Franchise is a lump-sum royalty fee. Lump-sum payment is

People have been using bricks for a very long time. The reason for such popularity is the unique properties of this building material, as well as the simplicity of its manufacture. In an area with an active sun in the summer, it can be made in an artisanal way, at home. The brick obtained in this way is suitable for the construction of one-story structures intended for housing or for household needs.

Clay harvesting and testing

Not every locality has suitable clay, but often the raw materials for making bricks are located almost on the surface: it is enough to remove the sod layer. If such a deposit is located directly on your site, it is very convenient, and if not, you can use the clay deposits in a public quarry or purchase it in a commercial quarry.

The suitability of clay as a raw material must be verified. To do this, you need to take a soil sample at the site: when water is added, does it turn into reddish mud with an oily consistency? This means that this place is suitable for mining the clay you need. But you should also check the fat content of the raw materials - the quality of the resulting building material depends on this. For verification, you need to take samples in different places of the site. A pound of earth is mixed with a little water. Stirring should be continued until the clay has completely absorbed all the water and begins to adhere to the skin. The resulting "dough" is formed into a cake 10 cm in diameter and a ball about 5 cm in diameter. This procedure must be carried out with each sample and leave the obtained samples for a couple of days to dry in the open air. If the samples are cracked during this time, this means that sand should be added to the alumina to reduce the fat content. If no cracks are observed and the ball dropped from a meter height remains intact, then the fat content of the raw material is within the normal range.

It is necessary to distinguish between skinny types of clay: they also do not crack, but they do not have sufficient strength either. To eliminate this disadvantage, it is necessary to add more fatty varieties to such clay, as well as sand. This must be done in several steps, each time checking the quality of the mixture. This must be continued until the required proportion is established, which is necessary to obtain quality products.

How to make raw brick and adobe

The following types of clay bricks can be made in a non-industrial way: adobe (unbaked with chopped straw), raw and burnt red bricks.

Saman, when made from high-quality raw materials in compliance with the drying conditions, will not be inferior in anything to ordinary fired brick. Buildings made of this material can last up to 70 years.

If the walls of the building are thick enough, then the adobe building will be comfortable both in summer and in winter.

For the manufacture of adobe, a container is assembled for mixing the components: two types of clay are used - lean and oily, to which straw is added in a ratio of 1: 1: 5. After that, a certain amount of water is added and the resulting mixture is carefully mixed with a shovel. The straw must first be chopped up: this helps to increase the strength of the adobe. Straw that has not been chopped up is not suitable as raw material. The use of dried wheat stalks is considered ideal.

To form a brick, make a tooling from boards and plywood. The standard brick shape is 250 × 120 × 65 mm. To improve adhesion to the mortar, special protrusions can be made in the lids, which form recesses in the brick. The parts of the equipment are connected with long nails, and the top cover must be removable. The number of templates should provide the expected performance.

After preparation of the solution, the tooling is filled. First, it must be moistened with water from the inside and sprinkled with fine sand, dust or cement: this is necessary to facilitate the removal of the formed product. When laying, the raw material is rammed so that the filling of the tooling is complete. Excess clay is removed with a spatula. After that, the top covers are installed, which are then removed. The formed bricks are removed from the mold after it has been turned over.

The picture shows an example of an adobe construction

Drying of bricks should take place under a canopy, on racks. During this process, the product is reduced in volume by about 15% (shrinkage occurs). It is recommended to shelter raw brick from direct sunlight, but ensure good ventilation. Drying time depends on humidity and air temperature as well as wind speed and varies from one to two weeks.

Due to the low water resistance of adobe bricks, additional protection of the walls from moisture should be provided. For this, the edges of the overhangs are increased to at least 60 cm and the seams of the masonry are carefully tied, window and door openings are placed at least one and a half meters from the corners. But the best way is the outside wall cladding with any moisture-resistant material or a layer of plaster is applied to them.

Raw bricks without straw are made in the same way as adobe with the only difference that instead of straw, a small amount of pure quartz sand of a fine fraction is added to the clay in a ratio of 1: 5.

This is not an easy task, but it is still possible to make a small batch of fired bricks in a handicraft way. The whole process is divided into three parts: heating, direct firing and cooling.

Raw firing can be performed in a simple metal barrel with a volume of about 250 liters. You need to cut out the top and bottom bottoms and install on a metal oven without a top. A raw brick is laid inside the barrel and fired.

Another method of roasting is with a fire. You should dig a hole half a meter deep and set the barrel on low legs (about 20 cm). This is necessary for uniform heating. The raw brick is placed in a column inside the barrel at small intervals. The filled drum must be closed with a lid to prevent cold air from entering. You need to maintain a fire for about 20 hours: it depends on the quality of the clay and is chosen experimentally.

During drying, under the influence high temperature the clay is sintered - it turns into ceramics.

The brick cooling process must be controlled: this can be done by gradually reducing the amount of fuel supplied. The barrel must remain closed at all times. A sharp temperature drop leads to cracking of the brick. The barrel can be opened only 5 ... 6 hours after the brick has completely cooled down.

Is it possible to make bricks at home? What is needed for self-manufacturing? What types of bricks can you make with your own hands and how to do it? Let's try to figure it out.

Why is it needed

Of course, the main goal is savings. Gone are the days when building materials were bought for a pittance. For example, a double sand-lime brick M 150 costs about 15 rubles; with a quantity of several thousand pieces, the purchase will result in a very tangible amount.

Meanwhile, the production of sand-lime bricks at home does not require excessively expensive or high-tech equipment. Raw materials - sand and lime; If in industrial conditions it is moistened in an autoclave with steam, then at home the mixture for molding can be obtained by the so-called silage method - long-term mixing with water.

Please note: sand-lime brick is used in construction with certain restrictions. It is less water resistant than red fired bricks and cannot be used for pipe and plinth installations. In addition, calcium hydrosilicate acting as a binder is destroyed by prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

Having established the production of bricks and completing the construction, you may well start your own small business. The cost of production is more than low: only firing bricks at home will require any fixed costs. You will have to buy firewood; but raw materials can be mined absolutely free: in most cases, ordinary clay serves as them.

Manufacturing methods

So, how to make a brick at home?

Raw brick

The easiest way to make the so-called raw. Method - simple molding followed by drying; raw material - clay. Roughly the same restrictions are associated with raw materials as in the case of silicate bricks: it is suitable only for the construction of walls that will not be constantly moistened by groundwater or precipitation.

The list of applications is quite large:

• Laying of internal walls and partitions.
• Construction of outbuildings, baths (with obligatory waterproofing from the inside) and terraces.
• Construction of the main walls of one-story houses with a wooden roof.
• Slabs, stoves and chimneys can be laid from raw bricks.

The main thing is to protect the structure with a roof as soon as possible. It should overlap the walls by at least half a meter in order to protect them from precipitation.

Raw materials

How to choose the right clay for brick making? She should not be overly oily or skinny.

A simple test will help you choose the right clay.

• From the found clay, mold a couple of balls with a diameter approximately equal to the length of a matchbox, and several cakes twice as large.
• Set them to dry in a dry, shaded place for a few days.
• Examine dried items carefully. If they are cracked (especially cakes), the clay is too oily. For the production of bricks, you will need to add sand to it; you can experiment with the ratio in the same way.
• Drop the ball onto a hard surface from a height of one meter. If it crashed, the clay is skinny. It can be mixed with greasy clay to obtain normal raw materials.

Useful: for fired bricks, raw materials are selected in the same way.

Forming and drying

So, we have stocked up with raw materials. How to make bricks at home? Let's start by making a mold.

The standard brick size is 250x125x65 mm. If you produce building materials for your own needs, you can make a shape of approximate dimensions without chasing millimeters; but when making for sale it is better to be precise.

When dried, the clay shrinks - from 5 to 8 percent. Taking it into account, the shape should have dimensions of approximately 270x130x70 millimeters. It is recommended to use wood as a material. hardwood- birch, poplar or, best of all, oak.

The shape, of course, can be not only for one brick - they are often made double or quadruple. A block of about 150x15x30 millimeters in size is stuffed at the bottom. It will leave a groove in the brick, which will improve adhesion to the mortar.

The instructions for this will not seem complicated to you:

• The mold is moistened and sprinkled with dust or fine sand. This is to make the clay easier to separate after molding.
• The clay is packed into the mold as tightly as possible, with a slight excess.
• The top of the mold is rolled several times with an ordinary rolling pin. Clay is added as needed, filling all cavities.
• Then the form is turned over, and the formed brick is carefully laid out on a flat surface to dry. The place must be protected from precipitation and direct sun rays... Drying time is about two weeks.

In the photo - raw brick and molds for its manufacture.

Burnt brick

How to make a brick at home, if it requires greater strength and resistance to moisture?

It's simple. High-quality building bricks differ from raw bricks in that they have been fired.

The temperature at which the clay is baked is about 1000 degrees. Of course, a tunnel oven for home construction will be a little overkill: its cost will be many times higher than the construction budget. What equipment for making bricks at home can you make yourself?

Method 1

1. A hole about half a meter deep is digging in the ground.
2. Above it, a barrel with a carved bottom is installed on legs 20 cm high.
3. Holes are drilled in the walls into which the reinforcement is threaded.
4. The molded and dried brick is laid out on it.
5. The barrel is covered with a steel sheet.
6. A fire is made in the pit.

Temperature regime should be like this:

• Remains of moisture evaporate within 6-8 hours. Temperature - 150-200S.
• The actual firing lasts 12-16 hours and takes place at a temperature 800-1000С.
• Then, within 2-4 hours, the temperature slowly decreases up to 500-600С... Slow cooling will prevent the brick from cracking.

The heating intensity is regulated by the amount of wood or coal.

Method 2

If large quantities of red bricks are required at home, it is easier to fold the raw brick in the form of a stove tapering upwards and cover it with soil or sand for thermal insulation. Then a fire is made inside. The temperature regime is the same.

Pressed brick

The pressing method can only be called artisanal in part: it requires relatively sophisticated equipment. The home brick making machine can be manual or electric. The price of the finished machine with hand press ovka - from 20 thousand rubles.

The composition of the raw materials used for pressing is somewhat more complicated than in previous cases. The mixture consists of sand, clay and cement; instead of sand, screening can be used - fine crushed stone with a fraction size of up to 5 millimeters, shell rock or brick breakage.

The scheme of work is as follows:

• The raw material is poured into the hopper;
• A mechanical dispenser measures the required amount of the mixture and transfers it to the mold;
• Then an electromechanical or manual press presses the cover into the mold - and at the exit a brick, which, after drying, will have sufficient strength for construction.

Useful: how to make a decorative brick at home? Precisely by pressing. Products with perfect angles and edges come out of the mold; by combining shapes, they can be given an arbitrary surface, and mineral dyes will change the color.

There are many ways to start your own business in the modern world. One of the simplest is franchising. In simple language the concept can be interpreted as follows: someone has a unique product or technology, a trademark - that is, a certain scheme of earnings. Such a businessman acts as the franchisor, that is, the seller of the franchise. The acquirer of a franchise is called a franchisee. This person or enterprise receives the rights to use the technology or product for a certain fee. To completely simplify, then franchising is the lease of a trademark or a certain technology, business scheme.

The franchisor is rewarded in the form of a lump-sum fee and royalties.

Term - lump-sum payment

What is a lump-sum payment? Anyone who has dealt with franchising understands: these words mean a fixed payment that is paid to the franchisor by the buyer of the franchise. But the phrase has many meanings, at the same time, such a concept in Russian legislation no. And all relations in this area are regulated civil code, articles on commercial concession.

The lump-sum payment appears in the lexicon of insurers and means the amount that will never be paid upon the occurrence of an insured event.

What is a franchise lump sum? This is a fixed amount that is paid to the franchisee when concluding a concession agreement to the franchisor.

Concession agreement

In the legislation, a concession agreement means that the franchisor - the owner of a trademark or a certain method of doing business, transfers the franchisee - the buyer of this technology - the right to use for a fee, which is called royalty. In fact, there is a lease of an intellectual property object or any invention, utility model - that is, something unique.

A commercial concession agreement can be easily compared to a licensing agreement. Only in the first variant of the transaction, the terms of use of the object of the contract are described in great detail, how it will be conducted entrepreneurial activity the franchisee so that the franchisor's reputation is not damaged as a result of the latter's actions.

Peculiarities

Due to the variety of forms of intellectual property, the contract provides for many nuances:

• restriction of territorial action, therefore, of the place of business;
• urgent or indefinite character;
• a requirement may be put forward for the franchisee limiting the ability to compete with the franchisor;
• limiting the amount of use of the franchise;
• franchisees may be prohibited from using similar franchises acquired from others.

In addition, a commercial concession agreement may provide for various methods of calculating and making payments of royalties, for example:

• fixed payments;
• monthly;
• disposable;
• percentage of revenue;
• a mark-up on goods that will be deducted to the franchisor.

Registration of the contract

The most interesting thing is that this type of transaction is subject to state registration... If a foreign person acts as a franchisor, then this operation is carried out by the body that registers such enterprises or individual entrepreneurs in our country.

In cases where the subject of the contract is an object that is protected by patent law, the contract must be registered by the body dealing with the regulation of relations in the field of patent law.

Partial registration of the contract can be carried out. This means that if the document contains a requirement for non-disclosure of know-how, then this part of the contract is subject to registration.

If the requirements of these rules are not met, the contract is considered null and void, that is, it has no legal force.

Royalty and lump-sum payment

The most sensitive issue when concluding a concession agreement is payments, which are of two types:

• lump-sum payment;
• royalties.

What is a lump-sum payment? This is the franchise price, the amount of which is determined by the contract and is paid only once. In fact, a payment is a payment for acquiring a particular technology or trademark, sort of - an entrance fee.

Royalties are regular payments. For example, for branding a catering outlet, a franchisee can pay monthly or quarterly 5% of the turnover of the entire establishment.

In this case, royalties are not only payments, but also additional protection for the buyer of the franchise. The franchisor is directly interested in the profitability of the establishment, because the size of the received monthly money transfers depends on it.

Accounting entries

It is very important for both parties to the contract to understand how to correctly display expenses and income in accounting, including a lump-sum fee. The transactions and the rules for their display are stipulated in the regulation of PBU 14/2007.

If for the franchisor the sale of a franchise is the main activity, then all payments to the franchisee are displayed as part of sales income. When this activity is not the main one, then the initial contribution is shown in operating income.

At the franchisor, the lump-sum payment received is displayed in transactions 51/62, 76. Royalty - in transactions 60, 76/51. If the initial payment is taken into account in deferred expenses, then it is displayed on account 97 and is distributed in equal parts for the entire duration of the contract.

Further relations between the franchisee and the franchisor are accounted for according to the standard "supplier-buyer" scheme.

Fixing payments in the agreement

Almost any type of business transaction requires a correct description of the terms of payment. Also, certain financial and other conditions must be provided that will occur in case of non-compliance with the requirements of the contract. What it is? The lump-sum contribution and royalties, the amount and terms of payment, the possible consequences in case of violation of the terms of the contract by any party - all this must be clearly spelled out. As a rule, the payment of a lump-sum fee is a condition for starting a franchisee. If he violates the agreement, then he does not have the right to carry out entrepreneurial activities under a commercial concession agreement.

Terms of termination of the transaction and return of the original payment

It is quite difficult to decide to purchase a franchise. Despite the assurances from commercials and posters, the pleasure is not cheap.

What it is? The lump-sum fee must be paid, and immediately, at the conclusion of the contract. Royalties are required to be transferred monthly, in addition to this, it is necessary to rent a room, purchase all related products and hire personnel. Or it may happen that in a few months there will be no profit, or the franchisor is not too interested in the success of the franchisee. Therefore, it is very important at the stage of choosing a franchise and signing an agreement to provide for the conditions for its termination.

What conditions must be provided for:

• termination due to the termination of the contract;
• non-compliance with the terms of one of the parties;
• at the initiative of one of the parties;
• if the brand that is transferred under the franchise is not registered in the manner prescribed by federal legislation;
• the grounds for termination may be a court decision;
• financial insolvency of the franchisee or franchisor.

In order not to be left “overboard”, it is necessary to prescribe in the contract what the lump-sum contribution to the franchise is, what it will cover. For example:

• the number of objects to be opened;
• what equipment and in what time frame will the franchisor deliver;
• the terms of the lease of the premises, who will pay for it (possibly in equal parts or only the franchisee);
• how the acquired technologies will be used;
• at what stage and to what extent the franchisor assists in the "promotion" of the outlet.

In fact, the contract should cover all the subtleties of joint business activities.

In no case should there be a verbal agreement. In a situation where there will be no profit, it will not be possible to prove that the franchisor did not comply with the oral agreements. Do not forget that the transaction must be registered without fail. Otherwise, there can be no question of any protection of the franchisee and work in the legal field. It is very easy to cancel a deal without registration, therefore, it is also easy to lose your investment. I would like to point out that franchising and a flat fee for some unscrupulous franchise sellers is all that they offer. In fact, the acquisition of a franchise implies a wide range of responsibilities of the franchisor, which must provide actual assistance in the development of the buyer's business.

How do I get my down payment back?

Care should be taken when a contract is concluded on a flat royalty basis. As a rule, in such cases, the initial payment is quite high, and in the future the franchisor is not at all interested in the buyer of the brand. Therefore, the most difficult question to answer is how to get the lump-sum payment back exactly when concluding such transactions. Most often this happens with already promoted trade marks who earn more on lump-sum contributions than royalties.

The franchisee is advised to be careful and negotiate the terms of the lump-sum refund at the stage of the transaction. The condition for the return may be gross violation their obligations as a franchisor. For example:

• the franchisor has no rights to the trademark being sold;
• the seller does not supply equipment within the agreed period or does not transfer the technology for doing business;
• does not provide consulting services stipulated in the contract and so on.

If the contract does not provide for the conditions for the return of the lump-sum contribution, then this issue can be resolved in court.

Contract without initial payment

Sometimes you can find offers - a franchise without a lump-sum fee. Is this possible? In fact, it is possible, but this does not mean that the franchisee will not have any costly part in starting a business. All expenses for rent, correspondence, telephone calls and staffing are borne by the buyer of the franchise. Most likely, the franchisor will have to purchase finished products or equipment. That is, a contract option without a lump-sum payment is possible, but this does not mean at all that no investments will be required or starting a business will be cheaper.

Conclusion

Lump-sum payment - what is it in simple words? This is the acquisition of a particular technology for doing business and / or a trademark. But none of the precautions stipulated in the contract give full guarantee that business will go, because entrepreneurial activity is, first of all, a risk that can be fully justified or lead to the loss of all invested funds.