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Trust examples of enterprises. Types of associations of organizations

On the initial stage the process of creating an enterprise, it is necessary to determine the form of organization and correctly draw up the documentation. Individual entrepreneurs, small businesses, large firms, huge corporations - everyone started with this.

Carrying out its activities, commercial or not, any company is guided by its interests and plans, but, of course, not a single area can do without competition, which not everyone likes. To be the first in their industry and develop it, enterprises can join forces and form a kind of alliance called a syndicate.

What is a syndicate

Initially, this was the name of trade unions - associations of workers in one specific area. When it became difficult for them to promote and protect their interests, they united in one structure. But later this term acquired a slightly different meaning, which is still relevant today.

The syndicate is commercial form organization of activities aimed at uniting companies operating in the same field. In other words, a monopoly.

Firms that have entered into a syndicate, in whole or in part, lose their freedom of action in the market. Simply put, one large corporation controls the sale of a particular product and dictates its terms to the members of the association.

Examples

Companies do not always voluntarily enter into a syndicate, examples of such unions prove this. At the end of the 19th century, a small company, De Beers, was founded in Africa, which is engaged in the extraction and sale of diamonds. Over time, the corporation grew and by the middle of the 20th century created a real international syndicate that controlled about 90% of the market. They dictated prices, and smaller companies were forced to join them in order to make any profit. Now, according to various estimates, the share of De Beers is 40-60%, but it is still a monopoly.

Banks also know what a syndicate is and sometimes form such alliances. Financial institutions jointly lend profitable projects, invest in various sectors of the economy and so on. For those who act in concert, the risk of losing capital is much lower. But those who receive funds have little choice, because there is one big player in the market, and the opportunity to find more profitable terms no.

Criminal groups can also create their own syndicate. It makes no sense to consider examples, because it is already clear what such an organization does.

Management Features and Benefits

The owners of large corporations understand what a syndicate is and what power it has. With a significant share of the market presence, they can begin to dictate their terms. Then smaller companies are left with two development options - either try to fight, which rarely ends well, or enter into an alliance.

Some might say that it's easier to buy up small firms, but there are antitrust laws. Regulatory state structures will not allow it to be done when the market share of one company reaches a certain value. And the syndicate is harder to fight.

The creation of a syndicate is accompanied by an agreement under which the members of the association lose their independence in matters of marketing, but still remain the owners of their firms and make a profit. The head of the syndicate controls the entire process. The benefits of such an enterprise can be easily imagined, because almost complete control of a certain area of the economy brings huge profits. Such a monopoly is difficult to detect, because, in fact, there are several companies on the market, not just one.

Conclusion

A syndicate is a monopoly, and sole control of the market is bad. One of the foundations of economic development is competition; without it, such an important part of life will decline. When a sphere is controlled by one participant, development is hampered.

“Why produce something new or improve a product, because everyone buys everything” - the approximate logic of a monopolist's thinking. Accordingly, the consumer has no choice, and he is forced to be content with what he has. Of course, when creating a syndicate, you can be guided by good intentions, but in the end it will not lead to anything good.

Developed countries know what a syndicate is and are trying to create mechanisms to counter such organizations, although they are not always successful. But it is worth noting that in our time the situation is not as bad as it was in previous years, and improvements are taking place, which means there is hope for a positive outcome.

). At a later time, a syndicate is an organizational form of a monopolistic association, in which the companies included in it lose their commercial domestic independence, but retain legal and industrial freedom of action. In other words, in a syndicate selling products, the distribution of orders is carried out centrally.

Were widespread in pre-revolutionary Russia. International syndicates sprang up. A classic example is the De Beers diamond syndicate, which has concentrated in its hands the sale of almost all rough diamonds mined in the world. Russia, like many other countries, is forced to cooperate with this syndicate. So far, he has the ability to put pressure on outsiders who are trying to trade in diamonds on their own, up to their complete ousting from the market. In many countries of the world, laws have been passed against any form of monopoly associations that have an inhibitory effect on the development of the economy.

Currently in Russian the word syndicate may refer to the following:

group of financial institutions
trade unions
a closed community of professionals in the field of website promotion and development
team participating in the America's Cup

Word syndicate may also have the following synonyms:

- (from syndic). 1) position, rank, place, dwelling place of the syndic. 2) a society of persons who are entrusted with the management or management of any business. 3) a society of capitalists pooling their capital for some industrial or commercial purpose. 4)… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

syndicate- a, m. syndicat, germ. Syndikat Gr. syndikos acting together. 1. One of the types of capitalist monopolies, a feature of which is an agreement on the joint sale of goods; highest form cartel. BAS 1. That is why there is no country where the exchange ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (syndicate) Lloyd's underwriting group, which jointly assumes insurance risk; each syndicate is run by a syndicate manager or agent. Names - members (names) in the syndicate assume an agreed share ... ... Glossary of business terms

Genre Historical adventure film Director Mark Orlov Scriptwriter Mark Orlov, Edgar Smirnov, Vasily Ardamatsky V& ... Wikipedia

syndicate- 1. A group of banks, insurance companies, building contractors, etc., which unite to work on a large project (see also: syndicated loan (syndicated loan)). 2. The Lloyds Underwriting Group, which jointly accepts… … Technical Translator's Handbook

- (from lat. sindicatus, sindicus attorney, representative) 1) an association of enterprises that produce homogeneous products, created in the interests of organizing the collective marketing of such products through a single trading network. The syndicate establishes a common ... ... Economic dictionary

Cartel, consortium; association Dictionary of Russian synonyms. syndicate noun, number of synonyms: 3 gang (22) … Synonym dictionary

- (gr. syndikos acting together) 1) a cartel-type agreement, providing that its participants sell their goods through a single trading office (usually created in the form of a joint-stock company or a limited company ... ... Law Dictionary

- (medieval lat. syndicatus from late lat. syndicus attorney, representative), one of the forms of association of enterprises engaged in common commercial activities (pricing, purchase of raw materials, marketing of products, etc.) while maintaining ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Syndicate- organizational form of association, distinctive feature which is the conclusion of an agreement between enterprises of the same industry to control the sale of products and the purchase of raw materials in order to obtain monopoly profits. The enterprises included in the syndicate retain their production and legal independence, but at the same time lose their commercial independence. Sales of products by all participants of the syndicate is carried out through a single body - the sales office. This achieves the sale of all homogeneous products at monopolistically high prices. The sales office accepts the products of enterprises at prices set in advance by the syndicate.

The functions of the sales office may also include the concentration of all orders with their subsequent distribution among the parties to the agreement in strict accordance with the established quotas. In addition, the syndicate may purchase raw materials for its members under a monopoly low prices. Thus, the concentration of trading operations allows syndicate participants to directly benefit from the purchase of raw materials at low prices and the sale of products at overpriced prices, as well as to dictate prices on the market, carry out commodity dumping, etc.

Syndicates are usually formed in the form joint-stock companies. Along with individual enterprises, individual trusts and concerns may be participants in the syndicate. The latter began to play a dominant role in syndicates in the later stages of their development, which was caused by the need to strengthen control over small and medium-sized enterprises in the domestic market, as well as to expand into foreign market. Syndicates enter into competition with firms that produce similar products, with outsider enterprises. The relationship between the parties to the agreement is also competitive in nature, manifested, in particular, in the struggle for orders and quotas, which ultimately leads to the weakening of the syndicate and often to its collapse.

Syndicates were most widespread in Russia, Germany, France at the beginning of the 20th century. One of the first monopolistic associations in Russia was the sugar factory syndicate, formed in 1887. In the period 1900–1903. a number of major syndicates in heavy industry arose. In the USSR, during the NEP period, the syndicate was viewed as a voluntary union of state industrial trusts, based on an agreement between them.

IN modern conditions the syndicate as a form of monopolistic association of a single-industry profile is losing its significance, giving way to more complex and flexible forms - conglomerates, corporations, concerns.

TrustIt is generally accepted to consider the association of ownership and management of enterprises of one or several industries that completely lose their industrial and commercial independence. Trusts are usually formed in the form of a joint stock company. Entrepreneurs - owners of enterprises, joining the trust, become its shareholders, while their enterprises are subject to a single management.

At the head of the trust is a board that manages production, marketing of products, financial transactions all enterprises included in the association. Each member of the trust receives a certain block of shares in accordance with his share of the capital. Accordingly, he receives the right to participate in the affairs of the trust and to a certain share of the profits. A higher concentration of capital than in a cartel and a syndicate provides the trust with an increase in the level of competitiveness, and its participants with higher profits. However, the incompleteness of the process of centralization of capital in the trust is expressed in the distribution of total profit in accordance with equity participation each member of the agreement, which prevents the creation of a single investment fund.

Trusts have varieties. According to the level of merger, trusts can be divided into associations of completely merged enterprises and into associations, the participants of which retain formal independence while actually subordinating to the head financial center - the holding company. Control over the enterprises included in the trust ensures the possession of a controlling stake or a special trust certificate. In addition, trusts can be formed from enterprises of one or different, related industries (vertical trust), representing a kind of combines. Combines have advantages over other types of associations. First, mill revenues are more sustainable due to business combinations. various industries and possibilities of varying material, financial and other resources. Secondly, the possibility of creating technological chains for the production finished products and the resulting reduction in costs leads to an increase in the profits of the association.

In the past, trusts in Russia became widespread in the sugar, metallurgical and some other industries, and in construction. International trusts were also created. To restrict certain types of activities of trusts in the industrial developed countries West introduced antitrust laws. Under the influence of antitrust legislation, the forms of monopolies have changed. Trusts were replaced by concerns, conglomerates and other, more advanced forms of associations. In modern conditions, trusts have lost their significance as an organizational form of industrial management.

CONSORTIUM - a temporary union of economically independent firms, the purpose of which may be different types of their coordinated business activities, more often for a joint struggle for obtaining orders and their joint execution.

Features of consortiums:

1) the organization of the consortium is formalized by agreement;

2) a consortium may be created with or without the formation of a legal entity;

3) the participants do not form any organizational structures, with the exception of a small apparatus (for example, the board of directors of the consortium);

4) the companies included in the consortium fully retain their economic and legal independence, with the exception of that part of the activity that is related to the achievement of the goals of the consortium;

5) often consortiums are non-profit organizations;

6) the purpose of consortiums is to combine efforts for the implementation of a specific project;

7) companies can simultaneously be members of several consortiums, because may be involved in several projects.

Consortiums can be closed or open. IN closed consortium the customer company concludes a contract with each participant separately. At education open consortium all its participants are subordinate to the common leader in the part related to the goals of the consortium and are jointly and severally liable for the obligations of the consortium within the limits of their participation shares.

POOL- a form of association of companies, characterized in that the profit of all participants in the pool goes to a common fund (boiler) and then is distributed among them according to a predetermined proportion.

Pool features:

1) this is one of the forms of monopolistic associations of companies, a kind of cartels;

2) association of companies in the form of pools is usually temporary;

3) rules for the distribution of general expenses and profits are established within the pool.

In world practice, you can find the following types of pools:

Exchange Pool - Union financial resources to increase or decrease the price of shares on the stock exchange and in the speculative game on the difference in rates.

"Concrete" pool- an association of investors directing their investments to a specific object.

Patent pool- an agreement between more than two companies on the mutual use of a patent.

Trading pool- an association in which the participants agree on the accumulation and delay in the warehouses of any product until the moment most favorable for its sale at increased prices as a result of an artificially created shortage.

SYNDICATE - an association of homogeneous industrial enterprises created for the purpose of marketing products through a common sales office, organized in the form of a special trading company or partnership, with which each of the participants in the syndicate concludes an agreement on the sale of their products that is identical in its terms.

Syndicate Features:

1) preservation by the participants of the syndicate of legal, industrial, but limitation of commercial independence;

2) this is a kind of cartel agreement. Syndicates make it possible to eliminate internal competition among its members;

3) centralization of sales of products, organization of sales of products of its participants through a single sales body.

4) the syndicate members sometimes retain their own sales network, which is closely connected with the syndicate sales office or company;

5) often through a syndicate sales office or marketing company also purchases of raw materials for syndicate participants.

The form of a syndicate is most common in industries with mass homogeneous products: mining, chemical.

Cartel is an association of entrepreneurs based on a cartel agreement, which establishes binding conditions for all participants: in terms of production volume, prices, market share, etc. Cartel participants retain their legal and economic independence and operate on the basis of a cartel agreement.

Cartel- an association, as a rule, of firms in the same industry that enter into an agreement with each other regarding various parties commercial activities companies, an agreement on prices, sales markets, volumes of production and sales, on the assortment, exchange of patents, terms of employment work force etc.

As for the organizational structure, cartels never have a pronounced dominant link. Agreements are reached as a result of meetings and agreements of the management production structures that retain their independence. Macrostructures of the cartel type are found in all countries of the world. However, due to the development of antimonopoly (anti-cartel) legislation, there are no longer such cartels that were formed at the beginning of the 20th century. Now the agreement on the formation of a cartel is practically not formalized by a contract in writing. Cartel agreements often exist behind the scenes, in the form of secret articles supplementing any official text, or in the oral form of "gentleman's agreements". Firms entering into a cartel agreement retain their legal, financial, production and commercial independence. It is about spreading a covert form of cartels.

The cartel is characterized by the presence of the following features:

the contractual nature of the association (conspiracy of a group of producers to completely or partially eliminate competition between them and obtain monopoly profits);
preservation of the ownership right of cartel participants to their enterprises and the economic, financial and legal independence ensured by this;
consolidation of a number of companies, usually in the same industry;
joint activities for the sale of products, which may apply to a certain extent to its production;
the presence of a system of enforcement, including the identification of violations and sanctions against violators.

In accordance with the antimonopoly legislation in most countries, cartel agreements, with the exception of certain industries (primarily Agriculture), are prohibited and a permissive procedure for their activities has been established in the presence of special conditions. As a rule, cartels associated with price fixing, market division and limitation of output and production capacity are prohibited by law, i.e. those concerted measures that aim to distort or restrict competition.

The ban on the creation of cartels can be lifted for:

cartels with a small market share (for example, within the European Union: if the market share covered by the agreement does not exceed 5% of the production of a certain product and the average annual turnover of the companies participating in the agreement does not exceed 200 million ecu);
cartels whose activities are based on the development of a new market;
cartels that benefit the economy of the entire country, such as promoting technological progress;
"crisis" cartels, reducing, for example, excess production capacity.

In the countries of Western Europe, where there is special legislation dividing cartels into "desirable" and "harmful", there are hundreds of officially registered cartel agreements, not counting those that exist without registration. In the US, cartels are illegal. Their functions are performed by commercial and industrial associations (unions of entrepreneurs), which carry out inter-company regulation of the market on an industry-wide scale.

In world practice, the following types of cartels are distinguished:

1. money cartel, which approves uniform prices along with equal terms of supply and payments (horizontal price links).

2. Share cartel:

quota cartel (product cartel), which allocates to each of its participants a quota for the sale of products in accordance with production capacities. Purposeful regulation of supply through quotas allows cartels to control prices in the goods market;
a territorial cartel that allocates sales territories to each enterprise and excludes mutual competition.

3. Purchasing cartel- monopoly agreement of several enterprises, firms, corporations on the purchase of raw materials and goods a certain kind, varieties and so on in the interests of all cartel members in order to bring down purchase prices.

4. Calculation cartel, whose participants agree on the same structure and the same content of the calculations.

5. Conditioning cartel, which determines the conditions for the sale of goods.

6. contingent cartel that establishes appropriate quotas (contingents) for its participants.

7. crisis cartel, which is created during a persistent decline in demand (crisis cartel structure) or a temporary reduction in sales (crisis cartel market conditions) to limit competition. In the context of a decline in production, cartels of this type are able to plan their own actions.

8. patent cartel, which determines the direction of sharing (or non-use) of any technical invention.

9. Manufacturing cartel, which sets the volume (quotas) of production for each participant.

10. Regional cartel A that defines sales areas.

11. Price cartel, which sets the prices of the goods for the participants.

A more advanced form of cartel includes not only price fixing and co-marketing, but also limiting production by assigning output quotas to individual producers and coordinated regulation (i.e., eliminating excess production capacity or increasing it).

There are a number of factors that determine cartel efficiency. First of all, it is participation in the organizational form integration of the companies of the main producers of these products and their agreement with the policy of the cartel. Denial of participation in the cartel by some leading manufacturers and deception practiced by individual cartel members, together with the ability of the buyer to switch to substitute products, can undermine the cartel's control over the price of products.

The cartel model is an extreme case of a cooperative oligopoly

cartel model- is an extreme case of cooperative.

Cartel can be defined as a formal organization of sellers (producers) in order to limit competitive forces in the market. The cartel suggests open collusion between sellers regarding:

the principle of price setting;
division of sales markets;
production and sales quotas of participants;
exchange of patents and other information of commercial interest.

Cartels can have both National nature (i.e. combine enterprises of the same country), and international nature (combination of enterprises different countries, so called commodity associations exporters and producers of raw materials). Among the most famous cartels of the second type can be called (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). In the domestic market in many countries, cartels are now illegal, and if formed, they operate illegally.

the main goal The formation of a cartel is to obtain monopoly profits by its participants through collusion.

Let's consider the essence and consequences of the cartel's activity on a graphical model. We introduce several simplifying assumptions.

Two firms compete in the market (situation duopolies), market demand is constant and has the form linear function, firms produce homogeneous products and have same costs(MC1=MC2). Given these assumptions, the cartel model can be represented as in Fig. 7.4.

Rice. 7.4. cartel model

If firms are in a tight state, then the lowest possible price is equal to the competitive price (Pc) and is determined by the intersection point of the demand curve D and the curve marginal cost MS. At a price of Pc, duopolists (like perfect competitors) will have in long term zero economic profit.

If, however, the firms in question form a cartel and limit their output to Qm to maximize their total profit, then the optimal cartel price (monopoly price) is Pm. This is the maximum possible price given the market demand for the volume offered, which provides the cartel members with a monopoly profit.

Since the combined profits of the cartelized enterprises are higher than originally, they are interested in such an agreement. However, after the conclusion of a cartel agreement, any cartel faces internal and external problems.

The first group of problems(internal) refers to the coordination of conflicting interests between members of the cartel (sharing the market, setting a single price, etc.) and monitoring compliance with the agreement. The second group of problems (external) concerns the problem of competition with manufacturing firms that are not members of the cartel.

Let's consider these problems one by one. When organizing a cartel, all participating firms bear the costs of concluding a transaction. Exists whole line factors that make it difficult to conclude such agreements (they will be discussed below). However, in many markets, the potential profit of a cartel can be so significant that it encourages its conclusion.

At the same time, as soon as a cartel agreement is reached and a monopoly price is established, each participant in the agreement is interested in a covert violation of the established rules of the game, because this increases his individual profit. In other words, the main difficulty of the cartel agreement is not in its conclusion, but in its implementation.. If all members of the cartel violate the established prices and quotas, this will lead to a drop in the market price to a competitive level and, as a result, to the collapse of the cartel. The success of the cartel depends on the ability to detect and stop fraud. That is why any cartel agreement necessarily provides for a number of measures to detect and prevent fraud between its members.

Basic control measures:

limiting the points of shipment of cartel products;
work with a small number of large buyers;
fines (the level of fines should be high enough to prevent fraud, and at the same time, low enough not to scare firms away from the cartel);
limiting the production quota;
generating income (which is distributed among all members of the cartel on the basis of a specially developed formula);
punishment in kind (when, in response to deceit, cartel members immediately increase their production volumes and lower prices). This measure is considered effective if only it is possible to quickly detect fraud. Otherwise, the violating firm manages to make a significant profit before incurring the costs of punishment.

But even if all participating firms behave honestly (which is unlikely), there remains a threat of competition from:

external firms producing similar products;
new substitute products for cartel products.

In real oligopolistic markets, there is a whole range of factors that prevent and favor the formation of a cartel.

Factors that determine the effectiveness of the cartel:

The effectiveness of acting in the country.

In an environment where cartels are illegal, firms cannot enter into explicit agreements, but are forced to negotiate secretly. This increases the risk of joining the cartel and the likelihood of a certain number of firms not joining the cartel. If the cartels are legal and firms can openly meet and discuss mutual problems, the risk is reduced and the number of non-aligned firms is reduced to a minimum.

The number of sellers and manufacturers of products.

The smaller the number of firms operating in the market, the easier it is for them to agree. Conversely, as the number of oligopolists expands, the costs of forming a cartel increase, the likelihood that one or two firms will not join the agreement increases, and this reduces monopoly power formed cartel.

Homogeneity of products and comparability of costs.

If firms produce homogeneous products and their costs are identical, it is easier for them to accept a cartel agreement. On the contrary, strong product differentiation and cost differences make it difficult to develop consistent solutions.

Stability and predictability of demand.

The stability and predictability of demand makes it easier for firms to make cartel decisions. A significant and unpredictable change in demand volumes destabilizes the market situation and makes negotiations difficult.

Relationships between cartel members.

The more friendly and benevolent the heads of firms are, the easier it is for them to come to an agreement. And vice versa, disagreements between market participants make it difficult to reach an agreement (Thus, due to political differences, an agreement was not concluded between South Africa and the USSR on the export of gold at one time.)