Admiral Kuznetsov scheme. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov"

The doctrine of the Russian Navy is such that it practically does not provide for the use of aircraft carriers. There are many reasons for this, but one of the main ones is the huge financial costs of maintaining such courts. During the USSR, the first steps were taken towards their creation, but the only ship of this class in our country is the Admiral Kuznetsov. This aircraft carrier has a rather complex and interesting story creation and operation.

Surely not everyone knows that a total of five aircraft-carrying cruisers were built in the USSR. Where did the other four ships go? We will answer these questions and also discuss the main specifications ship "Admiral Kuznetsov". This aircraft carrier began to be designed shortly before the collapse Soviet Union(together with other similar ships).

Basic information

The start of work on the project dates back to 1978. The Leningrad Design Bureau was responsible for the design activities. First, the engineers offered the military specialists project 1143, which provided for the construction of a heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser. The basis was based on long-standing work on the cruiser 1160 with a nuclear power plant.

There are the following projects implemented in the form of built ships or existing in the form of layouts and sketches:

• Sketch 1160, providing for the laying of an aircraft carrier, the displacement of which would be 80,000 tons.
• Type 1153. The displacement of this aircraft carrier was to be 70,00 tons, the project provided for a powerful armament of the ship (in addition to the aviation group itself). There are no built and laid down ships.
• The project, on the adoption of which the Minsudprom insisted. As in the first case, the displacement was to be 80,000 tons. It was envisaged that at least 70 units of aircraft and combat helicopters would be based on board.
• Project 1143 M. It was planned that the ship would be armed with supersonic aircraft vertical takeoff Yak-41. The third aircraft carrier type 1143 - 1143.3. The ship was laid down in 1975. It was put into service seven years later, but already in 1993 it was decommissioned and cut into metal. The reason is "economic inexpediency of exploitation".
• Type 1143 A. It is similar to the ships of project 1143M, but an increased displacement was provided. This is the fourth aircraft carrier built in the USSR. The bookmark was made in 1978, officially entered the fleet in 1982. In 2004, an agreement was concluded to lease the ship to the Indian Navy, and it was modernized to suit their needs. He joined the Indian Navy three years ago, in 2012.
• Heavy aircraft carrier project 1143.5. As you might guess, this is another upgrade of type 1143. The fifth and last built aircraft carrier.

So where is Kuznetsov?

It is the last ship that is the Admiral Kuznetsov. By order of the Council of Ministers, this aircraft carrier began to be developed at the end of 1978.

It was project 1143.5. The final technical design of the vessel was ready by the middle of 1980. Initially, it was assumed that the construction of the new ship would be fully completed by 1990. The laying was carried out on the stocks of the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant. But the Admiral Kuznetsov did not appear so easily. The aircraft carrier before its "birth into the world" went through many obstacles, as the timing of its construction and commissioning was constantly pushed back.

History of development and construction

The engineers prepared the initial draft design by 1979. Almost immediately, the document was approved by the commander of the Navy, who at that time was Admiral S. Gorshkov. The following year, D. Ustinov (the head of the entire army department) signs another document in which he affirms the need for fundamental changes in project 1143.5. Because of this, the deadline for the actual start of construction of the ship was almost immediately pushed back to 1986-1991.

But already in April 1980, S. Gorshkov approved a new project, in which all the necessary changes had already been made. Finally, in the summer of the same year, all parties involved in the development of the new ship recognize the development of the Type 1143.5 cruiser as finally completed.

But this project has not yet been completed. The snag came out in the list of necessary aviation weapons that should have been on the ship: it had to be worked out in full accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which left a certain imprint on the speed of work. At the end of the year, the design of the ship 1143.5 is again subject to adjustment.

Some experts at that time expressed the opinion that it would be more expedient to build a second cruiser under project 1143.4 (1143 A), and not waste time and money on finalizing the drawings of a new one. However, this idea was soon abandoned, and project 1143.4 itself was finalized to stage 1143.42.

New delays

At the beginning of the spring months of 1981, the Nikolaev Shipbuilding Plant received a long-awaited order for the construction of a new cruiser. But already in the fall, significant changes were again made to the long-suffering project: the displacement of the ship needed to be increased immediately by 10 thousand tons.

As a result contemporary meaning this figure is 67 thousand tons. Among other things, the designers found it necessary to add the following innovations to the sketches:

• It was necessary to install the Granit anti-ship missiles on board the ship.
• The need to increase the aviation group immediately to 50 units.
• Most importantly, the planes had to be launched without the use of a catapult, by a simple trampoline method. This not only reduced the cost of construction, but also significantly extended technical resource cruisers.

The final model of the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" was ready only in 1982. They laid it down in September of the same year at the Nikolaev shipyards, initially assigning the name "Riga" and the number (according to the factory catalog) 105. Just two months later, the ship is renamed, after which it turns into "Leonid Brezhnev". Already in December, the installation of the first structural block was in full swing. In general, it was the first cruiser in the history of Soviet shipbuilding, which consisted entirely of blocks (24 pieces).

The length of each was about 32 meters, the height was 13 meters. The weight of each element sometimes reached 1.7 thousand tons. By the way, all superstructures of the huge ship are also made according to the block scheme. But not only this is unique "Admiral Kuznetsov". The aircraft carrier, the characteristics of which we describe in this article, with normal operation supply plants could be built in three to four years, which is an absolute record for ships of this class.

Alas, the unhurried work of the factories slowed down its entry into the Soviet Navy several times.

Onboard systems installation

The order for all power and power plants was made for 1983-1984. The factories failed: they deviated greatly from the schedule, as a result of which, for the installation of engines and turbines, it was necessary to partially disassemble the hull and, in some areas, remove the upper deck. The French from a spy satellite first captured the ship in 1984. At that time, its readiness was already at least 20%.

The cruiser was lowered from the stocks at the end of 1985. The weight of the hull and the systems mounted at that time did not exceed 32 thousand tons. Experts estimated the readiness of the aircraft carrier at 38.5%.

The following year, the changes again affected the Admiral Kuznetsov (aircraft carrier). The designer of project 1143.5 has changed, P. Sokolov has become it. By the middle of 1987, the ship was renamed for the third time. This time it is TAKR "Tbilisi". Readiness approached 57%. By that time, the cruiser could be approximately 71% complete, but due to equipment suppliers, the project was repeatedly rudely stalled. Only by the end of 1989, readiness began to reach 70%.

The cost of the ship in those years was estimated at 720 million rubles, and the rise in price by 200 million was caused precisely by the delays of suppliers. In response to this, the chief designer was again changed, which this time was L. Belov. The ship was approximately 80% complete. By that time, more than half of all radio-electronic equipment had been installed on the ship, and most of it could only be delivered by 1989 (and the delivery was scheduled for 1984).

First time out to sea

The first exit to the sea dates back to October 20, 1989. It was officially authorized and approved by all project participants. In principle, by that time the ship was finally completely ready, but the aviation group had not yet been delivered. The campaign lasted a little more than one month. When was the first landing on the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov made? It happened on the first of November 1989. The Su-27K aircraft was the first to start testing. Immediately after landing, the MiG-29K left the deck, with which there were no problems either.

All weapons and radio systems were installed only in 1990. But still, the readiness of the cruiser reaches 87%. In the spring and summer of the same year, sea trials of the ship began. Finally, in October of the same year, the ship acquires its final name. Now this is the same Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov".

During the first stage of testing alone, the cruiser covered more than 16,000 nautical miles under its own power, aircraft took off almost 500 times from its deck. Not a single landing on the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" ended in an emergency, which for the first time tested ships is just a great indicator!

The first tests were completed at the end of 1990. Until 1992, the final stage of the State acceptance took place (as part of the Black Sea Fleet), after which the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov was included in the Northern Fleet.

Basic information on the design of the ship

As we have already said, the ship consists of exactly 24 blocks, each of which weighs about 1.5 thousand tons. The hull was made by welding, has seven decks and two huge platforms at once. To lift parts of this size and weight, Soviet engineers had to use Finnish Kane cranes, each of which could lift up to 900 tons to the required height. The peculiarity of the ship is also that its entire body is covered with a special coating that effectively absorbs the signal of enemy radars.

By the way, about the recent modernization that the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" has undergone. Last news they say that this composition has been significantly improved, so that the ability of a huge ship to literally “dissolve” in the open sea has become even more impressive.

Other figures

If (very conditionally) we divide the ship into average floors of a residential building, then their number will be 27. In general, there are 3857 rooms inside the cruiser at once, which perform a variety of functions. It is worth noting that there are only 387 cabins (which are divided into four classes), 134 sailors' quarters, six huge dining rooms, and fifty well-equipped showers for personnel. Thus, the Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" is a real floating city! Its autonomy is one and a half months.

It may seem that this is not enough. But this is until you find out the number of crew and flight personnel. There are more than 1.5 thousand people on board. Pilots - 626 people. Just imagine the laboriousness of providing food and drink for more than two thousand people for a month and a half on the high seas! So the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov", whose dimensions can really amaze the imagination, is indeed monumental.

In total, during the construction of the ship, engineers used more than four thousand (!) Kilometers of cable, 12 thousand kilometers of pipes for the circulation of liquids for various purposes. The through deck area is 14,000 m². It ends with a springboard, the slope of which is 14.3 degrees in its steepest part. The springboard at its highest point rises 28 meters above the water. The maximum speed is 32 knots. In economy mode, the ship accelerates to 16 knots.

Deck and runways

Special fairings are installed on the edges of the deck and the bow springboard itself. Aircraft are delivered to the landing deck of the cruiser using lifts, the carrying capacity of which is 40 tons each. Aviation units are delivered to the stern and bow. The width of the deck is 67 meters. The total length of the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" is 304.5 meters.

The draft depth of the giant cruiser is 10.5 meters.

A section of the deck 250 meters long and 26 meters wide is intended directly for landing. It is located with a slope of seven degrees. To cover this area, scientists at one time developed a special composition "Omega", which prevents slipping and protects the deck material from extreme high temperatures. For the areas from which the Yak-41 vertical planes take off and land, heat-resistant plates AK-9FM are used.

The total number of launch strips is two, and they converge at the highest point of the springboard, which generally distinguishes the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov from other ships of a similar class. The star located on its stem emphasizes the majestic and formidable features of the huge cruiser.

On the left side there is an alternate runway, the length of which is already 180 meters. To protect the maintenance personnel, deflectors equipped with powerful cooling systems are mounted throughout the deck. To ensure the safe landing of flight units, Svetlana-2 arresters are used. In the event of an emergency, there is an installation (emergency barrier) with the "talking" name "Nadezhda". The Luna-3 telemetry and control system is responsible for landing aircraft.

Survivability Service

To store most of the air group, a special protective hangar is 153 meters long and 26 meters wide. Height of this office space equals 7.2 meters. The hangar houses approximately 70% of all flight units of the ship. In addition, fire engines and emergency tractors are also located in it. Planes are taken out of the hangar in a semi-automatic mode, while tractors drive them along the deck. The entire hangar is divided by four special "curtains", which are mounted in order to increase fire safety.

To increase the "survivability" of the ship, its internal partitions are made according to the sandwich scheme - with alternating layers of steel and fiberglass. The yield strength of the metal used for the construction of partitions is 60 kgf/mm². All tanks of tankers, premises and vehicles for the transport of ammunition are protected by a layer of armor.

"Kuznetsov" is also unique in that it (for the first time in the history of domestic shipbuilding) used underwater combined protection. Its depth is about five meters. The ship can withstand the flooding of five adjacent compartments at once, the total length of which is approximately 60 meters.

"Reports from the fronts"

By the way, where is the famous aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov located now? News reports that the ship and her crew are currently in Severomorsk, having returned from a long training cruise in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. In its course, deck-level aircraft and helicopters repeatedly practiced air combat and preventive interception of targets.

That's where the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov is now. It should be noted that at any time he can withdraw from the parking lot and once again go on a long trip.

16 years ago, the aircraft carrier "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" fled to Russian citizenship. And until now, the brainchild of the Nikolaev shipbuilders remains the flagship of the Northern Fleet. The biography of the ship is filled with dramatic events.

“Articles appeared in the press claiming that the aircraft carrier “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov” on the eve of the referendum “On the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine” on December 1, 1991, allegedly secretly “escaped” from Sevastopol to Severomorsk. One of the articles was titled: “How the Admiral Escaped from Ukraine.” I discussed this issue with the warranty representatives of the Black Sea Plant, who were on this cruiser at that time, and they said that the departure of the ship was planned, they were preparing for it in advance, ”writes Valery Babich in his book“ The City of St. Nicholas and Its Aircraft Carriers ” . Valery Vasilyevich Babich is a recognized historian of the construction of aircraft-carrying cruisers in Nikolaev.

Writing about the recent history of our region is a thankless task. Many participants in the aircraft carrier epic are still alive and watching the agony of shipbuilding giants in the city. The recent past is an open wound for veterans. They built these ships themselves and do not want to agree with any private assessment of their unique being. Some time must pass for the cold mind of the historian to restore the objective causal relationship of real events.

For a decade and a half, Valery Babich's books were the only source on the history of the construction of our aircraft carriers. Recently, however, the author's monopoly has begun to crumble. Hundreds of forums have appeared on the Internet, the visitors of which share their memories of service on aircraft carriers. These are simple sailors, and commanders of combat units, and admirals. There was a kind of "popular cut" of the emotional perception of the aircraft carrier era.

The fate of the Nikolaev aircraft-carrying cruisers is sad. "Minsk" and "Kiev" today entertain Chinese tourists, and "Varyag" is in the Celestial Empire in military service. "Admiral Gorshkov" (former "Baku") was sold to India, renamed "Vikramaditya" and a month ago pompously handed over to the host country. Only one TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" serves in the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy.

"Admiral" was stolen

The heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov was laid down at the Black Sea Shipyard in 1982, launched in 1985 and has been in service since 1990.

The main characteristics of the ship are as follows: length - 302.3 meters, width - 72.3 meters, draft - 9.1 meters, maximum speed - 29 knots, displacement - 60 thousand tons, crew - about 2 thousand people (including 600 pilots and aircraft technicians), cruising range - 8400 miles. The aircraft carrier can be based on: 26 Su-33 and MiG-29K fighters, 18 Ka-27 and Ka-29 helicopters, two Ka-27PS helicopters and four Ka-31 helicopters.

The ship’s armament consists of two Udav rocket launchers, 12 Granit anti-ship missile launchers, 6 six-barreled 30-mm artillery mounts, 4 six-barreled Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile systems and 8 Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems.

On December 1, 1991, at 9:00 am, this huge ship quietly weighed anchor in the Sevastopol Bay and began moving towards the Bosphorus. The departure was sudden. Cargo, half of the crew and aircraft remained on the shore. Everyone on board the Admiral Kuznetsov understood that the ship was being secretly taken out of Ukrainian waters. A year and a half later, the newspaper Severny Rabochiy published the memoirs of Captain 2nd Rank Viktor Kanishevsky, who was a member of the campaign from Sevastopol to Severodvinsk. Here is an excerpt from that article:

“... As I remember now, the excitement of that autumn day when the Kuznetsov received a telegram from the President of Ukraine Kravchuk. It declared that the ship was the property of Ukraine, that until a government decision was made, it should remain on the Sevastopol roadstead.

Having broken up in groups in cabins, officers, and just sailors, wondered how Russian President Yeltsin, Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Chernavin and Commander of the Northern Fleet Gromov would react to this.

- I just can’t understand: why does Ukraine, with its closed Black Sea, need a ship intended for ocean service? If she really wants to have an aircraft carrier, then let the Varyag complete the construction or the Ulyanovsk, - the commander of the BC-5, Captain 1st Rank Andrei Utushkin, was perplexed. This is pure politicking...

- Not without that, - the political officer captain of the 1st rank Vladimir Ivanov agreed with him. - Only Russia will not give up Kuznetsov for anything.

However, the declaration of Ukraine's independence, adopted shortly before the ill-fated telegram, had already destroyed the seemingly indestructible maritime brotherhood of the aircraft carrier's crew. Some of the officers and midshipmen, whose families were in Sevastopol, did not hide their desire to serve under the Ukrainian "trident", and therefore frankly rejoiced at the telegram. Like, why ruin such a beautiful ship in the North. He needs to be based closer to the repair base. And it is available for an aircraft carrier only in Nikolaev ...

Days passed. Kiev was silent. In the meantime, a radio message came from the Arctic that Vice Admiral Yuri Ustimenko, First Deputy Commander of the Northern Fleet, flew to the Crimea. The long-awaited guest arrived at the aircraft carrier by boat. Despite the late hour, a big gathering was played. Having greeted the crew, the vice-admiral with a Ukrainian surname ordered the sailors to disband, and ordered the commander to immediately weigh anchor. Yarygin began to explain that two-thirds of the officers and midshipmen, as well as the surrender team, remained on the shore, and would arrive by boats only tomorrow morning.

- And what about the planes that remained in Saki? - the political officer Ivanov got excited.

“They will fly to Safonovo themselves,” Ustimenko reassured. Based on the resolute tone of the guest, it could be concluded that he received an order to withdraw the "property of Ukraine" to the North not only from the commander of the Northern Fleet Gromov, but also from the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Chernavin. Or maybe the Minister of Defense himself. So, Moscow gave the go-ahead. The control officers of the aircraft-carrying cruiser felt themselves involved in an unannounced quarrel between the two yesterday friendly capitals.

At 23.40, without giving any signals, the aircraft carrier left the Sevastopol raid in pitch darkness and headed for the Bosphorus. When the shore was far astern, they turned on the running lights ... ".

Captain 2nd rank Viktor Kanishevsky was the assistant commander of the ship and was responsible for the "survivability" of the ship. He belonged to the senior commanding staff and knew the situation well. Junior officers and sailors looked at this "northern campaign" with different eyes.

Through the eyes of junior officers and sailors

There are as many as three posts on the Balancer forum in which the authors share their impressions about the Admiral Kuznetsov’s campaign from Sevastopol to the village of Vidyaevo, the base of the aircraft-carrying cruiser in the Northern Fleet.

A visitor under the nickname Oldcondor reports: “... We got into such trouble for three weeks that we don’t even want to remember. Half of the crew was recruited from other ships, the other half - all sorts of engineers, adjusters from the factory, special forces, officers of the Black Sea Fleet headquarters, and so on. There were even border guards and some kind of coast guard from Sevastopol.

And we have, just in case, eight tiers of the superstructure, seven decks and two platforms. All this is divided into 53 gatherings. Nobody really knows the geography of the ship. Personnel - blind kittens - poke all over the decks. Nobody can be sent anywhere. The messenger will definitely get lost, and then you need to announce a “driven hunt” in order to find the wanderer ... However, you can not announce the hunt, the person will get hungry and return to the people himself. True, there is a danger that this sailor will be sheltered by the "fellow countrymen", then he will sleep for two days, slack off the watch, and this, with a shortage of people, is not welcomed by the authorities ... ".

“Countrymen” is a unique invention. - Continues the memories of a forum member under the nickname Capitan Sidor. - On the "Kuznetsov" fraternities appeared already on the second day of the move, immediately after the Bosphorus. The entire crew was divided into "Russians", "Khokhlov", "Moldovans", "Georgians" and "Balts". There were also, it seems, some Asians: either Tajiks or Uzbeks, I don’t remember exactly. Khokhols always wanted to flee to their homeland. When leaving the Bosphorus, they threw three rafts overboard, trying to get to the Turkish coast en masse. Everyone, of course, was caught and hidden in a punishment cell all the way to Vidyaevo...

The Georgians dragged everything from the galley. Once, when loading food, they took away a whole beef carcass under the nose of the watch officer ... They had their own barbecue room on the fourth tier, where there were empty cabins for pilots and paratroopers. The guys were briskly trading ...

Moldovans are a peaceful, uncomplaining people. Everyone concentrated in the boatswain's team and did not give us much trouble. But the Estonians and Latvians immediately went into the "catacombs" - to the lowest tiers - they could not be driven upstairs ... ".

The security company - the ship's OMON - was involved in the campaign in full. The guys guarded the white bone on the "island" (command superstructure - author) and guarded it well. No one moved anywhere without OMON. Only Sreznevsky - the commander of the BCH-6 - was not afraid to go below the 4th tier ... All the other officers were waiting for the inevitable reprisal. They, as a rule, were undressed and robbed in the dark…”.

You can not treat messages on the forums as reliable facts and, moreover, as historical source. Anonymous correspondents go unpunished in their writings. They say what they want. No responsibility. However, statistics negative reviews about the last aircraft-carrying cruiser of the Nikolaev construction makes you think.

Russian biography of "Admiral Kuznetsov"

The Russian biography of the ship is filled with dramatic events. The "stolen thing" did not bring happiness to the new owner. Here is an incomplete track record of his "misfortunes":

1. In April 1995, Kuznetsov got into a severe storm. At the same time, several steam boilers failed, the ship lost speed and was almost thrown ashore on Novaya Zemlya.

2. In December 1995, the aircraft-carrying cruiser set off for the Mediterranean Sea. At the very beginning of the campaign, he discovered serious problems in the operation of the main power plant. It turned out that two of the eight steam boilers had salted tubes - instead of distilled water, the sailors poured outboard water. During the entire campaign, the tubes of other boilers regularly burst and leaked. Evaporators, turbogenerators, diesel generators constantly failed. As a result, "Kuznetsov" moved at an average speed of 2-4 knots.

3. In February 1996, when visiting Malta, Kuznetsov lost all boilers (!) And the ship was left without a move. Due to strong winds, there was a danger of the aircraft carrier being thrown ashore. Admiral Valentin Selivanov, who led the campaign at the last stage, recalled: “... I remember how it is now. We are sitting at a reception with the Minister of Defense of Malta in the palace. The communications officer reports to me: “The wind is increasing to thirty meters per second. Not a single boiler is working at Kuznetsov. I immediately figure out: our anchor-chain is etched a hundred meters, the length of the hull is 304 meters, to the rocks 250 meters. The sail of the ship is huge, it is dragged onto the rocks.

I throw the minister and rush to helipad. According to all flight rules, landing on the deck in such a wind is prohibited, but the helicopter pilots landed me. I already foresaw the greatest disgrace in history. The largest ship in Russia in the year of the anniversary lies broken on the rocks of Malta. The whole world would see it on TV...

The stern was carried to the rocks, and we, with matyuks and prayers, worked on the cauldron. As a result, one boiler was launched. It gives power for one and a half knots of travel. This is not enough, but our approach to the rocks has slowed down. Finally, another boiler was put into operation. Thank God and the sailors from the warhead-5 - the disaster did not take place. I don’t know how I would have lived later if I had ruined Kuznetsov. In general, he brought the ship to Severodvinsk, returned to Moscow and wrote a letter of resignation.

4. In August 1998, while receiving fuel, the wrong valve was closed by mistake, and 60 tons of fuel oil spilled into the fire control post. The post is out of order. A little earlier, due to a pipe break at Kuznetsov, two of the four Kortik anti-aircraft systems were flooded.

5. In October 2003, "Admiral Kuznetsov" went after docking in the Barents Sea for sea trials, during which a fire broke out in the main gas duct.

6. In 2000, a BCh-5 sailor died on the ship from electric shock.

7. On January 17, 2002, a fire broke out at Kuznetsovo during repairs on the roadstead of Severomorsk. The foreman of the 1st article, V. Bobylev, died - he was poisoned by carbon monoxide.

9. On January 6, 2009, another fire broke out on board the Admiral Kuznetsov while anchored in the Turkish port of Akzas-Karagach. According to preliminary data, one of the causes of the fire could be a malfunction in the fuel system of the engine room. The fire lasted about two hours. D. Sychev, a conscript sailor, who suffocated from smoke, died.

The sad biography of the aircraft-carrying cruiser attracted wide attention to it. Russian public and media. Moscow engineer Krotov wrote to the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation open letter, in conclusion of which he put forward the demand: “Stop wasting people's money! TAKR "Kuznetsov" is inefficient, dangerous to operate and very expensive to maintain. I urge the Secretary of Defense to mothball this ship."

In 2008, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky, stated at an expanded government meeting that the fleet needed six aircraft carriers at a cost of $5 billion each to maintain combat capability.

In Nikolaev, everyone held their breath, and ... in vain. Two years later, Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov told the correspondent " Russian newspaper”: “... Russia does not plan to build new aircraft carriers in the coming years. True, we commissioned an appropriate preliminary design in order to understand what a modern aircraft carrier should look like. Then the General Staff and the command of the Navy will evaluate these proposals. In the meantime, the bet is made on floating airfields. More precisely, for the purchase in France and the construction of four Mistral-class helicopter carriers. Of course, they will not replace ships like the Admiral Kuznetsov. But they will contribute to the demonstration of the St. Andrew's flag in the oceans."

For 20 years, the Russian Navy has operated its only aircraft-carrying cruiser. For all the time, this ship has been a full-fledged unit of the Russian fleet for only six years. The rest of the time was spent overhauls and planned docking of the vessel.

The costs of maintaining an aircraft carrier in a functional state are high, and Russia hardly bears this burden. The military had big doubts about the advisability of maintaining the ship. However, Russia endures, turning "Kuznetsov" into a symbol of a powerful state. And while the construction of a new aircraft carrier is at the design stage, we have to tighten our belts to service the old ship. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is inclined to sell the aircraft-carrying cruiser to China.

From a military point of view, an aircraft carrier cannot compete with more modern models. On the other hand, judging by the experience of Varyag, it can seriously reduce development time Chinese aircraft carriers. Independent experts believe that the Kuznetsov is not hopeless, although there are some problems with the takeoff and landing of aircraft, but in terms of combat characteristics it is better than light-weight aircraft carriers and landing ships.

In Nikolaev, this situation is being watched through the eyes of an outsider. Our aircraft carrier shipbuilding is dead. Will it be revived? - Unknown.

The director of ChSY, Yuri Makarov, under whom the assembly line for the production of aircraft-carrying cruisers was created, was skeptical about the prospect of reviving the construction of the “masters of the oceans”. Shortly before his death, in an interview with a local TV channel, he said: “In order to restart the construction of aircraft-carrying cruisers, it is necessary to return the planned economy, the CPSU, the Komsomol, the pioneers and the October star ... otherwise nothing will happen ... ".

The heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" of the Nikolaev assembly continues to perform combat missions today. And the Admiral spent the New Year holidays in the Atlantic Ocean, performing the tasks of long-distance voyages ...

(Ed. 2016) The heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov of the Russian Northern Fleet set off for the coast of Syria. The aircraft carrier will enter to the Russian Navy grouping in the eastern Mediterranean.

This information was confirmed by the Russian Ministry of Defense. Earlier on Saturday, the dispatch of the Admiral Kuznetsov to the Mediterranean Sea was reported by correspondents from several Russian agencies, including directly from the Northern Fleet base in Severomorsk.

The Admiral Kuznetsov air wing includes MiG-29KR and MiG-29KUBR ship-based fighters, as well as fourth-generation Su-33 carrier-based fighters.

Sergey Gavrilov, journalist, via

Start design work to create a cruiser project 1143.5 - 1978. The work was carried out by the Leningrad Design Bureau. The first option is an improved preliminary design of the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser 1143. The design is carried out in accordance with the research work called "Order", which is a military-economic justification for the nuclear installation project 1160.

The design was based on the following projects:
- advance project 1160 - an aircraft carrier with a displacement of 80,000 tons;
- project 1153 - a large cruiser with aviation weapons (50 aircraft), with a displacement of 7000 tons. There are no laid down and built ships;
- project aircraft carrier recommended by the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, displacement of 80,000 tons, aircraft and helicopters up to 70 units;
- project 1143M - an aircraft carrier armed with supersonic aircraft of the Yak-41 type. This is the third aircraft carrier of project 1143 - 1143.3. It was laid down in 1975, adopted in 1982, decommissioned in 1993;
- project 1143A - an aircraft carrier of project 1143M with an increased displacement. Fourth aircraft-carrying cruiser built. Laid down in 1978, adopted in 1982. Since 2004, the ship has been modernized for the Indian Navy. Admitted to the Indian Navy in 2012;
— heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.5 is the next fifth modification of project 1143 and the fifth built aircraft-carrying cruiser.

In October 1978, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Ministry of Defense was instructed to develop a tactical and technical assignment for the ship project 1143.5, the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry to issue a draft design and technical design by 1980. The estimated start of the serial construction of ships of project 1143.5 is 1981, the end is 1990. The laying and construction of ships is the slipway "O" of the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant.

The draft design was prepared for 1979, in the same year it was approved by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S. Gorshkov. A few months later, in 1980, the head of the military department, D. Ustinov, signed a directive from the General Staff, which spoke of the need to change project 1143.5. Now the deadline for the completion of the technical project was postponed to 1982, construction to 1986-91. In April 1980, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S. Gorshkov approves the tactical and technical assignment with the changes made to the project.

In the summer of 1980, all parties involved - the Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry, the Ministry aviation industry, Air Force and Navy recognize the development of the ship project 1143.5 as fully completed.
However, changes to the project continue. The use of aviation weapons on the ship of project 1143.5 was worked out in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. At the end of 1980, the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding corrected the tactical and technical specifications for the ship project 1143.5. At the same time, a decision was made to build a second ship of project 1143.4 (1143A) instead of the ship of project 1143.5. However, in the future, the project is being finalized again - technical project 1143.42.

In the early spring of 1981, a contract for the production of order 105 was received from the Main Directorate of the Navy at the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant. In the fall of 1981, changes were made to the ship's design - the displacement was increased by 10 thousand tons. The following changes are made to the project:
- installation on board the ship anti-ship missiles "Granite";
- increase in aircraft armament up to 50 units;
- springboard takeoff of aircraft without the use of a catapult.

The final technical design of 1143.5 was ready by March 1982. Adopted by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 392-10 dated May 7, 1982.

On September 1, 1982, the ship of project 1143.5 was laid down on the modernized slipway "O" of the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant and was given the name "Riga" with serial number 105. Two months later, the ship was renamed "Leonid Brezhnev". In December 1982, the installation of the 1st block of the hull structure began. By the way, it was the first ship consisting of 24 hull blocks. The blocks are hull wide, 32 meters long, 13 meters high, weighing up to 1.7 thousand tons. The superstructures of the ship were also installed in the form of a block.

All propulsion and power systems were ordered for 1983-84. Their installation and installation was carried out on an already partially assembled hull, which led to the opening of the decks and some bulkheads and greatly slowed down the entire construction process. The first photographs of the new ship, taken from the satellite, appeared in the French press in 1984, the readiness of the TAKR for this year was 20%.

The ship was launched from the slipway at the end of 1985, the weight of the ship did not exceed 32 thousand tons, the readiness of the ship was estimated at 35.8%. In 1986, P. Sokolov was appointed chief designer of project 1143.5. In mid-1987, the ship was renamed again - now it has become known as TAKR "Tbilisi", the readiness of the ship is estimated at 57%. There is a delay in the construction of the ship (by approximately 15 percent) due to a disruption in the supply of various equipment. At the end of 1988, the readiness of the TAKR is estimated at 70%.

The estimated cost of the ship for 1989 was about 720 million rubles, of which almost 200 million rubles were delayed in the supply of equipment and systems. In the same year, a new chief designer L. Belov was appointed, the readiness of the ship was estimated at 80%. About 50 percent of electronic equipment and systems are installed on the ship, most of the equipment arrived on the ship in 1989.

The first exit of the ship to the sea was made on 10/20/1989. It was officially allowed by all project participants. Of the ready-made solutions on the ship, the air group was ready for use. The exit of the ship was completed on November 25, 1989. The tests of the air group begin on November 1, 1989 - the Su-27K was the first to land on the deck. Immediately after landing, he took off from the deck of the TAKR MiG-29K.

The completion of the ship with weapons and electronic equipment was completed by 1990, the complete readiness of the ship is estimated at 87%. Running factory tests were carried out in the spring and summer of 1990. In October 1990, the ship changed its name for the last time, which it still bears - TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov". During the 1st stage of the ongoing tests, the ship successfully covered more than 16 thousand miles, more than 450 times aircraft took off from the deck of the ship.

State tests of the first TAKR project 1143.5 were completed on 12/25/1990, after which it was accepted into the Navy. Further tests of the ship took place until 1992 on the Black Sea, after which it goes into the Northern Fleet.

Design development of the ship:

- improvement of the project 1143 - five options were proposed, the main units being worked out: a catapult, an emergency barrier, aerofinishers, KTU. Displacement up to 65.000 tons. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit";

- project 1143.2 - the next option for improving the ship. The main units being worked on: two catapults, an enlarged hangar, a flight deck. Displacement up to 60.000 tons. Main armament: an air group of 42 aircraft (some of which may be helicopters);

- draft version of project 1143.5 - the proposed version was worked out as far as possible by docking. Displacement up to 65,000 tons. Armament - an air group of 52 vehicles (30 aircraft and 22 helicopters) and 12 launchers of the Granit missile defense system;

- project 1143.5 (Ustinova-Amelko) - changes in the design of the ship to the requirements of the Ministry of Defense. Units under study: springboard, KTU or NPP of projects 1143.4/1144. Displacement up to 55.000 tons. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit" and an air group of 46 aircraft of the Yak-41 type;

- project 1143.5 (TsNIIVK) - a corrected project of the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding. Displacement up to 55.000 tons. Units under development: reserve catapult added, hull structure reduced, aviation fuel supply reduced. Main armament: an air group consisting of 46 aircraft (short and vertical takeoff aircraft of the Yak-41 type).

- project 1143.42 - a revised project in favor of the second ship of project 1143.4. Displacement up to 55.000 tons. Worked out nodes: increase in the deck, catapult. Main armament: air group consisting of 40 aircraft (DRLO aircraft are present), anti-ship missiles "Basalt";

- project 1143.42 (adjustment of the Ministry of Defense) - a revised project by decision of the military department. Displacement - up to 65,000 tons. Worked nodes: springboard. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit", an air group consisting of 50 aircraft.

The device and design of TAKR project 1143.5

Structurally, the ship consists of 24 blocks, weighing about 1.7 thousand tons each. Welded hull with 7 decks and 2 platforms. During the construction of the ship, two Finnish-made Kane cranes were used, each with a lifting capacity of 900 tons. The hull of the ship is covered with a special radio-absorbing coating. If we conditionally divide the ship into floors, then their number will be 27 floors.

In total, 3857 rooms for various purposes were made inside the ship., of which we note: cabins of 4 classes - 387 rooms, cubicles - 134 rooms, dining rooms - 6 rooms, showers - 50 rooms. During the construction of the ship, more than 4 thousand kilometers of cable routes, 12 thousand kilometers of pipes for various purposes were used.

The ship received a through deck with an area of ​​more than 14,000 m 2 with a springboard at an angle of 14.3 degrees in the bow of the ship. Profiled fairings are installed on the springboard and the edges of the deck corners. Aircraft are delivered to the takeoff deck by 40-ton lifts (right side) to the bow and stern of the ship. Deck width - 67 meters. A section of the landing strip 205 meters long and 26 meters wide is located at an angle of 7 degrees. The deck surface is covered with a special Omega anti-slip and heat-resistant coating, and the vertical take-off / landing areas are covered with AK-9FM heat-resistant plates.

On the left and right sides of the launchers there are two runways (the takeoff run is 90 meters), which converge at the upper end of the springboard. The third runway is 180 meters long (the left side is closer to the stern). Cooled deflectors are used on the deck to provide protection for the support personnel and aircraft from aircraft taking off. For landing the aircraft on the deck, arresters "Svetlana-2" and an emergency barrier "Nadezhda" are used.

The landing of the aircraft is carried out with the help of a radio system of short-range navigation and an optical landing system "Luna-3". The closed hangar, 153 meters long, 26 meters wide and 7.2 meters high, accommodates 70% of the regular air group. It also stores tractors, fire engines, a special set of tools for servicing the LAC. In the hangar, a chain semi-automatic system for transporting standard aircraft is made; aircraft are transported on deck using tractors. The hangar is divided into 4 compartments by folding fireproof curtains with electromechanical control to ensure fire safety.

Structural protection of the surface part of the shielded type ship, internal protective barriers - composite structures of the steel / fiberglass / steel type. High-strength steel was chosen as the main material (yield strength 60 kgf / mm 2). Aviation fuel, fuel and ammunition tanks are protected by local box armor. For the first time in the construction of domestic ships, underwater structural protection is used. The depth of the PKZ is about 5 meters. Of the 3 longitudinal partitions, the second was armored multilayer type. Unsinkability was ensured when 5 adjacent compartments were flooded, no more than 60 meters long.

The power plant is a boiler-turbine type, consisting of 8 new steam boilers, 4 main turbo-gear units TV-12-4, providing a total power of 200,000 hp. Propulsors - 4 fixed-pitch propellers. Energy - 9 turbogenerators with a total capacity of 13500 kW, 6 diesel generators with a total capacity of 9000 kW.

Armament and equipment of TAKR project 1143.5

12 underdeck launchers of the Granit shock anti-ship missiles are located at the very base of the springboard. The launchers are covered with armored covers flush with the deck. Jamming systems 4 launchers PK-10 and 8 launchers PK-2M with 400 rounds of ammunition (SU "Tertsia").

The anti-aircraft armament of the ship is 4 modules of the Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile system with an ammunition load of 192 missiles, 8 Kortik air defense missile systems with an ammunition supply of 256 missiles, 48,000 shells. The modules are installed side by side, providing a circular shelling of air targets.

The artillery armament of the ship is three AK-630M batteries with 48,000 rounds of ammunition.
The anti-torpedo armament of the ship is two RBU-12000 10-barrel mounts, installed side by side in the stern. Ammunition 60 RGB.
Air group - according to the project 50 LA. As of 2010, it included 18 Su-33s, 4 Su-25Ts, 15 Ka-27s and 2 Ka-31s.

Radio-technical armament and equipment of the ship - 58 systems and complexes, the main ones:
- BIUS "Lumberjack";
- SOI "Troinik";
— complex long-range target designation "Coral-BN";
- multifunctional radar "Mars-Passat" with a phased antenna array;
- three-coordinate radar "Fregat-MA";
- two-coordinate radar "Podkat" for detecting low-flying air targets;
- navigation complex "Beysur";
— communication equipment "Buran-2";
- active interference stations MP-207, MP-407, TK-D46RP;
- Flight control radar "Resistor";
- electronic warfare complex "Cantata-1143.5";
- hydroacoustic complex "Polynom-T";
- sonar stations "Zvezda-M1", "Amulet", "Altyn";
- navigation radar stations "Nayada-M", "Vaigach-U";
- Station of underwater communication "Shtil";
— system of space communication "Crystal-BK";
- the combat control system of the aircraft "Tur-434";
- television landing system "Otvedok-Emancipation";
— guidance station "Gazon";
— system of autocontrol "Control".

The antenna devices of most systems and complexes are located on the superstructure of the ship. Radio transceivers - more than 50 units. These are 80 paths for receiving and transmitting information and data, most of which can work simultaneously.

Auxiliary equipment has more than 170 items and consists of 450 individual items.

The ship's rescue equipment is a command boat of project 1404, two boats of project 1402-B, two 6-oared yawls (project YAL-P6), 240 PSN-10M (rescue rafts in containers).

The main characteristics of the TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov":
- length - 304.5 meters;
- width of the waterline / deck - 38/72 meters;
- draft - 10.5 meters;
- the height of the springboard above the water - 28 meters;
- displacement standard / full / max. – up to 46.000/59.000/67.000 tons;
- speed economy / max - 18/32 knots;
- economy / max range - 8000/3800 miles;
- autonomy of navigation - 1.5 months;
- personnel of the ship crew / flight crew - 1533/626 people.

This year, TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov":

- January 8 - as part of the shipborne aircraft carrier group of the Russian Navy, he entered from the Syrian port of Tartus on an official friendly visit;

- February 16 - as part of the shipborne aircraft carrier group of the Russian Navy, completed a campaign in the Mediterranean Sea and returned to the home base of Severomorsk;

— 2012-17 - the modernization of the ship should begin, work will be carried out production association Sevmash.

The aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" is the only aircraft carrier in service in Russia. This is the only Russian aircraft carrier that bears the proud name of the invincible Soviet Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy - Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov. The ship is unique, it is both a cruiser and an aircraft carrier, hence the name - the aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov". If not whole line reasons, then there would be many aircraft-carrying ships, which would allow changing the balance of power on the planet.

The history of the Russian aircraft carrier - the pride of the Russian fleet

The project under the code 1143.5 ("Admiral of the Fleet Kuznetsov") began to be developed in 1981 and in 1982 was laid on the slipway. Since 1976, "Kiev" (1143, laid down in 1970) has already sailed the sea, since 1978 "Minsk" (1143.2 - 1972). Novorossiysk (1143.3 - 1975) and Baku (1143.4 - 1978) began to be developed. These were platforms for vertical take-off aircraft developed by Yakovlev Design Bureau and helicopters from Kamov Design Bureau. Their capabilities were limited in terms of range and time to perform combat flights.

Aircraft Yak36 - radius 60 km. with a flight duration of 20 min. The Yak38, which replaced it, did not fundamentally change the situation. A vertical take-off takes 1 ton more kerosene than a conventional take-off aircraft, and this is the flight time and combat load. But the YAK141, which was already ready for the same excellent characteristics, had a tragic fate due to an accident, and the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bvertical take-off was postponed and forgotten.

Project 1143.5 developed in a different direction, there were many supporters of having high-speed long-range well-armed fighters on board since the late 60s. The opponent of the project was Honored Marshal D.F. Ustinov, who considered Yak-type aircraft the only possible for Soviet aircraft carriers. But the project was destined to come true. In the late 1970s, the United States had new low-flying missiles that were not available to the air defense systems of that time, but were shot down by fighter aircraft. There was no time to wait. In 1981, the world's best fighter-bombers SU-27 or MiG-29 (subsequently Su-27K and MiG-29K) already appeared in the USSR.

The test pilot Pugachev, who became legendary, landed the SU-27K on 11/01/1989. The Mikoyanovites did not lag behind, after 1.5 hours the MiG-29K landed - this is the hero of the USSR, cosmonaut Toktar Aubakirov (future Major General of Kazakhstan). Within three weeks, flight tests were carried out, 227 sorties and 35 landings were performed. A 11/23/1989. The commission signed the Act "On the implementation of the flight design test program."

Creation of a springboard

The creation of conditions for takeoff and landing had a negative impact on the implementation of the project 1143.5. Initially, the American experience of using steam catapults built into the deck was considered, which dispersed even a heavy radar aircraft on a stationary ship in calm weather. Ustinov partly rightly considered it unacceptable to use someone else's experience, it means always falling behind. And so a unique take-off method using a springboard appeared.

In the Crimea, a Scientific Testing Training Complex was built, which received the nickname "Thread" (recorded in the design documents of NITKA). According to preliminary calculations, Springboard-1 was built for the training takeoff of the Yak-38, Su-27 and MiG-29. The results showed the inaccuracy of the calculated characteristics. Then they built Springboard-2 with optimal curvature - which became a springboard for the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Plane landing

More a complex system than takeoff. In order to land and stop you need to land the plane in a certain place. A system was used - an arrester, similar to the American one. This is a tensioned cable and a hydraulic system. The hook hold (hook) was worked out in training conditions. Then the skill of braking was honed. Without these skills, there will be no naval aviation pilots.

To help the pilots, the Luna optical system appeared - this is the supply of light signals to the pilot when landing. The landing path is called Glide path. Red light - this is the maximum level of danger, indicates a landing below the level of the runway. Green - indicates the accuracy of the run. Yellow - indicates an extra climb, you will have to repeat the landing.

Name

The first name was "Riga", given to the ship during its construction at the "Black Sea Shipyard". Here political instability begins, L.I. dies. Brezhnev and the ship has a new name "Leonid Brezhnev". In 1989, the ship goes to sea under the name "Tbilisi". The aircraft-carrying cruiser received its name "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" in 1990 on October 4.

On the wave of success and economic power, new generation aircraft carriers are being built one after another - with a conventional takeoff. The death of Ustinov in 1984 contributed to the rapid development of aircraft carriers with conventional aircraft. Project 1143.6 appeared, laid down in 1985 - called the Varyag (sold by Ukraine to China). And the nuclear "Ulyanovsk" - project 1143.7, laid down in 1988, dismantled in 1992 (Ukraine). "Kuznetsov" escaped the tragic fate by leaving Sevastopol for the Northern Fleet in 1992, fully corresponding to his nickname "Invincible".

Aircraft carrier hijacking

The aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" in the early nineties has already become the flagship among the 7 aircraft carriers. In 1991, the main blow was dealt to the country in the lost Cold War, the division of property among the "Sovereign" "States" began. In September it is the Baltics, a month later Ukraine. The heads of all levels and all republics profit from the robbery of collective property. Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Vladimir Chernavin (1985-1993) sets the task of stealing the flagship to the Northern Fleet before declaring Ukraine's sovereignty.

In December 1991, the cruiser was to undergo another test in the Black Sea. The Commander-in-Chief of the Navy instructs the Commander-in-Chief of the Black Sea Fleet Khronopulo MN to pass the Dardanelles Strait in strict secrecy during the planned exercises. The ship had to get away from the armed capture and arrive at the destination Vidyaevo, which is in the Northern Fleet. This ship has been in service since 12/25/1990. From 01/20/1992. TAKR (heavy aircraft-carrying missile cruiser) is assigned to serve in Murmansk.

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Characteristics of the aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov"

The aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" is designed to perform various tasks, the main of which is to prevent an air or sea nuclear strike on the territory of the Russian Federation (USSR). To do this, the warship is armed with missiles for delivering and repelling strikes, aircraft and helicopter aircraft, radar and satellite systems, anti-submarine depth charges and missiles, and artillery. This is a mobile military base capable of changing the military and political situation anywhere in the world. 1960 people (200 officers) are serving on the ship: 626 - flight personnel, 40 - the headquarters of the formation of ships.

Specifications in numbers

• length - 305 m, max.
• width - 72 m, max.
• height - 65 m.
• Displacement:
  • Max. 61 400 tons,
  • standard 46 500 tons,
  • normal - 53,000 tons.
• Draft 8 - 10 m.
• Reservation: duplicated rolled steel, three-layer protection 4.5 m wide withstands torpedo hits of 400 kg of TNT.
• The cruiser is set in motion power plant from 2 boiler rooms, where 4 main and 2 GTZA each.
• Endurance of navigation 45 days.
• Superstructure "Island" 32 m from 13 tiers.
• Planes and helicopters from the hangar are delivered to the deck by 2 lifts.
• The cruiser has 3857 rooms: 387 - cabins, 134 - cockpit, 6 - wardrooms, 120 - warehouses and 50 showers.
• The training of sailors begins with the study of the premises, which lead to corridors 6 km long.

Armament

• P-700 Granite - the destruction of enemy aircraft carrier strike groups (AUG). The main threat to NATO aircraft carriers (moving as a group, accompanied by 1-1.5 dozen ships) was the Granit anti-ship missile systems. This Soviet development has no analogues. On the deck bow there are 12 launchers with P-700 Granit missiles. There can be different warheads: high-explosive fragmentation 750 kg. or nuclear 500 kt. Russia and the United States have agreed not to arm themselves with a nuclear charge for these missiles for the time being. Its length is 10 m, launch weight is 7000 kg, diameter is 85 cm. The 3M45 anti-ship missile is 10 times heavier than the American Harpoon, therefore it carries 2.5 times the charge and hits the target 5 times further, up to 700 km.
• As targeting systems three means of guidance are used at once, excluding disorientation by its enemy: satellite, carrier-based aviation (helicopters and airplanes) and radar. The rocket rises great height(up to 17 km.) and detects the target, then decreases down to the extremely small (25 m.) and heads towards the target. Which makes it difficult for enemy air defenses to intercept it. If the ship is destroyed, then the rest of the fired missiles hit other ships of the group. The missile is equipped with a device for radar interference, pointing anti-missiles at decoys.
• Protective missile weapons. And also 4x2 ZRAK "Kortik" (256 missiles and 48,000 shells) protect against high-precision anti-ship missiles. There is also a 4x6 anti-aircraft missile system of the Kinzhal air defense system (192 pieces), which is used in the event of a massive attack from the air and from low-flying missiles. Six-barreled anti-aircraft artillery AK-360 (30 mm shells), strikes at a distance of 4-5 km.
• Gaining air supremacy. Equally important in power heavy cruiser is aviation. The super-maneuverable Su-33s replaced the Su-27Ks, 36 units. Each of them is designed to destroy the F-15 and F-16 in the air. The aircraft are equipped with long-range and short-range radars, satellite communications, and carry up to 8 tons of bomb load. Armed with all types of air-to-air, air-to-surface missiles. They can deliver nuclear strikes, since 2016 they can destroy ships with one of the latest BrahMos missiles with the same efficiency as 3M45. Shoot down all missiles at an altitude of up to 27 km. Multi-purpose helicopters Ka-27, of which there are 16 on the ship, are designed to detect and destroy submarines. They mine mines. In the amount of 3 units. used for radar patrol and 2 more for search and rescue operations.
• Antisubmarine weapons. Anti-submarine jet bomber RBU 12 000 "Udav" has 60 missiles different type: destroys torpedoes, creating a drifting minefield; small submarines and submarine sabotage forces at a depth of up to 600 m.
• Electronic weapons. Unique weapons allow timely and accurate combat operations: CICS "Lesorub", multifunctional radar "Mars-Passat", three-coordinate radar "Fregat-MA", low-flying targets are detected by 2 radars "Podkat", 2 radars "Vaigach", navigation system "Buran" -2", radar for flight control "Resistor" and "Gazon", EW "Constellation-BR", GAS "Zvezda-M1".

Conclusion

TAKR - this is one combat unit, it will not solve all the problems, but it is a formidable weapon. It will be impossible to conduct an effective launch of nuclear missiles on our territory in the TAKR combat alert zone of this type. And the enemy’s 1st AUG is difficult to oppose to “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov”. It is desirable to have at the disposal of Russia about 10 aircraft carriers. It's even better to have allies to share such high costs with them.

Who is Kuznetsov, why was he given such an honor?

Of particular importance, inspiring selfless work and military successes, is history. It all depends on who we will honor, and this will be our future - great or not. Kuznetsov N.G. turned out to be a follower of the traditions of Russian naval officers, for whom Ushakov, Lazarev and Nakhimov were examples. He was awarded 4 orders of Lenin, 3 orders of the Red Banner, 2 orders of Ushakov 1st degree, the Order of the Red Star, as well as medals and foreign orders.

Despite his modest peasant origin, he was intelligent - he gave the impression of a Russian nobleman. Sailors loved him, officers trusted him. He was not part of the political groups fighting for power. The chiefs and first persons of the state relied on him, some were afraid of his authority among officers, sailors and the entire Soviet people. He did not serve and did not humiliate himself, he was an excellent performer and a talented organizer. Under Stalin, he managed to do a lot for the country, at the Yalta meeting of the winners he resolved the conflict issue about the division of the fascist fleet.

short biography

As a child, at the age of 15, attributing to himself two years (born 11 (24). 07.1904 in the Arkhangelsk province, according to documents - 1902), he becomes a sailor of the North Dvina military flotilla. There he went through the civil war of 1917-1922. After serving for another 1 year, since 1923 he has been studying at the Naval School. Frunze" and graduated with honors in 1926. Period 1926 - 1929. serves in the Black Sea as a watchman on the Chervona Ukraine, and 1932-1933. was assistant commander of the cruiser "Red Caucasus". From 1933 he became the commander of the light cruiser Chervona Ukraine, from that moment the ship became a model of combat readiness and training.

As a military attache and chief naval adviser to the Spanish Republic, Kuznetsov organizes the uninterrupted supply of military supplies to Spain to fight fascism. Having successfully completed the task in 1936 - 1939. he returns to Sevastopol. Aviation played a significant role, which was used off the coast for the safe passage of transport ships. From that moment on, the future people's commissar was personally convinced of the effectiveness of a bunch of ships and aircraft and became the initiator of aircraft carrier building and the diversified development of all types of weapons.

At the end of the political purge of supporters of the ideas of Trotsky-Uborevich. who were preparing a coup d'état in Russia, in 1939, a non-politicized young and talented specialist N.G. Kuznetsov. Which made a great contribution to the Victory of 1945 and the development of the country's defense capability. He was inconvenient for the Khrushchev-Zhukov team, did not speak fables about Stalin, met the WWII war without defeat. And Kuznetsov’s ideas about the need to build aircraft carriers, approved by Stalin, began to be implemented from January 1943 (in November 1944, the Nevsky Design Bureau created the 1st project, by the end of the war, 4 types of aircraft carrier were developed, included in the post-war program). Having come to power, Khrushchev managed to temporarily destroy the program and cut the ships under construction.

The suspended Kuznetsov was isolated from publicity until the end of his life. He lived at his dacha until 1974, where he wrote books under the control of editors who created the myth of Stalin to please the new political clan. On the anti-Soviet wave in 1990, his well-deserved name accidentally appeared on an aircraft-carrying cruiser, because he was a creator, not a destroyer of the state, and respected Russian traditions that had developed under the emperors.

Special page in biography

There is one confusing story in 1948, when the "Court of Honor" took place over the admirals. Honored high-ranking military judged the same honored officers. They turned out to be N.G. Kuznetsov and his subordinates L.M. Galler, V.A. Alafuzov and G.A. Stepanov. The military collegium, which found everyone guilty, itself petitioned to reduce Kuznetsov's punishment. Departed for service Far East(1948 Deputy for Naval Affairs, and since 1950 - Commander of the Pacific Fleet). As a result, under the same authority, he again headed the country's Navy from 1951 to 1953.

Under Khrushchev, he continued to hold the position of commander of the fleet until 1955 in a new capacity - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. A 03/03/1955. Continuing to be in the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, his position was renamed "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union." No political group could manage him, and the figure was too prominent and politically responsible. Therefore, 02/17/1956. once again demoted to vice admiral and dismissed with the note "Without the right to work in the Navy." Received the nickname "Disgraced Admiral".

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The beginning of design work on the creation of a cruiser of project 1143.5 - 1978. The work is being carried out by the Leningrad Design Bureau. The first option is an improved preliminary design of the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser 1143. The design is carried out in accordance with the research work called "Order", which is a military-economic justification for the aircraft-carrying cruiser with a nuclear installation of project 1160.

The design was based on the following projects:
- advance project 1160 - an aircraft carrier with a displacement of 80,000 tons;

Project 1153 is a large aircraft-armed cruiser (50 aircraft), with a displacement of 70,00 tons. There are no laid down and built ships;
- project aircraft carrier recommended by the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, displacement of 80,000 tons, aircraft and helicopters up to 70 units;
- project 1143M - an aircraft carrier armed with Yak-41 supersonic aircraft. This is the third aircraft carrier of project 1143 - 1143.3. It was laid down in 1975, adopted in 1982, decommissioned in 1993;
- project 1143A - project 1143M aircraft carrier with increased displacement. Fourth aircraft-carrying cruiser built. Laid down in 1978, adopted in 1982. Since 2004, the ship has been modernized for the Indian Navy. Admitted to the Indian Navy in 2012.
- heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.5 is the next fifth modification of project 1143 and the fifth aircraft-carrying cruiser built.

In October 1978, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Ministry of Defense was instructed to develop a tactical and technical assignment for the ship project 1143.5, the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry to issue a draft design and technical design by 1980. The estimated start of the serial construction of ships of project 1143.5 is 1981, the end is 1990. Laying and construction of ships - slipway "O" of the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant.

The draft design was prepared for 1979, in the same year it was approved by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S. Gorshkov. A few months later, in 1980, the head of the military department, D. Ustinov, signed a directive from the General Staff, which spoke of the need to change project 1143.5. Now the deadline for the completion of the technical project was postponed to 1982, construction to 1986-91. In April 1980, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy S. Gorshkov approves the tactical and technical assignment with the changes made to the project. In the summer of 1980, all parties involved - the Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry, the Ministry of the Aviation Industry, the Air Force and the Navy recognize the development of the ship project 1143.5 as fully completed.

However, changes to the project continue. The use of aviation weapons on the ship of project 1143.5 was worked out in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. At the end of 1980, the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding corrected the tactical and technical specifications for the ship project 1143.5. At the same time, a decision was made to build a second ship of project 1143.4 (1143A) instead of the ship of project 1143.5. However, in the future, the project is being finalized again - technical project 1143.42. In the early spring of 1981, a contract for the production of order 105 was received from the Main Directorate of the Navy at the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant. In the fall of 1981, changes were made to the ship's design - the displacement was increased by 10 thousand tons. The following changes are made to the project:
- installation on board the ship anti-ship missiles "Granit";
- increase in aircraft armament up to 50 units;
- springboard takeoff of aircraft without the use of a catapult;

The final technical design of 1143.5 was ready by March 1982. Adopted by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 392-10 dated May 7, 1982.

On September 1, 1982, the ship of project 1143.5 was laid down on the modernized slipway "O" of the Nikolaev shipbuilding plant and was given the name "Riga" with serial number 105. Two months later, the ship was renamed "Leonid Brezhnev". In December 1982, the installation of the 1st block of the hull structure began. By the way, it was the first ship consisting of 24 hull blocks. The blocks are hull wide, 32 meters long, 13 meters high, weighing up to 1.7 thousand tons. The superstructures of the ship were also installed in the form of a block.

All propulsion and power systems were ordered for 1983-84. Their installation and installation was carried out on an already partially assembled hull, which led to the opening of the decks and some bulkheads and greatly slowed down the entire construction process. The first photographs of the new ship, taken from the satellite, appeared in the French press in 1984, the readiness of the TAKR for this year was 20 percent.

The ship was launched from the slipway at the end of 1985, the weight of the ship did not exceed 32 thousand tons, the readiness of the ship was estimated at 35.8 percent. In 1986, P. Sokolov was appointed chief designer of project 1143.5. In mid-1987, the ship was renamed again - now it has become known as TAKR "Tbilisi", the readiness of the ship is estimated at 57 percent. There is a delay in the construction of the ship (by approximately 15 percent) due to a disruption in the supply of various equipment. At the end of 1988, the readiness of the TAKR is estimated at 70 percent. The estimated cost of the ship for 1989 was about 720 million rubles, of which almost 200 million were delayed in the supply of equipment and systems. In the same year, a new chief designer L. Belov was appointed, the readiness of the ship was estimated at 80 percent. About 50 percent of electronic equipment and systems are installed on the ship, most of the equipment arrived on the ship in 1989.

The first exit of the ship to the sea was made on 10/20/1989. It was officially allowed by all project participants. Of the ready-made solutions on the ship, the air group was ready for use. The exit of the ship was completed on November 25, 1989. The tests of the air group begin on November 1, 1989 - the Su-27K was the first to land on the deck. Immediately after landing, he took off from the deck of the TAKR MiG-29K.

The completion of the ship with weapons and electronic equipment was completed by 1990, the complete readiness of the ship is estimated at 87 percent. Running factory tests were carried out in the spring and summer of 1990. In October 1990, the ship changed its name for the last time, which it still bears - TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov". During the 1st stage of the ongoing tests, the ship successfully covered more than 16 thousand miles, more than 450 times aircraft took off from the deck of the ship. State tests of the first TAKR project 1143.5 were completed on 12/25/1990, after which it was accepted into the Navy. Further tests of the ship took place until 1992 on the Black Sea, after which it goes into the Northern Fleet.

Design development of the ship:
- improvement of the project 1143 - five options were proposed, the main units being worked out: a catapult, an emergency barrier, aerofinishers, KTU. Displacement up to 65,000 tons. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit";

Project 1143.2 is the next version of the ship's improvement. The main units being worked on: two catapults, an enlarged hangar, a flight deck. Displacement up to 60,000 tons. Main armament: an air group of 42 aircraft (some of which may be helicopters);
- draft version of project 1143.5 - the proposed version was worked out as far as docking was possible. Displacement up to 65,000 tons. Armament - an air group of 52 vehicles (30 aircraft and 22 helicopters) and 12 launchers of the Granit missile defense system;
- project 1143.5 (Ustinova-Amelko) - changes in the design of the ship to the requirements of the Ministry of Defense. Units under study: springboard, KTU or NPP of projects 1143.4/1144. Displacement up to 55,000 tons. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit" and an air group of 46 aircraft of the Yak-41 type;
- project 1143.5 (TsNIIVK) - a revised project of the Central Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding. Displacement up to 55,000 tons. Units under development: reserve catapult added, hull structure reduced, aviation fuel supply reduced. Main armament: an air group consisting of 46 aircraft (short and vertical takeoff aircraft of the Yak-41 type).
- project 1143.42 - a revised project in favor of the second ship of project 1143.4. Displacement up to 55,000 tons. Worked out nodes: increase in the deck, catapult. Main armament: air group consisting of 40 aircraft (DRLO aircraft are present), anti-ship missiles "Basalt";
- project 1143.42 (adjustment of the Ministry of Defense) - a revised project by decision of the military department. Displacement - up to 65,000 tons. Worked nodes: springboard. Main armament: 12 launch anti-ship missiles "Granit", an air group consisting of 50 aircraft.

The device and design of TAKR project 1143.5
Structurally, the ship consists of 24 blocks, weighing about 1.7 thousand tons. Welded hull with 7 decks and 2 platforms. During the construction of the ship, two Finnish-made Kane cranes were used, each with a lifting capacity of 900 tons. The hull of the ship is covered with a special radio-absorbing coating. If we conditionally divide the ship into floors, then their number will be 27 floors. In total, 3857 rooms for various purposes were made inside the ship, of which we note: cabins of 4 classes - 387 rooms, cubicles - 134 rooms, dining rooms - 6 rooms, shower rooms - 50 rooms. During the construction of the ship, more than 4 thousand kilometers of cable routes, 12 thousand kilometers of pipes for various purposes were used. The ship received a through deck with an area of ​​more than 14,000 m2 with a springboard at an angle of 14.3 degrees in the bow of the ship. Profiled fairings are installed on the springboard and the edges of the deck corners. Aircraft are delivered to the takeoff deck by 40-ton lifts (right side) to the bow and stern of the ship. Deck width - 67 meters. A section of the landing strip 205 meters long and 26 meters wide is located at an angle of 7 degrees. The deck surface is covered with a special Omega anti-slip and heat-resistant coating, and the vertical take-off / landing areas are covered with AK-9FM heat-resistant plates. On the left and right sides of the launchers there are two runways (the takeoff run is 90 meters), which converge at the upper end of the springboard. The third runway is 180 meters long (the left side is closer to the stern). Cooled deflectors are used on the deck to provide protection for the support personnel and aircraft from aircraft taking off. For landing the aircraft on the deck, arresters "Svetlana-2" and an emergency barrier "Nadezhda" are used. The landing of the aircraft is carried out with the help of a radio system of short-range navigation and an optical landing system "Luna-3". The closed hangar, 153 meters long, 26 meters wide and 7.2 meters high, accommodated 70 percent of the regular air group. It also stores tractors, fire engines, a special set of tools for servicing the LAC. In the hangar, a chain semi-automatic system for transporting standard aircraft is made; aircraft are transported on deck using tractors. The hangar is divided into 4 compartments by folding fireproof curtains with electromechanical control to ensure fire safety. Structural protection of the surface part of the shielded type ship, internal protective barriers - composite structures of the steel / fiberglass / steel type. High-strength steel (yield strength 60 kgf/mm2) was chosen as the main material. Aviation fuel, fuel and ammunition tanks are protected by local box armor. For the first time in the construction of domestic ships, underwater structural protection is used. The depth of the PKZ is about 5 meters. Of the 3 longitudinal partitions, the second was armored multilayer type. Unsinkability was ensured when 5 adjacent compartments were flooded, no more than 60 meters long.

Power- boiler-turbine type, consisting of 8 new steam boilers, 4 main turbo-gear units TV-12-4, providing a total power of 200,000 hp. Propulsors - 4 fixed-pitch propellers.

Energy- 9 turbogenerators with a total capacity of 13500 kW, 6 diesel generators with a total capacity of 9000 kW.

Armament and equipment of TAKR project 1143.5
12 underdeck launchers of the Granit shock anti-ship missiles are located at the very base of the springboard. The launchers are covered with armored covers flush with the deck. Jamming systems 4 launchers PK-10 and 8 launchers PK-2M with an ammunition load of 400 rounds (SU "Tertsia").

The anti-aircraft armament of the ship is 4 modules of the Kinzhal anti-aircraft missile system with an ammunition load of 192 missiles, 8 Kortik air defense missile systems with an ammunition supply of 256 missiles, 48,000 shells. The modules are installed side by side, providing a circular shelling of air targets.

The artillery armament of the ship is three AK-630M batteries with 48,000 rounds of ammunition.

The anti-torpedo armament of the ship is two RBU-12000 10-barrel mounts, installed side by side in the stern. Ammunition 60 RGB.

Air group - according to the project 50 LA. As of 2010, it included 18 Su-33s, 4 Su-25Ts, 15 Ka-27s and 2 Ka-31s.

Radio-technical armament and equipment of the ship - 58 systems and complexes, the main ones are:
- BIUS "Lumberjack";
- SOI "Troinik";
- complex long-range target designation "Coral-BN";
- multifunctional radar "Mars-Passat" with a phased antenna array;
- three-coordinate radar "Fregat-MA";
- two-coordinate radar "Podkat" for detecting low-flying air targets;
- navigation complex "Beysur";
- communication equipment "Buran-2";
- active interference stations MP-207, MP-407, TK-D46RP;
- Flight control radar "Resistor";
- electronic warfare complex "Cantata-1143.5";
- complex hydroacoustics "Polynom-T";
- sonar stations "Zvezda-M1", "Amulet", "Altyn";
- navigation radar stations "Nayada-M", "Vaigach-U";
- station of underwater communication "Shtil";
- space communication system "Kristall-BK";
- the combat control system of the aircraft "Tur-434";
- television landing system "Otvedok-Emancipation";
- guidance station "Gazon";
- automatic control system "Control";

The antenna devices of most systems and complexes are located on the superstructure of the ship. Radio transceivers - more than 50 units. These are 80 paths for receiving and transmitting information and data, most of which can work simultaneously.

Auxiliary equipment has more than 170 items and consists of 450 individual items.

The ship's rescue equipment is a command boat of project 1404, two boats of project 1402-B, two 6-oared yawls (project YAL-P6), 240 PSN-10M (rescue rafts in containers).

The main characteristics of the TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov":
- length - 304.5 meters;
- width KVL / deck - 38/72 meters;
- draft - 10.5 meters;
- the height of the springboard above the water - 28 meters;
- displacement standard / full / max - up to 46000/59000/67000 tons;
- economy / max speed - 18/32 knots;
- range economy / max travel - 8000/3800 miles;
- autonomy - 1.5 months;
- personnel of the ship crew / flight crew - 1533/626 people.

This year, TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov":
- January 08 - as part of the shipborne aircraft carrier group of the Russian Navy, he entered from the Syrian port of Tartus on an official friendly visit;

February 16 - as part of the shipborne aircraft carrier group of the Russian Navy, he completed a cruise in the Mediterranean Sea and returns to the home base of Severomorsk;
- 2012-17 - the modernization of the ship should begin, the work will be carried out by the Sevmash production association.

Sources of information:
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-5.html
http://flot2017.com/item/opinions/55248
http://www.atrinaflot.narod.ru/2_mainclassships/01_takr_11435/0_11435_1.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=163tmz19FQI