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Shipbuilding shop. Shipbuilding enterprises

The work of shipbuilding production associations is based on cooperation with other associations. Therefore, the fulfillment of obligations for the supply of products in a given quantity, on time and according to the range in accordance with the concluded contracts largely determines the success of the production association.

1. Shipbuilding enterprise - shipyard - plant………………………….3
2. Types of production…………………………... ……………………………...4
3. Scheme of management of industrial enterprises .. ……………………6
4. Description of structural production enterprises ………………..9
5. Brigade form of labor organization, types of payments ………………………..9

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1. Shipbuilding enterprise - Shipyard - Plant

A production association is a single production complex that performs its functions on the basis of the principles of production.

Along with production associations, manufacturing enterprises operate in the shipbuilding industry. If a shipbuilding enterprise is not part of a production association, then it continues to be (like the production association) the main link in the national economy.

Of great importance are the natural conditions of the area in which it is planned to build a shipbuilding enterprise. They must be suitable for the creation of the main structures of the shipyard, including slipways, launching facilities, outfitting embankments, water area, protective structures (piers and dams) and waterways.

There are 2 types of shipbuilding enterprises: shipyards and shipyards.

shipyard represents a slipway, a block of slipway shops and an outfitting embankment. The shipyard contains workshops where the production process is directly related to the construction of ships. These are hull-working, assembly-welding, slipway, assembly, pipeline, painting, woodworking, rigging and outfitting shops.

A shipyard may also include hull-preparation shops. These include:

Metal processing workshop;

Section assembly shop;

Assembly shop of block sections.

shipyard It is also distinguished by the presence of machine-building workshops. These include a group of procurement shops (foundry, forging), thermal, machining (mechanical assembly) and a metal coating shop. The shipyard also contains auxiliary workshops: instrumental, mechanical repair, energy workshop. On its territory there may also be workshops of counterparty organizations: electrical installation, insulation work workshop, etc.

2. Types of production

The type of production determines the classification category, allocated on the basis of the breadth of the range, regularity, stability and volume of output. By types, mass, serial and single production are distinguished.

The type of production is a classification category of production, distinguished on the basis of the method used to manufacture the product or on the basis of the creation of the necessary means for its manufacture. According to the first sign, the main production is formed, according to the second - auxiliary.

In the main production, products for industrial purposes are produced, and in the auxiliary production, tools, various types of energy, etc., are produced, necessary to ensure the activities of the main

sheep production.

A shipbuilding production association (enterprise) is characterized by a large range of types of production, which, for the purposes of classification, it is advisable to combine into groups (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

Production group.	Type of production.
1. Production of parts from sheets and profile material.	Preliminary processing: Sheets; profile material. Cutting sheets of profile material. Sheet metal bending. Production of parts from profile material.
2. Preliminary fabrication of hull structures and installation of the ship's hull.	Manufacturing: Cloths; Set of the ship's hull; Planar sections of the ship's hull; Semi-volumetric and volumetric sections of the ship's hull. Installation of ship hull blocks.
3. Procurement and processing of ship equipment parts.	Manufacturing: castings; Forgings. Heat treatment of parts. Metal plating details. Mechanical processing of details. Production of wooden parts.
4. Pre-manufacturing ship equipment.	Manufacturing: pipelines; locksmith equipment; wooden structures of the vessel; electrical equipment; means of automatic control of the ship.
5. Installation of equipment on board.	Installation of pipelines: Mechanisms and devices; Locksmith equipment; electrical equipment; Means of automation of ship control.
6. Painting production.	Priming of sections, blocks. Priming and painting: pipelines; Locksmith equipment; wooden equipment; electrical equipment; outer surfaces of the ship.
7. Insulation production	Insulation: Piping on pre-assembly; pipelines on board; premises on board.
8. Vessel testing	Mooring. Running. Revision of mechanisms. control exit.

3 Scheme of management of industrial enterprises.

The activity of the enterprise is based on a combination of centralized management with its economic independence and the initiative of the workers. The enterprises operate linear and functional management systems. Under the linear control system is understood the sequential subordination of the links of the control system: foreman - shift foreman - senior foreman - shop manager - director of the enterprise. The main functions of a linear control system are decision making, issuing them to a managed object, and direct management of personnel.

Each link of linear management has in its submission information, technical and functional apparatus, which in the enterprise management system represents the main management process. All units of line management have certain rights and are responsible for the results of the activities of the managed unit.

The linear management system includes the heads of the enterprise and production departments: the director and his deputies, heads of workshops, sections, foremen. Heads of departments and their structural subdivisions belong to the functional management system.

In linear control, the number of steps of the control system is expressed. The more steps, the more cumbersome the system. In such a management system, communications become more complicated, the time for passing and making decisions increases, which reduces the effectiveness of management. Therefore, the improvement of linear control is one of its tasks to reduce the number of steps in the control system.

To perform management functions at a shipbuilding enterprise, a management apparatus is created - the plant management.

A shipbuilding enterprise is headed by a director, who is appointed and dismissed by a higher authority. The director represents the enterprise in relations with other economic organizations and institutions, disposes of the property values and funds of the enterprise within the framework of legality, hires and dismisses its employees, applies incentive measures and imposes, if necessary, penalties.

The director is assisted in his work by his deputies. The first of them by position is the chief engineer, who is responsible for the technical condition of the enterprise, production preparation, research and development work.

An important role in the activity of the enterprise is played by the economic service. At many enterprises it is headed by the chief economist - deputy director. The chief economist is called upon to coordinate all economic work at the enterprise, systematically analyze economic activity, and look for ways to improve it.

At large enterprises, the director has deputies for production, general issues, capital construction, personnel and life.

Deputy directors of the enterprise, as well as the chief accountant and the head of technical control, are appointed and dismissed on the recommendation of the director by a higher body.

A modern shipbuilding enterprise in its structure is a very complex production link in the system of the national economy and is usually divided into production and non-production divisions - the main and auxiliary workshops serving the economy. Workshops are separate in-plant subdivisions that carry out their activities on the basis of in-plant cost accounting and production specialization. Workshops usually consist of sections, the number of which is determined by the scale of production, the complexity of the work performed, the composition of the equipment, the qualifications of the workers, etc.

The heads of production departments in most cases report directly to the director of the enterprise. The head of the shop organizes high-performance and rhythmic work and the uniform release of high-quality products in the established assortment and within the approved deadlines, ensures the lowest costs of material and labor resources on the basis of economic calculation.

Within the limits of the approved plan and the established limits, the head of the shop has the necessary independence, manages the production, technical and economic activities of the shop. The head of the workshop organizes the selection, placement and education of personnel, has the right to encourage employees subordinate to him and impose penalties on them.

4 Description of the structures of the enterprise divisions:

shop, shop, workplace

Under the production structure of the shop understand the composition of production sites, auxiliary and service units. The production structure of the workshop determines the intra-shop specialization.

A production site is a group of workplaces united according to one or another characteristic, separated into an independent administrative unit and headed by a foreman. Like workshops, auxiliary sections are created according to the subject or technological basis. On a subject basis, for example, sections for the manufacture of sections of the bottom of the hull of the vessel, sections for the installation of main and auxiliary mechanisms are formed, on a technological basis - sections for thermal cutting of steel sheets, painting, welding, etc. The subject form of specialization of sections simplifies planning and accounting for production, increases the responsibility of performers and managers for the quality of products.

The primary structural unit of the production site is considered to be the workplace where a team of workers or individual workers work. The brigade is headed by a foreman who belongs to the category of workers and works on an equal basis with other members of the brigade.

5. Brigade form of labor organization, types of payments

Piecework and time-based forms of remuneration are used in production associations and shipbuilding enterprises. The wages of a worker or a team with a piecework form are calculated depending on the quantity of manufactured products or the amount of work performed. In shipbuilding enterprises, the piecework form of remuneration is predominant.

The basis for calculating the wages of workers is the tariff system, which includes a tariff-qualification guide, tariff scales and tariff rates.

In the conditions of individual piecework wages, the worker's wages are calculated at established piece rates, which express payment per unit of output, or according to accepted time standards for the work performed. Individual piecework wages are widespread, for example, in machine work in machine shops. In most shops of enterprises and associations, there are no conditions for applying individual accounting of the work performed, since the work is carried out not by individual workers, but by teams. In such cases, instead of individual piecework wages, collective (brigade) wages are used, the essence of which is that earnings are accrued based on the results of the work of the entire brigade. It is also advisable to use collective piecework pay in cases where, with individual piecework pay, a lot of time is lost to remove or install a part at the end of the shift to free the machine for another worker. Collective piecework wages contribute to the combination of professions, the development of interchangeability and mutual assistance. Among the main directions for improving the organization of wages, the further spread of collective wages occupies one of the most important places.

Shipping is an industry that depends not only on fairways, depth under the keel and brave captains. In many ways, the success of shipping campaigns depends on shipbuilding and ship repair, anddesign of workshops for shipbuilding enterprisesis a rather popular service provided by the design and engineering company V-GRAND. Ship repair is often closely related to shipbuilding. Works on the restoration and repair of ships can be carried out where they were built. Or in parallel, the construction of other ships, individual units and components intended for the shipping industry is being carried out. Modern enterprises belonging to this industry are increasingly combined:

shipbuilding and ship repair - when ship repair shops and sites are opened at shipyards;
ship repair and shipbuilding - when ship repair enterprises are slowly mastering small shipbuilding.

It is produced taking into account the fact that shipbuilding plants are a complex of enterprises equipped with equipment and machinery, consisting of:

from various workshops and sites;
lifting and handling equipment systems;
its own water area intended for launching ships into the water, settling, etc.

The specificity of shipbuilding plants lies in the fact that they provide full maintenance of ships. What is necessarily taken into account by the specialists of the company V-GRAND.

Calculation of production capacities in the design of docks, shipyards and workshops of shipbuilding enterprises

Performing p designing of workshops of shipbuilding enterprisesour engineers develop a package of documents for individual sections or the entire production complex based on the full maintenance of the vessel.

The production facilities of shipbuilding and ship repair plants are located on the banks of river or sea areas.

In cases where loading docks are used, slipways are designed, on which ships will subsequently be installed in order to raise them above the water level. Thanks to this approach, it becomes possible to simultaneously service several ships at once, which cannot be achieved in dry docks. The water level of loading docks is calculated using tools such as process factors.

PJSC "Vyborg Shipbuilding Plant" is located in the city of Vyborg, Leningrad Region, on the shore of Havenlahti Bay, which is part of the Vyborg Bay, at a distance of 18 km from the open sea. PJSC "VSZ" occupies an area of 44.18 hectares. The water area owned by the plant is 135,000 m 2 . The total building area is 17.8 hectares. Production area - 82.5 thousand m 2, of which closed - 64.0 thousand m 2 and open - 18.5 thousand m 2. In addition to roads, two railway lines approach the territory of the VSZ. PJSC "VSZ" borders on the territory of the Vyborg Sea Port and can receive cargo by sea.

Workshops of the main and auxiliary production on the territory of the enterprise are located in blocks by type of production:

assembly and welding;
hull assembly;
pre-construction production;
mechanical restoration;
insulation and painting works.

Primary metal processing

Primary metal processing (cleaning and priming) incorporates an automatic Rősler line for processing sheets with maximum dimensions of 3200x12000 mm with a sheet thickness of 3 mm and profiles up to 500 mm high and up to 12000 mm long. Taking into account the lifting capacity of the crane for feeding the sheet for thermal cutting, with an increase in the thickness of the sheet, its dimensions also decrease (for b = 50mm it will be a sheet of 3.2 m x 5 m).

The total capacity of the primary metal processing section is 40,000 tons/year.

Commissioning - 2009.

Thermal cutting section

It has 6 machines for plasma-gas cutting of sheet metal:

2 units – with a working area of 3.2 x 16m;
1 unit - with a working area of 2.5 x 8 m (for MZK);
2 units – with a working area of 2.5 x 10m;
Messer plasma and oxy-fuel cutting machine with a rotary block for plasma chamfering, working area dimensions - 2x3.2x12m.

These machines ensure the production of sheet parts - 24,000 tons / year. Commissioning - 2013.

It has a robotized profile line (laser) PCL600H from HGG. The capacity of this line is 6000 tons/year. In total, the thermal cutting section provides an output of 30,000 tons / year. Commissioning - 2013.

Sheet bending area

The equipment provides bending of parts from sheets up to 70-80 mm thick.

Under the program for the construction of icebreakers of project 21900 M, a bending press model VPF-1000 with a force of 1000 tons was installed, designed mainly for bending parts of the outer plating made of thick steel, which is serviced by 2 semi-gantry cranes. The press is capable of bending parts from sheet metal with a thickness of 50 mm or more.

Putting the press into operation - 2012.

Assembly and welding production (block "K")

Provides assembly of sections in the workshop, the weight of sections is from 30 to 60 tons, in the amount of about 15,000 tons.

Hull building production

Hull-building production has three blocks: "B", "K", "E". In the workshop it is possible to assemble ship hull blocks weighing up to 300 tons. In blocks "B" and "E" there are two cranes with a capacity of 50 tons on each line. Block "E" can be used to assemble blocks weighing up to 300 tons with dimensions of 21x25x15 m. In block "E" it is also possible to form a ship hull with dimensions: length - from 136.5 to 151.5 m, width - 18.0 m and height from the slipway equipment - 21.0 m.

Cleaning and painting

Hull sections and blocks are cleaned and painted in several special buildings. The most modern is the block of chambers for cleaning and painting enlarged hull blocks. The dimensions of the processed blocks LxBxH = 24x22x15m, all up to 300 tons.

The total capacity of all painting booths of the plant is about 400,000 m 2 . Commissioning - 2010.

Open slipway

The open slipway has cranes with a capacity of 32t and allows you to install masts, chimneys and other structures that are not installed in the slipway. The lifting height on cranes with a capacity of 32t is 29.5 m.

Loading dock chamber (NDK) and semi-submersible barge

The NDK provides launching of a vessel with a length of up to 139.0 m, a width of up to 18.0 m and a draft of 4.6 m. The maximum weight when moving should not exceed 4800 tons.

For the construction of ships, the dimensions of which exceed those indicated above, the semi-submersible barge "Atlant" is used. The main characteristics of the barge:

Length - 130 m
Width - 35 m
Board height - 7.3 m
Freeboard from deck line - 2.4 m
Draft - 5.3 m
Deadweight — 14419 t
Gross tonnage - 11502 tons

Outfitting embankments

For the assembly of large floating structures and the completion of ships afloat, the plant has two outfitting embankments:

outfitting embankment with berths 14, 15 and 16. Length - 300 m, width - 30 m, depth at the cordon - 8.0 m. On the embankment - two cranes with a capacity of 10 tons each.
outfitting embankment with berths 19 and 20. Length - 250 m, width - up to 35 m, depth at the cordon - 9.5 m. Two portal cranes with a capacity of 100 tons each with a lifting height of 50 m 100 t at outreach up to 30 m, capacity 50 t at outreach up to 50 m from the crane axis.

Pipeworking shop

The pipe-working workshop has equipment that provides cold bending of pipes with a diameter of up to 133 mm, and machines for hot bending of pipes with a diameter of up to 426 mm. The maximum productivity is 720 tons/year.

captain service

The captain's service has at its disposal a floating crane "Bogatyr-6", which is used to assemble large floating structures and complete the construction of ships after launching. The maximum load capacity is 300 tons at the outreach from the axle by 26.7 m and the lifting height from the water level is 40.1 m.

Shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises differ significantly in the organization of production, the structure of workshops and the main equipment.

An external sign of a shipbuilding enterprise is the presence of construction sites with powerful crane equipment. A shipbuilding enterprise must have a developed coastline and, in most cases, powerful ship-lifting devices - dry and floating docks, slipways, etc. The main workshops, according to the nature of production planning, are divided into workshops of the shipyard and workshops of the machine-building part of the enterprise. The plan of the plant is shown in the figure.

The workshops of the machine-building part manufacture mechanisms and equipment without being “linked” to a particular ship and hand them over to the warehouse, from where they go to the ships.

In addition to the main workshops that directly deliver products manufactured by the plant, the shipbuilding enterprise includes the following workshops, facilities and services: auxiliary workshops that ensure the operation of production workshops;

storage facilities; energy economy; factory management.

In addition, the plant "Nizhny Novgorod Teplohod" has a metallurgical production

Hot shops: new-shaped casting shop, press-forging shop, thermal shop; mechanical shop.

The main workshops of the machine-building part of the plant:

VPMS-1 - machining of blanks, drilling, milling, turning; model shop - production of wooden models for foundries; MSK - machine-building building - manufacturing of fasteners, thread rolling, metalwork assembly of mechanisms and equipment;

The main workshops of the shipyard include:

- block shop- production of blocks;

- mechanical assembly shop- installation on ships of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, boilers and shaft lines;

- pre-construction and delivery shop- completion of ships afloat near the embankment, testing and delivery of ships to customers.

Auxiliary departments include:

- tool shop- production of special non-standard tools, templates of parts, stamps, calibers, equipment and fixtures;

- repair and mechanical shop- carrying out medium and major repairs of machine-press equipment of the enterprise's workshops;

- transport shop, including a locomotive depot, trains, a garage for cars, tractors, electric cars - carrying out transport operations between workshops.

-procurement- preparation of ship hull sheets.

-Construction and welding- the main workshop in which the assembly of all parts of the vessel takes place.

-slipway.

The energy sector includes:

Boiler room - generation of steam and hot water for the needs of the enterprise;

Transformer substations with power lines - converting electricity and supplying it to consumer shops;

Compressor room with accumulator and pneumatic networks - production of compressed air and

its supply to the shops-consumers;

Acetylene station - production of acetylene and its supply to consumer shops;

Argon station - production of argon and its supply to consumer shops; automatic telephone exchange and other nodes station - telephone and other types of communication within the plant.

Warehousing includes:

Warehouse of ship equipment - storage of mechanisms and equipment;

Central assembly warehouse - storage of products of the locksmith and hull and woodworking shops before they are delivered to the ship;

Open metal warehouse with crane equipment.

Shipbuilding is a special branch of engineering. Its main (main) products are ships of various types, ship equipment. In addition, the shipbuilding industry produces powerful drilling rigs, self-propelled floating cranes, metal structures, and various consumer goods for the national economy.
A modern ship is a large engineering complex, including complex power plants, special devices, and automated ship systems. A characteristic feature of the production of the main products of shipyards is a long cycle of building a vessel, a wide range of manufactured parts and assemblies with a small number of them in a batch. For example, the average duration of the construction of a serial transport vessel from the moment of laying to delivery is 8-10 months; the construction of a river-sea vessel with a carrying capacity of 3 thousand tons requires more than 2 million parts of various types and purposes. For comparison, you can see that about 6 thousand parts are used to manufacture a modern passenger car. If car parts are manufactured in tolerances that ensure their interchangeability, then large-sized heavy ship hull parts are usually made with an allowance, which requires a significant amount of fitting work during assembly. For shipbuilding shops, the high cost and laboriousness of manufacturing parts and assembling assemblies are typical, a relatively high volume of physical labor compared to other industries, the complexity of its complex mechanization and automation due to the need to perform a significant amount of work in sections, blocks and individual rooms of the vessel.

A variety of machines and instruments installed on ships are manufactured at machine-building, instrument-making, electrical installation enterprises and associations, which, along with shipbuilding and ship repair, are part of the shipbuilding industry. Therefore, they are referred to enterprises and associations of shipbuilding proper, ship repair, ship engineering, ship instrumentation, electrical installation (hereinafter referred to as enterprises, except when it comes to the specifics of associations). There are few specialized enterprises that can be entirely attributed to one of the named parts of the shipbuilding industry. More often, a separate enterprise includes the production of two or three sub-sectors, and its profile is determined by the prevailing of them.

Shipbuilding types of production

Shipbuilding types production: case-processing; assembly and welding; hull-building (building berth);

pipe-working; mechanical assembly; production of hull-finishing nomenclature products; installation of fitting and hull fittings, production and installation of ship ventilation pipes; production and installation of finishing products and equipment of ship premises; production and installation of insulation, paint coatings; trials and commissioning of ships; plastic shipbuilding; reinforced concrete shipbuilding; wooden shipbuilding; woodworking industry.

Fig.1.1. A fragment of the classification of production cells by design and technological features

Conclusion

So, in the course of this course work, the tasks and questions were disclosed. In the first part of the work, issues related to the definition of production processes and their classification were carefully studied. Secondly, the methodology for analyzing production processes on the example of the Pella shipbuilding plant.

The definition of production processes was given as the social process of labor of a team of workers. Production processes are divided into main, auxiliary and service processes. The main processes include technological processes, as a result of which the shape and size of objects of labor, the internal structure (heat treatment), appearance (painting, chrome plating, nickel plating, etc.) and the relative position of its constituent parts (assembly) change.

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