The use of electricity in transport presentation. Production and use of electricity

slide presentation

Slide text: Production, transmission and use of electrical energy. Developed by: N.V.Gruzintseva. Krasnoyarsk

Slide text: Project goal: Understanding the production, transmission and use of electrical energy. Project objectives to consider: Generation of electrical energy. Transformers. Production and use of electrical energy. Electricity transmission. Efficient use of electricity.

Slide text: Introduction: Electric current is generated in generators-devices that convert energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. Generators include: Galvanic cells. electrostatic batteries. Thermopile. Solar panels. etc.

Slide text: If a body or several interacting bodies (a system of bodies) can do work, then they say that they have energy. Energy is a physical quantity that shows how much work a body (or several bodies) can do. Energy is expressed in the SI system in the same units as work, i.e. in joules.

Slide text: Electromechanical induction alternators predominate. Mechanical energy Electrical energy To obtain a large magnetic flux in generators, a special magnetic system is used, consisting of: Stator; Generator; Rings; Turbine; Frame; Rotor; brushes; Pathogen.

Slide text: AC conversion, in which the voltage increases or decreases several times with virtually no power loss, is carried out using transformers. Transformer device: Closed steel core assembled from plates; Two (sometimes more) coils with wire windings. primary, secondary, applied to the source, an alternating voltage is connected to it. load, i.e. appliances and devices that consume electricity.

Slide text: Energy source at thermal power plants: coal, gas, oil, fuel oil, oil shale, coal dust. Provide 40% electricity. Internal Energy wires TPP CONSUMER

Slide text: Hydroelectric power plants use the potential energy of water to rotate the rotors of generators. Provide 20% electricity. HPP CONSUMER Internal energy of wires

Slide text: industry transport industrial and domestic needs mechanical energy ELECTRICITY

Slide #10

Slide text: Power stations in a number of regions of the country are connected by high-voltage power lines, forming a common electrical circuit to which consumers are connected. Such an association is called a power system. Electricity transmission. noticeable losses Consumer transformer voltage goes down; transformer voltage increases; current decreases.

The history of electricity The first electric charge was discovered by Thales of Miletus as early as 600 BC. e. He noticed that amber, rubbed on a piece of wool, acquires amazing properties attract light non-electrified objects (fluff and pieces of paper). The term "electricity" was first introduced by the English scientist Tudor Gilbert, in his book "On magnetic properties, magnetic bodies and about the great magnet Earth. In his book, he proved that not only amber, but also other substances have the property of being electrified. And in the middle of the 17th century, the well-known scientist Otto von Guericke created an electrostatic machine in which he discovered the property of charged objects to repel each other. So the basic concepts in the electricity section began to appear. On the history of electricity. Already in 1729, the French physicist Charles Dufay established the existence of two types of charges. He called such charges “glassy” and “resinous”, but soon, the German scientist Georg Lichtenberg introduced the concept of negatively and positively charged charges. And in 1745, the first electric capacitor in history, the so-called Leiden jar, was made. But the opportunity to formulate the basic concepts and discoveries in the science of electricity was possible only when quantitative research appeared. Then began the time of discovery of the basic laws of electricity. The law of interaction of electronic charges was discovered in 1785 by the French scientist Charles Coulomb using the system of torsion balances he created.

Thomas Edison inspecting a Detroit Electric car. The electric car was mass-produced from 1907 to 1927, more copies were produced. The maximum speed was 32 km / h, the range on a single battery charge was 130 km.

Lightning unveiled the lightning-fast electric sports car Lightning GT at the British Motor Show in London. The sporty Lightning GT has over 700 hp. and accelerates to 100 km / h in 4 seconds. The maximum speed is about 210 km/h. The car received an environmental rating due to the absence of emissions into the atmosphere

The car is driven by motors mounted in the wheels, which makes it possible to better transmit torque and eliminate the transmission, clutch and brake system. During braking, the motors work as generators, charging the batteries, while creating resistance, due to which braking occurs.

Weighing 300 kg (including rider), the Xof1 is equipped with a 96 volt electric motor and is powered by a 3.8 kW lithium-ion battery. It can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 6 seconds, has a top speed of 75 mph, and has enough battery life to go 125 miles.

Electricity use The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction.

About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electric heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.). Modern civilization is unthinkable without the widespread use of electricity. Power failure big city in an accident paralyzes his life.

Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and water resources. Electricity cannot be conserved on a large scale. It must be consumed immediately upon receipt. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances.

Energy transfer is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that electric current heats the wires of power lines. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula where R is the line resistance.

Since the current power is proportional to the product of the current strength and voltage, in order to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. The longer the transmission line, the more advantageous it is to use a higher voltage. So, in the high-voltage transmission line Volzhskaya HPP - Moscow and some others use a voltage of 500 kV. Meanwhile, alternating current generators are built for voltages not exceeding kV.

Higher voltage would require complex special measures to isolate the windings and other parts of the generators. Therefore, step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. For the direct use of electricity in the motors of the electric drive of machine tools, in the lighting network and for other purposes, the voltage at the ends of the line must be reduced. This is achieved using step-down transformers.

V Lately, due to environmental issues, the shortage of fossil fuels and its uneven geographical distribution, it becomes expedient to generate electricity using wind turbines, solar panels, small gas generators

Electricity use The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction.

About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electric heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.). Modern civilization is unthinkable without the widespread use of electricity. The disruption of the power supply of a large city in an accident paralyzes his life.

Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and water resources. Electricity cannot be conserved on a large scale. It must be consumed immediately upon receipt. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances.

Energy transfer is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that electric current heats the wires of power lines. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula where R is the line resistance.

Since the current power is proportional to the product of the current strength and voltage, in order to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. The longer the transmission line, the more advantageous it is to use a higher voltage. So, in the high-voltage transmission line Volzhskaya HPP - Moscow and some others use a voltage of 500 kV. Meanwhile, alternating current generators are built for voltages not exceeding kV.

Higher voltage would require complex special measures to isolate the windings and other parts of the generators. Therefore, step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. For the direct use of electricity in the motors of the electric drive of machine tools, in the lighting network and for other purposes, the voltage at the ends of the line must be reduced. This is achieved using step-down transformers.

Recently, due to environmental problems, the scarcity of fossil fuels and their uneven geographical distribution, it becomes expedient to generate electricity using wind turbines, solar panels, small gas generators.

Electrical energy has undeniable advantages before all other forms of energy. It can be transmitted over wires over long distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy with the help is enough simple devices easily transform into any other forms: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy. Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other forms of energy. It can be transmitted over wires over long distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that with the help of fairly simple devices, this energy can be easily converted into any other forms: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy.

Advantage of electric energy Can be transferred by wires Can be transferred by wires Can be transformed Can be transformed Easily converted into other types of energy Easily converted into other types of energy Easily obtained from other types of energy Easily obtained from other types of energy

Generator - A device that converts energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. A device that converts some form of energy into electrical energy. Generators include galvanic cells, electrostatic machines, thermobatteries, solar panels Generators include galvanic cells, electrostatic machines, thermobatteries, solar panels

Generator Operation Energy can be generated either by rotating a coil in the field of a permanent magnet, or by placing the coil in a changing magnetic field (rotate the magnet, leaving the coil stationary). Energy can be generated either by rotating the coil in the field of a permanent magnet, or by placing the coil in a changing magnetic field (rotate the magnet, leaving the coil motionless).

Significance of the generator in the production of electrical energy The most important parts of the generator are manufactured with great precision. Nowhere in nature is there such a combination of moving parts that could generate electrical energy so continuously and economically. The most important parts of the generator are made very accurately. Nowhere in nature is there such a combination of moving parts that could generate electrical energy so continuously and economically.

How is a transformer arranged? It consists of a closed steel core, assembled from plates, on which two coils with wire windings are put on. The primary winding is connected to an AC voltage source. A load is connected to the secondary winding.

Nuclear power plants produce 17% of world output. At the beginning of the 21st century, 250 nuclear power plants are in operation, 440 power units are in operation. Most of all the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Canada. Uranium concentrate (U3O8) is concentrated in the following countries: Canada, Australia, Namibia, USA, Russia. Nuclear power plants

Comparison of power plant types Types of power plants Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, kg Occupied area Clean water consumption m 3 Dirty water discharge, m 3 Environmental protection costs % CHP: coal 251.5600.530 CHP: fuel oil 150.8350 ,210 HPP NPP--900.550 WPP10--1 SPP-2--- BES10-200.210