After drawing up the construction schedule, schedules for the movement of workers are drawn under it (table 9), delivery of building structures, products, materials and equipment to the facility (table 10) and the movement of the main construction machines around the facility (table 11). In an effort to draw up a uniform schedule for the movement of workers, it is forbidden to violate the technology construction industry, processes, and safety regulations. If the schedule does not meet the above requirements, it is subject to adjustment, while changing the timing of the work or the number of workers according to individual works. Graphs are linear, the main specialties, materials, machines are accepted.

Table 9

Table 10

Schedule of delivery to the object of building structures, products,

materials and equipment

Schedule of movement of the main construction machines on the object

Table 11

Determining the need for basic building structures, materials and products. Determination of the need for an object is carried out on the basis of a bill of quantities (table 5), taking into account the consumption of structures, materials or products according to the norms per unit of work in accordance with RESN or other norms, taking into account the calculations performed.

The data are entered into the statement of need for building structures, products and materials (Table 12).

Table 12

The need for building structures, products and materials

5.2.5. Technical and economic indicators according to the calendar plan

Duration of construction, year, month;

Total labor intensity of work, man-days;

The labor intensity of erection per 1 m 3 of the building, man-days / m 3

q \u003d Q about / Q

where Q- construction volume of the building, m 3

Q about -total labor intensity works on the object, man-days

Labor productivity,%

The coefficient of uneven movement of workers, K p

The coefficient of uneven movement of workers is determined by the ratio of the maximum number of workers to calendar schedule to the average per day and should not exceed 1.5-2.

K n \u003d N max / N cf, N cf \u003d Q about / T pr

Coefficient of combination of processes, K s

K s \u003d åT s / T pr

where T c is the total duration of all construction processes, if they were performed sequentially,

T pr - the duration of the construction of the facility according to the schedule of days;

5.3. Construction master plan of the object.

The building plan of the facility is drawn on the A-1 format for domestic and industrial buildings on a scale of 1:200 - 1:500, respectively. All permanent and temporary buildings, structures shown on the construction general plan, network engineering, roads, warehouses and other devices must be sized and tied to the main facilities under construction. The construction plan should highlight symbols:

a) permanent buildings, structures;

b) buildings or structures (or parts thereof) and communications constructed during the preparatory period and used for construction needs;

c) temporary buildings, structures and communications of the construction industry.

d) safety signs on the site, access and on-site roads.

When developing a building plan:

The type of fencing of the construction site is selected,

The type of roads is selected (ring, through, dead end),

The issues of the safety of the movement of people and goods on the site are being resolved (intersections with railway tracks, existing roads),

The calculation of the lighting of the construction site is carried out,

A fire-fighting water pipeline is being designed with the arrangement of hydrants,

The need for temporary buildings, water, electricity is calculated, and storage facilities are calculated.

5.3.1. Fencing of the construction site and hazardous areas (separation and designation of hazardous areas on the construction site)

Hazardous areas must be identified and marked on the construction site.

To zones permanent Hazardous production factors include zones:

Close to non-insulated live parts of electrical installations,

Near unenclosed differences in height by 1.3 m or more, a strip up to 2 meters wide,

In places where harmful substances are contained in concentrations above the maximum permissible.

To zones potentially active hazardous production factors include:

Land plots near the building under construction; floors of buildings of the same area, over which the installation of structures or equipment takes place;

Movement zones of machines, equipment or their parts, places above which cargo is moved by cranes -5 m,

Dangerous areas must have signal fences that meet the requirements of GOST 12.4.059.-89. Protective barriers must be collapsible with unified elements and fasteners. The height of the panels should be, m:

Protective and security (with a peak and without a peak) fencing of the territory of the construction site -2.0;

Protective fencing of the construction site -1.6;

Protective fencing of work sites-1,2.

The boundaries of hazardous areas are established in accordance with SNiP III-4-80 * table. one.

Signs that prohibit entry into the zone are installed along the perimeter of the fence after 30m. The distance between the risers of signal fences is no more than 6m.

Dangerous zones of installation of structures by construction cranes are shown by circles, which are described by the radii of the dangerous zone R op:

When lifting structures installed in a horizontal position

R op \u003d R str +0.5 l+∆ R, where

R str - boom turning radius at maximum outreach, m,

l- construction length, m,

∆ R-distance departure, according to SNiP III-4-80*

The schedule of the movement of workers is placed under the graphic part calendar plan on an appropriate scale (for example, 1 cm - 5 people).

The number of workers for all processes is added up on each working day, the schedule has a stepped form. Due to a sharp fluctuation in the number of workers, drops and peaks appear. Optimally, when these fluctuations are insignificant.

Equalization of the need for workers is achieved by redistributing the start and end dates of work, without violating the technological sequence.

The schedule for the movement of workers is estimated by the coefficient of uneven movement of workers K n, which should be less than or equal to 1.5.

where N max is the maximum number of workers per day employed in construction, people;

N cf - the average number of workers, people.

where W is the total labor costs of performing work, man-shifts;

P f - the actual duration of construction, days.

Technical and economic indicators of the calendar plan

The calculation is performed in the explanatory note in order to evaluate the decisions made in the development of the schedule.

1 Duration of construction:

Regulatory (P n) according to SNiP 1.04.03-85 "Standards for the duration of construction";

Actual (P f) according to the calendar plan.

2 Construction time factor K pr

3 Labor intensity in general construction works, man-days.

4 Labor intensity per 1 m 3 of the building, man-days, is determined by the ratio of the total labor intensity to the construction volume of the building.

5 The coefficient of uneven movement of workers, K lane £ 1.5.

6 The coefficient of combination of construction processes in time, K s

K c => 1 (8)

where P pos - the duration of work on the object (the sum of column 7 in the calendar plan)

P fak - the actual duration of work according to the calendar plan

Graphic design of the calendar plan and explanatory note

The calendar plan for the construction of the facility is drawn up on a sheet of drawing paper in A1 format. First you need to define normative term construction according to SNiP 1.04.03-85* "Standards for the duration of construction".

After the statement of calculation of labor intensity and the cost of machine time, they begin to design a schedule.

The layout of the graphic material on the "Calendar Plan" sheet is shown in Figure 3.

The size of the columns of table 6 of the calendar plan is arbitrary, but it must be remembered that column 11 occupies most of the sheet and depends on the duration of construction according to the standard (two, three, etc. months). After filling in the calculated part of the plan, draw the graphic part.

Design experience has shown that this document is the most time-consuming to execute, so it is important to rationally distribute your work so as not to disrupt the timely defense of the course project.

Explanatory note this document begins with the determination of the standard duration of construction. The following is a statement of the calculation of the volume of work (earth, stone, installation, etc.) with intermediate calculations.

Figure 3. - Scheme of placement of graphic material on the sheet "Calendar plan"

A statement of labor costs and machine time is also given in the explanatory note.

The choice of production methods contains short description technology of ongoing processes, from preparatory work to landscaping. The construction process considered in the technological map is not subject to description, just a reference to it is enough.

TEP calculation completes explanatory note to the calendar.

5.3 Composition, content and procedure for the development of the technological map.

The practical implementation of the building project is carried out with the obligatory observance of a certain technological sequence for the construction of an engineering structure, which, with the maximum technological development of construction processes, is set out in technological maps (TC).

Technological maps are a technically and technologically regulated document that provides rational solutions for the organization and technology of construction production and a high level of quality.

Technological maps are developed according to a single scheme recommended by the instructions of the Central Research Institute for Organization, Mechanization and Technical Assistance in Construction (TsNIIOMTP). According to the "Guidelines for the development of technological maps in construction" the technological map consists of 6 sections:

Section 1. Scope

The section provides:

Name of the technological process, structural element or part of the building;

Nomenclature (composition) of types of work covered by the map;

Name of building materials;

Dimensions and weight of elements;

Characteristics of the conditions and features of the production of work, adopted in the map.

Section 2. Technology and organization of work performed

The section contains:

Requirements for the completion of preparatory and previous work;

Requirements for the technology of work with an indication of the composition, sequence and methods of implementation technological processes;

Instructions on the organization of workplaces;

Breakdown of the building into sections and tiers;

Technological schemes performance of work in the form of a plan and a section of the structural part of the building on which the work provided for by the Labor Code will be performed.

The diagram should indicate the arrangement of machines, mechanisms and equipment, scaffolding, storage and reception areas for concrete (mortar), access roads, hazardous work zones.

Section 3. Requirements for the quality and acceptance of work

The section provides:

Requirements for the quality of supplied materials and products, a list of tools and devices for quality control of structures and materials;

Operational quality control schemes;

The list of technological processes to be controlled, indicating the subject of control, the method and tool of control, the time of the control, responsible for control;

The form of control can be supplemented with an axonometric diagram of the object of control indicating the places where deviations are measured.

Section 4. Safety and labor protection

The section provides the following information:

Occupational health and safety solutions;

Schemes indicating the fencing (boundaries) of hazardous areas, warning labels and signs;

Rules for safe work when performing work processes;

Scaffolding and individual means protection.

Section 5. Need for resources

The section provides:

List of machines, mechanisms and equipment indicating specifications, types, brands, quantity per link;

List of technological equipment, tools, inventory and fixtures indicating GOST, TU, etc.

A statement of the need for materials, products and structures to perform the envisaged scope of work (the range and quantity of materials, products is determined by the building design); the consumption of materials necessary to obtain a meter of the final product is determined on the basis of the general production standards consumption of materials in construction ("Collections of elemental estimated norms").

Section 6. Technical and economic indicators

The section provides:

Duration of work (in shifts, days);

Normative labor costs of workers (labor intensity) (man-days) and machine time (machine-shifts);

Calculation of labor costs and machine time, in which the amount of work is determined by the accepted measure of the final product (m 3, m 2, pcs). Work processes are given in technological sequence.

A work schedule drawn up for an accepted end product meter using costing data. The schedule is drawn up for the construction process, based on an eight-hour working day.

Routing developed in the following sequence:

Studying the working drawings of the object;

Choose a method of production of work with an analysis of options;

Plan the correct technological sequence of work and perform explanatory drawings and diagrams;

Perform the calculation of the volume of work for a given construction process;

Determine the complexity of this type of work;

Draw up a work schedule;

Determine the need for material and technical resources;

Develop measures for a safe method of performing work;

First of all, a graph of the need for the estimated (attendance) number of workers per day is built. Estimated the number of workers per day is the total number of workers that must go out to perform the work provided for by the network schedule on each of the planned shifts of the day (days) in question.

Then a graph of the need for the estimated number of workers is built for each shift. The construction of the schedule is carried out by adding the number of workers employed in the performance of work during the corresponding shifts on each of the working days.

Taking into account the fact that workers can get sick, take absenteeism, perform any duties with the permission of the administration, go on vacation, etc., additionally it is necessary to build list requirement schedule in labor resources. The list number is the number of workers that should be hired so that, taking into account the reasons for absenteeism listed above, there is an estimated number of workers every day. Based on the fact that absenteeism for various reasons can be 10-20%, accordingly, the number of workers on the payroll per day should be higher by this amount.

In practice, the relevant specialists of the organization must keep a quantitative record of the loss of working time, analyze the causes of these losses, and develop measures to reduce such losses and, accordingly, increase production efficiency.

The purpose of the charts is as follows:

According to the payroll schedule, recruitment is carried out;

For the maximum number, the area of ​​the corresponding temporary structures is calculated;

According to the corresponding graphs, it is possible to assess the degree of sufficiency labor resources and take measures in advance to eliminate a possible shortage of workers (schedule optimization).

In real conditions, the distribution and consolidation of the working teams in shifts is carried out based on the specifics of the technology for performing work, the urgency of their implementation, the sufficiency of the scope of work and other factors. The first (day) shift is the most convenient, since it does not require artificial lighting, all domestic infrastructure works ( public transport, enterprises Catering, shops, etc.). At the same time, night shifts require organizing the delivery of people, providing food, additional costs for labor protection, maintenance of mechanisms, and lighting. Night time objectively affects the slowdown in work.

Thus, the first shift is the most convenient and, as a rule, with 3-shift work, 40-50% of the team is put on the first shift, 20-30% on the second, and 15-20% on the third. With this in mind, it is desirable to build respectively traffic graphs work force for each shift separately (on the 1st, on the 2nd and on the 3rd). With such a distribution of the number of workers in the team by shifts, the schedules for the movement of labor resources will more accurately reflect the real situation and, accordingly, will allow for a competent calculation of the area of ​​temporary structures.

The assessment of the schedule of movement of workers at the facility is carried out according to the coefficient of uneven movement of the labor force (K).

where: - the maximum estimated number of workers per day,

is the average number of workers per day.

,

where: - the total labor intensity of construction work in man-days,

is the length of the critical path in days.

The physical meaning of the value of the unevenness coefficient is as follows. The lower the value of the coefficient, the longer the period of time at the construction site will be the maximum number of workers performing the work provided for by the KP. This, in turn, will indicate that temporary structures will be used to the maximum for their intended purpose during this time.

How more value coefficient, the shorter the site with the maximum number of workers on the graph of the movement of workers. And this, in turn, will lead to the fact that the amenity premises, designed for such a maximum number, will not be used for their intended purpose by 100%. The permissible value of the coefficient of uneven movement of the labor force is 1.5-1.75.

At the same time, it should be noted that in cases where each brigade will have mobile temporary structures assigned to it, which will move simultaneously with the brigade from one object to another, this coefficient may not be determined, as it will lose its value.

To organize the recruitment of workers, in addition to the total number of workers on the payroll, it is necessary to know the required number for the relevant specialties and qualifications in order to ensure that the average category of the formed team of workers corresponds to the category of complexity of work.

Goals:

1. It is developed in order to obtain initial data for calculating the elements of the construction plan (temporary buildings, water supply are calculated according to the maximum number of workers per day or per shift);

2. Calculated to assess the quality of the schedule.

The schedule of the movement of workers (GDR) is built on the same time scale as the calendar plan (KP).

Fig.41. Worker movement schedule

The schedule of the movement of workers is built for work performed in one shift or per day.

Coefficient of uneven movement of workers:

where N max- maximum amount workers;

N cp - the average number of workers.

If various works performed in a different number of shifts per day, it is necessary to calculate two N cf:

and

On the graph of the movement of workers, "peaks" are undesirable, because:

1) they indicate the irrational use of time household premises;

2) they testify to the irrational use of work fronts.

From a theoretical point of view, there are several types of work schedules:

Fig.42. Example 1

"+": the gradual increase in workers at the facility contributes to the best organization works, provision of materials, equipment at the construction site.

"-": buildings and structures are irrationally used.

Fig.43. Example 2

"+": temporary buildings are not idle.

"-": it is difficult to ensure the workload of all workers at the same time.

Fig.44. Example 3

It is necessary to strive for this type of schedule, because. it is optimal. However, go is difficult to implement.

Optimization of the CP in order to reduce the coefficient of unevenness K n on the GDR can be carried out by:

1) changes in the intensity of work, i.e. increase or decrease in the number of workers in the team;

2) due to a conscious shift in start dates certain types works;

3) adjustment is possible due to unaccounted for and other works.

Fig.45. GDR adjustment for unaccounted for and other work

DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTION MASTER PLANS (CGP)

Types of SGP:

1. As part of the POS, a general site SGP on a scale of 1:500.

2. If the elements of the construction industry are located outside the construction site, a situational plan (1:5000, 1:2000);

3. As part of the PPR, a object stroygenplan (1:200), as a rule, for the preparatory and main periods.

V general case SGP is a plan for the safe organization of a construction site, which shows existing buildings, structures, communications, roads (existing, designed, being built, temporary), storage facilities, electrical facilities and other elements of the construction site.

Principles for the development of the SGP:

1) SGP solutions must meet the requirements of the production of construction and installation works and provide for the domestic needs of builders;

2) The decisions of the SGP must be rational.

a) maximum use of inventory buildings, structures, devices;

b) the length of temporary roads, communications should be minimal;

c) provide for the possibility of using an auxiliary building and structure for construction needs;

d) use temporary roads along the route of permanent ones, etc.;

3) SGP solutions must meet the requirements of the standards (safety, industrial sanitation).

Building a schedule for the movement of labor

When building a network schedule, it is necessary to provide for a uniform use of the workforce. To do this, under the network graph, we draw a graph of changes in the number of workers (a graph of the movement of labor) for each day by summing the number of workers employed in all jobs in the first shift in the vertical direction at different time intervals. According to the schedule of movement of the labor force, they judge the optimality of drawing up a calendar plan for the production of work.

To assess the correctness of the use of labor at the facility, after constructing a schedule for the movement of labor, we use the coefficient of uneven movement of workers TO ndr during the entire period of construction and installation works, determined by the formula:

where, - respectively, the main and average number of workers at the facility per day for the entire period of construction. We find the main number of workers directly on the graph of the movement of the labor force, and it corresponds to the maximum value. The average number of workers employed at the facility per day is determined by the formula:

where k nr- coefficient taking into account absenteeism of workers for work due to good reasons(illness, vacation, etc.); accept k=1.1;

The complexity of the work that lies on the critical path of the network,

The total duration of the construction of the facility, corresponding to the duration of the critical path of the network,

Coefficient of uneven movement of workers TO ndr should not exceed 1,5 . But in this case, because of pre-made mistakes in the planning and management of construction production.

Drawing up a schedule for the movement of labor is required not only to adjust the network schedule for the construction of an object, but also to calculate the required areas of temporary buildings and structures at the construction site.

Construction of a schedule of movement of construction machines and mechanisms

The schedule of movement of construction machines and mechanisms is compiled on the basis of the data in Table. 5.1 (columns 12 and 13) and the network schedule for the production of construction and installation works at the facility (columns 7 and 8). We draw it under the schedule of labor movement with reference to network diagram. On the graph, we show the movement of each machine at the facility in the form of a linear diagram, at the beginning of which we indicate the start date of the work of this machine at the facility, and at the end - the end date. The shift in the work of construction machines and mechanisms at the facility in the schedule of their movement is reflected in the number of parallel lines.