Lytkina Alena Presentation on the theme "Stonehenge". Stonehenge

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Fossilized time stonehenge

Architecture is also a chronicle of the world. She speaks when songs and legends are already silent. Nikolay Gogol

About 130 kilometers from London, there is a very strange place - a pile of huge stones neatly arranged in a circle in the middle of a clear field.

An ancient observatory, a cult building of the Druids, an alien landing site and even a portal to another dimension - all this is Stonehenge.

Great Britain, Wiltshire, 13 kilometers from the town of Salisbury. Stonehenge has 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons each, and 5 giant triliths weighing up to 50 tons.

The word "Stonehenge" itself is very ancient. It could have formed from the Old English "stan" (stone, that is, stone) and "hencg" (rod) or "hencen" (gallows).

Stonehenge # 1, being a cult structure, was built no earlier than 3100 BC and consisted of two round earthen ramparts, between which there was a moat. Several hundred years later, it was used as a fenced-in cemetery for cremated remains.

Around 2600 BC, the wooden structures were torn down and replaced by majestic stone structures.

At the final stage of construction, 30 triliths were installed in a circle, a horseshoe of five detached triliths was installed inside the circle.

1 - "Altar"; 2, 3 - mounds with stones, 4 - "Plakha"; 5 - "Heel stone"; 6 - two stones that previously stood on mounds similar to 2 and 3; 7, 8, 9 - dumps of earth and a ditch; 10 - "Avenue" (entrance); 11, 12 - two rings of holes dug out relatively "recently"; 13 - Aubrey holes; 14 - small entrance.

To the northeast of the entrance to the ring is a huge, seven-meter Heel Stone.

According to scientists, the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the moon and the length of the solar year.

The northeastern entrance was moved slightly to the side and widened so that the monolith "Altar" looked exactly at the sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.

The very first mentions that have come down to us connect it with the legend of King Arthur - supposedly this monument was built by the magician Merlin himself.

In 1615, the architect Inigo Jones stated that the stone monoliths were built by the Romans - supposedly it was a temple of a pagan deity named Knelus.

The construction of this huge "megalith" is also credited to the ancient Druid tribes who lived in Ireland at that time, although Stonehenge was already built at that time.

There are stone structures similar to Stonehenge all over Europe - including here, in Russia.

North Caucasian dolmens (stone crypts) are distant relatives of Stonehenge.

Our contemporaries create such Stonehenge. Karhenge. State of Nebraska, USA,

Simplified copy of Stonehenge. Thailand, Nong Nooch park.

A mysterious building, a monument with a thousand-year history, around which a great many legends have developed - Stonehenge is still a mystery that no one can solve.

Municipal budget educational institution additional education for children Children's art school of the city of Apsheronsk

Methodical development with presentation for academic subject"Conversations about art"

Stonehenge

Designed by the teacher

Pakhomova Julia Sergeevna

Apsheronsk, 2016

Methodical note for the presentation of "Stonehenge".

This presentation is intended for a more visual and orderly study of the material on the topic "Stonehenge" in the framework of the subject "Conversations on Art" for students of the general developmental program in the field visual arts(training period is 4 years).

Targets and goals: increase motivation, instill interest in studying the history and culture of the Ancient World, the formation of an active, independent and proactive attitude of students, the development of general educational skills and abilities (research, reflective, self-evaluative).

Tutorial contains:

One text to read.

CD with presentation.

STONEHENGE

Giant structure Stonehenge - stone riddle in the very center of Europe, as one of the researchers, Dr. Umlemore Trever, called this amazing monument.

This is an ancient structure located in England, Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100. BC. Stonehenge I was a circular moat with two halls and may have served as a cemetery.

In a circle along the outer rampart are 56 small Aubrey burial holes, named after John Aubrey, who first described them in the 17th century. To the northeast of the entrance to the ring stood a huge, seven-meter Heel Stone. During the construction of Stonehenge II, an earthen alley was laid between the Heel Stone and the entrance. Two rings of 80 huge boulders of blue color were erected, which were probably delivered over 320 km from South Wales. At the final stage of construction, the megaliths were rearranged. The blue stones were replaced by a circular colonnade of 30 triliths, each of which consisted of two vertical stones and a horizontal slab resting on them. A horseshoe of five free-standing triliths was installed inside the ring.

In general, Stonehenge is a structure of 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks weighing 25 tons and 5 huge so-called triliths, stones weighing up to 50 tons. The stacked stone blocks form arches that once served as an impeccable indicator of the cardinal points. Until recently, scientists assumed that this monument was erected in 3100 BC by tribes living in the British Isles to observe the Sun and Moon. But the latest data modern science force to reconsider many of the findings of researchers. Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist H. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from the quarries. which were more than 300 kilometers from the construction site. Needless to say, transporting the giant stone blocks was an incredible effort. In late 1994, University of Wales professor David Bowen, with the help of the latest method determined the age of Stonehenge. It turned out to be 140,000 years old. Why did the ancient people need to make tremendous efforts to cut down, the most complicated transportation, processing of the strongest blocks and their incredibly accurate installation in a strict order?

There is no answer to this question yet. Famous astronomer Fred Hoyle. Having studied all the geometric features of Stonehenge, he determined that the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the Moon and the length of the solar year. According to the findings of other researchers, the holes located inside the circle formed stone blocks, exactly indicate the trajectory of the Pole of the world 12-30 thousand years ago! In 1998, astronomer scientists recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many. It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar as previously suggested, but also an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but of twelve planets, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto (the last of the nine planets known to date), and one more - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located.

In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the views of many ancient peoples who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system is twelve.

A feature of all ancient megaliths is their unusually high seismic resistance. Studies have shown that during their construction, special platforms were used that soften or completely extinguish tremors. Most of all ancient structures were erected on such platforms. In addition, such foundations practically do not give "soil shrinkage", which inevitably occurs in modern construction. Scientists do not yet know who and why erected a grand astronomical observatory in the center during the Stone Age. Ireland.

But after careful research, it became clear that the construction of this huge "megalith" was attributed to the ancient Druid tribes who lived on the territory Ireland in those days, it was simply unreasonable. One thing is certain, whoever the ancient builders were, they possessed tremendous knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, geology and architecture. And if we consider that grandiose monuments and structures in prehistoric times were erected almost all over the world, then we can conclude that we, modern people, know practically nothing about our own history.

In the meantime, scientists are studying this ancient monument, Stonehenge continues to live its life in folklore. According to local legend, giant blue stones have healing powers, they appeared on this land thanks to the wizard Merlin, a sorcerer at the court of King Arthur, who brought them from Ireland. The origin of the huge Heel Stone is associated with another legend.

They say that once the devil saw a monk hiding among the stones. Before the unfortunate man could hide, the devil threw a huge boulder at him, which crushed his heel. For a long time, the ruins of Stonehenge were associated with the priestly cult of the ancient Celtic Druids, although experts deny this connection.

Bibliography:

1. Alpatov M.V. Art: Painting: Sculpture: Architecture: Graphics: kN. for the teacher. At 3 o'clock, Part 1. Ancient world... Middle Ages. Renaissance / M.V. Alpatov et al. - ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Education, 1987 .-- 218 p., Ill.

2. Vardanyan R.V. World art culture: Architecture. / R.V. Vardanyan - M. Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003. - 400 p., ill.

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1slide (start)

We, pupils of grade 6A - Denis Grechko, Daria Guida, Makar Kostyuchenko and Anastasia Frolova present you a project - "Secrets of Stonehenge".

2 slide In the very center of Europe, there is a stone mystery - a giant Stonehenge structure.It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world..

3 slide The purpose of our project is to study the history of occurrence and legends associated with the monument of historical heritage.

4 slide The tasks that we solved in the course of our work were as follows:

1. Get acquainted with the history of the creation of Stonehenge.

2. Study of various legends about Stonehenge.

3. Summarize and systematize the information received.

4. Prepare a presentation

5 slide We learned that StonehengeCRY is located about 130 km southwest of London.

6 slide The modern name of the monument was given by the Saxon conquerors of Britain - it comes from the wordsstan ( stone-stone) andhange ( hinge- rod or fence) is not the only translation, here are a few more: blue stones, hanging stones. The ancient British called it the Dance of the Giants or the Round Dance of the Giants.

See what Stonehenge looks like today.

7 slide Film fragment

8 slide Stonehenge is a kind of structure consisting of vertically installed large megalith stones located along several circular perimeters.

9 slide About 40 stones form a circle with a diameter of 33 m, their height is a little over 4 meters, and their weight is 25 tons. On top of them are laid stones-lintels with a length of more than 3 m in such a way that the tops of the lintels are at a height of slightly less than 5 meters above ground level.

10 slide During the construction of Stonehenge, stones of two types were used: strong boulders from which trilites were formed, smaller dolerites. Famous scientists have established that the stones for the construction of Stonehenge were delivered from quarries, which were located more than 300 km from the construction site.

11 slide Stonehenge is called the "stone riddle" because scientists and archaeologists are still unable to answer the questions of who and why erected this monument on the territory of modern England. He was considered both a palace, and a temple, and a tombstone, and defensive structure, and even a special device for hunting wild animals. There are over 200 versions. We present to your attention 4 of the most popular.

Makar Kostyuchenko will talk about the first two.Slide 12

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The first version.

Slide 13 It first appeared in 1136 and says that the construction of the megalith was associated with the name of the legendary British wizard Merlin.He moved Stonehenge from the land near the Dnieper rapids to the meadows of England. In a new place, the granite structure froze in its grandeur.

Slide 14 Mighty Merlin was King Arthur's mentor and advisor -the legendary leader of the Britons in the V-VI centuries... Thus, according to this legend, King Arthur and (Slide 15) its knights of the round table used Stonehenge for their meetings.

Slide 16 Apparently the largest trilith was the image of King Arthur himself, and the rest of the knights were imprinted in boulders, inextricably connected by powerful ceilings. The whole complex was an image of a knightly brotherhood, bound by the bonds of honor and friendship.Slide 17

Slide 18 The next version says that Stonehenge is the tomb of a woman named Boadicea or Boudicca.This woman was the wife of the chief of the Itsen tribe. The Izeni were one of the tribes of the Britons (Celts) who inhabited the southeastern region of Britain during the Roman rule.

Slide 19 The leader of the Itzenes led the war against Rome, but was killed. His wife continued his work. But in a fierce battle, the prices were defeated.

A warlike and courageous woman did not want to surrender to the Romans. She took poison. This tragic fact happened in 61 AD.

Slide 20 Boudicca has become a symbol of Britain; in the center of London, a monument has been erected to this fearless woman.

Slide 21 Boudicca's funeral was a splendid sight. On the last journey, the Romans, the Icenas, and other tribes of the Britons accompanied her. Where her body is buried is unknown. Hence the legend that tells that especially for a fearless woman, as a sign of respect for her, the Romans built an extensive stone burial - Stonehenge.

The next version will be presented by Grechko Denis.Slide 22

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Slide 23 The next version looks more like a legend.In the 19th century, it was decided that this was the place of power for the Druids.Druids worshiped the spirits of nature, were considered diviners and were the carriers of ancient knowledge among the Celtic tribes. Theyalso served as judges, practiced medicine and astronomy.Druids passed on information of the past orally, from generation to generation, in the form of poems or legends. They were talented and creative people.

Slide 24 At present, they can be called the intelligentsia of the Celtic peoples. It was they who allegedly built Stonehenge. He was their sanctuary, served as a gathering place for this intellectual creative elite.

Slide 25 Here the druids performedserious rituals, combining their communal forces with the forces of nature - it was believed that the megalith is located at the intersection of energy lines.

Slide 26 All these legends - about the Wizard Merlin, Boudicca and the druids, most likely have nothing to do with reality.CRY Using the radiocarbon method, scientists were able to prove that Stonehenge was built when there were no druids or Merlin.

Slide 27 Excavations were carried out on the territory of Stonehenge and a burial of about 240 people was found, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.

Slide 28 Scientists have established the age of the bones found. Most of the remains date back to 2570 BC, and the first piece of ashes, which was discovered in the oldest part of Stonehenge, dates back to 3030 BC.

I give the floor to Nastya, she will tell you about another very widespread version of Stonehenge.Slide 29

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Slide 30 There is also speculation that Stonehenge was a place for astronomical observations of ancient people: the location of the stones is tied to the apparent annual movement of the Sun. In different months, the star closest to our planet shines at different intervals between the stones, and on the day of the summer solstice the sun rises over the so-called Heel stone, which is carried outside the large circle of the structure.

And only thanks to the many years of work of the English professor and astronomerGerald Hawkins , who used the latest electronic computing technology in his research, managed to prove that Stonehenge was the largest megalithic observatory of ancient civilizations, according to the position of the megaliths, solar and lunar eclipses, the days of the winter and summer solstices, etc.

In 1998, astronomer scientists recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many.

It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously assumed, but also representsan accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but oftwelveplanets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto, and one more - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located. In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the views of many ancient peoples who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system is twelve.

CRY

Daria We have done a lot of work on a project on the theme of "Stonehenge".

Denis The result of our work is as follows: modern people reliablyonly age is known this colossal building.

Nastya Butby whom and for what purpose Stonehenge was erected while it remains an unsolved mystery.cry

Makar The famous English artist John Constable painted the painting "Stonehenge". His

Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
vocational education
"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering"
(NNGASU)
Art
Of the ancient world.
Stonehenge
Student: Arutyunova K.B. gr. DG1.11
2012 year

Stonehenge is
stone megalithic
structure (cromlech)
on Salisbury Plain
in Wiltshire (England)
Cromlech is an ancient structure, representing several
vertically into the ground, worked or untreated oblong
stones that form one or more concentric circles.

Stonehenge is
complex of stone blocks,
limited by an earthen moat.
Along the edges of the moat are two
earthen ramparts - internal and external.
The latter, in fact, is
the border of this whole complex.

1 - Altarstone, a six-ton ​​monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales
2-3 - mounds without graves
4 - a dropped stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone - scaffold)
5 - Heel Stone
6 - two of the originally four vertically standing stones (on the plan of the beginning of the 19th century, their position
otherwise indicated)
7 - moat (ditch)
8 - inner shaft
9 - outer shaft
10 - avenue, that is, a parallel pair
ditches and shafts, leading 3 km to the river
Avon (en: River Avon, Hampshire);
now these shafts are barely distinguishable
11 - ring of 30 holes, so-called. Y holes;
in the 1930s the holes were marked
round columns, which are now
removed
12 - ring of 30 holes, so-called. Z holes
13 - circle of 56 holes, known as holes
Aubrey holes
14 - small south entrance
Stones centered in the center
Stonehenge, marked on the plan
color: gray - for boulders
sandstone (sarsena) and blue - for
stones imported from afar, the main
the way of blue stones (bluestone).

Outer circle, at one time,
consisted of 30 upright
grayish stones. Height of each
of which 4.1 meters, width 2.1 meters,
the weight of one stone is about 25 tons.
These multi-ton boulders were
laid stone horizontal
overlap. Each of them rested
on two vertical stones, in
flat tops which were
special protrusions made
20 centimeters high.
Within this circle stood five triliths of sarsen,
forming a horseshoe open towards the avenue. Their huge
stones weigh up to 50 tons each. Triliths are arranged
symmetrical: the smallest pair of triliths was 6 m
height, the next pair is slightly higher, and the most
the only central trilith was big
7.3 m high. To XIX century only two survived
trilith from the southeast and one strongly bent support
central trilith. In the first half of the 20th century
one trilith from the northwest was rebuilt and
the support of the central trilith is straightened than it was
the view of the complex from the northwest has been completely changed.

The so-called avenue departs from Stonehenge - it stretches towards the river
Avon is a parallel pair of ditches. The ditches, on both sides, are bounded by ramparts and have
the length is about 3 kilometers.
All this is barely distinguishable on the ground, but apparently, once it looked large-scale and
majestically.
Maybe Stonehenge was a powerful energy generator. This is indirectly indicated by
at least an alley leading straight to the river. After all, water is the basis of everything, and it is thanks to it that today is produced
electricity. There is no definite answer here. Modern man knows too little about ancient civilizations and about those ways
which they used to obtain the energy necessary for normal life.

Stonehenge before and after restoration. View from the northwest
End of the 19th century.
The beginning of the 19th century.
1911 g.
2004 r.

Stonehenge dating
The first researchers linked the building
Stonehenge with druids. The excavation, however,
pushed the time of the creation of Stonehenge to
new stone and bronze ages.
Modern dating of elements
Stonehenge is based on radiocarbon
method. Currently, there are
the following phases:
Phase 1 - construction of the main moat and ramparts
(Windmill Hill culture). There was
found a significant number of antlers with
traces of "wear and tear". Since below these horns
no silt was found, it was expressed
the assumption that the moat was dug shortly
after killing the deer. Last thing
the event was radiocarbon dated
by the method of 3020-2910 BC e.
Phase 2 - secondary filling of the ditch,
wooden structures and Aubrey holes.
Phase 3 - the funeral inset at the apex
re-filling the ditch, building
stone rings of sandstone and blue
stones, avenues and holes Y and Z (Wessex
culture). Material for dating boulders
sarsena, available in a very limited
quantity indicates 2440-2100 BC. e.

Stonehenge appointment
Legends associated the construction of Stonehenge with
by the name of Merlin. In the middle of the 17th century, English
architect Inigo Jones put forward a version that
Stonehenge was built by the ancient Romans. Some
medieval scholars believed that Stonehenge
built by the Swiss or the Germans. Early XIX
century, the version about Stonehenge as about
the sanctuary of the druids. Some thought it was
tomb of Boadicea - the pagan queen.
Even the authors of the 18th century noticed that the situation
stones can be linked to astronomical
phenomena. The most famous modern
an attempt to interpret Stonehenge as
the grand observatory of the stone age
belongs to J. Hawkins and J. White. Scientific
she has no confirmation.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge
used for burials. Indeed, on
burials were found on the territory of the monument, but
they were made much later than construction
Stonehenge. For example, a skeleton was found in the moat
of a young man, dated with
radiocarbon method 780-410 BC e.
According to news agencies,
Professor of Archeology at the University of the City
Sheffield's Mike Parker Person, who
manages the Stonehenge Riverside project
Archaeological Project, noted that in its opinion
Stonehenge from the very beginning
and before the heyday in the third millennium BC
was considered by the inhabitants of England as
territory for the burial of the dead.

Literature
Brown P. Stonehenge. Mysteries of the megaliths / Transl. from English - M .: JSC
Centerpolygraph, 2010.
Wood J. The sun, the moon and ancient stones / Per. from English - M .: Mir, 1981.
Hawkins J., White J. Solving the Mystery of Stonehenge / Per. from English - M .: Mir,
1973, 1984 .-- M .: Veche, 2004.
Hawkins J. From Stonehenge to the Incas / Per. from English - M .: Veche, 2004.
Burl A. The Stonehenge People. - London: Guild Publishing, 1987.

Stonehenge megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.

Stonehenge was erected at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first occurs around 3100 BC. It was then that a moat and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, 115 m in diameter, 2.5 m wide and 5080 cm high. Almost a thousand years later, the "construction" of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. Eighty large stones were brought to the Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the ditch in two concentric circles on the outer and inner sides of a semi-ellipse of triplets. Several centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present only 17 of them are left to stand. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again "reconstructed" and has already acquired the look we are used to.

The plan highlights: 1 Altar stone, a six-ton ​​monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 Mounds without graves 4 Slaughter Stone, scaffold 5 Heel Stone 6 Two of the original four standing upright stones 7 Moat (ditch) 8 Inner rampart 9 Outer rampart of 10 Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the Avon River; these shafts are now barely visible 11, 12 Rings of 30 holes 13 Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubrey holes 14 Small south entrance

It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge since there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge suggests that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.

Professor J. Mitchell, having carried out a computer analysis of Stonehenge and tried to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge with the help of modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, the ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that in Solar system not nine, but twelve planets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet, even more put the scientist in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, and in this place is the asteroid belt.

It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.

English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the apex of each of which pointed to the next point

Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist H. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from the quarries. which were more than 300 kilometers from the construction site! Needless to say, transporting the giant stone blocks was an incredible effort.

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