That has never been used for writing before. Early writing and writing tools

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

All questions and answers:

Leonid Yakubovich and Alexander Rosenbaum

Fireproof amount: 200,000 rubles.

1. What is the name of a long-distance driver?

· Shooter · bombardier · truck driver Sniper

2. What effect is said to be produced by buying an expensive item?

Clicks on a purse

· hits the pocket

Shoots at the wallet

Spanks on a credit card

3. What is the name of the piglet, the hero of the popular cartoon?

Frantik Fintik Fantik Funtik 4. How did the slogan of the socialist era end: "The current generation of Soviet people will live ..."?

Do not grieve

· happily ever after

· under communism

· on Mars

5. What, according to the laws of physics, does lifting force?

Hook tower crane

· airplane wing

Wake-up call

Production growth

6. What is the name of the property warehouse in the military unit?

Brazier

Steam room

· locker

· Dryer

7. What part of ginger is most commonly used in cooking?

· root

Stem

8. How many millimeters are in a kilometer?

· ten thousand

· one hundred thousand

· million

· ten millions

9. What "flared up" in the verses from the movie "Jolly Fellows"?

· iron

Cigarette

10. Where do the ashes of American astronomer Eugene Shoemaker lie?

· on Mars

On Jupiter

· on the moon

· on the ground

11. With what pain did the poet Gerich Heine compare love?

With the head

With lumbar

· with a dental

With phantom

12. What position did Shota Rustaveli hold at the court of Queen Tamara?

· treasurer

Court poet

Chief vizier

The winnings of the players amounted to 200,000 rubles.

Alexander Revva and Vera Brezhneva

Fireproof amount: 200,000 rubles.

1.Where is jam usually put during tea drinking?

· into the socket

In the plug

In an extension cord

In tee

2. What do they say: "Not dawn"?

About an extinct fire

· about early morning

About the ended fireworks

About burnt-out traffic jams

3. What card suit is often called "hearts"?

· hearts

4. What are Internet data warehouses?

· cloudy

Obese

Rain

Rainbow

5, the site reports. What became the home of the heroes of the famous Beatles song?

Blue trolleybus

· yellow Submarine

Green train

Last train

6. What hasn't been used for writing in the past?

Papyrus

· boomazey

Parchment

· clay tablets

7. What does the silver spider fill its underwater nest with?

Flies' wings

Algae

· air bubbles

Pearls

8. What liquid is usually not poured into?

In retort

In a wineskin

In anchor

· in a tube

9. What could the cloak of Doctor Strange, the hero of movies and comics, do?

· talk

· fire

Make the owner invisible

· fly

10. Which of these poetic forms is the smallest in terms of the number of lines?

· quatrain

Onegin stanza

11. Who is not featured on Iceland's coat of arms?

· polar bear

The players won 0 rubles.

Almost as long as there is a person, there are letters. The man felt a great desire to send his letter to others. But before people learned to write, they asked for help from messengers or friends, so that they could pass on any information to another person.

But only after the invention of writing, people could transmit their thoughts to another person without intermediaries.

In ancient Egypt, messages were tightly wound on a special stick, and they were written on papyrus. After writing, they gave this stick to the messenger, who took it to the recipient. People already understood the importance of communicating information at that time. The messengers were protected by a special law and enjoyed privileges. Messengers from ancient Greece enjoyed similar rights.

In ancient Rome, road networks developed very well, and people came up with faster transport and the addressees received letters much faster, and people began to move faster.

But then it was still very far before the advent of a special postal service. Only when many roads were built and trade between countries began to develop, people began to seriously think about the post office.

Special stations for changing horses were set up on the roads, a person could replace his tired horse with an already rested one. Also, various carts and carriages appeared near the stations. Of course, they transported letters, cargo and people. Special postal service appeared in a number of European countries. Letters were put in bags, on which they wrote where to deliver them, after which they were given to the carrier.

Of course, their delivery was irregular and very slow. Everything depended on the condition of the roads and the condition of the drivers. Letters were transported more slowly in summer and faster in winter. Only after the postal service also began to carry out the transportation of letters, the work immediately went faster.

"Unclear in the wake of distant letters"

"And in these letters we are looking for

The distant years are now an obscure trace. "

Peter Davydov

Reading in the archive old letters of the 19th century, diaries and various documents, one involuntarily draws attention to all sorts of seemingly trifles: on what paper they wrote, with what ink, what was the envelope, is the stamp beautiful. And how interesting it is to look at different state seals on important documents, for example, on rescripts of sovereigns or on foreign passports, on counts' wills.

Particularly interesting are personal monograms in letters and small seals, which, together with high-quality paper and ink, and even the owner's beautiful handwriting, can make ordinary writing an object of aesthetic pleasure. Even so! Gradually, you realize that all these little things have their own aesthetics, which in the 19th century was not neglected.

The Orlov-Davydov archive is interesting to consider, they greater importance gave outward appearance your letters. The paper was usually High Quality, most often fawn, with a rib. It has not faded and is well preserved. The ink has not lost its brightness. “Today they have covered seven sheets of beautiful Luchirov's paper,” Vladimir Vladimirovich Orlov-Davydov writes in his diary of 1862. Even since the Caucasian war, he asks his mother to send him and his brother a paper, because it is over, and he does not want to borrow from someone.

Let's get out of a small envelope, about 12x7 cm, a cherished letter from someone from the Orlov-Davydovs. In the upper left corner on paper, a small (1 cm) imprint of the personal monogram of the count or countess

There was a special tool for such impressions. He is listed in the inventory of things of one of the Orlov-Davydovs. Each of them had their own stamp seals with a personal monogram. Such monogram seals usually had graceful handles, looked like a real work of art, they were given for a date or just to bring a little joy. In one of his letters from 1885, the young count thanks his mother for a nice personal seal sent to him the day before. He promises to wear it everywhere on a chain.

Vladimir Petrovich Orlov-Davydov always wore a ring with the count's coat of arms on a green stone on his finger. He used them to seal personal letters. He also had a "large dining room seal with a coat of arms and monogram, made in England" for a special important documents.

Imprint of the seal with the coat of arms of Count Orlov-Davydov.

Count Vladimir Petrovich Orlov-Davydov with a green signet ring on his finger.

For his mother, Natalya Vladimirovna Davydova, the Italian master Cerbara carved her profile on the carnelian for her personal seal. In the first quarter of the 19th century, carnelian prints were very common, as were the skilled stone carvers. Among the things in the inventory of the Orlov-Davydovs, there was also "a seal with ancient carnelian carving in the form of a cupid threading a needle."

Carnelian carved signet rings.

Natalya Vladimirovna Davydova, nee Countess Orlova, mother of Vladimir Petrovich.

The Moscow archives have preserved personal diaries Count Vladimir Petrovich Orlov-Davydov. These are more than 30 thick notebooks in dense leather binding with embossing and the count's personal monogram. The more beautiful and high-quality a notebook or notebook for notes, the more likely it is to keep them. A hand will not rise to destroy such beauty and goodness. The diaries of the Count's sons were usually kept in small pocket notebooks made of genuine leather with embossing and a silver clasp on the side. Such things are pleasant to hold in hands, even after centuries. Having seen all this beauty, I even became interested in a special science sphragistics... This is the science of seals, stamps, gems, impressions.

The first seals, it turns out, appeared a very long time ago, even before our era. In Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, they were made of stone. Holy Roman Emperors used red sealing wax for seals . It was very expensive even for kings and was used for the most important documents. Sometimes, to save money, only the middle of the seal was made of red sealing wax, the rest was made of unpainted wax.

In England, kings used green, red, black, yellow, brown sealing wax or wax, each for its own kind of seals, the king had several of them at once.

Rules were gradually developed: in the 17th century, green sealing wax was used on documents on the granting of rights or ordinary charters, red for seals on international treaties, yellow for unimportant papers, and unpainted white wax for the most insignificant letters.

But in France, the royal power traditionally used for important documents green sealing wax... The color of the print was taken very seriously. Sealing an important treaty with a yellow seal meant showing contempt for the other side.

Interesting facts: Charles V's favorite dentist submitted a petition and received from the emperor the right to be the only person who used blue seal. The sizes of the seals were also different, one of the smallest seals was that of Siegbert III (Austrasia) - 1 cm in diameter. One of the largest was the seal of the Russian Emperor Alexander II in 1856 - 26 cm in diameter.

Paper stamp of Emperor Alexander II.

In Russia, seals have been known since the 10th century. They confirmed the princely agreements. The seal of Prince Izyaslav Vladimirovich of the 10th - 11th centuries was found in Novgorod. Old seals before the 15th century were hanging, i.e. were hung on the document. Later, applied seals appeared. Clay, metal, wax, wax-mastic, sealing wax and even paper were used for seals.

The descriptions of the seals were paid attention to by N.M. Karamzin in "History of the Russian State".

Lead Hanging Seal (From Numismatics Portal)

Old princely hanging seal (From the Numismatics portal).

History of "fake" seals.

The remarkable linden plant was offended by making it a symbol of deception. Why?

"It's a clear lime tree!" - Someone is indignant, looking at the dubious document. "He brought a phony certificate." The seals were usually made of copper or semi-precious stone.

But there were swindlers who forged various letters (documents) giving the right to a lucrative position, inheritance, and receiving money from the treasury. Dashing people copied the text of the letter and the signature easily, but with the seal it was more difficult. It is difficult to engrave on copper, this activity required skill and special tools, and metal is expensive too. Fake printing has been used once or twice, so it is more profitable to make it from a cheap and easy-to-process material. This material was just linden.

This is an old real wax seal.

How did the word "Facsimile" appear?

The mysterious Parisian forger, nicknamed Facsimile, worked as a restorer and studied the pigments used by the 17th century artists. Therefore, he began to paint still lifes and sell them to lovers, posing as paintings by famous authors. Experts, having seen his work, recognized them as originals. Then the owners of art galleries began to contact Facsimile with a request to prepare "originals" for them. Facsimile, sensing the impending danger, was forced to leave the city.

Monogram of Count Sergei Vladimirovich Orlov-Davydov.

Personal monogram on the letter.

Nina Simonenko spoke about old letters, seals and monograms.

I got some information about seals from various Internet sources.

Hello dear readers of the Sprint-Answer website. Today is Saturday, which means we can watch the game on Channel One. All questions and answers of today's TV game can be found from full article by following the link above. And in this article we will look at the sixth question for the players of the second part of the game. After all, it was he who caused the first difficulties with the answer from Vera Brezhneva and Alexander Revva.

What hasn't been used for writing in the past?

Players had to choose an answer from the proposed options: papyrus, bumazeye, parchment and clay tablets. The correct answer is traditionally highlighted in blue and bold. In the meantime, we will consider the proposed answer options in more detail.

Papyrus(ancient Greek πάπῡρος, lat. papyrus), or bíblios (ancient Greek βιβλίος) - writing material that was widespread in Egypt in antiquity, and later throughout the entire space of the ancient world. For the manufacture of papyrus, a wetland plant of the same name (Cyperus papyrus), belonging to the Sedo family, was used.

Boomazeya(English Bombazine from French bombasin, from Italian bambagia - cotton) is a dense cotton fabric of twill, less often plain weave with a fleece on one, usually seamy side. The black bombazine was once used for funeral clothing, but the material fell out of fashion by the early 20th century.

Parchment(in works on history and source studies, usually pergamen) (German Pergament, from the Greek Πέργαμον, Pergamon) - material for writing from raw animal skin (before the invention of paper).

Clay tablet(tuppum, plural - tuppum) - this is one of the first material foundations for the book, which appeared around 3500 BC. Clay and its derivatives (shards, ceramics) were probably the most ancient material for books.

Thus, the correct answer suggests itself, because the above information is sufficient for certain conclusions.

6. What hasn't been used for writing in the past?

• papyrus
• boomazey
• parchment
• clay tablets