Novosibirsk), Sofia Chernikova (Otradnaya station), Dmitry Usachev (Shalya); Gummar Valiullin (Bogdanovich), Larisa Tabolina (village of Murmashi), Alexander Oslin (Kamrak);- What is the name of the thin, soft, usually brightly colored vegetable-tanned leather extracted from the skins of goats and sheep? (6 letters)
- What, according to tradition, did a Russian village shoemaker pin under the sole when he sewed shoes for a bachelor or for an excellent fashionista? (7 letters)
- Clothing and shoes for taiga trips should be, as understood, strong, for shoes, insoles are required so as not to rub your feet. What are insoles for clothes and shoes made of? (5 letters)
- What was the name of the leg in ancient Russia? (4 letters)
- In the 17th century, only peasants and soldiers wore boots, but at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries they began to be worn at court. Who again brought boots into fashion, a man legendary in Russian history? (7 letters)
- Exactly here So called shoes that were used for housework in the village. (6 letters)
- Who should have been scared away by fences sparse along the porch or bast shoes on the porch of the house? (3 letters)
The player guessed the horizontal and the first vertical word, but did not guess the second vertical word.
Issue 40 (886), October 5, 2007
Members:
Zakira Khairulina (Almetyevsk), Yuri Bannikov (Kursk)(3,050 points), Elizaveta Nastaeva (Chekhov); Natalya Pokladova (military unit "Dubki"), Rakhima Isaeva (Konakov), Olga Tuzova (Bishkek); Tatyana Grachev (Ryazh), Vladimir Silin (Razumnoye village), Irina Kholina (settlement Zolotkovo);
- The Eskimos call them garbage dumps, because at the beginning of July they fly into the villages and rummage through the garbage dumps, and from that moment the hunting season for walruses begins, as the Eskimos think. What are we talking about? (5 letters)
- What is an adult male fur seal called? (5 letters)
- Which arctic seal is slanged by whalers as "ice rat"? In the old days, the name of this animal could not be pronounced by a woman, just like the word “yaranga”, “musher”, etc., because according to local customs, women cannot pronounce the letter “P” at all, this is a taboo. What is it about? (5 letters)
- Since ancient times, walruses provided the inhabitants of the Far North with meat for food, skins for building dwellings and boats. What did the locals sometimes use walrus bones for? (5 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 41 (887), October 12, 2007
Members:
Nadezhda Tsypnyatova (Yartsevo), Anatoly Dymchenko (Nikolaevka village), Svetlana Esyrkina (St. Petersburg); Khamza Yusupov (Ufa), Elena Kazyanina (village Krasny Vartas), Bakhtiyar Tajibaev (Tashkent)(1,800 points); Leonid Elkin (Usman), Svetlana Kurkina (Ust-Katav), Andrey Bardin (Edinets);
- The Latin name is Oak Quercus. What does this mean in translation? (8 letters)
- What does the ancient Slavic word "Cherema" mean, from which, in fact, the tree comes? (9 letters)
- Mamin-Sibiryak, a famous writer, compared cedar with something. With whom? What did he call the cedar? (6 letters)
- The name of one of the most ancient cities in the world is translated as "the city of palm trees". What city are we talking about? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 42 (888), October 19, 2007
Members:
Victoria Ivanova (Sterlitamak), Vyacheslav Sotskov (Yeisk), Elina Belyaeva (settlement Murinovo); Ekaterina Nemysheva (St. Petersburg), Alexander Sleeping (village Petrovo)(4,800 points), Irina Grinberg (Severodvinsk); Svetlana Mironova (Volgograd), Tatyana Lapko (Kremennaya), Lidia Morozova (Leninsk);
- Last quarter of the 19th century. During the dominance of the horse-drawn carriage in St. Petersburg and other provincial cities, its carriages were double-decker, the place was inside the carriage and on the roof. What were the names of the rooftops? (8 letters)
- What was the name of the carriage-type carriage for wealthy travelers? (6 letters)
- Name the first type of public transport. This word was put into circulation by a retired officer of the Napoleonic army Boudry. In translation, if you call it in full because of the phrase, of which only one word remained in circulation, there were two, but in translation in general it is called everything and everyone. (7 letters)
- What were the names of public carriages for eight people, four people on each side, strained by a pair of horses? (7 letters)
- In 1909, a recently elected member of the Moscow City Duma (as deputies used to be called) by the name of Sazonov filed a complaint, who wrote that, according to rumors, some senior employees of the city tram allowed themselves to take bribes in order to provide a position. Whom? (13 letters)
- This highway in St. Petersburg, where the first tram line was laid. (4 letters)
- A box with what must have been in the motor cars of the first trams in Russia? (4 letters)
The player guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 43 (889), October 26, 2007
Members:
Tatyana Senkevich (Tyumen), Vladimir Vlasov (v. Yakhrenga)(7,850 points), Olga Nikitina (Kaliningrad); Varvara Ovchinnikova (v. Neruba), Anton Gubko (Izhevsk), Tamara Ivanova (Orekhovo-Zuevo); Vadim Belyakov (Smolensk), Nina Dunaeva (settlement Aykhan), Alexey Istomin (Arkhangelsk);
- What was the name of a clumsy person in ancient Russia? This verb, from which, in fact, this word came from, means that clumsy and stupid does something, but not at all in the sense that is understood now. What are you talking about? (7 letters)
- As in Russia and in Russia since ancient times they called a beautiful, charming girl? (6 letters)
- What was the old name for a recruit who turned out to be unfit for military service? (7 letters)
- The secretary of the Austrian embassy, Adolf Lisek, wrote in 1675: “Here it is the common virtue of Russians. (14 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 44 (890), November 2, 2007
Members:
Alexandra Kravchenko (Senno), Andrey Kartidov (Surgut), Lidia Pankova (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky); Julia Shushakova (Smolensk), Evgeny Shirokov (Navashino)(3,100 points), Ksenia Kerdymova (Akhansk); Olga Vetrova (village Jirim), Igor Glagolevsky (Odessa), Emilia Malygina (Polevskoy);
- August 12 in Piogiola, it is in high Corsica, all the inhabitants of Canton are fighting for the title of the best representative here this professions. (7 letters)
- People of what profession are the symbol of Corsica? (6 letters)
- On August 12, in Bastelica (near Ajaccio), a costumed parade takes place in honor of the folk hero Sampiero (the condottier Francisco I). Whose prototype was this folk hero of Corsica? (6 letters)
- Favorite activity of the Corsican at a time when there are no tourists. (5 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 45 (891), November 9, 2007
Members:
Lyubov Fonova (Maloyaroslavets), Alexander Igumnov (Karakol), Larisa Yakovleva (Kamensk-Uralsky); Makhsuda Akhmedova (Kumertao), Nikolai Mineev (Sars settlement), Galina Perova (village Krasnye Baki); Natalya Koreneva (Penkovo village)(1,350 points), Andrei Milu (Berdyansk), Valentina Isaenko (Gomel);- The heroes of many fairy tales were looking for overpowered grass to cope with evil spirits. What is this herb called? What is it about? (8 letters)
- The ancients had a certain accessory on their clothes, which was considered the best abundance of a talisman against evil spirits. (8 letters)
- According to legend, the brownie has a brother. His name is yard, because he lives in the yard, he is engaged in farming and cattle. Dvorova is friends only with a dog, if she is not sick, and with someone else. Who else is friends with the courtyard? (5 letters)
- It was believed that getting rid of mermaids is not easy. It was necessary to collect accursed grass on Trinity and, when the mermaid runs up, throw it in her eyes. What is cursed grass? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 46 (892), November 16, 2007
Members:
Natalia Marakhtanova (Nizhny Novgorod), Nina Solovieva (Moscow), Marina Pisareva (Yaroslavl)(3,200 points); Julia Kiuru (Saint Petersburg), Irina Lukovkina (Samar), Lyubov Nikitina (Kazan); Irina Proksh (Rostov-on-Don), Julia Batutina (Lipetsk), Olga Panina (Tyumen);
- What word related to the profession comes from the Latin word that meant "diaper", "junk"? (9 letters)
- Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov came up with his own system of assessing students' knowledge. Who performed or missed something, and assign the other in the cells against each day and name in the first letters, the word signifying: “VI” - did everything, but did not know the lesson, “LF” - did not know part of the lesson, “ZUND” - did not know the lesson firmly, "NZ" - did not submit the task, "KhZ" - a bad task, "B" - sick, "K" - was not at school, "VIZ" - did everything in abundance. What was the highest score? (5 letters)
- What word, borrowed from Italian, originally meant "teacher"? (6 letters)
- The name of which subject, which is directly related to this topic, means “group” in Latin? (5 letters)
- What word did the Germans originally call little Jesus, and then began to apply to some other children around the world? (10 letters)
- What invention, made in 1814, allowed teachers to teach large classes rather than just a few students? It was invented by James Pylance, a Scottish teacher. (5 letters)
- What was the name of the solemn meeting in one institution? (3 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won a car and a computer class.
Issue 47 (893), November 23, 2007
Members:
Olga Sycheva (Kuznetsk), Azer Huseynov (Baku), Natalia Alekseeva (v. Svyatoslavka); Olga Pomygova (Kirsanov), Yuri Vinogradov (Bishkek)(6,950 points), Elena Efremova (Cheboksary); Nikolay Gavrilov (Istra), Taisiya Kobyleva (village Chaadevka), Khusrat Nigmatov (Isfara);
- What was the original name of the barrel organ? Generally speaking, the hurdy-gurdy itself was called only from the 19th century, it came from the song of the charming Sharman Katrin, they played such a song on this hurdy-gurdy, twisted the handle and that was how it was called. But from the very beginning, when this musical instrument was invented, it was not called that, but was called something else. (7 letters)
- One of the names of the barrel organ until the 19th century was "chizhovka". When it was improved mechanically, it was called the terrible academic word "symphony". (9 letters)
- People called her Chizhovka or Drozdovka and somehow else. What was her name? (9 letters)
- The oldest musical instrument This ivory piece was found in southern Germany and is approximately 37,000 years old. (6 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 48 (894), November 30, 2007
Members:
Valentina Nazarova (Protvino), Dmitry Chaika (Brovary), Tatyana Sinitsyna (Crimea); Teimuraz Bojgua (Senaki), Natalia Khrushcheva (village Krasnopolye), Leonid Terabuev (Vologda); Abdurasul Mamyzakirov (Kyrgyzstan), Irina Ivanova (Nizhny Novgorod), Yuri Zakharov (Moscow)(3,850 points);
- What was the name in Russia of a student who receives full support in a closed pre-revolutionary educational institution? (9 letters)
- What was the name of the teacher of arithmetic in ancient Rome? (11 letters)
- People of what profession at the end of the 19th century in Russia began to be taught geography, French and good manners? (8 letters)
- It is known that in most of the territory of Russia the back desk in the classroom is called "Kamchatka". What is another name in Kamchatka? (11 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 49 (895), December 7, 2007
Members:
Lyubov Shchepetkina (Kartali), Mikhail Golovenko (Gomel), Elvira Kurbanova (v. Buraevo); Andrey Trofimenko (Elista), Elena Avtomova (Kovrov), Mikhail Bochkarev (Moscow); Irina Ryazantseva (Stary Oskol), Yuri Perepelkin (Orenburg), Victoria Maloshchuk (Chernihiv)(1,600 points);
- The manager of the mining business in the Urals, the famous historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev, in 1735 named the mountain he discovered in the Urals, unique in its wealth, in honor of Empress Anna Ioannovna. What exactly did he name her? (9 letters)
- Mother Hera threw God from Mount Olympus. He was a terribly naughty child already then. And by the way, he hurt himself and it’s great, but only later, having become a god, Hera took revenge and made her a chair, she sat down in it and could not get up, and only many years later he freed her. Who are we talking about? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the nymph punished by the goddess Hera for chattering? She chatted endlessly, and during the visit of the Hero of the Nymphs, she endlessly distracted with her endless conversations. She was punished in a terrible way: as a result of punishment, according to one version, she could not speak when others spoke, and moreover, according to another version, she could only pronounce the endings of words, never understanding their meaning. Who are we talking about? (3 letters)
- What is the name of one of the peaks of Alatau, named after its youngest conqueror? The mountain, by the way, 2,847 m, once and recently was conquered by a five-year-old boy, whose name was Misha Khanenyuka, and who climbed this mountain with his father. (7 letters)
- Which mountain has a huge number of names: Chomo-Kankar in the translation "mother-queen of snow whiteness", Sagarmatha - "top of the sky", "mother of the gods of the earth" - Gaurizankar and many, many others? In order to go to this mountain, you have to wait in line, you have to sign up in line and wait. (7 letters)
- Russian traveler Nikolai Przhevalsky discovered a ridge in Tibet and named it Moscow. What did he name the main peak of his range? (6 letters)
- The legendary king whose name is the mountain in the park of Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, the summer residence of the British Queen? The Scots say that he who is too lazy to climb this mountain is not worthy to eat his porridge. (5 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won the car.
Issue 50 (896), December 14, 2007
Members:
Raisa Kusakina (village Malinovka), Evgeny Savonin (Voronezh)(12,700 points), Elvira Gafarova (Moscow); Nadezhda Kalmykova (Serafimovich), Salifjan Kireev (Tashkent), Irina Kiseleva (Yoshkar-Ola); Maria Luneva (Barnaul), Anvar Kasimov (Chikcha village), Nadezhda Korneva (Volgograd);
- Who was the protector of those whose profession is connected with water? So they thought in Russia, that is, the protector of fishermen, raftsmen, sailors and, in general, everyone whose work is connected with water. (7 letters)
- The name of a saint who, according to our ancestors, controlled the dew. (4 letters)
- Which mythological hero, according to legend, gained heroic strength by bathing in one of the healing springs of the Caucasus? (6 letters)
- Who was the first person in the world to advise boiling or filtering contaminated water before drinking it? According to legend, lush flowers always grew on the grave of this legendary person, even when there was a drought all around, they were irrigated by blessed rain precisely because he valued the life-giving power of water most of all and said: “Water is healing!”. Who are we talking about? (9 letters)
- What has pure water symbolized in Russia since ancient times? (9 letters)
- If you washed your hands, then they should be dried with a towel, but shake off the water from your hands. Who can pay off according to an old Russian legend, if you shake it off your hands into the water? (4 letters)
- The legend says that a navigator in ancient times, of course, went a long way through the water, if it is the sea, the ocean is salty water. Where did they get clean fresh water from? (6 letters)
The player guessed the horizontal and the first vertical word, but did not guess the second vertical word.
Issue 51 (897), December 21, 2007
Members:
Andrey Rozanov (Minsk), Zoya Ermolaeva (v. Ilyinka)(1,800 points), Alexander Goncharov (Serevodvinsk); Maria Martirosova (settlement Monino), Anatoly Mirzakimov (Belgorod), Natalia Tselishcheva (Kirov); Ognez Ghambaryan (Vanadzor), Olga Dmitrieva (Balashikha), Ilya Kuznetsov (Kostroma);
- Which word owes its origin to one of the flax processing processes? (5 letters)
- What was the name of a separate piece of fabric in Russia before? (5 letters)
- Which word comes from the Greek word for piece of cloth? (5 letters)
- What was the name of linen in Russia? (3 letters)
- The old Russian word "Koprina" means silk. Which plant's name comes from this the words? (7 letters)
- Here So used to be called a piece of fabric on a roll. (5 letters)
- The name of which fabric in Persian, in fact, means “matter”? (5 letters)
The participant guessed the horizontal word, but the other two could not.
Issue 52 (898), December 28, 2007
Members:
Ilsur Zagrutdinov (Sestroretsk), Albert Verkholyak (Petrozavodsk), Galina Chogovadze (Moscow); Maya Kolodina (Moscow), Simon Oganesyan (Lipetsk), Svetlana Zaitseva (Shuya); Eliza Annam (Dhaka)(4,400 points), Ivan Bokov (Domodedovo), Anastasia Sorokova (Podolsk);- According to art historians, the classic staff of Santa Claus should be with a holy pen and moon, stylized with the image of a month or a bull's head - a symbol of power, fertility and happiness. What should the staff itself be made of? (8 letters)
- According to art historians, the classic fur coat of the Russian Santa Claus should be ankle-length, always red, embroidered with silver, eight-pointed stars and other traditional ornaments are required. Whose down should the fur coat of Santa Claus be lined with? (6 letters)
- What is an indispensable attribute of the Spanish Santa Claus, whose name is Olentzero? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the German folklore character, the prototype of Santa Claus, in translation into Russian, on which German children constantly blamed for misconduct so that their parents would not punish them on holiday? (5 letters)
- What East Slavic spirit was the ancestor of the modern Santa Claus? (7 letters)
- Finnish Santa Claus is called Joulupukki. In translation, his name means "Christmas grandfather ...". Who? (5 letters)
- Where do English kids throw letters to Santa Claus? (5 letters)
The participant guessed all three words and won the car.
The story in a nutshell is this. Robert Fitzroy, an aristocrat, naval officer, graduate of the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth in October 1828 was appointed captain of the famous Beagle, a research barque that took part in four hydrographic expeditions. Charles Darwin himself took part in the third expedition - the studies made during this voyage formed the basis of many scientific works great scientist.
Fitzroy was not a scientist - he was primarily a sailor, and at the time of taking office he was very young, he was only 23 years old. At the same time, he showed himself to be a brilliant captain and a very enterprising person - in fact, the invitation to board the naturalist Darwin happened precisely with light hand Fitzroy (it was a round-the-world expedition of 1831-1836).
keenly interested natural phenomena, Fitzroy, having joined the Beagle, had the idea to build a device that predicts changes in sea weather - compact enough to work on a ship. And he built it.
Stormglass Fitzroy is a hermetically sealed glass flask, inside which is a mixture of various chemical components: distilled water (33 ml), ethanol (40 ml), potassium nitrate (2.5 g), ammonium chloride (2.5 g) and camphor ( 10 g). This mixture, according to Fitzroy's observations, turned out to be extremely sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity, and pressure. He described his observations of the contents of the vessel in one of his subsequent works (subsequently, Fitzroy became the head of the Department of Meteorology and in 1862 published the most famous "Book of the Weather").
According to Fitzroy's observations, the behavior of the mixture looked like this: - it was clean, transparent and liquid in bright, sunny, calm weather; - she became cloudy if the weather was cloudy; - separate cloud points formed in it if there was fog overboard; - the liquid was cloudy and with separate solidification points before a thunderstorm; - if the solidification points were in a transparent liquid, this foreshadowed snow; - large crystalline flakes - to snowfall; - needle crystals foreshadowed frosts; - muddy threads at the bottom promised a windy day.
So far, neither Fitzroy is right nor wrong. Some characteristics of stormglass are confirmed modern research, some are not. Stormglass is no longer needed, since we have learned to predict the weather with more accurate devices, and this unusual device has finally become a historical artifact. Regardless of which specific weather the composition of the Fitzroy mixture reacts, it looks very beautiful from the outside.
In fact, we just saw the stormglass for sale at Hammacher Schlemmer and thought we should talk about it. Maybe you would like to have something like this. It's beautiful.
The history of the creation of a thermometer begins many years ago. People have always wanted to have a device that allows you to measure the amount of heating or cooling of a certain object. Such an opportunity appeared in 1592, when Galileo designed the first device that made it possible to determine the change in temperature. This device, consisting of a glass ball and a tube soldered to it, was called a thermoscope. The end of the tube was placed in a vessel with water, and the ball was subjected to heat. When the heating was stopped, the pressure inside the ball dropped, and the water rose through the tube under the influence of atmospheric pressure. With an increase in temperature, the reverse process occurred, and the water level in the tube decreased. The device did not have a scale, and it was impossible to determine the exact temperature values \u200b\u200bfrom it. Subsequently, Florentine scientists eliminated this shortcoming, as a result of which the measurements became more accurate. So the prototype of the first thermometer was created.
At the beginning of the next century, the famous Florentine scientist, a student of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli invented an alcohol thermometer. As we all well know, the ball in it is located under a glass tube, and alcohol is used instead of water. The readings of this device do not depend on atmospheric pressure.
The invention of the first mercury thermometer D.G. Fahrenheit dates back to 1714. He took 32 degrees for the lower point of his shala - which corresponded to the freezing point of the salt solution, and for the upper point - 2120 - the boiling point of water. The Fahrenheit scale is still used today in the United States.
In 1730, a French scientist R.A. Réaumur proposed a scale, the extreme points in which were the boiling and freezing points of water, and the freezing point of water was taken as 0 degrees on the Réaumur scale, and the boiling point was taken as 80 degrees. Currently, the Réaumur scale is practically not used.
After 28 years, the Swedish researcher A. Celsius developed his own scale, where, as in the Réaumur scale, the boiling and freezing points of water were taken as extreme points, but the gap between them was divided not by 80, but by 100 degrees, and initially the graduation was from above down, that is, the boiling point of water was taken as zero, and the freezing point of water as one hundred degrees. The inconvenience of such a division soon became obvious, and subsequently Strömmer and Linnaeus changed the extreme points of the scale in places, giving it the form we are used to.
In the middle of the 19th century, the British scientist William Thomson, known as Lord Kelvin, proposed a temperature scale, the lowest point of which was -273.15 0C - absolute zero, at this value there is no movement of molecules.
So you can briefly describe the history of the creation of a thermometer and temperature scales. Currently, the Celsius scale is the most widely used thermometer, the Fahrenheit scale is still used in the USA, and the Kelvin scale is the most popular in science.
To date, there are many designs of thermometers, devices that measure temperature, based on various physical properties and widely used in everyday life, science and production.
Using modern household appliances, we do not think about what they were at the dawn of their appearance. Sometimes we don’t notice that when we get up in the morning, we turn on any of the home devices, without which our life is not possible, and if for a moment we imagine that there is no TV, refrigerator, microwave oven or iron, one involuntarily thinks about how modern humanity depends on from electronic devices that make life easier and save a lot of time. Some hundred years ago, all this did not exist, and what awaits us in a century is very difficult to say, one can only speculate. So, how did home appliances appear and what do they represent today?
TV set
The idea of transmitting an image over distances comes from ancient times, remember the Russian fairy tale about the “saucer with a pouring apple”, which also showed an image. The first incarnation of this idea began at the end of the 19th century, and only in 1907, the inventor Max Dieckmann demonstrated the first similarity of a mechanical type television with a twenty-line 3 by 3 cm screen and a frequency of 10 frames / s. The principle of electronic television broadcasting was patented in 1923 by our compatriot Vladimir Zworykin, who emigrated to the states.
And in 1927 the United States began the first television broadcast, then in 1928 the UK also began broadcasting, followed by Germany in 1929. The VHF band for mass television broadcasting was introduced by Germany in 1935. From that moment on, the rapid development of televisions began, which were owned by 180 thousand American families in 1947, and by 1953 this figure had grown to 28 million. The modern television has not changed its purpose, only functionality and the screen dimensions have been changed to allow you to experience what is happening on the screen in full force.
Refrigerator
Residents of temperate and northern latitudes were able to store food with the help of cold, in southern countries they did not even imagine that ice could be useful for domestic needs, and only rich southerners could order snow from mountain peaks. Our ancestors made cellars. Which are not much different from the current underground refrigerators that our grandparents still use. The first artificial ice was made in 1850 by John Gorey, who used a compression cycle in his device, a similar design is still used today.
In 1879, ammonia began to be used in the compressor, and many meat industries and others began to purchase ice-making devices. The first household electric refrigerator was made in 1913 and used quite toxic substances in its design. In 1927, General Electric mass-produced the Monitor-Top refrigerator, which was very popular and sales reached 1 million units. Freon began to be used in 1930, and is used today. A modern refrigerator is an attribute of every family that has intelligent control allowing food to be stored for a long time.
Microwave
American military engineer Percy Spencer, while conducting experiments with microwave radiation, noticed the property of heating food and patented his invention in 1946. The world's first microwave was released by the American company Raytheon in 1947 and was called Radarange. At first, it was used exclusively by the military for defrosting food in soldiers' canteens and was the size of a human being.
The first household microwave oven was introduced by the Tappan Company in 1955. And only in 1962, the Japanese company Sharp released the first production model to the mass market, which at first was not in great demand. A modern microwave is a device that includes a grill, convection, microwaves and has a lot of automatic modes for preparing a variety of dishes. This device has firmly entered our everyday life, thanks to
the speed with which tasks are completed.
Washing machine
Until the 19th century, things were washed by hand, and there was such a profession as a laundress, requiring heavy physical labor. To facilitate washing, primitive tools such as mallets with notches were used to better erase the dirt. In 1874, William Blackstone put into mass production the first washing machine with a manual mechanical drive, which greatly facilitated this hard work.
The electric washer appeared in 1908, and the fully automatic in 1949 in the United States. On the present stage The development of the device can wash, rinse and wring out, and also do it with a given temperature regime and intensity, which allows you to wash any type of fabric and you only need to put the laundry in the unit and press the button.
A vacuum cleaner
Huber Cecil Booth, a British by birth, was the first to think of sucking up dust when cleaning the premises, who patented his invention in 1901. The inventor realized that the device would be in demand, and designed the Puffing Billy, a bulky wagon-driven unit that ran first on fuel and then on electricity. The device had a 30-meter hose and was brought as close as possible to the door of the house for cleaning the premises.
The first household electric vacuum cleaner was patented by P. A. Fisker in 1910, it weighed more than 17 kilograms and could well be used by one person. In 1919, the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association was formed. The first bagless vacuum cleaner was patented by Amway in 1959. Now vacuum cleaners have more powerful parameters with special brushes and air purification filters, as well as a light weight and compact dimensions.
Iron
This household appliance has a very ancient history, the principle of hot ironing was used in the times of the ancient Greeks, and had the form of an iron rod in the form of a rolling pin, which was heated on fire. In the Middle Ages, "woofs" were used, metal mugs filled with hot water. In the 18th century, an iron with hot coals appeared, but heating irons were the most popular. The first electric iron was created by Earl Richardson in 1903. The latest models of irons have a wide range temperature conditions, as well as a steam function for easy ironing.
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