Transformable spatial systems in architecture. Smart architecture of school buildings

At school and the walls help. (paraphrased Russian proverb)

According to statistics, in Russia in last years the number of schoolchildren is constantly growing. To keep up with the exit from the demographic hole, the federal government allocates at least 50 billion rubles for the construction of new schools, reconstruction and repair of old buildings. The state program is designed for 10 years and came into force in 2016.

The return to more or less massive construction of schools automatically raises the question of the architecture of modern school buildings. Although the society often discusses issues related to the education system, the competence of teachers, improving the material and technical base, etc. Yes, a teacher from God and a “packed” computer class in some segment will have some effect. But still have modern systems teaching a little decent future in outdated buildings.

According to a number of experts, it is precisely a fundamentally new (note - for Russia) school architecture that is capable of changing typical ideas about education, forming a flexible teaching system that will be aimed at revealing the individuality of each child. Here you can paraphrase a Russian proverb - in a modern school, even walls help - in the literal sense of the word, given the current global trends in school architecture.

Note that by "modern school architecture" we do not mean a weird facade, but a complex structure of interaction of multifaceted functions educational process, activities and development poles of children with the structure of the building itself, their harmony and general work on the end result: every possible assistance in the disclosure of the abilities and talents of schoolchildren.

This message was taken from the message to the Federal Assembly of December 3, 2015 by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who emphasized that the preservation of the nation, education and upbringing of children, all-round assistance in the disclosure of their abilities and talents are the long-term agenda of the government. The President also said that it is necessary to take all possible measures so that students of all Russian schools have the opportunity to engage in any kind of creativity, receive a quality education, their favorite profession and realize their potential.

What is the current situation with the urban planning positioning of schools and the conditions for their design?

In Russia, a massive, predominantly quarter and micro-district development of territories with multi-storey residential buildings continues, which, according to the standard, must be provided with schools and kindergartens. Conceptually, Soviet practice in this matter remains unshakable. Good or bad - a question of a different order and philosophy of the development of the primary housing market.

Today, as part of a separate microdistrict, one or three-element schools can be accommodated: a basic school for 9 classes (225 students), for 18 classes (450 students), a secondary complete school for 11 classes (275 students), for 22 classes (550 students) and 33 classes (825 students). Walking distance medium educational institutions standardized according to SNiP 2.07.01-89 * and depends on the climatic zone, the category of students and the location - in the city or village. On average, it is 300-500 meters.

Russian schools, as in the USSR, are still the largest public facilities in the microdistrict. The construction volume of such buildings is on average more than 30,000 m3, which is much higher than the volume of other public facilities in residential education. Due to its size, the school is a kind of compositional center and unites the rest of the buildings around itself. Note that in recent years, new types of buildings have become widespread, combining a school with a kindergarten, a leisure center, club and other premises. This is especially true for the regions of the Far North.

The height of modern school buildings is based on the number of students and the degree of fire resistance: from one to three floors. It is possible to build 4-storey schools, but with significant restrictions - I, II degrees of fire resistance, while the first classes cannot be placed on the 4th floor, and the remaining classrooms should be no more than 25%.

School education is becoming more multidirectional, which directly affects appearance and the internal structure of schools. For this, the amount of daylight entering the classrooms and corridors is increasing, connections between different groups of offices are being improved, and optimal solutions for school areas are being developed.

At the same time, the state needs to achieve a two-pronged and difficultly compatible (but still possible) goal - to meet the optimal budget of a building being built for public money, and to achieve the lofty spiritual goals set by the country's leader. And now also the new Federal Minister of Education Vasilyeva, who said that the school should raise a Human in children, not a Consumer.

So far, the situation is a bit like one of the heroes of the fairy tale about Aibolit - the mutant horse Tyanitolkaya.

So, the Ministry of Construction has formed a catalog of standard project documentation for reuse, which contains projects of existing objects. That is, the department approached the issue with a straightforward construction-bureaucratic simplicity, without visible attempts to philosophically comprehend current trends in the educational process.

Whereas the previous leadership of the Federal Ministry of Education before the Moscow State Construction University was given its own task - to develop promising standard projects school buildings, taking into account the requirements of new educational standards. We are talking about the creation of a new type of school, which, with its volumetric planning, architectural concept, technical equipment, would contribute to the implementation of a number of new functional requirements for the educational process, but at the same time would have sufficient versatility for the whole country in order to reduce the cost of construction of facilities as much as possible due to unified elements - modules.

Andrey Volkov, rector of NRU MGSU, commented on the work in this direction in his interview to Stroitelnaya Gazeta: “... The school space should be maximally involved in the educational process. This defines and economic efficiency the project, because the more areas we use for our main activities, the more effective the solution.
Should be implemented A complex approach to design, which consists in taking into account various kinds of national, social, territorial, natural and climatic features of the region in which the construction is taking place.

A typical school, built in accordance with the principles of modular design, will not at all be the same as a faceless gray box. The project in each specific case will be individual both in visual perception and in the arrangement of modules, functional purpose, and scale. "

The head of the university also outlined the principles that the Ministry of Education and Science would like to see in new projects. One of them is the principle of a universal study room, which is designed to organize frontal, group and individual lessons. The cabinet with its space-planning solution, technical equipment, furniture, lighting scheme should ensure the possibility of the same efficiency of work in all three forms of organizing classes. Subject classrooms should include training rooms, premises for practical exercises, laboratory assistants. It is also necessary to provide for a school-wide lecture room with modern multimedia equipment.

As conceived by the developers, the minimum combination of training modules is designed for one so-called parallel - 330 places from the first to the eleventh grade with an estimated class size of 30 students. Depending on the planned occupancy of the school, the number of modules can be varied. Thus, you can get an object of the desired scale. The modules are functionally divided into two large blocks - basic and additional.

The basic ones are classrooms, general school premises, a canteen, a gym, an assembly hall, libraries, administrative, medical premises, and so on. Additional modules are, for example, a module for technological workshops, specialized modules for teaching children with disabilities, modules of a business, linguistic center, a winter garden, a living corner and even residential modules, if it is a boarding school.

This fits well within the framework of global trends, which were noted by Polina Naydanova, a researcher at the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art (Yekaterinburg). So, in the architecture of school buildings in Europe and the United States, there is a tendency of functional division of school blocks into a "business part", which includes administrative, sports and entertainment blocks facing the street, and " educational part", Which is hidden from the eyes of passers-by, protected from noise and open to the sunny side. The blocks are also divided into zones for elementary and high school. The blocks are usually connected to each other either by an information passage, in which a library can be located, or by courtyards-recreation.

The researcher also notes another direction - the school building becomes an indissoluble unity with the natural environment. Interpenetration concerns not so much the external effect of "inscribing" the volume into nature, but rather the "disclosure" of the interior and the entire complex of the building from the inside to nature and the inclusion of elements of nature in its interior.

The atrium, actively involved in the educational process, is becoming an important part of the school. About him developers new school from MGSU also did not forget. The intraschool space, surrounded by rooms, form a single space for play and learning activities and serves as a meeting place and general school activities. In principle, it can also be considered as the “Innovation Zone, or i-zone” (as formulated by V.I. Neporad). It is a zone for the creation and exchange of high-tech and creative innovations.

Andrey Volkov summarizes: “A school designed in accordance with the new principles is more efficient and, if you like, more meaningful. The existing efficiency factor is calculated from the ratio of the areas used directly in the educational process to the total areas. As a rule, in operating schools this coefficient is less than 0.5, while our project includes a coefficient that exceeds this indicator. At the same time, we have the opportunity to reduce the standard construction price. That is, the cost of construction and installation work in a typical design will predictably decrease with a simultaneous increase in the quality of the proposed solutions. "

By the way, MGSU, together with architectural and space-planning solutions, took up the analysis of the existing regulatory framework with an eye to adjusting them.

Meanwhile, for example, the Moscow authorities are not wasting time. By order of the city authorities, a unified regulatory document was developed for the design of general educational institutions- “Code of rules“ Buildings of educational institutions. Design Rules ", which already introduces the concepts of" blockiness "and" transformation ".

The document combined all the existing regulatory requirements in the design of such facilities: technical regulations, sanitary rules and regulations fire safety... The code for the first time contains requirements for anti-terrorist security, operation and energy efficiency of educational institutions. The typology of buildings and premises has been expanded, which is extremely important in the context of a shortage of territories for the existing dense development, including reconstructed ones, as well as for new construction, taking into account wave-like demographic fluctuations.

For such cases, the Code of Practice provides requirements for the type of school building, such as convertible blocks. primary grades... The uniqueness of transforming buildings is that they can change taking into account the needs in the education system, i.e. transform from preschool in the block of primary classes and vice versa, as well as combine these two functions.

Additionally, the Code of Rules contains the rules for calculating individual premises - such as assembly halls, canteens, lobbies, etc., introduced the norms of specific areas for premises that were not previously covered regulatory documents... This code has already been approved by the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 17, 2016 (No. 572 / pr.)

Summarizing the above, as a result, it is worth citing the main theses of the modern school, formulated by Polina Naydanova, namely:

1. the possibility of transforming the learning space into small, medium and large according to the principle of "student - group - class - flow";
2. the formation of large functional planning zones: studio classes, conference rooms, etc .;
3. the formation of an "open" system: the absence of traditional closed classrooms;
4. availability of premises that are designed to hold different types classes taking into account age characteristics(games, workshops, lectures, laboratories, etc.);
5. Availability mobile equipment in classrooms;
6. the availability of conditions for the development of the health of students that will meet the needs of children;
7. a new system for the location of engineering communications, the possibility of autonomous existence, the presence of energy-saving systems.

To be continued...

Any transformation of a large object - be it the aforementioned opening of bridges, or opening secret doors on the dial of a tower clock, or turning a wall into a screen for video mapping - is always a sight, always an attraction. It is no coincidence that such techniques are most in demand in buildings that are themselves in one way or another connected with spectacles: theaters, museums, exhibition galleries, sports arenas.

For example, sliding roofs near stadiums have become almost a common place, starting with our Sochi one with a rather simple transformation mechanism and ending with the Olympic in Madrid Dominique Perrault, in which the roof, consisting of three movable "covers", can take up to 27 different configurations. It all depends on what is needed at the moment - to let in more sun and air, or, conversely, to protect the courts from wind and rain. The concrete slabs are lined with aluminum panels, driven by hydraulic mechanisms, and the largest "cover" weighs 1200 tons!

London Aquatics Center during the 2012 Olympics. Zaha Hadid

Spatial tricks are functionally justified in exhibition centers and galleries. If only because the organization of any exhibition is associated with the need to create new scenery - just like in a theater. For example, in New York's Sperone Westwater Gallery, Sir Norman Foster, solving the problem of doubling the exhibition space within a limited building area, came up with an elevator gallery. A parallelepiped measuring 3.6 × 6 meters moves inside the "shaft" - an elongated glass-fronted vertical volume - and is perfectly visible from the street thanks to its bright red color. This elevator can be used as a separate small hall through which visitors will be “teleported” to other levels of the building, or “parked” on one of the floors and use its area as a continuation of another exhibition.

An even bolder approach to transforming museum space was shown by Rem Koolhaas (OMA) in his project for Prada in Seoul. The pavilion was named so - Prada-transformer. It is a complex spatial figure - a steel frame covered with fabric, the same one used for the covers of aircraft, yachts and other large objects. I put the figure on one side - and there was a cross at the base, and the rest of the walls acquired the same configuration. I put it on another - and now the floor has become round, and the space has changed dramatically. At the same time, the shape is thought out so that at each turn the entrance to the pavilion (on the usual Velcro, which is used in sports jackets or tents) remains within reach.

However, the craving for spectacles is often felt by the designers - together with the customers - of residential buildings. Not so long ago, an archspeech with David Fisher (Dynamic Architecture), the author of the world's first rotating skyscraper. His idea is to place wind turbines on each floor, which will not only rotate the modules of the floors, opening up new views for apartment residents, but also generate energy sufficient for the building to self-sustain. So far, the implementation of the project is in question, but in a conversation Fisher hinted that the first such skyscraper could appear in Miami, and its owner will be able to control the voice by moving the movement of the penthouse located at the very top.

In the meantime, the ideas of dynamic architecture in residential construction are being implemented on a small scale. The young filmmaker's Caja Obscura summer home in Paraguay, near Asuncion, when closed, looks more like a garage: a sandstone plinth topped with a concrete slab on which rests a "box" of galvanized steel sheets. In fact, the "box" turns out to be a lid, which, rising from one end, opens the second floor with a terrace, living room and kitchen in the back. According to the project of the architect Xavier Colan, the mechanism is driven by a conventional winch. To some, this process may resemble raising a flag, but for the owner of the house it is more like turning the handle of an old movie camera. Moreover, the winch is located on the second floor, at the front edge of the overlapping slab, and as the roof rises, the landscape unfolds right in front of your eyes, as if on a giant screen.

But the owners of a house in Suffolk County, East Anglia, have to use an electric drive - after all, they have to move a module with a roof, walls and windows 28 meters long and weighing 50 tons on specially designed rails. London architects dRMM embarked on a daring experiment codenamed Sliding House. Dexterously and almost silently moving between the main house, the guest house and the garage, the module either protects the outdoor pool from the weather, then darkens the panoramic windows of the glass living room (and then it becomes possible to watch a movie in it even during the day), or hides the roof terrace from prying eyes with the bathroom installed on it. Or it can turn into an additional carport (although the owner prefers motorcycles) or a visor over the entrance to the house. The longest stretch takes only 6 minutes!

Housing should be a transformable system, corresponding to the dynamics of the very way of life of the family. It is necessary to find such a system of planning the organization of the apartment, which would allow in the future to carry out the transformation of internal spaces and get new options that also meet the functional and aesthetic requirements. For example, in multi-room apartments of a modern building, a free layout of rooms is laid, implemented in agreement with the owner.

V general view transformation of the interior space of an apartment can be subdivided into:

Daily allowance (transformation of children's and sleeping rooms);

Short-term (transformation of common rooms when receiving guests, celebrations, etc.);

Seasonal (for example, the inclusion of summer premises in the living or utility area);

Demographic (in connection with the entry of the family into a new period of formation).

At the same time, the planning decisions of the reconstructed buildings are influenced by its structural scheme, i.e. location in space of walls, pillars, columns. Moreover, the presence of an already existing skeleton forces us to take a sequence of planning decisions opposite to new construction during reconstruction, including the following stages:

Dividing the wall frame into separate sections with existing or newly constructed staircases;

Distribution of sections into apartment cells (located on one or two levels);

Allocation of a residential and auxiliary zone in each apartment cell (with simultaneous linking with the placement engineering equipment and newly organized or existing sanitary-technical communications).

The choice of the layout of apartments (linear, double-sided, corner and end), the number, sizes and proportions of rooms, as well as the provision of ventilation and insolation are determined by the size and ratio of the width of the body and the distance between staircases. The solution of the kitchen and sanitary block deserves special attention, which largely determines the level of comfort of the reconstructed housing.

1. For small-room apartments, it is convenient to have a kitchen and sanitary block in a compact group at the entrance to the apartment. At the same time, a sufficient level of isolation of living rooms is ensured, and it is also possible to avoid the need for a corridor.

2. In case of high complexity or impossibility of transferring the existing sanitary-technical communications, the kitchen-sanitary block can be located in the depth of the apartment. In this case, communication with the hallway and rooms is carried out through the corridor.

3. In large multi-room apartments, the greatest convenience is provided by the separation of the kitchen and sanitary block (and, possibly, duplication of its elements). For example, a kitchen and a toilet with a sink are located at the entrance to the apartment, while a bathroom and a second toilet are located at the back of the apartment, next to the bedrooms.