is a quarry in which stone is mined by drilling. There are several ways to extract stone from block quarries. Let's consider two of them.

First way

The process of mining stone blocks consists of several stages, the first of which is the drilling of the rock with a grid of vertical and horizontal holes, which ensure that the cutting rope is drawn through them. It is produced using the simplest portable pneumatic drilling rig.

The drilling process itself is not too complicated. Having installed the installation once, the operator monitors it, gradually increasing the length of the drill as it plunges into the rock. The hardest part is getting the vertical and horizontal holes to meet at the same point. If you hit it, good. Otherwise, it will not work to start the rope and you will have to re-drill everything again, and this is time and wasted crowns. After drilling, the sawyer, the operator of the wire saw, takes over.

His responsibilities include the correct pulling of the cutting rope. In no case should the rope be twisted or broken, otherwise it will get stuck inside the rock and it can take up to several days to get it out. Then, with the help of an excavator, a stone block is torn off.

Second way

The production technology using hydro wedge installations is as follows. A working body of a hydraulic wedge is installed in a hole previously drilled in a rock mass of the appropriate diameter. The number and location of holes, as well as the type of hydraulic wedge, are determined by the size of the block to be separated, the strength of the stone, and some other factors. technical parameters. After the working fluid is injected into the hydraulic system, the wedge moves between the two sliding cheeks. The wedge, moving longitudinally, acts on the cheeks, which, moving in the transverse direction, create a directed splitting force inside the hole and destroy the mass in the required direction.

The choice of the type of hydraulic wedge in each case is carried out individually and depends on a number of factors. In many cases, it is more efficient to use hydro wedge units driven by an oil station.

Hydro wedge installation

Thanks to high splitting forces and the possibility of simultaneous operation of a large number of up to six hydraulic wedges, these machines are able to quickly separate large blocks of stone. For example, when mining small blocks of stone, performing a small amount of work in a remote area of ​​​​the mine, etc., it is easier to use manual hydraulic wedges. They do not require connection to the mains, have a smaller mass, are autonomous, mobile, and at the same time develop sufficient splitting forces for the tasks to be solved.

The technology of stone extraction using hydrowedge installations has a number of advantages compared to other known technologies:

– the absence of dynamic effects, shock waves and vibrations eliminates the possibility of “spider” cracks, which significantly increases the percentage of high-quality stone output;
- the ability to set the direction of destruction allows you to extract blocks of the desired size and shape, which reduces the loss of good stone;
- large splitting forces allow you to extract large blocks of stone, and also significantly reduce the number of boreholes, which leads to a reduction in the cost of preparatory work and an increase in labor productivity;
- the absence of an explosion increases the level of work safety and reduces the cost of protective measures;
— a short “load/unload” cycle increases labor productivity;
- light weight and convenient layout make the equipment easy to use and transport;
- the equipment can be used at any time of the year and in any weather.

The difference between block pits and other pits is the method of extraction, as well as the types of stone products produced.

Introduction

The technological process for the extraction of granite is often compared with real art. Sometimes separating a monolith from a mountain range is a difficult task.

The main indicator characterizing the value of a block stone deposit (marble, granite, limestone, etc.) and the perfection of its development technology is the output of blocks of a given size (“extraction”) from the mined volume of the mineral. At the quarry of Vozrozhdenie LLC, the drilling and blasting method of mining is used, which brings with it a number of problems. First of all, this is a small percentage yield of blocks. When separating a monolith from an array using an explosion, the stone cracks under the action of the blast wave and loses its integrity, and hence its value. With the development of construction in the north-west, the demand for mined minerals is growing, but the company does not have time to produce the required amount of products, while the number of customers is increasing. This field has a number of features, one of which is the presence of horizontal cracks, which are located at a distance of 6-7 m from each other as they deepen. Over time, the depth of the quarry grew, and the cracks gradually began to disappear.

The development of deposits is associated with workings in the rocks, which violate the existing balance in the massif. Restoring the balance of the massif leads to deformations of the workings and the creation of stress fields in the massif, the superposition of which with local stress fields caused by the impact of mining operations on the rock changes the initial stress field and leads to an increase in their values ​​near the mine workings, causing irreversible deformations in them.

Also, when working on the underlying horizons, the massif is under great pressure, which complicates drilling and blasting.

Taken together, these features of the field make us think about ways to solve the problems presented.

1. Analysis of the technology, mechanization and organization of production existing in the quarry.

.1 Brief description of the mining and geological conditions of the quarry

The Vozrozhdenie granite deposit is located in the central part of the Karelian Isthmus in the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Region, 23 km from the city of Vyborg and 2 km from the residential village Vozrozhdenie, and covers an area of ​​about 400 hectares.

Within the Plot No. 8, exploration workings and a quarry uncovered the following types of rocks

Trachytoid gray granites (γ31 R1v).

Porphyritic pink granites (γ32 R1v) - "trout".

Coarse ovoid granites (vyborgites) (γ2R1v).

Aplite and pegmatite veins (p R2v).

The mining of granites for the production of block stone at the Vozrozhdenie deposit, site No. 8, is carried out by Vyborg Granites LLC.

The dimensions of site No. 8 in terms of industrial categories of exploration: length - 640 m, width - 250 m, area - about 16 hectares.

The absolute elevations of the surface of section No. 8 today range from -12 m to +26 m.

Since 2004, a gradual decrease in output began (on average 33.26%, including 26.65% of blocks of I-III groups on average for 2004-2006) due to the involvement in the development of the central, southeastern and southwestern zones of the quarry field and complication of the structural and tectonic conditions of the deposit due to the manifestations of rock pressure relief (rock failure and cracking) during the deepening of the quarry.

The structural and tectonic situation in the area is constantly changing as a result of periodically occurring unloading of the massif and the formation of cracks associated with this process as the quarry is mined, especially when it moves to deeper horizons.

There are two aquifers at the deposit - one is confined to Quaternary deposits, the other - to granites.

The regime of aquifers is unstable and depends on precipitation and snowmelt. Groundwater confined to granites circulates through cracks.

Reserves of granites in section 8 of the Vozrozhdenie deposit in the following categories:

In accordance with the data of form 5-gr, as of 01/01/2013, the company's balance sheet consisted of reserves of granites in the following categories:

The supply of granite reserves is sufficient for the industrial development of the deposit with the planned annual volume of production of blocks of I-III categories in the amount of 15200 m³.

Organization of production The planned volume of development of rock mass in 2014 will be 76 thousand m3 with the planned output of blocks I-III of category 20%.

The quality of granites as a raw material for production facing materials and architectural and construction products meets the requirements of the following state standards, technological conditions:

· GOST 9479-2011 "Rock blocks for the production of facing, architectural, construction, memorial and other products";

· GOST 9480-77 "Facing slabs made of natural stone";

· GOST 23342-91 "Architectural and building products made of natural stone".

Granites of the Vozrozhdenie deposit belong to the IX-X group of rocks according to SNiP IV-5-82.

1.2 Opening of the field and applied development system

To open the deposit, the method of creating a flank vertical trench directed into the open pit was used by making two cuts.

The field development system is transport. All ledge horizons accepted for development have been opened by means of the construction of roads on them, which have a transport connection with the industrial site of the quarry and the overburden dump and near the production of blocks.

In 2014, mining operations will be carried out within the boundaries of the mining and land allotment of the deposit.

The system of gently sloping fractures, along which the bottom of the horizon is formed, has an average inclination angle of 6°. In this regard, the development of the deposit is carried out along the underlying cracks and is conditionally divided into blocks, the location of which can vary within the accepted working horizons, and is limited to vertical natural or artificial cracks.

An array of granites is planned to be worked out by ledges with a height
up to 6.0 m with a division into approaches (2.0 m - 4.0 m) depending on the topography of the deposit and specific manifestations of natural fracturing.

In small areas of the field, the height of the mining ledge can reach 7.0 m, which does not worsen safe conditions production of works.

The slope angle of the ledge is assumed to be 90°

Working platform width 30.0 m.

In 2014, the deposit will be developed in 4 blocks. As of November 1, 2013, the blocks are located within the following horizons:

block 9 - within the horizon at el. "+4.0 m" in the southeast direction

within the horizon at el. "-9.0 m" in the southeast direction

block 10 - within the horizon at el. "+3.0 m" in the southwest direction

within the horizon at el. "-12.0 m" in the southwest direction

block 11 - within the horizon at el. "-9.0 m" in the northwest direction

block 12 - within the horizon at el. "-9.0m" in the northeast direction

.3 Mechanization of works

Overburden and dump work.

Stripping works in the amount of 3.5 thousand m3 are planned at the quarry

On the dump, work is provided for the processing of okol (by-product).

Transportation of the rock mass and overburden to the dump is provided by the BelAZ-7540 dump truck with a carrying capacity of 30 tons.

Loading of rock mass and overburden into vehicles will be carried out by CAT-988 loaders with a bucket with a capacity of 5.0 m3.

Planning work on the dump is planned to be carried out by the B-10M bulldozer available at the enterprise in accordance with the dump passport.

Mining work.

Separation of a monolithic stone from the massif is carried out by drilling and blasting, using sparing explosives (black powder, granite).

Drilling of the massif is carried out by the "Commando" and "Trimmer" machines of the "SANDVIK" company. Holes with a diameter of 32 mm are arranged in one row at a distance
0.15-0.4 m apart.

Drilled holes are charged with gunpowder or Granilene and explode. Explosive works are carried out by a specialized organization LLC "Evrovzryvprom" under a contract in accordance with the passport for the production of blasting operations for the extraction of piece stone at the block granite quarry "Vozrozhdeniye" of LLC "Vyborg Granites".

As a result of the explosion, the monolith is separated from the array. Ledges with a height of more than 6 m are divided into two, if necessary, into three or more sub-ledges, confined to natural gently dipping and horizontal layers.

The monolith separated from the massif is cut by the drilling-explosive or drilling-wedge method into blocks-blanks.

With the help of front-end loaders CAT-980, CAT-988, blocks-blanks are moved to a flat area of ​​the ledge foot for their further cutting into measured blocks and blanks using the bore-wedge method. granite products.

In the case of stone solidity, crack fusion, horizontal drilling is carried out along the planned base of the subshoulder.

The determining factor in this process is the use of planes of vertical bed (sloping) crack systems. In the absence of a bed (sloping) crack, the bottom of the ledge is artificially formed by drilling a horizontal row of holes along the bottom of the separated monoliths.

In order to create additional outcrop planes (slits), a Panthera-800 drilling rig is used (holes Ø 76 mm, with drilling of lintels Ø 89 mm).

Recycling work approx.

At the quarry of the Vozrozhdenie deposit, all work on the processing of okol (by-product) will be carried out in accordance with the requirements:

"Unified Safety Rules for the Development of Mineral Deposits open way» PB 03-498-02

"Unified safety rules for crushing, sorting, beneficiation of minerals and agglomeration of ores and concentrates" PB 03-571-03.

In a quarry, after the main type of work (block mining): separating monoliths from the general massif, cutting them into blank blocks using a drill-blast or drill-wedge method and further passaging into blocks of a given size, an oversized rock mass (about) remains. The overall size of the okola reaches up to 2000 mm in the rib.

The technological scheme for the production of crushed stone from block production waste at the Vozrozhdenie quarry includes the following stages:

Crushing okola in a quarry to the required size of pieces of rock mass.

Primary crushing of prepared rock mass

Transportation of crushed rock mass for secondary crushing

Secondary crushing ( finished products)

Export of finished products

The crushing of the material occurs by means of a jaw crusher by compressing the material between two jaw plates, one of which is movable and the other is fixed. The movable jaw plate moves along an ellipsoidal path and thereby destroys the material against the fixed jaw plate. The lower edge of the movable jaw has the ability to adjust the position in the horizontal direction, which affects the width of the minimum slot, which determines the maximum size of the material at the exit of the crusher. The jaws form a wedge-shaped crushing chamber in which the material, under the action of gravity and after destruction, moves from the upper part, into which large pieces are loaded, to the exit (unloading) slot.

The intake opening of the jaw crusher allows crushing material with a particle size of up to 600 mm, the size of the fraction at the outlet is 0-150 mm, then the material enters the cone crusher.

Crushing of stone 0-150 mm in a cone crusher occurs in the space formed by the surfaces of two truncated cones: the outer one remains stationary, the inner one rotates. The size of the exit gap changes depending on the height to which the movable cone moves, as a result of which we obtain crushed material with a particle size of 0-40 mm. Further, the material enters the screen, where it is sorted into fr. 0-5mm, 5-20mm and 20-40mm.

Sandvik DSU or similar equipment is located on open area in a quarry or in a warehouse near the land allotment.

Finished products are stored in open cone warehouses and shipped by loaders CAT - 988 to automobile transport consumers.

Imploding works.

Smoke gunpowder and ZET granite cartridges are used as explosives. The method of initiating charges is electrical.

Explosive work in the quarry is carried out by Evrovzryvprom LLC, which has a license for the right to use and store explosive materials. Explosive operations are carried out in the presence of a BVR passport for charging blocks, which indicates the type of explosive, the design of the charge in the hole, the charge switching circuit, the direction and place of initiation, the dimensions of the block, the total consumption of explosives, CBs, and the main safety measures are determined.

The parameters of safe distances during blasting are determined in accordance with the requirements of Chapter VIII "Procedure for determining safe distances during blasting and storage of explosives", PB13-407-01.

For the duration of blasting in a quarry:

all people are taken out of the danger zone;

· the access road at the border of the danger zone is blocked by a barrier;

· outside the danger zone, along the scattering of pieces from the boundaries of the quarry, shields with warning inscriptions are installed;

· on the borders of the danger zone, before the start of loading, posts are set up to ensure the protection of the danger zone;

· the procedure and schedule for blocking roads during blasting is agreed in accordance with the current rules.

Technological transport.

Quarry transport carries out the transportation of rock mass (near) and overburden rocks to the dump (warehouse). Transportation of the planned volumes of rock mass and overburden is planned to be carried out by BelAZ-7540 dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 30 tons.

The required working fleet of BelAZ-7540 dump trucks (with a design capacity of 1760 tons / shift or 1250 m3 / shift) is 1 truck per shift.

.4 Operation of auxiliary service areas

Auxiliary site - warehouse of commodity blocks

Control over the acceptance of commodity blocks is carried out by the controller of the Quality Control Department (QC) in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9479-2011 "Blocks from rocks for the production of facing, architectural, construction, memorial and other products."

Blocks are tested in accordance with GOST 30629-99 “Rock facing materials and products.

Repair of equipment.

The maintenance service at the quarry is designed to keep the equipment in working order.

Repair of equipment is planned to be carried out according to the system of scheduled preventive repairs using the shift-nodal method.

Small Maintenance equipment is planned to be produced directly in the quarry.

Maintenance, medium and overhaul of equipment is planned to be carried out in a specialized box at the industrial site by the repair service of the enterprise and specialized organizations.

The supply of mining equipment with spare parts is planned to be carried out from the material warehouse of the UK GU PO Vozrozhdenie.

Storage of fuels and lubricants at the industrial site of the quarry is not provided.

Equipment supply diesel fuel it is planned to produce by a special tanker car under a supply contract with a specialized organization.

Refueling of self-propelled quarry equipment, mobile diesel compressors and drilling rigs is planned to be carried out directly in the quarry.

Commodity blocks have a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion and quality certificates

1.5 Organization of labor and production

Quarry operating hours all year round on a rotational basis with a continuous working week (five in five days) the duration of the shift is 12 hours.

Medium wage 25,000 rubles per month in a career.

.6 Economic performance of the quarry

The planned volume of development of rocky rock mass in 2014 will be 95.9 thousand m3 with the planned output of blocks of categories I-III of 19.8%.

The quarry employs a staff of 21 people.

Table 1.6.1 Estimated values ​​of annual, daily and shift productivity of a granite quarry by quarters of 2014

Type of work	Indicators.		Production volumes
				including quarters
Granite mining	Annual scope of work
	Number of working days
	Daily scope of work
	Shift scope of work

Table 1.6.2 Planned production volumes of mining operations by blocks and by quarters in 2014

	Name		Production volumes
				including quarters
Horizon "-12"
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
Horizon "-9"
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
Horizon « +3 »
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
Horizon « +4 »
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output
	rock mass
	Block volume
	Block output

2. Analysis of the implementation of the production plan and production capabilities career

.1 Implementation of the plan for marketable products and their sale

years ago, the output of commodity blocks was 33.6%, which is considered a high figure for block quarries. Since 2004, a gradual decrease in output began (on average 33.26%, including 26.65% of blocks of I-III groups on average for 2004-2006) due to the involvement in the development of the central, southeastern and southwestern zones of the quarry field and complication of the structural and tectonic conditions of the deposit due to the manifestations of rock pressure relief (rock failure and cracking) during the deepening of the quarry. In 2013, 16,900 m3 of blocks of I-IV categories were mined

It is important to note that with a clear decrease in the percentage output of product blocks, the number of orders did not decrease. Consequently, the company faced the problem of lack of products for sale.

As of August 2014, according to the state of mining operations, the number of blocks sold is 10,970. At the moment, the company is behind the plan for the sale of commodity blocks by 5%, which in the future may lead to significant economic losses. By the end of the year, it is planned to produce 19,010 m3 of blocks, which is in line with the mining plan.

2.2 Implementation of the mining plan for the analyzed period

For 9 months of 2014, at the quarry with an annual plan of 95900 m3 in terms of rock mass, 84392 m3 of rock mass (88%) was mined. The expected production at the end of 2014 is 107,408 m3, which will be 112% of the planned volumes for 2014.

From the statistical data, we can conclude that the mining plan is overfulfilled by 12%. But even this fact does not have a positive effect on the implementation of blocks.

.3 Fulfillment of the stripping plan for the analyzed period

Stripping works in the amount of 3.5 thousand m3 are planned for the quarry in 2014

For 9 months of 2014, the stripping plan is being fulfilled by 100%.

.4 Implementation of the drilling plan for the analyzed period

Drilling volumes:

Cutting slot penetration:

The volume of drilling is 17589 m. The diameter of the hole is 76 mm.

Dividing a monolith into blank blocks:

The volume of drilling is 81180 m. The diameter of the hole is 32 mm.

Cutting blocks-blanks into commodity blocks:

The volume of drilling is 49950 m. The diameter of the hole is 32 mm.

Drilling holes for cutting blocks-blanks into commercial blocks is carried out by a drilling rig Commando - 110.

The volume of drilling holes with a diameter of 32 mm - 131130 linear meters.

The volume of drilling holes with a diameter of 76 mm - 17589 linear meters.

Drilling work is being carried out in full according to the drilling plan for 2014.

2.5 Calculation of the production capacity profile

cars and equipment	Shift operating productivity of machines Number of shifts per year, shifts Annual productivity,
Drilling work
1. CAT-988 2. CAT-980

2.6 Analysis results

It can be seen from the graph that the quarry has a large reserve of production capacity and with an increase in production volumes, the equipment will fulfill the plan. But when using this technology, there is an insufficient percentage yield of blocks.

To increase it, it is necessary to introduce technology using diamond wire sawing and quarry-disc installations.

Positive aspects of the career:

All work in the quarry is carried out in full according to the mining plan in the quarry. And the mining work does exceed the plan.

The company has high organization and executive training of the staff, which makes it possible to annually provide the necessary volume of building stone.

Negative sides:

With the deepening of the quarry, the rock pressure increases. The structural and tectonic situation in the area is constantly changing as a result of periodically occurring unloading of the massif and the formation of cracks associated with this process as the quarry is mined, especially when it moves to deeper horizons.

At this deposit, horizontal cracks began to disappear as they deepened, which complicates the extraction of granite the usual way. It is necessary to create artificial horizontal planes, which is quite difficult to implement on the underlying horizons without violating the integrity of the monolith, as rock pressure arises.

The percentage yield of blocks decreases every year. With the growing level of construction in the northwest, this is a significant problem not only for the company, but also for customers. The number of volumes under the order does not correspond to the level and possibility of implementation.

To solve the presented problem, it is necessary to introduce into production technology using diamond wire sawing and quarry-disc installations, which are successfully used in block stone quarries.

quarry granite disk rope

3. Organizational and technical measures to improve the technical and economic indicators of the quarry with a rationale for economic efficiency

To improve the technical and economic performance of the quarry, I propose to introduce a non-explosive method of granite mining using the HKYS-3500-B Quarry-Disk Installation (KDU) and the Telediam Elektronik TDI-65 Diamond-Rope Installation (AKU). This method is proposed to be used in combination with explosives. Complete abandonment of blasting operations at this deposit is impossible. Diamond wire sawing together with a quarry-disc installation is planned to be used for 20% of the total volume of rocks. This decision is based on some features of the presented field. The technology with the use of AKU and KDU is used in quarries with increased blockiness and reduced rock fracturing, which the Vozrozhdeniye quarry cannot boast of. But still, the quarry, in addition to zones of steeply dipping cracks, has zones in which the average density of cracks does not exceed 0.2 m/m, which makes it possible to use this technology. The system is cracked, the possibility of using this technique only in the temperature regime up to -3, unstable output of blocks, the relative slow operation of the technique and not high productivity compared to blasting allows the use of the presented method only by 20%. But even with partial use, the percentage yield of blocks will increase, the overall performance per block and, consequently, economic profit for the enterprise.

.1 Method Description

Technology of block mining by sawing with the help of quarry-disc installations (KDU) and diamond-wire installations (AKU)

Mining operations are planned to be carried out according to a two-stage scheme. Initially, large monoliths are sawn off from the array. Then the monolith is split into blank blocks and blocks.

Vertical quarry-disc sawing KDU

Mining ledges are worked out sequentially from top to bottom. The height of the ledge is 1.5 m.

On the prepared site, elements of the rail track are installed and then interconnected, which is located directly on the sawn monolith. After checking the correct assembly of the rail track, a quarry-disc installation is installed on them using a lifting device, then circular saws Ø 2.6 m and Ø 3.5 m are installed on the KDU, which produce vertical sawing of the monolith.

After the end of the sawing of the first technological monolith, a AKU is installed for horizontal sawing of the monolith into workpieces.

The sawing of the array is organized in such a way as to simultaneously saw the monolith into technological panels (KDU) and horizontal saw the monolith into workpieces (AKU).

After the final work, the circular saws are dismantled from the disk installation, and the machine itself, for the period of storage, is removed from the rail track. The rails are disassembled and also removed to the storage place.

Horizontal diamond wire sawing AKU

On the prepared site, the elements of the rail track are installed, and then interconnected, on which the AKU is installed.

The diamond wire is wound into vertical cuts, the ends of the wire are connected to each other. After the manual “cutting down”, the personnel is removed from the dangerous zone of the machine, after which the installation is switched to automatic mode with the specified sawing parameters.

AKU perform vertical, horizontal and inclined (during the preparation and cutting of monoliths) cuts.

The thickness of the cut when using the ACP technology corresponds to the thickness of the diamond wire and is 9-12 mm.

Water is used to cool the KDU disks and the AKU diamond wire, as well as to remove the cuttings from the cut. Water consumption - up to 30 liters per minute, depending on specific conditions.

The division of monoliths and technological panels into commodity blocks is carried out by the buroklin method. Separation of technological panels into blocks-blanks is possible with the help of AKU and KDU.

All mined conditioned blocks are marked by the QCD service and taken to the finished product warehouse. Blocks are shipped from the warehouse by front loader CAT-980, CAT-988

The supply of compressed air to the consumers of the quarry is provided from the mobile compressor XAS-146 and the own compressors of drilling rigs.

In the fight against the emerging rock pressure, it is proposed, when preparing horizons for mining, to first pass unloading slots along the contour of the non-working side with a wire saw or a drilling rig.

4. Schedule of organization of work on the ledge

The first stage of work includes vertical cuts using a quarry disk machine, then a horizontal cut is created using diamond wire sawing, after which the same machine cuts the monolith into primary blocks of the workpiece.

5. Calculation of the effectiveness of the activity proposed in the quarry

.1 Existing option

Equipment depreciation

Depreciation rate for Compressor XAS 146DD

The service life of all mining equipment is 8-12 years. We accept the depreciation period for the XAS 146DD compressor - 10 years, then:

The cost of the calculated equipment;

S=800000 rub.

Depreciation rate for the Caterpillar-980 loader:

20510000 thousand rubles;

NA=100% /(service life).

S = 24400000 thousand rubles;

Depreciation rate for drilling rig “Trimmer-240”:

NA=100% /(service life).

12,000,000 rubles;

Depreciation rate for drilling rig “Commando-120”:

NA=100% /(service life).

7,000,000 rubles;

NA=100% /(service life).

20000000 rubles;

12000000 rub.

The cost of repairing equipment (spare parts) is 10% of the amount for depreciation and is 1,221,100 rubles per year.

Fuel costs for 1 hour of operation of the Splitstone hydraulic wedge plant are,

10 l., - consumption per shift 120 l, Tcm / year - number of shifts per year 714, fuel price per 1 liter 25 rubles.

Fuel consumption per 1 hour of operation of the Compressor XAS 146DD 15 l, consumption per shift 75 l, number of shifts per year 714

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 1,338,750 thousand rubles per year.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of work Loader "Caterpillar-980" is 12 liters

Fuel consumption per shift 144 l, number of shifts per year 357

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 128,520 rubles per year.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of work Loader "Caterpillar-988" is 10 liters

Fuel consumption per shift 120 l, number of shifts per year 357

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 214,200 thousand rubles per year.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of operation of the drilling rig "Commando-110" is 9 liters

Fuel consumption per shift 108 l, number of shifts per year 714

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 192,780 thousand rubles per year.

Fuel consumption per shift 96 l, number of shifts per year 357

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 85,680 rubles per year.

Wage

Let us calculate the wage fund of the main workers employed in production during drilling and blasting.

Number of main workers:

Quarry manager - 1 person

Mining engineer - 1 person.

Mining master - 2 people.

Drilling rig operator - 3 people.

Drilling rig operator - 2 people.

Loader driver - 3 people.

Kolschik - 2 people.

Electricians - 2 people.

Mechanics - 3 people.

Total workers - 17 people. Engineering and technical workers - 4 people. The total number of employees -21 people. The average salary is 25,000 rubles.

The amount of deductions under this article is 6300000. 0.3 \u003d 1890000 thousand rubles.

Total cost

The total cost of conducting work with the existing technology will be:

The cost of 1 m³ of block stone with the existing technology of work is. Calculation of the cost of a mineral is presented in the table

The volume of blocks mined by drilling and blasting.

Table 5.1.1 Calculation of the cost of production of block stone

.2 Suggested option

According to the projected option, 20% of mining will be carried out by technology, including the use of diamond wire sawing and stone-cutting machines. The list of equipment involved in the quarry is presented in table 4.2.1

Table 5.2.1 Equipment used in the quarry

		The amount of technology used.
	Name of equipment		Without drilling (20%)
	Drilling rig "Trimmer 240"
	Drilling rig "Commando-120"
	Drilling rig "Panther - 800"
	Loader CAT 988 HB with a set of attachments
	Loader CAT 980 H with a set of attachments
	Compressor XAS 146DD
	Stone cutting machine HKYS-3500-B
	Telediam Elektronik TDI-65
	Telediam Elektronik TDI-100
	Hydrowedge SlipStone

Total costs under items Depreciation, fuel for technological purposes, wages are presented in tables 5.2.2 and 5.2.3

Table 5.2.2

Costs by items: Depreciation and fuel for technological purposes

	Depreciation				electricity
Compressor XAS 146DD
hydrocline
spare parts for fuel and lubricants
Total Costs

Table 5.2.3 Costs under the item Wages

		Mining method
	number of people
Quarry manager
Mining engineer
mountain master
Machinist T
MachinistP
MachinistC
Loading engineer
electricians
mechanics
deductions

Depreciation of selected equipment

Some equipment will be used in both methods of mining, therefore the cost of depreciation per piece of equipment will be allocated to the two methods in terms of 80% for the drilling and blast method and 20% for the method using CDU and AKU. Depreciation rate for Compressor XAS 146DD

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S=800000 rub.

Depreciation rate for drilling rig “Commando-120”:

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S = 7,000,000 rubles;

Depreciation rate for drilling rig “Trimmer-240”:

NA=100% /(service life).

12,000,000 rubles;

Depreciation rate for drilling rig “Panthera-800”:

NA=100% /(service life).

S \u003d 20000000 rubles;

Depreciation rate for splitstone hydro wedge plant
NA=100% /(service life).

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S=12000000 rub.

Depreciation rate for the Caterpillar-980 loader:

NA=100% /(service life).

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S = 20510000 thousand rubles;

Depreciation rate for the loader “Caterpillar-988”:

NA=100% /(service life).

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S = 24400000 rubles;

The entire amount is fully related to the method using BVR.

Depreciation rate for KDU

NA=100% /(service life).

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S = 2,000,000 rubles;

The entire amount is fully related to the method using AKU and KDU.

Depreciation rate for AKU (2 units):

NA=100% /(service life).

A = S. NA, rubles/year;

S = 5,000,000 rubles;

The entire amount is fully related to the method using AKU and KDU.

Thus, the total cost of existing equipment under the “Depreciation” cost item will be:

The cost of repairing equipment (10% of the amount for depreciation) is 364,700 rubles/year and 966,400 rubles/year

Fuel for technological purposes

It follows from this that the equipment that was involved in this method will switch to work on the extraction of minerals by drilling and blasting for three months. Fuel costs for 1 hour commando-120 9 l, consumption per shift 108 l, number of shifts per year 714

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 28,917 rubles per year. And 163863 . rub./year

Fuel consumption per 1 hour of operation of the Compressor XAS 146DD 15 l, consumption per shift 75 l, number of shifts per year 714

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will be 20081.2. rub./year. 1137993.8 . rub./year

Fuel costs for 1 hour of operation of the Splitstone hydraulic wedge plant are 10 liters, consumption per shift is 120 liters, the number of shifts per year is 714

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 32,130 rubles per year. and 182,070 rubles / year, respectively. Fuel consumption for 1 hour of work Loader "Caterpillar-980" is 12 liters Fuel consumption per shift 144 liters, number of shifts per year 357

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 19,278 rubles per year. and 109242 rubles/year, respectively.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of work Loader "Caterpillar-988" is 10 liters

Fuel consumption per shift 120 l, number of shifts per year 357

The entire amount is fully related to the method using BVR.

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 214,200 thousand rubles per year.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of work drilling rig "Trimmer-200" is 11 l

Fuel consumption per shift 132 l, number of shifts per year 714

The entire amount is fully related to the method using BVR

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of fuel and, thus, will amount to 235,620 rubles per year.

Fuel consumption for 1 hour of operation of the drilling rig "Panthera-800" is 8 liters

The entire amount is fully related to the method using AKU and KDU.

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of electricity and, thus, will amount to 44347.5 thousand rubles. rub./year.

The cost of electricity for 1 hour of work at the AKU is 35 kW

Electricity consumption per shift 420 kW, number of shifts per year 365

If the cost of electricity is 3 rubles per 1 kW, the amount of deductions for electricity will be

The cost of lubricants is 10% of the cost of electricity and, thus, will amount to 68985 thousand rubles. rub./year.

Thus, the total amount under the item "Fuel for technological purposes" will be

Wage

When calculating this article, it must be taken into account that the projected method with the introduction of diamond-wire sawing using stone-cutting machines will be used only 9 months a year due to weather conditions in the region.

It follows from this that the equipment that was involved in this method will switch to work on the extraction of minerals by drilling and blasting for three months.

Calculate the payroll of the main workers.

Total workers - 21 people. Engineering and technical workers - 4 people. The total number of employees -25 people. The average salary is 25,000 rubles.

Table 5.2.4

	number of people
Quarry manager
Mining engineer
mountain master
Machinist Trimmer
Pantera-800 driver
Machinist Cammando-120
Loading engineer
electricians
mechanics
KDU driver
AKU driver
Amount of deductions
Total costs

Calculation example: The average salary of a stakeholder is 25,000 rubles per month. He earns 300,000 rubles a year. At the same time, for 9 months he has been working with blocks that are mined in two different ways, and for three months he works with blocks mined by drilling and blasting.

So his salary will be:

Projected variant

Table 5.2.5 Calculation of the cost of obtaining granite blocks in a non-explosive way

Expenditures	According to the design option
	for the entire volume, thousand rubles	per 1m3, rub.
Spare parts
Payroll accruals 30%
Electricity
CM(new machines)
Depreciation

Table 5.2.6 Calculation of the cost of obtaining granite blocks by drilling and blasting

Technical and economic indicators Table 5.2.7

	Name of indicator		indicators
			existing technology	proposed technology
				AKU and KDU 20%
	Monolith performance
	Used equipment:
	1.Loader “Caterpillar-980”
	2. Loader “Caterpillar-988”
	3. Drilling rig “Trimmer-200”
	4. Drilling rig “Commando-120”
	5.Drilling rig “Panthera-800”
	6. Compressor XAS 146DD
	7. Stone cutting machine HKYS-3500-B
	9. Telediam Elektronik TDI-65
	10.Telediam Elektronik TDI-100
	11.Splitstone hydro wedge plant
	Number of employees in the quarry
	Block output percentage
	Cost of 1 m3 of granite
	Average price without VAT After implementation new technology 20% of the volume of the entire rock mass will be mined using KDU and AKU, and as practice shows, using this technology, the output of blocks will increase to 40% and amount to 7672. The company plans to sell blocks mined using the explosive method at a price of 7950 rubles /, therefore, the total profit will be: Using the presented technology, the yield of blocks will increase by 3%, which will bring a profit of 33,887,744 rubles. Conclusion In this project, the problem of an insufficiently large percentage of block output during the extraction of block stone at the Vozrozhdeniye deposit (20%) was raised. Was proposed and substantiated the technology of mining with the help of KDU (Kareerno-Disk Installation) and AKU (Diamond Rope Installation). The use of this technology increased the overall productivity of the quarry and the yield of blocks up to 24% The introduction of this technology will bring additional profit to the enterprise in the amount of 33887744 rubles. Bibliography 1. "Organization, planning and production management" edited by N.Ya. Lobanov / Moscow, "Nedra", 1994. 2. "Technology of mining" A.P. Kilyachkov, 1992. Directory. Open pit mining. M: Mining Bureau, 1994. Uniform safety rules for the development of mineral deposits in an open way. M., Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, 1992.

Posted by Dmitry Chistoprudov

Do you want to know what the capital spends billions on? I returned from another trip to the Urals, where I filmed the 1000th production in my life. In addition to industrial photographs, dirty clothes and dusty cameras, I brought with me a terrible secret.

Bashkiria. Quiet and picturesque places of the Southern Urals. In the villages, potatoes, river fish and fresh koumiss are sold for free. The beauty! But as soon as you turn off the road onto some dusty primer, you will definitely find yourself in some kind of production, cut or quarry.

The Urals is a treasure trove of various minerals. Even at school, in geography lessons, we were told that the Ural mountain system is one of the most ancient, formed 200-400 million years ago. Of the 55 types of the most important minerals that were developed in the USSR, 48 are represented in the Urals.

Meet - this is granite. Igneous rock. Granite is one of the densest, hardest and most durable rocks on earth. It is widely used in construction as a facing and road material.

The Mansurovskoye deposit is the largest in the country in the production of block stone. Mansurovsky granite is mined in a single place, near the Bashkir city of Uchaly. This type of rock is considered to be one of the oldest granites in Russia and on the whole planet, estimating its geological age at 350 million years. According to geologists, the explored reserves of the deposit will last another 200 years.

The lightest of all Russian granites is mined here. For its soft wavy texture and milky light gray color, Mansurovsky granite is often compared with marble; it is not for nothing that it has conquered the international space and is considered one of the most popular “made in Russia” granites abroad.

It is this granite that is now being laid all over Moscow and in particular on Tverskaya Street. 90% of tiles, curbs and paving stones, which the city now buys, come from the Urals (the rest from Karelia). Five Ural quarries are working to supply granite for the My Street reconstruction program (Mansurovsky is the largest) and more than 30 stone sawing enterprises.

The method of extracting granite blocks is different from the types I am used to in iron ore, limestone quarries or coal mines. If in the latter a mineral is hammered, crumbled and crushed, then here the opposite is true. The geological features of the rock occurrence make it possible to extract it in sufficiently large blocks, which are convenient to work with in the future. This explains the relatively low cost of such a beautiful and high-quality material, although, of course, the concrete casting technology is cheaper.

The more you can chip off a block, the more it costs. But not everything is as easy as it seems. It is not for nothing that granite is one of the most durable rocks. The average density of the rock is 2600 kg/m3. To break off such an even piece, you need to try hard.

The process of mining granite is similar to the process of eating a layered truffle cake. Granite lies in layers. A part of the rock is separated from the massif, which is then divided into smaller blocks.

There are several methods for cutting pieces of the "cake". One of them - large gas burners. The composition of granite includes quartz, which, under the influence of temperature, peels off and flies off. Thus, the burner gradually cuts through the granite. The more quartz in granite, the larger the grains, and the faster the rock is cut. In this way, a cross section of the piece is made.

A special chemical solution is poured into the drilled holes, which creates a "soft explosion". Inside the tight hole, the mixture expands, splitting and shearing the granite block.

All workers are local (albeit tanned).

Guys, let me take a picture of you now. Can you somehow hit with sledgehammers at the same time?

Listen, let's better give you a sledgehammer, and we'll take everything off ourselves?

Gradually hammering a series of wedges, the rock cracks and voila, the new block is separated.

There is another method - wire sawing. It is used in the Yuzhno-Sultaevsky quarry. The bottom line is that instead of gas burners, a tricky rope cutter is used.

The rope is passed through the drilled holes. Gradually, the installation drives off along the guides, and a huge piece is cut out in a few hours.

Finished blocks are transported by loaders or dump trucks to the sawing shop of the quarry. Or sold as is to other sawmills.

Until recently, the entire stone mining industry was in a deplorable state. Due to the crisis, the demand of other cities for granite products fell. On the other hand, private traders began to look more and more towards the Russian stone. The course has changed, and the price of Chinese granite has risen sharply.

This is how a standard workshop for the production of granite curbs and tiles looked like two years ago.

After the launch of the My Street program, Ural enterprises began to revive. If before the Moscow order, the Mansurovsky quarry produced about 3,000 cubic meters of granite per month, but now this figure is twice as much.

With the first money from orders, new equipment was purchased, new workshops were built. The high order volume breathed life into the entire industry. Related enterprises for the production of packaging, wire rod, wood, fuels and lubricants, various equipment, etc., also pulled up. The equipment, however, was purchased entirely imported (except for dump trucks and cranes). Here is such an import substitution, however.

Among other things, the number of workers in the quarries was increased. On Mansur from 300 to 400 people. You have to work in three shifts. And in general, more than 4,000 people all over the Urals are now working on the production of granite for Moscow.

Mining companies are doing well. After all, the money earned could simply be eaten away or stolen, but as we can see, production is developing and equipment is being updated.

If marble slabs are cut at one time, then granite has to be cut for a very long time. The saw blade moves back and forth on the slab with a drop of only 1 cm at a time. Large pieces of granite are sawn for hours.

Massive blocks are sawn into slabs, smaller blocks are dissolved into curbs. Every little thing, such as paving stones, does not require large blanks and is sawn (or pricked) from scraps of slabs.

To speed up the sawing process, there are such large and tricky wire saws.

On such machines, it is possible to cut slabs into 10 blocks with a height of more than two meters.

The cut quality is perfect.

To prevent passers-by from slipping on the tile in winter, heat treatment of the surface is carried out.

The tile becomes rough, and not as slippery as polished granite.

So far, heat treatment is carried out manually, but a special machine has already been installed in the workshop, and soon this process will be automated.

New workshop, and finished products of a quarry. This curbstone is already being laid on Tverskaya Street today. Over 3 kilometers of a straight side and 500 meters of a radius were ordered for it.

Those borders and tiles are 350 million years old, wait a minute!

Chipped paving stone.

It took 364 trucks to deliver tiles and curbs to Tverskaya, which brought 7271 tons of granite - this is an area of ​​33.5 thousand m2.

In terms of weight, this is how to decompose thirty Boeing 747s along Tverskaya.

In total, Moscow ordered 47,500 tons of granite products this year. This is 2,374 trucks or 220,000 m2 of coverage. Which is comparable to the area of ​​30 football fields! This is the question that the Muscovites snickering. In a sense, this is certainly true, the capital is the richest city in the country, but the money for its renovation goes to the regions where production is rising.

In terms of the cost of its extraction, processing and delivery, granite is inferior to similar concrete products. But there are also some advantages:

Granite has low water absorption and high resistance to frost and pollution. Concrete absorbs moisture better.

Concrete is abraded, it dusts more than granite.

Concrete slabs are produced at the factory, and granite is produced by nature itself.

Each quarry has its own texture and shade of granite. If you look at the scheme of laying tiles on the streets of Moscow, you can see a certain pattern in the picture. Tiles of different colors came from different quarries.

Darker granite is mined at the Tashmurun quarry than Mansurovsky. The quarry itself is smaller.

Kambulatovsky quarry.

This quarry ranks first in terms of the efficiency of extraction of cubic meters of products per worker.

In general, I have everything. I would just like to clarify that if you choose granite instead of concrete, this does not mean that everything will automatically be perfect. Nothing like this. Without the right laying technology, anything will fall apart. If you make a substrate of shit and branches, then after the first winter the sidewalk / steps / curbs will float and burst from uneven loading.

It is not enough to buy a granite curb, it still needs to be properly installed. This curb, although crooked, was installed 10 years ago.

And this is his age, a concrete curb.

Here it is, granite. Meet on the streets of Moscow, Novosibirsk, Salekhard, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Astana, Baku and so on in the list.

So if you walk along Tverskaya or any other reconstructed street, remember that you are touching a history that is 350 million years old!

All over the world, industrial extraction of natural stone - granite and marble is actively carried out. Countries such as Brazil, Greece, Italy, Spain and Norway were clear leaders in this industry until recently, but today, thanks to a serious leap in development, the main focus of the extraction of granite and marble raw materials for the production of stone products has shifted to Asia, and especially in India and China.

The technology of mining blocks for the production of granite products is fundamentally different from the methods of mining other solid minerals, the main task of which is to destroy the natural integrity of the rock and bring it to a certain fraction, convenient for further processing. During the extraction of granite and marble blocks, it is necessary to preserve the natural solidity and integrity of the stone. Based on this, the entire procedure, from the extraction of granite blocks and subsequent transportation to storage and installation on stone processing equipment, should be as careful as possible, since any negligence leads to damage or loss of quality, integrity and strength of the stone block, which in the future is very serious. affects its processing and the quality of finished products.

Also, the quality of natural stone is greatly influenced by the method of extraction. Granite stone is mined in four main ways and the quality of the resulting stone directly depends on which method was used:

The explosive method - one of the most common and outdated methods - is mining using a directed explosion. The extraction of granite by this method occurs as follows: deep holes are drilled in the granite rock (to the depth of the future granite block) and a charge is inserted, while calculating the force and direction of the explosion so as not to damage the main natural solidity, and undermine. Among the exfoliated parts of the rock, the largest parts are selected, after which they are transported to sawing for granite slabs and other products. The only positive aspect of this method of extracting granite is that it is the cheapest. Accordingly, this affects the cost of granite products. But there are much more disadvantages with this type of production. Firstly, the quality of the extracted natural stone deteriorates significantly, microcracks appear in the very structure of the granite rock, which greatly affects the strength of the finished granite products. Secondly, this method is irrational for the reason that during an explosion, no matter how the demolition workers try to calculate the mass of the explosive, the bulk of large blocks that are suitable for further use for the manufacture of products from natural stone does not exceed 60% of the total mass of the extracted natural stone. stone. The rest, which is more than 30%, goes to waste.

The chipping method is the next most common method of extracting natural stone. It is similar to the first method in that holes are also drilled in the rock along the contour of the future block, but instead of explosives, air tanks are placed in the holes, into which air is pumped under high pressure. This method is more accurate in relation to granite rock, as it is a gentle mining method and avoids unnecessary destruction in the rock solidity. This method makes it possible to use the granite deposit more fully, calculate the fault locations and avoid damage to the block, including even microscopic cracks. There are much more monoliths, and much less waste. Another of the positive aspects of this method is a more accurate location of the rock fracture than using an uncontrolled explosion, which gives almost 90% yield of the bulk of the rock for the manufacture of granite products. However, with this method of extraction, significant investments in mining equipment will be required, and the method itself takes much more time than explosive.

Buroklinovy ​​method (Silent explosion method) is a method of extracting blocks of decorative granite, in which the contour of a stone block planned for separation is drilled. After that, mechanical or hydraulic wedges are introduced into the holes made, and at the end the necessary monolith is chipped off along the contour. In the silent explosion method, instead of wedges, mixtures that expand when solidified are used. However, this method has not received sufficient distribution in world practice due to its technological complexity.

Rock cutting (Stone Cutter Method) is the fourth method of extracting granite blocks, the most modern and gentle in relation to the deposit. It lies in the fact that the rock is not blown up or split, but cut into regular parallelepipeds of the required size. And this method is the most expensive, as it requires the purchase of very expensive stone-cutting equipment and staff training, but at the same time it is the best, allowing you to completely avoid damage to the main rock, and getting granite blocks of perfect quality, without the slightest defects, like external and hidden. At the same time, the stone deposit is being developed almost 100%.

2016 © "Granite Technologies"

K category: Stone cladding

Extraction of blocks from granite and related rocks

Blocks of granite and related igneous and metamorphic rocks are mined in ledges using drilling and blasting and borehole methods.

Ledges are developed sequentially from top to bottom at the same time one or two ledges. Ledges with a thickness of 3 to 6 m are divided into sub-ledges, taking into account the horizontal fracturing of the massif. The height of the substeps is determined by the distance between the horizontal cracks of the array; with the buroklin method of block mining, it should be no more than 1.5 m.

With the method of borehole charges of drilling and blasting, the ledge height reaches 10-20 m.

The width of the working platform on the sub-ledges is at least 3 m, and on the ledges, where splitting of monoliths into blocks and their passaging is planned, it is from 20 to 50 m. The front of work along the length is from 50 to 150 m.

The most important process in the technology of granite blocks mining is the chipping of large monoliths from the massif, the dimensions of which depend on the distance between individual cracks, and in their absence, on the carrying capacity of the lifting and transport equipment.

Efficient operation of the quarry is achieved when monoliths are punched out of the massif in the presence of three exposed planes.

Depending on the structure, texture, physico- mechanical properties rock and the degree of its fracturing, as well as the value and purpose of the monoliths are punctured from the massif in one of the following ways: drilling and blasting using black powder; buroklinovym with the placement of wedges in boreholes, nests or natural cracks; drilling with drilling along the split lines of a continuous row of holes; thermal (using thermal cutters); combined with the use of thermal cutters and drilling or blasting methods.

The monolith separated from the array is moved by a tractor from the face to a distance of at least K) m and split into blocks and blanks of given sizes.

The monolith is split, as a rule, by the boring method with the placement of wedges in nests formed by pneumatic jackhammers, or in holes drilled by perforators.

The bore-wedge method with the placement of wedges in nests is used at a monolith height of up to 1 m in rocks capable of splitting along relatively flat planes. The monolith is split as follows. First, along the marked planes, using a pneumatic jackhammer with a removable tip in the form of a tongue or scarpel, a guide groove with a depth of 10-15 mm is cut along the splitting line. Then, in the furrow, after 150-200 mm, with a jackhammer using a scarpel or a groove, conical nests of oval section with a depth of 30-50 mm are made. Such a section of the sockets contributes to the reliable contact of the wedge with the rock and the concentration of stresses for splitting the rock in a given direction. With a hammer blow, simple wedges up to 100 mm long are hammered into the nests.

The bore-wedge method with the placement of wedges in boreholes is used when splitting a monolith from any rock.

To get high quality blocks, observe the following the necessary conditions: splitting lines are planned parallel to the prevailing fracturing; choose the depth of holes and the distance between them, providing the lowest specific consumption of drilling; the holes are placed in the plane of the planned splitting, for which they use templates made of a steel corner or a wooden board with holes corresponding to the distance between the holes; types and sizes of wedges are determined depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the rock; the diameter of the hole is chosen in accordance with the type and size of the wedges.

When splitting blocks of cross-layered rock and harvesting plates up to 150 mm thick, through drilling of holes is carried out, regardless of the height of the monolith.

The distance between the boreholes is specified in the course of work, depending on the ease of splitting the stone, the direction of the split attributable to the stump of the layering and the line of the best split.

With a monolith height of more than 1000 mm, depending on the properties of the rock, drilling is used: multilateral - with small holes, one-sided - with small holes in combination with deep (0.75 monolith height) holes or one-sided for the entire height of the monolith.

The passivation of blocks made of granite and rocks close to it includes: chipping off large pieces along the edges of the block, forming sharp corners; chipping of individual protrusions; gradual bringing the block to standard sizes.

The blocks are passed by the method of impact processing with pneumatic jackhammers and tools reinforced with hard alloys. Rocks that are thermally cut out of the massif are treated with thermal breakers operating on a gasoline-air or oxygen-kerosene mixture.

- Extraction of blocks from granite and rocks close to it