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Varieties of coarse-haired breeds of sheep. I'm the last bird farmer All kinds of flu

ALAY SHEEP Semi-coarse wool breeds

ALAY

4. SHEEP

The Alai semi-coarse-wool breed of sheep was bred in 1934-1981 in the farms of the Alai

valleys of the Osh region of the Kirghiz SSR.

The peculiarity of the climatic conditions of the Alai Valley is due to its location at an average height of 3 thousand meters, and the mountain ranges that close it rise 5-7 thousand meters above sea level. The vegetation here mainly consists of steppe, meadow-steppe grasses and meadow forbs, and is distinguished by a high content of xerophytic and frost-resistant forms. Forage lands do not fully provide livestock with fodder own production. When creating this breed, the breeders were faced with the task of obtaining animals that give a high cut of white carpet wool while maintaining the meat and tallow qualities of local fat-tailed sheep and their adaptability to breeding conditions. The basis for the creation of the Alai breed was the local fat-tailed sheep, which are similar to the Hissar ones in meat and tallow qualities. Their average annual shearing was 1.3-1.8 kg of very coarse wool with a high content of dead and dry hair. Until 1940, these sheep were crossed with rams of the Prekos breed, and since 1962, rams of the Saraja breed were used to part of the fat-tailed herd. Subsequent selection and selection of animals of the desired type and breeding them "in itself" created an array of highly productive fat-tailed semi-coarse-wool Alai sheep with white carpet wool.

The number of livestock of this breed compared with 1964 increased by 4 times. In 1990, there were 63,529 of them. (26% purebred), including 2721 breeding rams, 1208 other rams and 38464 ewes and ewes over a year old.

Modern sheep of this breed are large, with a well-pronounced meat and fat productivity, a strong constitution and a well-developed skeleton. The head is slightly hook-nosed, the uterus is polled, and some of the rams have small horns. Neck of medium length. The chest is wide and deep. The back is long and straight. The body is on strong, medium length, well-set legs with strong hooves. Kurdyuk medium size, omitted in most animals. The overgrowth of the belly is good, the color is white, there may be colored spots on the head and legs.

The live weight of queens is 58-62 kg, rams - 96-105 kg, lambs at the age of 4-5 months weigh 30-35 kg. When slaughtered, carcasses weighing 16.2 kg are obtained from 5-6-month-old lambs. The breed has a high coefficient of meatiness (6.1 kg).

Wool heterogeneous, white in color, shiny, braided structure. It contains 56.7% fluff, 13.7% transition hair and 29.6% awn. Dead and dry hair is rare. The average length of the braid ranges from 17-30 cm, down - 8-12 cm. Wool shearing in queens is 2.5-3.0 kg, in rams - 4.5-5.5 kg with a pure fiber yield of 65-70% . A feature of the Alai breed is the absence of natural molting in most sheep, which is characteristic of other breeds of fat-tailed sheep. Fertility 105-106 lambs per 100 queens.

In the herd, sheep of 5 specific lines have been created and are bred, laid down on rams No. 0100, 0071, 0634, 6025, 1586. .

The best livestock of sheep of this breed is concentrated in the farms of the Alai district of the Osh region, the leading ones are the experimental farm "Kashka-Suu", the state farms "Kyzyl-Suu" and "Chon-Alai".

Selection is carried out in the direction of increasing precocity and wool shearing.

3 ARMENIAN HALF COAT

The Armenian semi-coarse-haired breed was bred in 1931-1983 in the Armenian SSR. Currently, this breed is bred in the Martuin, Ararat, Azizbek, Aghegnadzor and Tali regions of Armenia.

The areas where the breed was created are typically mountainous and are located at an altitude of 1200 to 3500 m above sea level. 450-750 mm of precipitation falls here, the climate is continental. More than half of the agricultural land is made up of mountain stony pastures. In winter, from 3 to 5 months, sheep are kept in a sheepfold and fed with roughage.

As a maternal base, local sheep of the Balbas breed were used. Selection work was carried out in two directions. In the Aragad state farm, by crossing Balbas sheep with rambouillet and Lincoln rams, crossbreeds of the 1st and 2nd generations were obtained, which were backcrossed with balbas rams. Long-term targeted selection of crossbreeds of the desired type with semi-coarse white wool and a high content of fluff and their subsequent breeding “in itself” created a herd of sheep homogeneous in constitutional and wool qualities (Aragats type). There are 4 lines in the herd, based on outstanding rams Nos. 0165, 0265, 2222 and 6232.

In the large sheep breeding farms of the Martuni region of the Armenian SSR, starting from 1952, coarse-haired queens of the Balbas breed were crossed with rams obtained at the Aragats breeding state farm, until half-breed and quarter-breed crossbreeds were obtained, which were then bred “in themselves”, fixing the valuable features of semi-coarse-wooled breeds through selection and selection. sheep (martuni type). There are also 4 factory lines of sheep here.

In general, a new population of semi-coarse-wooled sheep was created, in which the main constitutional-exterior and biological features of the Balbas breed sheep are preserved, and at the same time they have higher productivity and significantly the best quality wool.

The number of sheep of this breed in 1990 amounted to 171948 head. (50% purebred), including 5077 breeding rams, 2500 other rams and 112481 queens and ewes older than a year.

Sheep of the Armenian semi-coarse-wool breed are quite large and are characterized by a strong constitution, well-developed skeleton. The head is light with a straight profile. The chest is deep, but not wide enough. The body is compact, the line of the back is straight, the sacrum is somewhat lowered. The legs are strong, of medium length with a strong hoofed horn. The tail is medium in size with a two-cushion fat deposition, descending to the hock.

Animals of this breed are quite large, the height at the withers for queens is 65-69 cm, for rams - 14 -75 cm, height at the sacrum, respectively, 67-69 and 74-75 cm, chest width - 20-21 and 23-24 cm, chest depth - 31-32 and 35-36 cm, oblique body length - 65-67 and 71-17 cm, chest girth - 90-93 and 99-101 cm, metacarpal girth ~~ 8.0-8.5 and 9.8-10.0 cm.

The live weight of queens is 55.0 kg with fluctuations from 50 to 68 kg, rams -90 kg with fluctuations from 63 to 116 kg. Lambs are born strong with a live weight: rams - 3-4 kg, ewes - 2.5-3.5 kg and subsequently grow intensively, reaching 28.5-33.5 and 26.0-29, respectively, by the age of 5 months. .5 kg.

The wool of these sheep is heterogeneous, plaited, white in color with a fairly pronounced sheen, of medium density. The length of the braids in queens is from 14 to 20 cm, down 10-14 cm. The down content ranges from 40 to 60%. The thickness of the fluff is 21.0-26.5 microns, the transitional hair and awn - 41.2-48.2 microns. In single animals, dry fibers are found. The overgrowth of the belly is good.

Sheared wool in queens is about 3.0 kg with fluctuations from 2.2 to 4.7 kg, in rams - 4.6 kg with fluctuations from 3.2 to 7.0 kg. At the age of one, they cut up to 2.3-3.0 kg from ewes, and 2.5-3.5 kg from rams. The output of pure wool is 69-74%.

Sheep are distinguished by high milk yield, which is 100-120 kg of milk. Usually, when the lambs reach 45-60 days of age, the queens begin to be milked and each of them receives 30-40 kg of marketable milk with a fat content of about 8%.

The fertility of queens, depending on the conditions, ranges from 92 to 115%.

There are four lines in pedigree farms breeding sheep of the Aragats and Martuni types, which exceed the average indicators of the entire population by 13-15% and live weight by 13-15%.

The best livestock of sheep of this breed is concentrated in the Tsakar breeding farm and the Aragats breeding farm.

Further work with the breed is aimed at preserving the Aragats and Martuni intra-breed types and using their features to improve the breeding and productive qualities of the animals of the breed as a whole.

430 rub

Hens. Popular breeds and content. Illustrated Encyclopedia

Baby benthams, araucans laying blue eggs, proud Hamburg, fluffy balls-cochinkins, giant brahmas, Chinese silk, similar to kittens - the variety of breeds of chickens is amazing, delights and gives aesthetic pleasure. Chickens are the "work of life" of the author of this book - Francis Bassom. She has been passionate about these wonderful birds since childhood and has many years of experience in raising, breeding and breeding new breeds. In this encyclopedia, the author presents 90 of the most popular breeds of chickens, and also talks in detail about all aspects of proper keeping and rearing.
The book became a bestseller in the West and received the highest ratings from readers. It is published in Russian for the first time. A real value and a great gift for a person who wants to have pedigreed beauty chickens, provide a family with natural homemade eggs, enjoy communicating with feathered pets, and perhaps even thinking about participating in poultry exhibitions.

1496 rub

Atlas of Equine Diseases

The book was created by well-known, authoritative authors and reflects the world experience in the field of diagnostics and treatment of equine skin diseases.
The book contains a description of the diagnostic signs of diseases in horses, illustrated with more than 1000 color photographs. It has been repeatedly reprinted in the UK and enjoys well-deserved popularity, because - thanks to the beautiful illustrations - it greatly facilitates the diagnosis. Guarantee High Quality publications also serve as the credibility of the authors as the largest experts in their field. The atlas was published by the Mosby publishing house (a division of Elsevier Science, which has a long tradition of publishing scientific literature.

The book is intended for veterinarians specializing in the treatment of horses, students and teachers of veterinary academies and faculties, but as a diagnostic reference book it is also of interest to horse owners.

3960 rub

The book introduces the reader to various types domestic animals and birds, talks about the rules for their breeding and care, about the symptoms of the most common diseases and measures to prevent them.
Gardeners and gardeners will also find information in this book on how to pick, place and grow a variety of fruit and vegetable crops.

It is intended for persons who keep animals and poultry on a collective farm or for personal use, who have a garden and a kitchen garden.

My name is Frank Reese and I am a bird breeder. I have devoted my whole life to this cause. I don't know where I got it from. I went to a small country school with only one room. Mom said that my first composition in my life was called "Me and my turkeys."

I just liked their beauty, their dignity. I like the way they walk with an air of importance. Do not know. I don't know how to explain it. I just love the pattern on their feathers. I have always loved each of them. They are so curious, so playful, so friendly and cheerful.

At night I sit in the house and hear them - and I can always tell if they are in some kind of danger or not. Having spent almost sixty years with the turkeys, I understand their language. I know the sounds they make, I can tell if two birds are fighting or if a possum has got into the barn. There are the sounds they make when they are amazed and the sounds they make when they are excited about something new. It's amazing to listen to a turkey mother. She has a huge vocal range when she talks to the chicks. And the little ones understand. She can tell them: "Run, Jump and hide under me" or "Run from there to here." The turkeys are well aware of what is going on and are able to report incidents - in their own world, in their own language. I am not trying to give them human characteristics, they are not people, they are turkeys. I'm just telling you what they are.

Passing by my farm, many people slow down. There are many children among them - from schools, from churches, from the 4-H club * Some of them ask how a turkey could get on a tree or on a roof. "She flew in there." And they don't believe me! In America, turkeys were raised in the wild - like mine - by millions of people. This type of turkey has been on all farms for hundreds of years, and that's what everyone ate. And now mine are the only ones left, and I'm the only one who breeds them that way.

* Youth organization run by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture under the US Department of Agriculture.

Not a single turkey you bought at the supermarket could walk properly, let alone jump or fly. Did you know about it? They can't even reproduce on their own. Not a single turkey without antibiotics, not a single organic turkey walking free. Everyone has the same idiotic genetics, their bodies are no longer capable of anything other than what it dictates to them. Any turkey sold in any store and served in any restaurant is a product of artificial insemination. If all this was done just for the sake of efficiency, well, okay, you can still somehow understand, but these birds literally cannot naturally become pregnant. Tell me what's in it from natural life?

My wards do not care about anything - cold, snow, ice. And a modern industrial turkey would have a lot of problems. They don't know how to survive. My birds can walk in the snow without harm to themselves. And my turkeys have all the claws intact; they all have wings and beaks - nothing is clipped; nothing has been removed. We do not vaccinate them, we do not stuff them with antibiotics. Not necessary. Our birds are outdoors all day long. And since their genes are not corrupted, they have a naturally strong immune system. We never lose birds. If you find a healthier pack in the world, take me to it, only then will I believe. What the industry discovered - and it was a real revolution - is that healthy animals are not required at all to make an income. Patients are much more profitable. Animals have to pay a price for our desire to have everything and all the time for very little money.

Previously, no one had heard of any biosecurity. Let's take my farm. Anyone who wants can pay me a visit and I don't hesitate to take my turkeys to shows and fairs. I always suggest that people go and see a factory farm where turkeys are raised. You don't even have to enter the building. You will smell it before you approach. But people don't want to hear about such things. They don't want to hear that these big turkey factories have crematoria to burn the birds that die every day. They don't worry when they hear that when the industry sends turkeys to be processed, they know they'll lose 10 to 15 percent in transit time - they'll arrive dead at the slaughterhouse. Do you know how many dead birds I deliver for Thanksgiving? Zero. But these are just numbers, for some reason nobody cares. Everything is wrapped up in money. Well, 15 percent of the turkeys suffocated. Throw them in the incinerator.

Why do entire flocks of industrial birds suddenly die? And what about the people who eat these birds? Yesterday, one of the local pediatricians told me that he was facing illnesses that had never been heard of before. This is not only juvenile diabetes, but also inflammation and autoimmune diseases, many doctors<и названий-то таких не знают. И девочки гораздо раньше вступают в пубертатный период, и аллергия у детей практически на все, и астма вышла из-под контроля. Все знают, что это из-за еды. Мы влезли в гены этих животных, а затем кормили их гормонами роста и всякими лекарствами, о которых толком ничего не знаем. А потом мы их едим. Сегодняшние дети - первое поколение, выросшее на этой дряни, мы проводим на них научный эксперимент. Разве не странно, что люди бывают разочарованы, узнав, что сколько-то там дюжин бейсболистов принимают стероиды, в то время Как мы делаем то же с животными, предназначенными нам пищу, и кормим их мясом наших детей?

Humans today are completely separated from the animals they eat. When I was little, the first thing was to take care of the animals. Housework began before breakfast. We were taught that if we don't take care of the animals, we won't have anything to eat. We never went on holidays all together. Someone must have stayed at home. I remember that we had day trips, but we always hated them, because if you don't get home before dark, you have to go to the pasture to collect cows and milk them in the dark. The work had to be done no matter what. If you didn't want that kind of responsibility, you shouldn't have become a farmer. That's the price you have to pay to get the job done right. And if you can't do it right, don't do it at all. Everything is very simple. And I'll tell you one more thing: if the consumer doesn't want to pay the farmer to do his job right, he shouldn't eat meat.

People pay attention to such things. I don't mean wealthy citizens. Most of those who buy my turkeys are not rich; they work hard for their penny. But they are willing to pay more for what they believe in. They are willing to pay the real price. And to those who think that this is too high a price for a turkey, I always say: "Don't eat a turkey." You may well be able to afford not to worry about anything, but you certainly cannot pay the price of not worrying.

Everyone says buy fresh, buy local. It's a lie. All the same, these are the same birds, and suffering is already in their genes. When the modern mass-produced turkey was created, thousands of turkeys were killed during the experiments. What should she have shorter - legs or keel bone? What should it be - this or that? Sometimes human babies are born with defects. But no one seeks to consolidate this defect in future generations. But that's exactly what they do with turkeys. In The Omnivore's Dilemma, Michael Pollan wrote that Polyface Farm is amazing, but it's a terrible farm. Kidding. Joel Salatin breeds industrial birds. Call him and ask yourself. Well, what of the fact that they are kept on grazing. No difference. It's like putting a wrecked Honda on the highway and claiming it's a Porsche. Chickens for KFC are always slaughtered at the age of thirty-nine days. These are babies. That's how fast they grow. Salatin's organic, free-range chickens are slaughtered on their forty-second birthday. And it's the same chicken. He simply cannot be allowed to live longer because his genetics are corrupted. Think about it: a bird that simply cannot be allowed to grow up and survive its youth. He probably just wants to say that he does everything as well as possible, but keeping normal healthy birds is too expensive. I'm sorry, but I can't pat him on the shoulder and tell him what a nice guy he is. These are not things, these are Animals, so it is unacceptable to talk about relatively good things. Either do it right, or don't do it at all. I do everything right from the very beginning to the very end. Most importantly, I keep birds with old genetics, the kind that were kept a hundred years ago. Do they grow slower? Yes. Do they need more food? Yes. But you look at them and understand that they are healthy.

I don't allow little turkeys to be mailed. A lot of people don't care that half their turkeys will die from the stress of shipping, and those who survive will lose five pounds by the end of the road - this will not happen if you feed and water them yourself. But I don't give a damn. All my birds get as much pasture as they want, I will never maim them or drug them. I don't manipulate the lighting and starve them in an unnatural cyclical system. I do not allow my turkeys to be transported if it is too cold or too hot outside. And I transport them at night so that they. it was calmer. I don't load very many birds into the truck, although I could stuff them much, much more tightly. I always carry my turkeys upright, never drag them by the legs, even if it takes longer. Our processing plant had to slow down the process. I pay twice as much so they do everything half as fast. They must carefully remove the turkeys from the trailers. No fractures and stress unnecessarily. Everything is done by hand and carefully. Everything is always done right. Turkeys are stunned before being chained. Usually they are hung alive and dragged through an electric bath, but we don’t do that. We only deal with one bird at a time. This is done by a man with his hands. It is necessary to score one bird strictly after the other, then everything will be correct. My biggest fear is that they will be thrown into boiling water alive. My sister once worked at a large poultry farm. We needed money. Two weeks, that's how long she could endure. It was many years ago, and she still remembers the horrors she saw there.

People don't care about animals. I believe in it. They just don't want to know or pay. A quarter of all chickens have stress fractures. It is unacceptable. They are stuffed close to each other, they cannot avoid injury and they never see the sun. Their claws grow around the bars of their cages. It is unacceptable. They have a premonition that the slaughter is about to begin. This is unacceptable and people know it is unacceptable. It's not a matter of belief. They just have to act differently. I'm not better than others, and I'm not at all trying to convince others to live by my rules. I'm trying to convince them to live by their own rules.

My mother had a bit of Indian blood. Therefore, I know what the Indians apologize for. In the fall, when others give thanks on a holiday, I apologize. I can't bear to see them in the truck, waiting to be slaughtered. They don't look at me like they're saying, "Get me out of here." Killing them... it's too much... Sometimes - in my head, not in my heart - I find an excuse for myself that at least I did my best for the animals under my care. It's like... they're looking at me and I'm telling them, "Please forgive me." I can't help myself. They are personal to me. Animals require tension. Tonight I will go out and make everyone who jumped the fence come back. These turkeys are used to me, they know me, and when I come to them, they run to me, I open the gate and they come in. But at the same time, I put thousands of turkeys in trucks and send them to their deaths.

People are focused on the last dying moment. And I would like them to think about the whole life of the animal. If I knew that at the end of my life my throat would be cut and it would last three minutes, but before that I would spend all six weeks of my life in pain, I would most likely ask to have my throat cut six weeks earlier. People only care about how animals are killed. They say, "What difference does it make if it can walk or move if it gets killed anyway?" If it were a child, would you like it to suffer for three years, three months, three weeks, three hours, three minutes? The turkey is not a human child, but he also suffers. I have never met anyone in the industry - not a manager, not a veterinarian, not a worker, not anyone - who doubted that they felt pain. Now, how much suffering is acceptable? That's the point, that's what a person should ask himself. How much suffering are you willing to tolerate for your food?

My nephew and his wife had a baby girl and they were immediately told that she would not survive. They are very religious. They could only hold her in their arms for twenty minutes. For twenty minutes she was alive, in no pain, and part of their lives. And they said they would never trade those twenty minutes for anything. They simply thanked the Lord and praised Him that she lived even for those twenty minutes. What do you say to that?

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The average American eats the equivalent of 21,000 land animals in their lifetime - about as many as the letters on the last five pages.

Lam Hoi-ka

Brevig Mission is a tiny Eskimo village on the coast of the Bering Strait. The only full-time local official is the "financial administrator". No police station, no fire brigade, no "generalists," no unnecessary management. However, surprisingly, there is an online dating service. (One would think that when there are only 276 residents in a village, everyone more or less knows which of them is free.) Two women and two men are looking for love - sort of a perfect balance, but one of the men - when I last visited the site - I wasn't interested in women. Cutieguy, an African-American, described himself as handsome to look at, standing 5.4 feet tall, "the sort of person you wouldn't expect to find in Brevig. The prize went to Johan Hultin, a six-foot Swede with a mop of gray hair and trimmed gray goatee. Hultin arrived in Brevig on August 19, 1997, informing only one person of his trip. And immediately began to dig. There were bodies under a foot of solid ice. He was digging up a mass grave.

Deep in the permafrost were the victims of the 1918 flu pandemic. The only person Hultin shared his plans with was fellow scientist Jeffrey Tobenberger, who was also looking for the Source of the 1918 flu.

Khaltin was looking for victims of the 1918 epidemic for a reason. Just a few months before his arrival at the Brevig Mission, the Hong Kong H5N1 chicken virus appeared to have "spread" for the first time, an event that is sure to leave its mark on history.

Three-year-old Lam Hoi-ka was the first of six to be killed by this particularly sinister strain of the H5N1 virus. I, and now you, know his name because when a deadly virus spread to animals, a door was opened through which a new pandemic could enter the world. Had the health luminaries acted differently (or had we not been lucky), Lam Hoi-ka's death could have been number one in a global pandemic. And that chance still remains. The worrying strain of H5N1 hasn't completely disappeared from the face of the earth, although it has disappeared from the headlines of the American media. The question is what's next: will it kill a relatively small number of people, or will it mutate into a more deadly variety. Viruses such as H5N1 are very "enterprising", they constantly "invent" innovations that ruthlessly destroy the human immune system.

With H5N1 looming as a potential nightmare, Hultin and Tobenberger wanted to find out what caused the 1918 pandemic. And there was good reason for this: in 1918, the pandemic killed more people - and much faster than any other disease or anything else - both before this moment and after it.

Flu

The 1918 pandemic was called the "Spanish" because only the Spanish press, the only one of all the Western media, adequately covered the huge losses. (Some believe that the reason was that Spain did not participate in the war, and its press was not pressed by military censors.) Despite the name, the Spaniard struck the whole world, and this made her a pandemic, not just an epidemic. It was not the first flu epidemic and not the closest one to the present day (1957 and 1968 were also marked by pandemics), but it was the worst. If it took AIDS about twenty-four years to wipe out 24 million people, the Spanish flu claimed the same number of lives in twenty-four weeks. Some recent death counts show that 50, maybe 100 million people died around the world at that time. There is evidence that a quarter of all Americans and probably a quarter of the entire population of the globe fell ill. Unlike most other types of influenza, which are only deadly to children, the elderly, and people suffering from serious illnesses, the Spanish swept down healthy people in their prime. Mortality was highest in the twenty-five to twenty-nine-year-old group, and at the peak of the epidemic, the average life expectancy among Americans dropped to thirty-seven years. The scale of the disaster was so great in America - as elsewhere - that it seemed to me incredible that I did not learn this at school, did not read neither memoirs nor novels about it. At the height of the Spanish flu epidemic, twenty thousand Americans died a week. Steam excavators were used to dig mass graves.

Today, health officials fear a repeat of such events. Many are convinced that an H5N1 pandemic is imminent, the only question is where it will break out and, even more importantly, how severe its consequences will be.

Even if the H5N1 virus blows us away without catastrophic consequences, as it did with the recent outbreak of swine flu, no reputable doctor today can say with certainty that the possibility of a pandemic is completely averted. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) said simply: “We know that another pandemic is imminent… It is about to begin.” The US National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine just recently added that the pandemic is "not only imminent, it's overdue." From the events of recent history, we can conclude that a pandemic occurs every twenty-seven and a half years, and thirty-seven have already passed since the last pandemic. Scientists cannot predict with certainty when the next outbreak of a pandemic will occur, but they can and do know that the danger is coming.

Current WHO officials know like the back of their hand virtually the entire body of scientific evidence about a possible new influenza pandemic. So it's especially worrying that these suits-with-ties-and-long-white-waistcoats from establishments like a-now-let's-not-be-panicked are presented to the public, that is, to you and me, the following list of "things you need to know about the influenza pandemic":

Perhaps the world is on the verge of a new pandemic.

All countries will be affected by the disease.

The disease will spread widely.

Medical supplies will be insufficient.

There will be a large number of deaths.

The economic and social destruction will be great.

The relatively cautious WHO offers a "relatively cautious estimate of 2 million to 7.4 million deaths" if avian influenza crosses over to humans and is airborne (like swine). “This assessment,” continues the WHO, “is based on a relatively mild 1957 pandemic. An analysis has been made of epidemics caused by more dangerous viruses closer to that observed in M 1918, and they determine the risk much higher. It is merciful that the WHO did not include these terrifying Forecasts in the list of "what you need to know." It is ruthless that they did not dare to say that these forecasts are no less realistic.

Hultin eventually found the remains of a woman among the frozen corpses of 1918 and named her Lucy. He removed Lucy's lungs and sent them to Tobenberger, who analyzed the tissue samples and found evidence of something surprising. The results, published in 2005, showed that the source of the 1918 pandemic was avian influenza - Avian influenza. A clear answer was given to the main scientific question.

Other evidence raised suspicions that the 1918 virus mutated among pigs (which are uniquely susceptible to both human and avian viruses) or even for a time in the human population, until it reached a deadly climax in its final version. This cannot be said with certainty. Instead, it is safe to say that scientists have come to an agreement that new viruses that circulate between farm animals and humans will become a major global health threat in the foreseeable future. It's not just avian or swine flu or whatever, but the whole class of "zoonotic" (human-to-animal) pathogens - especially those that circulate between humans, chickens, turkeys and pigs - are of concern.

In talking about pandemic influenza, one should not lose sight of the fact that among the most deadly diseases known to the world, there is today's one that poses a threat to our health, which, in turn, is directly related to the health of animals raised on the farm, and first of all - birds. .

All types of flu

Another key figure in the history of influenza research is the virologist Robert Webster, who proved the pathogenic origin of all types of human influenza. He called it the "barnyard theory" and conjectured that "the viruses that cause a pandemic in the human population are supplemented with some genes from poultry influenza viruses."

A few years after the 1968 "Hong Kong flu" pandemic (whose successor strains lingered quietly and caused twenty thousand "extra deaths" in the US every year), Webster identified the virus that caused it. As he expected, the virus turned out to be a hybrid that included modifications of an avian flu virus found in a Central European duck. Today, this discovery suggests that the avian source of the 1968 pandemic is not unique: scientists now prove that the original source of all flu strains are migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, that have lived on earth for over hundreds of millions of years. As it turned out, the flu directly affects our relationship with birds.

Here it is necessary to introduce some basic scientific concepts. As the original source of these viruses, wild ducks, geese, terns and gulls harbor a full range of influenza strains. Here is how modern scientists distribute them according to the criteria: H1 through the recently discovered H16, N1 through N9. Domestic birds can also host a large supply of these Influenza strains. Neither wild nor domestic birds are necessarily ill from these viruses. Often, They simply carry them, sometimes across the globe, and then spread them through the faeces in lakes, rivers, ponds, and quite often, thanks to the techniques of industrial processing of animals, directly through the food we consume.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 16 minutes

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In terms of productivity, coarse-haired are divided into:

sheepskin-fur coat (the best varieties of this direction are Romanov and Kulunda coarse-wool sheep)
smushkovo-milk (Sokol and Karakul breeds);
meat-wool-milk (balbas, Tushino sheep);
meat-fat (fat-tailed) (the most famous are Edilbaev, Hissar, Kalmyk and Saraja);
meat-wool (Cherkasy, Kuchugurov, Bakur, Mikhnov and so on).

All these sheep varieties are characterized by a heterogeneous coat structure, in which fluff, awn and transitional hair are present. Sheepskins are obtained from most of the coarse-haired animals, which are raw materials for fur coat enterprises.

Basically, animals of this breed direction are sheared twice a year, usually in autumn and spring. An exception to this rule are the northern short-tailed varieties (for example, Romanov sheep), which can be sheared 3 times in one year (in March, June and October); and some mountain species of coarse-haired animals (for example, balbas), which are most often sheared only once a year. Below we will consider the most famous varieties of coarse-wool sheep breeding in our country.

Meat-greasy sheep

In another way - fat tails. First of all, this breed group is distinguished by a high degree of endurance, which makes it possible to grow them in desert and semi-desert regions with a poor food supply and harsh climatic conditions. The most famous among the animals of the fat-tailed species were the Gissar, Saraja and Edilbaev sheep.

Their second name is fat-tailed, these animals owe a large fat sac located in the back of the body in the tail area, called a fat tail. The weight of a fat tail can reach 30 kilograms or even more. In addition, these animals are characterized by high live weight, high rates of early maturity and milk production.

The wool of most meat and tallow sheep is not used as an industrial raw material, as it consists of coarse awn, dead hair and very fine fluff. Experts call such wool "horde".

Males and females of the fat-tailed species are for the most part hornless, hook-nosed animals with strong limbs. Below we consider the most famous varieties of this direction.

Hissar

Representatives of this variety of fat-tailed sheep are world record holders in terms of their dimensions.

The distribution area of these animals is Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There are few sheep of this species in our country, and they are kept mainly in small private flocks.

The average weight of males is from 120 to 150 kilograms, and outstanding individuals - up to 190. The live weight of ewes on average ranges from 80 to 110 kilos, and the average weight of lambs at the time of weaning from females is from 45- up to 65 kilograms.

The wool of these animals as an industrial raw material has no value and is suitable only for the manufacture of coarse felt and felt mats. The coat color is predominantly dark brown, although there are also black and dark red individuals.

A distinctive feature of these animals is a high indicator of precocity and a very large fat tail (weighing up to 24-32 kg).

This variety of fat-tailed sheep is typical for Turkmenistan.

Their main difference from other varieties of meat and greasy sheep is the rather high quality of wool, in which there is a high content of fluff and almost no dead hair. The coat color is mostly white and light gray, sometimes there are gray specimens.

About 3.8 - 4.5 kilos of raw wool can be sheared from one ram per year, and from three to three and a half kilos from one female. The average weight of an adult Saraja ram reaches 90-100 kg, and that of a female 60-70 kg.

Saraja sheep breed

Edilbaevsky sheep

The birthplace of these animals is Western Kazakhstan. These are very large representatives of their species.

The live weight of an adult male is from 90 to 145 kilograms, and females weigh from 65 to 110 kilograms. By the age of one year, males are already fattening 90 - 100 kg, and ewes of the same age - from 60 to 90 kg. Young growth by the time of weaning from the ewe is already gaining up to 50-55 kilograms.

From one adult edilbay you can get from two and a half to three kg of wool, from a female - from two to two and a half kilograms.

The best males can give up to 3.5, and the best females in terms of wool productivity - up to 2.5 kilograms of wool raw materials. The quality of the resulting wool is quite high and it can be used in light industry enterprises and in carpet weaving. This sheep variety cannot boast of high fecundity - 100 ewes on average bring from 115 to 130 cubs per year, which is a very average indicator for the industry.

Animals of this species are characteristic of the mountainous territories of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. The best of them are Tushino sheep and sausages. The largest livestock of the first is concentrated in Georgia, and the second - on the territory of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Their distinctive feature is a fat tail of large size and various shapes.

The main characteristics of these breeds:

The coat of these breed groups is distinguished by its white color and good quality indicators (close to semi-coarse wool), and their meat is valued for its high palatability.

In addition, these animals have good indicators of milk production and are characterized by high levels of endurance, which makes it possible to breed them in high altitude conditions.

Meat wool sheep

The best breeds of this direction are Cherkasy, Kuchugurovskaya and Mikhnovskaya. The Kuchugurov variety can be distinguished by a fat tail of considerable length, while the Cherkasy and Mikhnov animals have long, but skinny tails.

Characteristics of the breed groups listed above:

Breed	Live weight (kg)				Wool yield (kg)
Breed	male	female	lambs 4 months old	male		female
Cherkasy	64-78	50-68	32-34	4-5		3,5
Kuchugurovskaya	75	55	32-35	3,6		2,5-2,8
Mikhnovskaya	64-72	48	30-33	5-6		3,7-3,9

Kuchugurovskaya sheep variety is most popular in Altai and the Voronezh region. Mikhnovtsy is most of all in the same Voronezh, and Cherkasy - in the Samara regions.

The color of the sheep of the Mikhnov breed is mainly white, and the other two varieties listed are white and black. Despite their good meat and wool performance, these breeds continue to improve. To do this, they are crossed with. For example, Kuchugurov's animals are crossed with Lincolns, Mikhnov's - with sheep of the Romney March variety and the same Lincolns, and sheep of the Cherkasy variety are improved with Romney March animals. This gives a very serious increase in productivity indicators. The data shown by mestizos are given below:

Hybrid	Live weight (kg)				Wool yield (kg)
Hybrid	male	female	lambs 4-5 months old	male		female	lambs 4-5 months old
Cherkasskaya - Romney March	90,0	64,0	32,0	6,0		3,8	1,3
Mikhnovskaya - romney march (animals at 1 year old)	43,1	37,0	32,0	4,7		4,6	1,3
Lincoln - Kuchugurovskaya (animals at 1 year old)	42,8	37,3	34,4	4,5		4,3	1,3

Although this variety is classified as a sheepskin coat, good meat and milk productivity indicators make it possible to safely call it truly universal. This breed appeared in the Yaroslavl region and, thanks to its quality indicators, has become widespread throughout Russia.

Romanov lambs are born with a black coat, and then, from the age of 2-3 weeks, the fleece brightens, until at 3-4 months it finally turns into gray.

After shearing, the color of the coat becomes gray-blue.

The quality of sheepskin of this type directly depends on the proportional ratio of the awn and down fiber, as well as on the uniformity of the fleece and its density. Basically, these proportions are from one to four to one to ten. At the same time, the length of the downy fibers is greater than the length of the spiny ones. Adult males often have a luxurious mane.

The color of the awn hair is mainly black, and the downy fibers are white. The color of the resulting sheepskin is formed by mixing the color of these fibers.

Hissar breed of sheep

The most valuable quality of Romanov sheep is their fertility. It reaches 250-270 percent. One cub in the offspring is a rarity, two or three is the norm. And 10 percent of ewes generally give from four to five lambs per lamb (sometimes even more).

The main characteristics of the Romanov sheep variety:

Age	Live weight (kg)					Wool output per year (kg)
	males		females		males			females
	average	record	average	record	average		record	average	record
7-8 months	28-32	45	26-30	41	0,9-1,0		1,8	0,8-1,0	1,5
1.5 years	40-50	65	35-40	58	1,5-2,0		3,0	1,0-1,5	2,2
2.5 years	50-60	80	40-60	71	2,0-2,5		3,4	1,2-1,7	2,8

Smushkovo-milk

The main purpose of breeding these animal species is to obtain smushki - the skins of lambs aged from one to three days. Also, these types of sheep give a lot of milk.

Semi-coarse breeds

Semi-coarse-haired include Saraja, Tajik. and Altai sheep breeds. They are characterized by high meat and fat productivity, good adaptability to desert and mountain pastures of Central Asia. The coat of these breeds is semi-coarse, mostly white, with a high content of fluff and transitional hair. Adult sheep are sheared twice - in spring and autumn.

Saraja rams have a mass of 80-85 kg, uterus - 55-60 kg. Shearing wool from rams is 3.5-4 kg, from queens - 2.5-3.0 kg.

Sheep of the Tajik breed are larger than the Sarajip ones: rams have a mass of 120-130 kg, uterus - 70-80 kg, lambs at the age of 4-5 months - 42-45 kg. Shearing wool from rams is 4.5-4.8 kg, from queens - 2.9-3.4 kg. The average length of braids of spring wool in rams reaches 18-21 cm, down - 10-11 cm, in queens - 15-16 and 7-8 cm, respectively.

Rough-haired breeds

Coarse-wool breeds of sheep have the following areas of productivity: fur coat-meat, smushkovo, meat-fat, meat-wool-milk, meat-wool.

Fur-meat breeds

Mostly fur-beef sheep are represented by the Romanov breed. Romanov queens are highly fertile. For a lamb, they usually bring "2-3 lamb. In addition, the uterus is able to come hunting and give birth in all seasons of the year. From Romanov sheep, the world's best sheepskin coats are obtained, characterized by lightness, strength and high heat-shielding properties. These qualities are associated with the fact that the down grows more intensively than the awn and after 3-4 weeks after shearing it exceeds the length of the awn fibers by 2-3 cm and beautiful small curls form at the end of it.Sheep of the Romanov breed are sheared 3 times during the year (in March, June, October Lambs are sheared for the first time at 5-6 months of age. Shearing wool for rams is 2.5-3 kg, for queens - about 1.5 kg. Live weight of rams does not exceed 70-90 kg, queens -45-50 kg.

Astra breeds

Smushkovs include Karakul and Sokolskaya breeds of sheep. Karakul sheep are mainly bred to obtain beautiful, light and durable sheep, which are in great demand. In addition, meat, milk, wool and sheepskins are obtained from Karakul sheep.

Karakul sheep are well adapted to year-round keeping on low-productive pastures of deserts and semi-deserts.

The live weight of Karakul rams is 70-80 kg, queens - 45-50 kg. For a year, 2.5-3 kg of wool is sheared from an adult sheep, 0.6-1.0 kg on average for bright wool (first shearing).

Sheep are sheared twice a year - in spring and autumn. The coat of young Karakul sheep is mostly (80%) black in color, but there are lambs with gray, brown and white wool.

Sheep of the Sokol breed give astray predominantly gray in color. They are inferior in quality to astrakhan, but are in high demand for their beautiful gray coloration with blue and steel hues.

meat breeds

Meat-fat sheep include the Gissar, Edilbaev, Jaidara and other breeds. They are characterized by a strong constitution, endurance, good adaptability to grazing, high meat and fat productivity. In seasons favorable for feeding conditions, these sheep are able to create large reserves of fat at the root of the tail - in the fat tail.

Hissar sheep are the largest in the world. Sheep often have a mass of 150-170 kg or more, uterus - 70-80 kg, the best of them - 100-120 kg. Lambs at weaning at the age of 4-4.5 months reach 45-50 kg, and ewes - 40-45 kg. The mass of fat tail fat in fattened sheep is 20-25 kg, often 50 kg or more. The wool of sheep is coarse, contains a lot of thick awn, dead dry hair. Wool shearing is not high: in rams - 1.3-1.6 kg, in queens - 1-1.4 kg, shearing of the lamb - 0.4-0.6 kg. Felt mats are made from the wool of Hissar sheep.

Sheep of the Edilbaev breed are somewhat inferior to the Gissar ones in terms of size and meat and fat productivity, but surpass them in shearing and wool quality. The live weight of sheep of the Edilbaevskaya breed is 110-120 kg, the best - 150-160 kg, queens - 65-70 and 90-100 kg, respectively. Lambs at weaning have a weight of 42-45 kg. Shearing wool from rams is at the level of 3-3.5 kg, from queens - 2.4-2.6 kg. The sheep's wool is heterogeneous, but contains more fluff and transitional hair than the wool of Hissar sheep.

Sheep of the Jaidara breed are inferior to the Gissar and Edilbay sheep in terms of meat and fat productivity. The live weight of rams is 100-110 kg, of queens - 60-65 kg. The yield of tail fat after fattening adult sheep does not exceed 10-15 kg. Shearing wool from rams does not exceed 2.5-3.5 kg, from queens - 2-3 kg, shearing from lamb - 0.3-0.5 kg. The wool is coarse, used for making felt mats and carpets.

Meat and wool and dairy breeds

Sheep of these breeds (Tushino, Balbas, Karachay, Karabakh, Lezgi, Mazekh, etc.) are bred in Transcaucasia and the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus. In terms of body type and productivity, these sheep are largely similar to each other. The wool is coarse, but in many breeds (balbas, Tushinskaya, etc.) it contains a lot of fluff and transitional hair. It is used for the manufacture of felted shoes, cloaks and other products.

The meat of these sheep is characterized by high taste and nutritional qualities. It is in great demand among the population.

Valuable raw materials for sewing warm outerwear and hats are the skins of sheep, the skins of lambs - lambskins.

Sheep of these breeds are characterized by medium size, great endurance, good adaptability to keeping on mountain pastures.

Sheep on average have a mass of 60-70 kg, uterus - 40-50 kg or more. Fat deposits in the form of fat tail are 10-12 kg in rams, and 5-6 kg in queens. Shearing wool in rams does not exceed 3-4 kg, in queens - 2.5-3 kg. The fleece is of a braided structure, the length of the braids is 15-20 cm. The milk yield of queens is high. For example, 45-60 kg of marketable milk with a fat content of 7-10% is obtained from sheep of the Balbas breed in Armenia, from which cheeses and cheese are produced.

In sheep-breeding farms of different zones, buildings of various types are erected for winter keeping of sheep, taking into account natural, climatic, economic conditions and breed characteristics of animals.

So, in the southern semi-desert and steppe regions, lightweight buildings are being built - platforms; in areas where fine-fleeced sheep are bred - koshary; in Transbaikalia and a number of eastern and southern regions - semi-covered premises - catons, and in the regions of the Center, North-West and North-East - shepherds.

Special requirements are imposed on the construction of sheds for the winter keeping of sheep based on new technology using industrial methods and mechanization of labor-intensive processes.

In the northern, northeastern, northwestern and central regions with a long stall period and low winter temperatures, separate sheepfolds are built for queens, for young animals and for sires, and in the farms of the northern regions with a small number of sheep - general sheepfolds.

To divide the total area of sheep premises into separate pens (otsarks), in which separate groups of animals are placed, wooden shields made of planed boards are used. To avoid damage to the fleece, the ends of the nails are driven deep into the boards. The length of the shield is usually 1.75-3.5 m and the height is 1.2 m with gaps between the boards of 12-15 cm. In greenhouses, short shields 1-1.5 m long and 1-1.2 m with a gap between the boards of 8-10 cm.

In one of the ends of such a combined sheepfold, a room is equipped for storing equipment and a stock of concentrated feed. Such sheepfolds are built to accommodate the livestock of one or two flocks. In a building for two flocks, storage facilities are built at both ends of the building.

In a number of farms, brood pens are built with the expectation that economically advantageous winter and early spring lambs will be held in them. Winter and early spring lambing contributes to a better preservation of lambs and makes it possible to turn over a super-repair number of lambs and lambs for meat in the same year. In the middle part of the room, a greenhouse with a maternity ward is being built. It is isolated with a solid partition to its entire height.

During lambing in the maternity ward, for lambing queens, cages with an area of 2-2.5 m2 are placed, made of shields 50-60 cm high. maintenance of queens with newborn lambs. Heap cells are located along the premises for the convenience of distributing feed and water. Indoors, they also make fenced otsarks for sakmans - groups of lambs. In the northern and central regions, in the maternity ward, a stove with a boiler for heating water is being built, observing fire regulations. A greenhouse with a maternity ward is made based on 25-30% of the queens.

In areas where in winter the air temperature is below minus 30 ° C, temporary greenhouses are equipped in the middle part of the room. They are fenced off and insulated. With sheepfolds designed for 500 queens, as well as in L-shaped buildings, greenhouses are sometimes built separately. Sheepfolds for rams (sheep pens) built on large farms consist of three compartments. In the first one, they are placed in individual or group cages of sires and make an arena for taking sperm, in the second they put cages for probe rams, and in the third place repair rams.

In small farms, artificial insemination points are equipped in a greenhouse or in the insulated end of the sheepfold facing south.

A veterinary station (treatment and prophylactic point), designed to accommodate 3% of the total number of sheep, must have rooms for staff and pharmacies, rooms with okarki for keeping sheep, patients with non-communicable diseases, weak animals, emaciated and raising orphan lambs or lambs taken from sheep with diseased udders (mastitis).

In the barns, a sanitary enclosure is made, in which the shepherds allocate diseased sheep until they are examined by veterinary specialists, according to the conclusion of which the animals are sent to a veterinary station or isolation ward.

Recovered animals from the sanitary and medical center, according to the conclusion of veterinary specialists, are sent back to flocks or for fattening.

In large farms, separate buildings-insulators are made, designed for 0.5% of the livestock, located on the leeward side no closer than 100 m from the livestock buildings, in which separate sections are separated by blind partitions.

In the isolation ward, its sections or in the premises of the veterinary station, sick sheep are kept in individual pens (length 2.5 m, width 1.75 m) or in group pens for 2-4 heads. The length of such a group machine is 2.5 m and a width of 3 m.

The ceilings in the insulator must be insulated, plank, smooth and painted, and the floors must be asphalt or brick. The area adjacent to the insulator is fenced with a fence. At the insulator, a small area is made for disinfection and biothermal disinfection of manure.

The veterinary buildings also include baths for buying sheep, at the rate of one bath for 8-10 flocks. The length of the bath is 15 m, the width at the top is 0.65 m and the bottom is 0.45 m, the depth at the entrance to the bath is 1.25 m, at the exit 0.95 m.

On large sheep farms, it is planned to build a sanitary slaughterhouse for the forced slaughter of sick sheep and slaughter for on-farm needs. A slaughter room, a cooling room, a room for salting and temporary storage of skins and a refrigerator are arranged at the point.

To clean the corpses of dead sheep, it is necessary to have closed boxes made of galvanized iron and remove the corpses no later than 4 hours after death. At the direction of the veterinarian, the place where the corpse lay is disinfected. The afterbirths and corpses of lambs are placed in the same boxes.

In farms of zones where pasture-semi-stall or permanent pasture keeping of sheep is practiced, as well as in areas with a relatively short stall period and a mild climate, animals are placed in lightweight buildings for the winter, built from local building materials (adobe, reed shields, etc.). .) or from prefabricated reinforced concrete parts (reinforced concrete frame and walls made of adobe, raw bricks or shell rock blocks, etc.) according to the project of Kazyuzhgiproselkhozvod-stroy. The roof is made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, laying them on wooden rafters.

In the southern regions, to accommodate one flock (700-800 sheep), lightweight buildings are made: shed bases with three walls (northern, eastern and western). More often, the base-canopy is made L-shaped and has an outer corner of the fracture against the direction of the prevailing winds, and the open side is to the south, southwest or southeast. "On the free side, a base corral surrounded by a fence is equipped.

To carry out early lambing of sheep, at the base-canopy, a greenhouse is built with ovaries for lambing queens, individual cages (heaps) and ovaries for sakmans.

The area of the base-canopy for a flock of 700 heads is distributed as follows: under a canopy 377 m2, a greenhouse 358 m2 and an open base 1370 m2.

Sheep are fed on an open base from feeders. The manure is removed by a bulldozer.

Mechanized sites - sheds for keeping sheep are made in areas where winter temperatures do not fall below minus 20 ° C.

In some farms, these sites are used in summer and autumn for fattening super-repair young animals, and in winter for growing replacement ewes, keeping bollards and over-flying. For keeping young animals, such sites are made at the rate of 0.6 m2 per head with a feeding front at the feeders of 15 cm. The site for the site is chosen no closer than 2 km from the settlement, away from other livestock farms (at least 1.5 km) and from enterprises for the processing of products of animal origin (at least 3 km). The selected construction site must be provided with electricity and water, have a low standing groundwater and be safe in veterinary and sanitary terms.

The entire territory of the site is fenced with a 1.8 m high fence. For the delivery of goods to the site and the removal of animals from it, paved roads are made.

The sizes of otsarks, feeding troughs, the arrangement of floors on the site are the same as in the shed.

The territory of the site is divided into "white" and "black" zones with the same location of administrative and utility buildings. Veterinary facilities (veterinary buildings, baths for buying sheep) and a shearing station are located behind the fence line.

On the border of the "white" and "black" zones, a flyover is equipped for unloading and loading sheep.

On the site, sheep are kept in stalls under sheds in groups of 70-100 heads and fed with hay, silage, haylage, and concentrates.

Group automatic drinking bowls are installed on the sites for rearing young animals in each ocarka.

In some zones (Bashkiria, Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia, Kyrgyzstan and some regions of Siberia), katons (in Kyrgyz “tashkoroo” in Kyrgyz) are made to temporarily keep sheep in winter and shelter them during strong winds and snowfalls. Fine-fleeced and coarse-wooled sheep are kept from the beginning of wintering (about 4 months) to lambing in catons. They are built from local materials (brushwood, straw, reeds, weedy vegetation, short-length forest, logs, poles) with an open top. About 12 tons of straw are spent on the construction of a katon for one flock. Such a katon serves three years. The area in the katon per sheep should be in the range of 0.6-0.7 m2. Pastures near catons are not grazed in summer, but are kept for grazing sheep in winter.

On the winter distant pastures, simpler structures are placed to shelter the sheep: sheepfolds-roofs or various prefabricated and portable shelters.
In areas with low temperatures in winter, the walls of the capital sheepfold (koshara) are made of materials that retain heat well in the room. For this, local building materials are used or reinforced concrete frames are filled with local building materials. Bricks, stones, blocks are also used, and in recent years, unified reinforced concrete parts. In forested areas, wood is used for construction. If the frame is made of reinforced concrete parts, brick and stone pillars or wooden racks, then reeds, straw, asbolite fiber, raw brick, adobe or other local building materials are used to fill the walls.

The inner surface of the walls, ceiling and all fences in the places where the sheep are located at a height of at least 1 m from the floor is made smooth, the nails are carefully hammered so that the sheep do not spoil the wool.

The walls are periodically swept from dust, whitened, cover up the cracks. The floor, ceiling and all interior equipment are periodically disinfected.

Ordinary ceilings are made only in heated greenhouses and artificial insemination stations. From above they are coated with clay and insulated with a layer of sawdust, fallen leaves and needles, moss, and the surface facing the premises is whitened or painted with light-colored paint, which helps to reflect light and increase illumination in the room.

In the southern regions always, and in the northern regions in rooms with a combined roof, but subject to good insulation, barns and sheepfolds are made without ceilings. For the roof, fire-resistant materials are used - asbestos cement, eternite, slate, tile, roofing material.

The floors in the sheepfolds, as a rule, are made of earth rammed, clay-crushed stone, and sometimes wooden in the northern regions. They must be even and rise above the level of the planning mark by at least 15 cm.

Every year, after the sheep have been transferred to pastures, manure is removed from the premises and the floors are repaired: potholes are repaired, they are leveled at the gate through which the animals walked, and they are rammed.

In recent years, so-called slotted floors made of bars with a section of 40 by 60 mm with gaps between the bars of 16-18 mm have been tested in sheepfolds. The manure falls through the slatted floor into the underground storage.

In the outer walls of the shepherds (kosharas) they make double-leaf gates that open outwards for the release of animals, the supply of feed and the removal of manure. Gates are made 200-250 cm high, 250-300 cm wide for free passage of mechanized transport (feeders, bulldozers). A door measuring 180x70 cm is arranged in the gate for the passage of service personnel. Disinfection barriers (mats) are equipped inside the premises immediately behind the entrance doors. Their width corresponds to the width of the door, length 100 cm, depth 8-10 cm. a tightly knocked-down box (it is better to connect the boards into spikes), filled with sawdust, abundantly moistened with a disinfectant solution.

Gates and doors on both sides are upholstered with tongue and groove boards, and in the northern regions, building felt, mineral wool, tow and other insulating materials are laid for insulation between the two-sided sheathing. Thresholds in the gate do not.

In areas where the air temperature in winter is below minus 20 ° C, and in areas with strong winds, at the outer insulated gates of the sheepfold for the breeding stock, tambours with non-insulated gates are arranged that open outward. The width of the vestibule must be greater than the width of the gate of the sheepfold by at least 50 cm on each side, and the depth must be greater than the width of the leaf of the opening half of the gate by at least 50 cm.

Glazed windows are made in vestibules.

The natural illumination of sheepfolds is determined by the ratio of the area of glazing windows to the area of \u200b\u200bthe floor (according to the so-called light coefficient). In some typical projects of sheepfolds, windows are not provided, but glazed light openings are constructed above the gates in the end sides. Due to the fact that sheep spend the entire daylight hours on an open base in winter, the light coefficients for them are somewhat less than in rooms for animals of other species.

Windows in the walls of the sheds are located, taking into account uniform illumination of the room, at a height of at least 1.2 m, and in the artificial insemination station - at a level of 0.5 m from the floor. A significant amount of heat is lost through windows. Therefore, in greenhouses, at artificial insemination stations, in sheepfolds for fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced queens in areas with outdoor winter temperatures below minus 20 ° C, windows are made with double frames. The outer frames open outward (up), and the inner ones open into the room (down). Such an arrangement of opening frames in the form of a transom allows in spring and autumn to additionally ventilate the premises and enhance the effect of ventilation devices.

Windows are periodically washed and wiped, the frames are repaired and painted in a timely manner, the putty is renewed.

In the premises for sheep, artificial electric lighting is made.

In greenhouses and maternity wards, emergency lighting is provided at the rate of 15% of the total illumination.

In areas of northern sheep breeding during the stall period, ultraviolet irradiation of pregnant queens is used.

Sheep are irradiated once every 3 days, starting 30 days before lambing and finishing 15 days before lambing. The duration of the irradiation session is 30 minutes.

In sheep-breeding premises, optimal temperatures and air humidity are maintained, the parameters of which are given above.

Electric heaters are also used to ensure normal air temperature in barns in the northern regions.

The room for rearing young animals is not heated. In sheepfolds, the air temperature is usually maintained by the heat generated by the animals. In greenhouses, maternity wards, in the premises of the artificial insemination point, the air temperature is created in accordance with the specified standards using heating devices (heaters, heating lamps, stoves, including gas ones), constructed in compliance with fire safety standards.

On large farms, central boiler houses and water heating are built to heat the houses of livestock breeders and industrial premises.

In the air of the premises in which sheep are kept, heat, moisture and carbon dioxide accumulate. When resting, one adult animal emits from 125 to 300 kcal of heat and from 50 to 150 g of water vapor in 1 hour. In addition, moisture enters the air when liquid evaporates from the floor and from wet food.

Ammonia, which is formed during the decomposition of urine, manure, and bedding, is mixed with indoor air. The content of carbon dioxide in the air of sheep-breeding premises should not exceed 0.25%, and ammonia - 15 mg/m3.

To ensure a normal microclimate within the above norms, supply and exhaust ventilation is arranged in shepherds. Hourly power (volume) of ventilation is based on the following calculations: providing 0.45 m3 of outside air per 1 kg of animal weight and at least 25-35 m3 per animal with 5-10-fold room air exchange.

Supply and exhaust ventilation in sheepfolds is done with natural or artificial induction of air movement using propeller fans with electric motors.

Exhaust pipes of square section are installed along the roof ridge. The upper end of the pipe should be 0.5-0.7 m above the roof ridge and have a deflector (louvered or nozzle deflector). The lower end of the pipe is supplied with a throttle valve, with which the hood is regulated.

Exhaust pipes in the sheepfold are made with a section of 50x50 or 60 x 60 cm. In rooms with a ceiling, exhaust pipes in the attic are insulated with straw bundles or mats. Plank sheathing is made on the pipe above the roof, and the space between the walls and sheathing is filled with sawdust.

Supply pipes with a section of 20x20 cm are installed in the longitudinal walls of the sheepfold. The outer part of the horizontal supply pipe, protruding beyond the wall by 20-25 cm, is tightened with a metal mesh. The inner end of the pipe is equipped with a special valve (damper) to control the inflow of outside air.

In autumn and spring, at air temperatures above 0 ° C, ventilation is further enhanced by installing centrifugal roof fans in the exhaust pipes.

In some farms, electric heaters are used - ventilation units that provide air change and heating.