Interesting properties of water presentation. Presentation project "Amazing properties of water
O At n.o. is a clear liquid, colorless, odorless and tasteless. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. is a clear liquid, colorless, odorless and tasteless. About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water 361.13 million km². Most of 361.13 million km². Most of the earth's water is salty and unsuitable for Agriculture and drink. Earth's water is salty and unsuitable for agriculture and drinking. The share of fresh water is about 2.5%, and 98.8% of this water is in glaciers and groundwater.
O Water on Earth can exist in three main states: o Water on Earth can exist in three main states: o Water is capable of dissolving many organic and inorganic substances. Because of the importance of water "as the source of life", it is often classified into types according to various principles. liquid gaseous solid
According to the peculiarities of origin, composition or application, they distinguish, among other things: Soft water and hard water according to the content of calcium and magnesium cations Soft water and hard water according to the content of calcium and magnesium cations According to the isotopes of the molecule: According to the isotopes of the molecule: Light water (almost corresponds to ordinary) Light water (almost the same as ordinary in composition) Heavy water (deuterium) Heavy water (deuterium) Superheavy water (tritium) Superheavy water (tritium) Dead water and living water types of water from fairy tales (with fabulous properties) Dead water and Living water types of water from fairy tales (with fabulous properties) Ice-nine (fictional material) Ice-nine (fictional material) Holy water special kind water according to religious teachings Holy water is a special type of water according to religious teachings Polyvod Polyvod Structured water is a term used in various non-academic theories. Structured water is a term used in various non-academic theories.
Fresh water Fresh water Rain water Rain water Sea water Sea water Ground water Ground water Mineral water Mineral water Brackish water Brackish water Drinking water, Tap water Drinking water, Tap water Distilled water and deionized water Distilled water and deionized water Waste water Waste water Storm water or surface water Storm water or surface water Pyrogen-free water Pyrogen-free water Snowmelt water Snowmelt water
Physical properties o Water in normal atmospheric conditions retains a liquid state of aggregation. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom forming an angle of 104.45°. Due to the large difference in the electronegativity of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, electron clouds are strongly shifted towards oxygen. For this reason, the water molecule is an active dipole, where the oxygen side is negative and the hydrogen side is positive.
O Each molecule is linked to four others by hydrogen bonds, two of them form an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The combination of these bonds between polar and hydrogen water molecules determines very high temperature its boiling point and specific heat of vaporization. As a result of these connections, a pressure of thousands of atmospheres arises in the aquatic environment, which explains the reason for the difficult compressibility of water, so with an increase in atmospheric pressure by 1 bar, water is compressed by 0.00005 of its initial volume.
O The structures of water and ice are very similar to each other. In water, as in ice, molecules try to arrange themselves in a certain order to form a structure, but thermal motion prevents this. At the temperature of transition to a solid state, the thermal motion of molecules no longer prevents the formation of a structure, and the water molecules are ordered, in the process of this, the volumes of voids between the molecules increase and the total density of water decreases, which explains the reason for the lower density of water in the ice phase.
O Evaporation breaks all bonds. Breaking bonds requires a lot of energy, which is why water has the highest specific heat capacity among other liquids and solids. It takes 4.1868 kJ of energy to heat one liter of water by one degree. Due to this property, water is often used as a coolant. However, the specific heat capacity of water, unlike other substances, is not constant: when heated from 0°C to 35°C, its specific heat capacity drops, while for other substances it is constant with temperature changes.
Temperature °С Specific heat capacity of water to J/(kg*K) -60 (ice) 1, (ice) 2, (ice) 2.22 0 (ice) 2.11 0 (pure water) 4.216
O Water also has a high surface tension among liquids, second only to mercury among liquids. there is only mercury in it. o The relatively high viscosity of water is due to the fact that hydrogen bonds prevent water molecules from moving at different speeds.
O Pure water is a good insulator. At n. y. water is weakly dissociated and the concentration of protons and hydroxyl ions HO is 0.1 µmol/l. But since water is a good solvent, certain salts are almost always dissolved in it, that is, positive and negative ions are present in water. As a result, water conducts electricity. The electrical conductivity of water can be used to determine its purity. At n. y. water is weakly dissociated and the concentration of protons and hydroxyl ions HO is 0.1 µmol/l. But since water is a good solvent, certain salts are almost always dissolved in it, that is, positive and negative ions are present in water. As a result, water conducts electricity. The electrical conductivity of water can be used to determine its purity.
O Water has a refractive index of n=1.33 in the optical range. However, it strongly absorbs infrared radiation, and therefore water vapor is the main natural greenhouse gas responsible for more than 60% of the greenhouse effect. Due to the large dipole moment of the molecules, water also absorbs microwave radiation, on which the principle of the microwave oven is based.
O At normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg, pressure (760 mm Hg, Pa), water solidifies at 0 ° C and boils at 100 ° C. When the pressure is reduced, the melting (melting) temperature ) ice slowly grows, and the boiling point of water falls.
O At a pressure of 611.73 Pa (about 0.006 atm), the boiling and melting points coincide and become equal to 0.01 ° C. This pressure and temperature is called the triple point of water. At lower pressures, water cannot be in a liquid state, and ice turns directly into steam.
Pressure, atm. T bale, gr. Celsius 0.987 (101 kPa normal conditions) ° 1+100° 2+120° 6+158° 218.5+374.1°
O With increasing pressure, the density of water vapor at the boiling point also increases, and liquid water decreases. At a temperature of 374 °C (647 K) and a pressure of 22.064 MPa (218 atm), water passes the critical point. At this point, the density and other properties of liquid and gaseous water are the same. At higher pressures, there is no difference between liquid water and water vapor, hence no boiling or evaporation.
O Metastable states of supersaturated vapor, superheated liquid, supercooled liquid are also possible. These states can exist for a long time, but they are unstable and a transition occurs upon contact with a more stable phase. Pure water can both supercool without freezing up to a temperature of 33 ° C, and be superheated up to +200 ° C. For this property, it has been used in industry.
Isotope modifications of water Depending on the type of hydrogen isotopes included in the molecule, the following types of water are distinguished: Light water (the main component of water familiar to people). Light water (the main component of water familiar to people). Heavy water (deuterium). Heavy water (deuterium). Superheavy water (tritium). Superheavy water (tritium). tritium-deuterium water tritium-deuterium water tritium-protium water tritium-protium water deuterium-protium water deuterium-protium water The last three types are possible, since the water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms. Thus, according to the isotopic composition, there are 18 different water molecules. In fact, any water contains all kinds of molecules.
Chemical properties o Water is the most common solvent on the planet Earth, which largely determines the nature of terrestrial chemistry as a science. It is sometimes considered as an ampholyte and an acid and a base at the same time (cation H + anion OH). In the absence of foreign substances in water, the concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions is the same, pKa 16.
O Water can be obtained during reactions: o Reduction of copper oxide with hydrogen: o During neutralization reactions: 2H 2 O22H 2 O+O 2 NaHCO 3 +CH 3 COOHCH 3 COONa+H 2 O+CO 2 2CH 3 COOH+CaCO 3 Ca( CH 3 COO) 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 SO 4 + 2KOHK 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O HNO 3 + NH 4 OHNH 4 NO 3 + H 2 O 2CH 3 COOH + Ba (CH3COO) 2 + 2H 2 O CuO+H 2 Cu+H 2 O
O o Water reacts at room temperature: with active metals (sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, etc.) o with fluorine and interhalogen compounds: (at low temperatures) 2H 2 O+2Na2NaOH+H 2 H 2 O+F 2 HF+ HOF 2H 2 O+2F 2 4HF+O 2 3H 2 O+2IF 5 5HF+HIO 3 9H 2 O+5BrF 3 15HF+Br 2 +3HBrO 3
O o With salts formed by a weak acid and a weak base, causing their complete hydrolysis: with anhydrides and halides of carboxylic and inorganic acids with active organometallic compounds (diethylzinc, Grignard reagents, methyl sodium, etc.) with carbides, nitrides, phosphides, silicides , hydrides of active metals (calcium, sodium, lithium, etc.) with many salts, forming hydrates with boranes, silanes with ketenes, carbon suboxide with noble gas fluorides Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2 S
O The composition of the Earth's mantle contains more water than the amount of water in the oceans. o With an average depth of 3.6 km, the oceans cover about 71% of the planet's surface and contain 97.6% of the world's known free water. o If there were no depressions and bulges on the Earth, water would cover the entire Earth with a layer 3 km thick. o Sea water at its normal salinity of 35 freezes at 1.91 °C. o Sometimes water freezes at a positive temperature. o Water reflects 5% sun rays, while the snow is about 85%. Only 2% of sunlight penetrates under the ocean ice. o With the help of drops of water from taps, you can create a voltage of up to 10 kilovolts, the experiment is called the "Kelvin Dropper". o There is a saying using the H2O water formula: "My boots let H2O through." Instead of boots, other holey shoes may also be involved in the saying.
Conclusion o Water is the main substance contained in living organisms. First environment. The main distinguishing (from other planets) feature of the Earth. It can have a favorable or unfavorable effect on living things. The main biotope of the Earth occupies over 70% of its total area. Since water is essential component of any organisms, all living organisms take part in its biotic cycle. Water constantly affects the inhabitants of the Earth, and those, in turn, on it. Animals and plants have developed appropriate adaptations to life in the aquatic environment, to the impact of its many factors.
Links: oohoohttp://ru.wikipedia.org oohoohttps:// oohoohttp://office.microsoft.com oohoohttp://dic.academic.ru
slide 2
Why exactly water?
Water is an amazing chemical compound studied not only by chemists, but also by physicists. Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in the environment, water is the life of all living things.
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The structure of the water molecule
The simplest model of the water molecule accepted today is the tetrahedron. In reality, single water molecules do not exist at normal temperature and pressure. There are several hypotheses describing the structure and properties of water associates. However, a common understanding has not yet been reached.
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Water properties
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Anomalous thermal properties of water
At +4 ํํС Water at this temperature is heavier than at any other, and therefore will always sink to the bottom in the reservoir. As a result of these processes, mixing of water layers will always occur in the reservoir. And this is very important for life, since the water at the bottom of any quiet pond or lake is always poor in oxygen, and if there was no mixing of water, the inhabitants of the reservoir would begin to suffocate from its lack.
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Temperature distribution in a reservoir
Slide 7
Abnormally high heat capacity Water, when heated by one degree, absorbs 5 to 30 times more heat than any other substance. Therefore, those processes that occur in our body during intense muscular work do not cause such a high rise in temperature as it would be in the case of other liquids.
Slide 8
The ability to give off heat to the environment during evaporation. As you know, water, evaporating from the surface of the body of a person, animals and plants, protects them from overheating.
Slide 9
Another extremely important property of water is its exceptionally high surface tension. Molecules on the surface of water experience the action of intermolecular attraction from one side. Since the forces of intermolecular interaction in water are abnormally large, each molecule floating on the surface of the water is, as it were, drawn into the water layer.
Slide 10
Water is most easily heated and cooled most quickly in a kind of "temperature well" corresponding to +37 °C, the temperature of the human body.
slide 11
Experience 1. Expansion
For this experiment, I needed an Empty bottle of Water Paint (for clarity)
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Then we put the bottle in the freezer, and wait 6 hours (for complete freezing)
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After some time, I observed a change in the shape of the bottle, due to the expansion of water, or rather its crystal lattice.
Slide 14
Abnormal behavior of water when freezing
One of these unique properties of water is its ability to expand when it freezes. After all, all substances during freezing, that is, during the transition from a liquid to a solid state, are compressed, and water, on the contrary, expands. Its volume increases by 9%.
slide 15
Why does water expand?
This is due to the molecular structure of ice: when freezing, the molecules are located at a considerable distance from each other, forming a loose structure of ice, thereby increasing volume, but maintaining mass, thus, water in a solid state (ice) is lighter than in liquid.
slide 16
What does freezing do?
When frozen, it provides ice floating, that is, it preserves life under the ice. Falling into small cracks that are always found in stones, rainwater expands when it freezes and destroys the stone. Thus, gradually, the stone surface becomes capable of sheltering plants that, with their roots, complete this process of destruction of stones and lead to the formation of soil on the slopes of the mountains.
Slide 17
Experience 2. What is water like?
Depending on the content of various impurities in water, it can be divided into several classes: fresh water, salt water and brines. Therefore, depending on the presence of impurities in water, its physical and chemical properties also change.
Slide 18
For this experiment, I took test tubes with Plain water Salt solution (water + NaCl) Mineral water
Slide 19
I took test tubes with 3 of the above substances, and put them in the freezer for 2 hours.
Slide 20
Ordinary water froze completely evenly. In the absence of any impurities, she froze before anyone else. Slide 24
What exactly is water?
WATER IS SUCH A SUBSTANCE THAT, DUE TO THE STRUCTURE, CAN RECEIVE AND TRANSMIT INFORMATION, BEING IN A CERTAIN INFORMATION-PHASE STATE.
Slide 25
Water is the greatest wealth of man
The earth is 75% covered with water, and nature constantly maintains a natural water cycle: it evaporates from the surface of water bodies, and then falls in the form of precipitation: rain or snow, but even with such a reasonable solution, some areas of the globe constantly suffer from a lack of fresh water. That is why it is worth remembering that water is the greatest wealth given to us by nature, and every drop of it is precious, because human life is impossible without water.
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Kaliningrad 2017 Municipal autonomous educational institution of the city of Kaliningrad secondary school No. 19
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* The results of the latest scientific research convincingly prove that water is a living substance. Water is the most important substance on Earth without which no living organism can exist and no biological, chemical reactions, and technological processes.
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* Academician Vernadsky wrote about water as the greatest of chemical compounds, which affects the course of all major grandiose processes occurring on the planet - the creation and structure of the earth's crust, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere. All rocks and living beings include water. Our Earth looks like a blue planet from space. And this is no coincidence. After all, most of its surface is covered with water, thanks to which life on Earth is possible.
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* Scientists have already learned a lot about water, unraveled many of its mysteries. But the more they study water, the more they become convinced of the inexhaustibility of its properties, some of which are so curious that sometimes they still defy explanation."
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* Water can be in three states of aggregation - liquid, solid (ice and snow) and gaseous (clouds, steam, fog ...). The water molecule looks like an isosceles triangle. The water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
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* About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice) - 361.13 million km2. On Earth, approximately 96.5% of water is in the oceans, 1.7% of the world's reserves are The groundwater, another 1.7% are glaciers and ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small part is located in rivers, lakes and swamps, and 0.001% in clouds. Most of the earth's water is salty, unsuitable for agriculture and drinking. Water makes up about 0.05% of the Earth's mass.
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* The share of fresh water is about 2.5%, and 98.8% of this water is in glaciers and underground. Less than 0.3% of all fresh water is found in rivers, lakes and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount (0.003%) is found in living organisms. Groundwater is found everywhere, including under the bottom of the oceans and seas.
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* On the rounded tops of the cones, numerous hot springs emerge, heated up to +400 °C. Unlike hot springs on land, oceanic springs, as a result of the interaction of sea water with heated rocks, form peculiar ore-bearing brines. Dark hot and mineral-rich water is ejected from the black "smoker". There are also white "smokers" - fountains of clarified hydrothermal waters not saturated with ore components. Their temperature is much lower, so they are not as aggressive towards the rocks of the oceanic crust as hot hydrotherms. WATER GEYSERS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN
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* Water is an unusual substance There is no substance on Earth more important for us than ordinary water, and at the same time there is no other substance of the same kind, in the properties of which there would be as many contradictions and anomalies as in its properties: Anomalous behavior of water during freezing ; Four degrees above zero; Anomalous thermal properties of water; Amazing combination (viscosity; surface tension and wetting; universal solvent); "Memory" of water.
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* One of these unique properties of water is its ability to expand when it freezes. After all, all substances during freezing, that is, during the transition from a liquid to a solid state, are compressed, and water, on the contrary, expands. Its volume increases by 9%. Let's try to imagine for a moment what would happen in winter in nature if the ice sank. Rivers, lakes, polar seas and oceans would freeze to the very bottom, and all living organisms in them would die. But when ice forms on the surface of the water, it, being between cold air and water, prevents further cooling and freezing of water bodies. Abnormal behavior of water when freezing
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* This unusual property of water, by the way, is also important for the formation of soil in the mountains. Falling into small cracks that are always found in stones, rainwater expands when it freezes and destroys the stone. Thus, gradually, the stone surface becomes capable of sheltering plants that, with their roots, complete this process of destruction of stones and lead to the formation of soil on the slopes of the mountains.
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* Another amazing property of water is associated with its special state at a temperature of +4oC. At this temperature, it has the maximum possible density for itself, and hence the heaviness. Water at this temperature is heavier than at any other temperature, and therefore will always sink to the bottom in the reservoir. But how long will she stay there? The fact is that the bottom of the reservoir, as a rule, is either warmer or colder than this water. Therefore, layers of water with a temperature of + 4 ° C, having reached the bottom, will either heat up or cool down, and after that they will always float to the surface. As a result of these processes, mixing of water layers will always occur in the reservoir. And this is very important for life, since the water at the bottom of any quiet pond or lake is always poor in oxygen, and if there was no mixing of water, the inhabitants of the reservoir would begin to suffocate from its lack. Four degrees above zero
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* As you know, water, evaporating from the surface of the human body, animals and plants, protects them from overheating. The ability to give off heat to the environment during evaporation is inherent in any liquid. However, water is a kind of champion here. Compared to any other liquid, it gives off the largest amount of heat to the environment during its evaporation, which, of course, makes it the best regulator of body temperature. Anomalous thermal properties of water
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* Abnormally high heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water help us cope with both overheating and hypothermia of our body. Water, when heated by one degree, absorbs 5 to 30 times more heat than any other substance.
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* Such amazing properties of water, which help our body to maintain a stable temperature, are also important for the life of our entire planet. Due to the anomalously high heat capacity of water, there is no sharp temperature difference on the continents in winter and summer, night and day, since they are surrounded by a kind of thermostat - the waters of the oceans. In summer, it does not allow the Earth to overheat, and in winter it constantly supplies heat to the continents.
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* An amazing combination of properties Viscosity is ideal for life processes, it is ideal for our life, and for the life of any other organisms. But the viscosity of water is ideal not only for internal processes of our body, associated with the movement of blood in the blood vessels, but also for processes occurring in the external environment. Unlike other liquids, the viscosity of water decreases with increasing pressure and temperature. Therefore, groundwater, even at great depths at high pressures and temperatures, is quite mobile - it can move, including towards the surface of the earth and can be used by plants or humans. Beneficial features, which are important both for the internal processes of the body and for the life of the entire planet, are found in some anomalous properties of water: The Holy Spring of St. Sergius of Radonezh
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* - creates the so-called suspended water in the soil and the upper layers of the subsoil, which, being held by surface tension, does not drain into deeper horizons, providing plants with moisture. Thanks to the same phenomenon, the water inside the trees rises from the soil level to the height of their crowns. Surface tension and water wetting
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* Water is a universal solvent - the ability of water to dissolve various substances in itself is determined by the peculiarity of its internal structure. Without this property, vital processes could not take place in living organisms, but also in water bodies, where dissolved substances play an exceptional role in ensuring life.
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* "MEMORY" OF WATER Structural differences of water persist for a certain time, which allowed scientists to talk about the mysterious mechanism of the "memory" of this amazing liquid. Studies have shown that water can store information. The structure of water is how the molecules are organized. Molecules are able to combine into groups. These groups are called clusters, associations of water molecules (structured water). The phenomenon of structural memory of water allows it to absorb and store information that words, prayers, music and even thoughts carry. Considering that a person is more than 80% water, we are programmable beings. Water is a computer.
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* The basis of the structure of water crystals - the well-known snowflakes - is a hexagon. Ornaments decorating it can appear around this hexagon. The appearance of these ornaments, as well as the color of the crystal, is determined by the information previously perceived by the water. The purer the water, the more beautiful and crystallized its structure. It is important that the water you drink is clean. It is important to drink at least 1.5-2 liters of clean water per day - this amount does not include juices, teas and other drinks.
Topic: Water and its properties
Target: teach the practical study of nature. Find out the basic properties of water, the importance of water in nature, teach how to compare the properties of water and air.
The tasks of the teacher:
Create conditions for clarifying the basic properties of water, the significance of water in nature; to promote the development of the ability to compare the properties of water and air.
Planned results of education.
Subject: they will learn to make the simplest experiments, investigating the properties of water, to name the main, easily determined properties of water.
Meta-subject (criteria for the formation / evaluation of UUD components)
Cognitive: to distinguish between the studied objects and phenomena of animate and inanimate nature; carry out the simplest classification of the studied objects of nature on the basis of their essential features.
Regulatory: plan learning activities in class, follow the teacher's exact instructions.
Communicative: engage in conversation in the classroom.
Personal: aware of the need to protect nature, all living and non-living.
Equipment and visual aids:
- O.N. Fedotova, G.V. Trafimova, S.A. Trafimov. Our world, 2nd grade, textbook. - Academbook / Textbook, 2006.
- O.N. Fedotova, G.V. Trafimova, S.A. Trafimov. Our world, grade 2, notebook for independent work. - Academbook / Textbook, 2010.
- Handout for each table: 3 cups of water No. 1-No. 6;
- Jars with granulated sugar, table salt, river sand;
- 3 spoons;
- Mirror;
- Pipette
- Saucer;
- Cup;
- Glass with milk.
Lesson plan
- Organizational - psychological moment.
- Children, today my colleagues, teachers came to the lesson. Greet them.
Hi-fi
- - Say hello to your shoulder and face partner, wish each other something good, good, smile (facial partners greet with fists, clap on the shoulder)
- - I hope you are feeling well and are in the mood for work. Let's go with good mood let's start the lesson. In our lesson, you can show your attention and ingenuity, show your knowledge and skills, learn something new, think about something.
- Examination homework on this topic
Let's repeat the studied material about air.
Let's remember what air is, its properties, why air is important to all the inhabitants of the Earth.
On your tables at each survey card, where we put “+” correctly, “-” incorrectly
Express poll. (slide number 2)
- The air is around you, penetrates into all the cracks and crevices, fills the holes in the soil. (Yes)
- Air is a mixture of gases. (Yes)
- When we breathe, we take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. (Not)
- The earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. (Yes)
- Air has color. (No)
- The air is transparent. (Yes)
- Clean air is odorless. (Yes)
- Air conducts heat well. (Not)
- The air transmits the sun's rays well. (Yes)
- Air transmits sound better than wood. (Not)
Teacher: Let's check the correctness of the task.
Examination. (Slide number 3.)(All answers are spoken by the students)
Teacher: Raise your hand if you answered all questions correctly. Well done, you brilliantly showed your knowledge. Who has one mistake? Also good. And the rest I advise you to carefully re-read the material about the properties of air. Please hand over the sheets, I will check them and in the next lesson you will know the result.
- Introductory conversation.
- And without what else can a person, and other living beings, not live?
Look at the screen. What happened to the flower? Why did this happen? Without which substance nothing living on earth can exist? (Water) (Slide number 4)
What will we talk about in class? (About water)
The topic of our lesson is water. Today we will get acquainted with the properties of water. (Slide 5)
Today in the lesson we will become scientists-researchers studying the expanses of water of our planet for 45 minutes.
Before the war, the merry comedy "Volga-Volga" was shown on cinema screens. And there was a resilient water carrier in it, who sang, urging lazy horses:
(Slide number 6) excerpt from the song.
Surprising question: Why am I a water carrier? Because without water
neither here nor there.
The audience smiled, and the words of the song even became a proverb. And it is in these words that the deepest meaning is hidden. For water for life is the number one substance. Water can be called the most valuable mineral on our planet.
Let's try to imagine what our Earth would look like if water suddenly disappeared from it. The gloomy bottom of the seas and oceans, covered with a thick layer of salts, once dissolved in the water. Dried up rivers, forever silent springs. The mountains would also collapse, because they contain a large amount of water.
Not a bush, not a flower, not a single living being on the dead Earth. And a cloudless sky of an unusual color.
Let's see: what is water ?
Why does the earth need water?
Maybe one of you would like to answer this question?
Slide 7 Why do people need water?
Slide number 7 "Human use of water"
Slide number 8 "The importance of water for living organisms."
Water is needed not only for humans, but also for animals, plants and fungi. For many plants and animals, water is a habitat. But land dwellers cannot live without water.
Water and human life. Humans use water for more than just drinking and cooking. .(Slide9) (Slide 10) (Slide11)
Slide number 12 "Hydroelectric power plants".
People have long forced the power of water to serve themselves. At first it was water mills and machines. Powerful hydroelectric power plants have now been built.
A huge amount of water is consumed in industry. A large amount of water is required for sanitary and household needs. Water is necessary to maintain the cleanliness of the body, home, streets.
Completing task number 28 in a notebook for independent work.
Teacher- Open notebooks for independent work on page 19 No. 28 and we will continue talking about water and its inhabitants. Read the task, what needs to be done? Who understood? We do.
I see that most of the guys completed the task. So what was the assignment? Let's check how we did it.
Let's continue the lesson.
Is there a lot of water on Earth?
Who wants to answer?
Slide number 13 "View of the Earth from space."
Teacher Look at our planet from space. What color is dominant?
Blue is the color of water. When people flew into space, watching our planet from spaceships, they saw that it was blue. Indeed, the Earth is blue. The fact is that most of the earth's surface is covered with water. What if all the water on Earth suddenly disappeared? Here's what it would look like! slide 14.
Water occupies 2/3 of the Earth. It seems there is a lot of water, but most of the water is in the seas and oceans, and it is salty there. A person needs fresh water.
Most of our planet is covered with water; even the land, like a cobweb, is pierced by hundreds of rivers and streams. Astronauts, returning to Earth from a space flight, say that they experience the feeling that they are landing not on land, but on the planet Water. Although this sounds unusual, it is true.
In fact, how else to call a celestial body, almost flooded with water; wrapped in vapors of water, abundantly soaked in it?
- Q: How much water is on our planet?
Slide number 15 "Where is water found in nature."
98% is in the oceans and seas,
2% on land, of which 2% fresh water (shown on the map of fresh sources).
2% fresh water is not so much, why doesn't it decrease?
Slide number 16 “Water cycle in nature.
- sun like hot plate, heats up the Earth. Under the influence of sunlight, water evaporates all the time from the surface of all reservoirs of the earth, from its land, from the leaves of plants. Water vapor rises with warm air.
But high above the ground, the air is always much colder than near its surface. When water vapor meets cold air, it cools. It turns into the smallest droplets of water and tiny pieces of ice. They form clouds. The wind carries them across the sky above the earth. Gradually, the drops become larger and heavier. Clouds turn into clouds. The water accumulated in them falls back to the ground in the form of rain, hail or snow.
On earth, water continues to move. Raindrops that fall on the ground flow down from the mountains and hills, turning into streams. Streams flow into rivers, and rivers into seas and oceans. Water evaporates again and "hangs" above the ground in a gaseous state for the time being.
- Physical education minute. Game "Leader" ( turn on the music)
Thus, despite the fact that fresh water is scarce, due to the water cycle in nature, fresh water does not decrease. But water must be protected, because we cannot live without water. (slide 17)
I am cloud and fog
And the stream and the ocean
And I fly and I run
And I can be glass! (water)
Do you want to know about the properties of water?
What properties do you think water has? (Slide 18)
You consult in your group, select the necessary properties from the cards and attach them to the board. The children put the cards on the board.
Well, each group consulted and chose the properties of water. And in the course of the experiments, we will mark the properties that you have chosen and see if you have chosen correctly. So, let's begin.
You have glasses of water, granulated sugar, table salt and river sand on your tables. What happens when you mix a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water?
Can you say with certainty that you will not be mistaken and determine for sure that the salt will dissolve?
Let's check this assumption with the help of experiment.
EXPERIENCE #1
- Participants under No. 1 take a glass of water No. 1. Pour in salt and stir it. What happens to salt crystals? (They are getting smaller and smaller and will soon disappear altogether)
But has the salt disappeared? (No, she melted)
What if it's sugar?
EXPERIENCE #2
Let's do a similar experiment with sugar. Participants under No. 2 take jar No. 2. Pour a teaspoon of sugar and stir.
What happened? (Sugar also dissolved in water)
Output: water dissolved salt and sugar, so water is a solvent.
What if it's river sand?
EXPERIENCE #3
Participants under #3 take jar #3 and add river sand. What happened? (The grains of sand fall to the bottom of the glass and lie there without changing.)
Output : Water does not dissolve river sand.
If the contents of the 3rd glass are passed through the filter (a piece of gauze, cotton wool or blotting paper), then the river sand will remain on the filter and the grains of sand will be clearly visible.
This purification of water is called filtration.
Slide number 19 "Filtering".
If we pass water with sugar or salt through such a filter, neither sand nor sugar will remain on the filter.
Write down your observations in a notebook (task number 29). Table salt - dissolves in water. Sugar is soluble in water. River sand - does not dissolve in water.
Make a conclusion.
Water is a solvent for granulated sugar, table salt. There are other salts too. Their water also dissolves. Both useful and harmful salts for plants and humans dissolve in water. And therefore, if you do not know whether the source is pure, then you should not drink from it.
Slide #20 proverb about water.
No wonder there is a proverb among the people: "Not all water is good for drinking."
EXPERIENCE No. 4.
And now the participant under number 4 try clean water from glass number 4. What does pure water taste like?
(Pure water has no taste)
Why is tea sweet and sea salty? (Tasteless water becomes sweet or salty due to sugar and salt, as water dissolves them and acquires their taste. Using this property of water, people prepare drinks of different tastes: sour, sweet, sweet and sour)
Make a conclusion A: Pure water has no taste.
slide number 21 "Water has no taste."
EXPERIENCE #5
And now everyone draw water into a pipette and release it onto the surface of a small mirror.
What happened to the water? (it spread). Tilt the mirror. What happens to water? (She expands further.)
-What will we conclude ? (Water has the property of fluidity.)
Slide number 22 "Water has fluidity."
EXPERIENCE #6
In front of you is a glass number 5, a cup and a saucer. There is water in a glass. Pour the water first into the cup, then into the saucer.
What's happening? - (Water takes the form of a vessel.)
Output: water has no form, it takes the form of the vessel in which it is placed.
Slide 23 "Water has no shape."
How does a person use this property of water? (People use this property very widely. During transportation and storage, it is poured into forms convenient for this)
EXPERIENCE #7
Every day you wash your face and drink clean water. Have you noticed the smell of water?
When they say that the water smells like gasoline, what kind of disaster are we talking about? (dirty water)
Output :Pure water is odorless.
And if we have a liquid of unknown origin in front of us, how will you behave?
Open the textbook and read the rule in the textbook on page 56.
It can have a strong, unpleasant odor. It is necessary to sniff an unknown liquid, observing safety precautions: keep a vessel with liquid at a distance of 20-30 cm from the face. Then, with hand movements, direct the air flow in your direction.
Why is it necessary to do this, and not stick your nose into all the containers? (You can burn the nasal cavity with a pungent smell)
EXPERIENCE #8
How to prove that water is transparent? Let's do an experiment. There are two glasses on the table. In a glass number 6 water, in the other milk. We put spoons in both. What do you see? What can be said about water and milk. Milk is opaque, but water is clear.
Output: clean clear water
Slide number 24 "Pure water is transparent."
Tell how a person uses his knowledge that water is transparent.
EXPERIENCE #9
Look at our glasses of water and milk. What color is the liquid in the glasses? (Milk is white and water is colorless)
Output : Pure water is colorless.
(Knowing this property helps people without special laboratory research say that any colored liquid is not water. Maybe it's a solution of water, but not pure water).
Slide number 25 "Pure water is colorless."
- Guys, you have done experiments, learned about the properties of water. And now I want to check if you were attentive.
Fixing "Mix-pea-shea"(participants mix to the music, form a couple, the music stops, discuss the proposed question) Turn on the music
I read the question and you answer.
You look at me, name the substance for me:
Steam in a pot, sea, ice,
Who will name the state? ( water in liquid, gaseous and solid state)
- Answered by the one with lighter hair
Who can answer me
Does water have a shape? ( No)
-The one who has more white on his clothes answers
Masha, Dima, Katya knows that water is always ... ( colorless)
Grandma bakes a cake
The smell flows from him
How to cut an orange
Drooling pouring - no strength,
And when the water flows
Does the smell stay in the nose? (No)
- The one who is taller answers
We played in the sand
Hands washed in the river
Suddenly they saw themselves in it,
Did you recognize this property? (water is clear)
The one who answers...
Salt was put in a glass
And we dissolved it
If sugar is omitted,
What can we get? (water - solvent)
The one who answers..
Take a flat plate
And pour water on it
I ask you to answer
What could you notice? (fluid)
The one who has the answer..
I checked your knowledge
I want to celebrate everyone
But why do we need filtering,
Am I asking you to answer?
So let's look at the board. These are the properties of water.
Exit ticket.
- Now you will receive such cards - this is a ticket to the exit. You complete the task and leave when you exit.
VI. Homework
And we will learn about other properties of water in other lessons and in grade 3. And now let's write D / Z: read pp. 52-57, R.t. p.23, no. 32-33
Slide27
Our planet is our home, and each of us is responsible for its future. If you find a spring in the forest, save it, maybe this is the beginning of a large full-flowing river. Our duty is to protect the wealth of the Earth, including water.
Slide 28.29
Take a closer look at the wonderful world of nature, listen to the murmur of the river. Maybe she asks for help from you, and she needs your caring hands.
And let's end the conversation with the words of Antoine de Saint-Exupery:
“Water, you have no taste, no color, no smell, you are enjoyed without knowing what you are. It cannot be said that you are necessary for life: you are life itself. You are the greatest wealth in the world."
Slide number 30 "Antoine de Saint-Exupery".
- Summing up the lesson. Reflection.
In what mood do you leave the lesson? What tasks were easy for you to complete? What difficulties caused?
You have worked hard today. Well done!
We cannot live without water even for a few days. Water is life. Does the person think about the meaning of this phrase for him personally? Water surrounds us, it is not only under us, above us, it is also inside us. Without it, a person can live only a few days. Water is the most common substance. Because of the importance of water, it is often referred to as the "source of life".
The properties of water never cease to amaze scientists.
Water is a fairly simple substance from a chemical point of view, but at the same time it has a number of unusual properties that never cease to amaze scientists. Below are some facts that few people know about.
1. Which water freezes faster - cold or hot?
Take two containers of water: pour hot water into one and cold water into the other, and place them in the freezer. Hot water will freeze faster than cold water, although logically, cold water should have turned into ice first: after all, hot water must first cool down to cold temperature, and then turn into ice, while cold water does not need to cool down. Why is this happening?
In 1963, a Tanzanian student named Erasto B. Mpemba, while freezing a prepared ice cream mixture, noticed that the hot mixture solidified faster in the freezer than the cold one. When the young man shared his discovery with a physics teacher, he only laughed at him. Fortunately, the student was persistent and convinced the teacher to conduct an experiment, which confirmed his discovery: under certain conditions, hot water really freezes faster than cold water.
Now this phenomenon of hot water freezing faster than cold water is called the Mpemba effect. True, long before him, this unique property of water was noted by Aristotle, Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.
Scientists do not fully understand the nature of this phenomenon, explaining it either by the difference in hypothermia, evaporation, ice formation, convection, or the effect of liquefied gases on hot and cold water.
2. She is able to freeze instantly.
Everyone knows that water always turns to ice when it cools down to 0°C...except in some cases! Such a case is, for example, supercooling, which is the property of very pure water to remain liquid even when cooled below freezing. This phenomenon becomes possible due to the fact that the environment does not contain crystallization centers or nuclei that could provoke the formation of ice crystals. And so water remains in liquid form, even when cooled to temperatures below zero degrees Celsius.
Hot water will freeze faster than cold water. The crystallization process can be triggered, for example, by gas bubbles, impurities (pollution), uneven surface of the container. Without them, water will remain in a liquid state. When the crystallization process starts, you can watch how the super-cooled water instantly turns into ice.
Note that "superheated" water also remains liquid even when heated above its boiling point.
3. 19 states of water.
Without hesitation, name how many different states water has? If you answered three: solid, liquid, gaseous, then you are mistaken. Scientists distinguish at least 5 different states of water in liquid form and 14 states in frozen form.
Remember the conversation about super-chilled water? So, no matter what you do, at -38 ° C, even the purest super-cooled water will suddenly turn into ice. What happens as the temperature drops further? At -120°C, something strange begins to happen to water: it becomes super-viscous or viscous, like molasses, and at temperatures below -135°C, it turns into "glassy" or "glassy" water - a solid substance that lacks crystalline structure.
4. Water surprises physicists.
At the molecular level, water is even more surprising. In 1995, scientists conducted an experiment on neutron scattering gave an unexpected result: physicists found that neutrons directed at water molecules "see" 25% less hydrogen protons than expected.
It turned out that at the speed of one attosecond (10 -18 seconds) an unusual quantum effect takes place, and the chemical formula of water instead of H2O becomes H1.5O!
5. Among the unusual properties of water, one more thing worth noting is its exceptionally high surface tension. Of all liquids, only mercury has a higher surface tension. It manifests itself in the fact that water is constantly striving to contract, to reduce its surface, although it always takes the form of the container in which it is located at the moment. it just seems shapeless, spreading over any surface. The force of surface tension causes the molecules of its outer layer to interlock, creating an elastic outer film. Thanks to this film, some objects, even being heavier than water, do not sink into it (for example, a steel needle carefully laid flat). Many insects (water striders, springtails, etc.) not only move on the surface of the water, but take off from it and sit down, as if on a solid support. Moreover, living beings have adapted to use even the inner side of the water surface. Mosquito larvae hang on it with the help of non-wetted bristles, and small snails - pond snails and coils - crawl along it in search of prey. The unique properties of water as a technical fluid have long been used by man. The widespread use of water as a coolant is explained not only and not so much by its availability and cheapness.
6 The healing properties of melt water were noticed in ancient times. Most of us are used to drinking only boiled water. Yes, and how else? The quality of drinking water in our pipelines needs no introduction. Gradually, we become a kind of drug addicts, consuming coffee and tea prepared on the basis of boiled water. However, removing a person from the natural properties of living water does not contribute to his health. Scientists are constantly monitoring the properties of melt water. It is noticed that melt water is a strong biostimulant. Seeds of plants soaked in melted water, and not in tap water, give the best shoots. And if melt water is used for watering plants, then the yield will be twice as large as when using ordinary water. Experiments with cats that have lost the ability to bear children due to old age have irrefutably shown that after drinking melt water they again acquired this ability and gave birth to kittens. In addition, the use of melt water made the same cats more resistant to infectious diseases. According to the results of preliminary experiments, snow water is a vascular remedy that helps to reduce heart pain and even dissolve blood clots in the coronary vessels of the heart. It helps to stop severe hemorrhoidal bleeding and pain, improve blood circulation after thrombosis of the lower extremities and alleviate the course of the disease with varicose veins (the latter is very well treated with a mixture of melt water and apple cider vinegar: 2 teaspoons per glass of water). In cardiovascular patients, as a result of taking melt water, the amount of cholesterol in the blood is significantly reduced and metabolism is improved. In addition, melt water is an effective remedy against pathological obesity. It is also useful for athletes, especially those who have suffered injuries, as it reduces the time to get into shape.
Snow water can sometimes have advantages over melt water made from ice. Such water contains especially finely dispersed impurities - the smallest bubbles of gases, it is devoid of salts and therefore is absorbed into the body faster.
7. Memory of water.
Water stores any information
Homeopathy, an alternative to official medicine, claims that a dilute solution of a drug can have a healing effect on the body, even if the dilution factor is so large that nothing is left in the solution but water molecules. Proponents of homeopathy explain this paradox by a concept called "memory of water", according to which water at the molecular level has a "memory" of the substance once dissolved in it and retains the properties of the solution of the original concentration after not a single molecule of the ingredient remains in it.
An international team of scientists led by Professor Madeleine Ennis of Queen's University of Belfast, who criticized the principles of homeopathy, conducted an experiment in 2002 to disprove the concept once and for all. The result was the opposite. After that, the scientists said that they were able to prove the reality of the "memory of water" effect. However, experiments conducted under the supervision of independent experts did not bring results. Disputes about the existence of the phenomenon of "memory of water" continue.
Water has many other unusual properties that we have not covered in this article. For example, the density of water varies with temperature (the density of ice is less than that of water); water has a fairly large surface tension; in a liquid state, water is a complex and dynamically changing network of water clusters, and it is the behavior of clusters that affects the structure of water, etc.
You can read about these and many other unexpected features of water in the article "The Anomalous Properties of Water" by Martin Chaplin, professor at the University of London.
8. Water can talk!
For more than twenty years, Masaru Emoto has been studying water crystals. The Japanese scientist has his own small laboratory where he takes pictures of crystals and analyzes them under a microscope that magnifies the image many times over. After a series of studies, the scientist made a discovery that became a sensation.
The starting point for the research of Masaru Emoto was the work of the American biochemist Dr. Lee Lorenzen, who in the late 80s of the XX century proved for the first time in the world that water accumulates and stores the information communicated to it. Emoto began to cooperate with Lorenzen, but went even further and decided to try to get visual confirmation of an unexpected property of water discovered by an American scientist. His search was successful, and the results exceeded all expectations.
It turned out that the crystals of water, which before the beginning of crystallization were "addressed" with such words as "kindness", "love", "angel", "gratitude", had the correct structure, symmetrical shape and were decorated with a complex, beautiful ornament.
But if words such as "evil", "hatred", "malice", "you are a fool" were communicated to the water, then the crystals turned out to be small, deformed, ugly in appearance. It did not matter whether the words were spoken aloud or written down on a piece of paper glued to a container of water. If nothing is said to the water, crystals of the correct form are formed, but they will be ordinary, "gray", practically without any decorations. Moreover, this dependence has been confirmed by numerous experiments and thousands of photographs.
Water does not care what language they communicate with it, it understands any speech. Moreover, experiments have shown that distance does not play a role either. So, Masaru Emoto sent "pure thoughts" to the water in his laboratory in Tokyo, while he himself was at that time in Melbourne. Water perceived these thoughts instantly and reacted with an Aria of magnificent crystals. Thus, once again the hypothesis that space and time are not an obstacle to the transmission of information was confirmed. (Isn't it all very similar to the mechanism of telepathic contacts?)
In the course of further experiments, it turned out that water is able to perceive and display such human emotions as fear, pain, suffering. This is convincingly evidenced by photographs of crystals taken after the catastrophic earthquake of 1995 in the city of Kobe. When photographed immediately after this tragedy, crystals formed from water taken from a local water supply were deformed and ugly, as if they were distorted by the fear, panic and suffering experienced by people immediately after the earthquake perceived by the water. And when they received the crystals from water taken from the same water supply, but three months later, they already had the correct shape and looked much more attractive.
There was a rather simple explanation for this: in those days, Kobe was helped by many countries of the world, so the inhabitants of the destroyed city felt the sympathy and sympathy of people. As a result, their mental state improved markedly.
Similarly, crystals reflect the quality of the water from which they formed. It is noteworthy that from the samples that Masaru Emoto took from the Thames in London and from the Seine in Paris, no crystals could be obtained at all, and there was nothing to photograph. from the water taken from the Los Angeles city water supply, the crystals turned out, but their appearance was simply terrible. But the crystals formed from the water of the springs of Japan, Lake Maggiore, which lies in the southern spurs of the Alps in Italy and Switzerland, as well as the Mount Cook Glacier in New Zealand, turned out to be bright, colorful and had a great shape.
Water also reacts to music. "Having listened" to the compositions of Beethoven, "Ave Maria" by Schubert or "The Wedding March" by Mendelssohn, she forms crystals of fantastic beauty. According to Emoto, the crystals of water, which was used to play the "Dance of the Little Swans" from Tchaikovsky's ballet "Swan Lake", resembled the silhouettes of these rational and majestic birds.
And when the names of the five major world religions - Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism - were given to the water, a pentagonal crystal was formed from it, and the contours of a human face were visible in it!
Masaru Emoto has every reason to assert that his discovery is another proof of the validity of the hypothesis of Doctor of Biology, Professor Rupert Sheldrake about the existence in nature of morphogenesis, or formative, fields containing information that is not transmitted to living organisms through the mechanism of heredity and is available to them for reading from these fields.
The practical significance of the discovery of the Japanese scientist can hardly be overestimated, if we remember that a person is more than half made up of water. And, consequently, the water in the body remembers all our everyday thoughts, feelings, emotions. And if they are positive, we do not get sick, we feel great, while negative thoughts and emotions, which are, in essence, vibrations with certain parameters, are transmitted to "our" water and negatively affect all processes in the body. And that breaks the harmony. our vibrations with the vibrations that appear in nature. - The human body can be likened to a symphony of vibrations of our cells, and inside each of us there is, as it were, our own small universe, - says Emoto. - It follows from this how much in our destiny depends on ourselves.
The discovery of a Japanese researcher, according to many scientists and experts, is one of the most sensational made at the turn of the millennium. But representatives of orthodox science ignored it. And this is understandable: in order to perceive it, it is necessary first to recognize that matter in itself is far from the main thing, that the spirit penetrating it is much more important, which, no matter how incredible it may seem, in certain cases is able to demonstrate its presence astonishingly and in a pronounced way. As it happens, for example, in the most ordinary (or maybe just in the most unusual!) Substance - in water.
More information about Masaru Emoto's research can be found in the book Messages from Water, which was published in 2002. The sensational conclusions made by the scientist and presented in this book have made it a bestseller in recent years.
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