Presentation on the topic "Great mathematicians. Sofia Kovalevskaya"
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Sofya Kovalevskaya - an outstanding mathematician The first female professor in Russia and Northern Europeslide 2
Russian mathematician and mechanic Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya (nee Korvin-Krukovskaya) (January 3 (15), 1850, Moscow - January 29 (February 10), 1891, Stockholm) - Russian mathematician and mechanic, since 1889 a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Wife of Vladimir Kovalevsky, sister of Anna Jaclar. The first female professor in Russia and Northern Europe and the first female professor of mathematics in the world (Maria Agnesi, who previously received this title, never taught).
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Daughter of Lieutenant General of Artillery V. V. Korvin-Krukovsky and Elizaveta Fedorovna (maiden name - Schubert). Grandfather Kovalevskaya, Infantry General F.F. Schubert, was an outstanding mathematician, and great-grandfather Schubert was an even more famous astronomer. She was born in Moscow in January 1850. Kovalevskaya spent her childhood on the estate of her father, Polibino, Nevelsky district, Vitebsk province (now the village of Polibino, Velikoluksky district, Pskov region).
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First Lessons The first lessons, except for governesses, were given to Kovalevskaya from the age of eight by a home tutor, the son of a small-scale gentry, Iosif Ignatievich Malevich, who placed memories of his student in Russian Antiquity (December 1890). In 1866, Kovalevskaya traveled abroad for the first time, and then lived in St. Petersburg, where she took lessons in mathematical analysis from A. N. Strannolyubsky.
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In the first lesson of differential calculus, Strannolyubsky was surprised at the speed with which Sonya mastered the concept of the limit and the derivative, "as if she knew everything in advance." And the girl, in fact, during the explanation, suddenly clearly remembered those sheets of Ostrogradsky's lectures, which she examined on the wall of the nursery in Palibino.
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They were not embarrassed that for this it was necessary to enter into a fictitious marriage, since the unmarried were not accepted. They were looking for a candidate for husbands among the raznochintsy and impoverished nobles. In 1863, at the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, pedagogical courses were opened with departments of natural-mathematical and verbal. The Kryukovsky sisters were eager to go there to study.
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VO Kovalevsky Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky was found as a "groom" for Anyuta. And it must have happened that on one of the dates he told Anyuta that he, of course, was ready to marry, but only ... with Sofia Vasilievna. Soon he was introduced into the general's house and, with his consent, became Sophia's fiancé. He was 26 years old, Sophia - 18.
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Legacy Sofia Kovalevskaya was born on January 3, 1850 in Moscow, where her father, artillery general Vasily Korvin-Krukovsky, served as head of the arsenal. Mother, Elisabeth Schubert, was 20 years younger than her father. Subsequently, Kovalevskaya spoke about herself: “I inherited a passion for science from my ancestor, the Hungarian king Matvey Korvin; love for mathematics, music, poetry - from my maternal grandfather, astronomer Schubert; personal freedom - from Poland; from a gypsy great-grandmother - love to vagrancy and inability to obey accepted customs; the rest is from Russia.
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Wedding On September 15, 1868, a wedding took place in a village church near Palibino. And soon in St. Petersburg, Sophia began to secretly attend lectures. The girl soon realized that only mathematics should be studied, and if now, in her youth, one does not devote herself exclusively to her beloved science, one can irreparably lose time! And Kovalevskaya, having passed the matriculation exam, again returned to Strannolyubsky in order to study mathematics more thoroughly before going abroad.
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Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya Born on January 15, 1850 in Moscow at the Palibino estate Father: Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky, general Mother: Elizaveta Fedorovna Korvina-Krukovskaya, man of art
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Within two and a half years, she mastered all arithmetic, then an extensive course of algebra was studied, and in the sixth year of study, geometry was mastered. Sophia wanted to go to university, but women had access to everything Russian universities was closed. She could only get higher education abroad.
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In order to continue her studies abroad, Sophia in 1869 marries nobleman Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky.
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Professor KarlTheodor Wilhelm Weierstrass University of Berlin Sofia Kovalevskaya received higher education and even a doctorate degree. She became a celebrity in the field of mathematics.
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University in Stockholm. Kovalevskaya in 1883 took the post of assistant professor at Stockholm University. In Sweden, Sofya Vasilievna not only lectures, but also conducts scientific work and is engaged in literature.
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"The problem of the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point" In 1888, Sophia Kovalevskaya completed her scientific work:
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P.L. Chebyshev in 1889 helped Kovalevskaya become a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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February 10, 1891 Sofya Vasilievna died of pneumonia in Stockholm. She was the first female mathematician, Ph.D.
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O earthly mathematics, Be proud, beautiful, of yourself. You are the mother of all sciences, And they value you!
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Sofia Vasilievna was born .. in 1950 in 1850 in 2050 Let's check your attention and memory
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What country was she born in? Russia Sweden Germany
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S. V. Kovalevskaya was ... Woman - traveler Woman - mathematician Woman - cosmonaut
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In addition to mathematics, Kovalevskaya was fond of .. painting, literature, sports "A mathematician must be a poet in his soul" S. V. Kovalevskaya
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Kovalevskaya spoke….. French, German, English, Swedish Five languages Three languages One language
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One of the scientific works of S.V. Kovalevskoy The problem of the rotation of a rigid body about a fixed point The rule of laws for determining the number of positive and negative roots of the equation The problem of prime numbers.
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A pear is heavier than an apple, and an apple is heavier than a peach. What is heavier pear or peach? Interesting page
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Decipher the words and name the extra:
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Find a pattern and complete the number series: 0, 3, 8, 15, ? 24
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Read the words DIAMETER TOP beam
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Calculate: 61
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Tell me which is easier - 2 kilograms of down or 2 kilograms of iron? =
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SCHOOL HOROSCOPE
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Gemini To achieve success in your studies, you need to try. Quarrels with friends will end. Take your health seriously. Smile. Your academic achievement will be rewarded. Taurus Listen to your elders. You will get good grades if you study your lessons. It will be an interesting journey. Aries
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Slides captions:
S. V. Kovalevskaya
- 1850-1891
- Elizaveta Fedorovna Korvin-Krukovskaya
- Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky
- Sofia Kovalevskaya was born on January 15, 1850 in Moscow, where her father, artillery general Vasily Korvin-Krukovsky, served as head of the arsenal. Mother, Elisabeth Schubert, was 20 years younger than her father. Subsequently, Kovalevskaya spoke about herself: “I inherited a passion for science from my ancestor, the Hungarian king Matvey Korvin; love for mathematics, music, poetry - from my maternal grandfather, astronomer Schubert; personal freedom - from Poland; from a gypsy great-grandmother - love to vagrancy and inability to obey accepted customs; the rest is from Russia.
- When Sonya was six years old, her father retired and settled in his family estate Palibino, in the Vitebsk province.
- First governess
- Krukowski was French; she was more engaged with Anna and had little to do with the younger children, whose upbringing was soon entrusted to the Englishwoman who replaced her.
- Parents decided to re-finish the wooden house. Have written out wall-paper from Petersburg. But they did not calculate, and there was not enough wallpaper for the children's room. We decided to simply paste over it with paper, which had accumulated a lot in the attic. The wallpaper in the nursery turned out to be lithographed recordings of lectures on differential and integral calculus by Academician Ostrogradsky, whom my father once listened to.
- Looking at the walls of the nursery, 11-year-old Sonya noticed that some of the things that her uncle was talking about were depicted there. And she spent hours looking at the sheets, covered with some signs. In the most prominent place was a sheet with explanations of the concept of infinitesimal quantities and the limit. And when she began to study in St. Petersburg a few years later, she quickly mastered all the mathematics. At night I read not fiction, but Bourdon's algebra course. During the winter she went through analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus.
- The girl knew all arithmetic so well, so quickly solved the most difficult problems, that Malevich, before algebra, allowed her to study the two-volume course of Bourdon's arithmetic, which was used at that time at the University of Paris.
- Seeing the mathematical progress of the girl, one of the neighbors recommended that her father take for Sonya a teacher of fleet lieutenant Alexander Nikolaevich Strannolyubsky.
- In the first lesson of differential calculus, Strannolyubsky was surprised at the speed with which Sonya mastered the concept of the limit and the derivative, "as if she knew everything in advance." And the girl, in fact, during the explanation, suddenly clearly remembered those sheets of Ostrogradsky's lectures, which she examined on the wall of the nursery in Palibino.
- Vladimir Onufrievich struck the imagination of a young Palibin lady. His life was more exciting than any novel. At the age of sixteen, he began to earn money by translating foreign novels for the booksellers of Gostiny Dvor. He impressed everyone with his memory, abilities and extraordinary inclination to "participate in every movement." Kovalevsky did not want to serve as an official and took up publishing activities in St. Petersburg. He translated and printed books that the progressive people of Russia needed.
- Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky
- On September 15, 1868, a wedding took place in a village church near Palibino. And soon in St. Petersburg, Sophia began to secretly attend lectures. The girl soon realized that only mathematics should be studied, and if now, in her youth, one does not devote herself exclusively to her beloved science, one can irreparably lose time! And Kovalevskaya, having passed the matriculation exam, again returned to Strannolyubsky in order to study mathematics more thoroughly before going abroad.
- Karl Weierstrass
- In the name of her higher appointment, as she understood it, Sofya Vasilievna overcame her shyness and on October 3, 1870 went to Weierstrass in Berlin. Wishing to get rid of the pesky visitor, Professor Weierstrass offered her to test her knowledge several problems on hyperbolic functions from the category of those, even somewhat more difficult, that he gave to the most successful students of the mathematical faculty, and asked her to come next week. In truth, Weierstrass managed to forget about the visit of the Russian, when exactly a week later she again appeared in his office and announced that the tasks had been solved!
- In 1869, the young couple left for Germany, Kovalevskaya attended lectures by leading scientists, and since 1870. she seeks the right to study under the guidance of the German scientist Karl Weierstrass. The classes were of a private nature, since women were not admitted to the University of Berlin either.
- In the autumn of 1878, a daughter was born to the Kovalevskys. Kovalevskaya spent almost six months in bed. The doctors were losing hope of saving her. True, the young organism won, but Sophia's heart was struck by a serious illness.
- Sofia Kovalevskaya with her daughter Sonya
- January 3, 1850 in Moscow in the family of General V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky had a daughter, Sophia.
- At the age of 15, she mastered all arithmetic, perfectly solved the most difficult problems, and a year later she studied analytic geometry, differential and integral calculus.
- 1868 - moving to Germany, attending the lectures of Karl Weierstrass.
- At the age of 24, she received her Ph.D.
- 1883 - accepts an offer from the Stockholm University to lecture on mathematics.
- December 6, 1888 - The Paris Academy of Sciences awards a young scientist a prestigious prize - prize Borden.
- 1889 - Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
- With a Ph.D. diploma, she returns to St. Petersburg and leaves mathematics for almost 6 years. At this time, her literary and journalistic activities began.
- Did the times you carelessly
- Walking idle among the crowd
- And suddenly some passionate song
- Do you happen to hear sounds?
- On you with an unexpected wave
- Smell the memory of past years,
- And something sweet, dear
- In the soul responded in response.
- It seemed to you that these sounds
- You heard it many times as a child.
- How much happiness, bliss, torment
- They remembered for you.
- You hurried with your usual hearing
- To catch a familiar chant,
- Wished you behind every sound
- Follow every word.
- In 1880 Kovalevskaya moved to Moscow, but there she was not allowed to take the master's exams at the university. She also failed to get a professorship at the Higher Courses for Women in Paris. Only in 1883 she moved to Sweden and began working at Stockholm University, where she became a professor a year later. She delivered 12 courses of lectures over 8 years. The years of work at Stockholm University were the heyday of her scientific and literary activities.
- Sweden was waiting for Kovalevskaya. Newspapers wrote: “Our city was honored with a visit by the princess of science, Mrs. Kovalevskaya. She will be the first female Privatdozent in all of Sweden.”
- On January 30, 1884, Kovalevskaya gave her first lecture at Stockholm University, after which the professors rushed to her, noisily thanking her and congratulating her on a brilliant start.
- The course taught by Kovalevskaya on German, was of a private nature, but he made her an excellent reputation. Late in the evening of June 24, 1884, Kovalevskaya learned that she had "been appointed professor for a term of five years."
- In 1888 Kovalevskaya wrote the work “The problem of the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point”, adding one more to the two movements of the gyroscope, discovered by L. Euler and J. Lagrange. For this work, she was awarded the Paris Academy of Sciences Prize, the Borden Prize, and the amount of the prize was increased due to High Quality work.
- A year later, at the insistence
- P. L. Chebyshev and other Russian mathematicians, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences elected Kovalevskaya as its corresponding member. For this purpose, a special resolution was adopted to award academic titles to women.
- Goodbye! With your glory, You, parting with us forever, You will live in the memory of people With other glorious minds, As long as the wonderful starlight From heaven to earth will pour And in the host of shining planets, the Ring of Saturn will not be eclipsed ... (
- The only Russian who managed to quickly get from Nice to Stockholm was M. Kovalevsky, who delivered a farewell speech over her grave. Russian women raised money for a granite cross, which still stands on the Swedish grave of a Russian scientist.
- The memorial museum is located in the village of Polibino, 25 km from Velikiye Luki, in the former estate of Father S.V. Kovalevskaya General Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky. The main manor house and the wing of the ser. 19th century, built according to the project of the outstanding Russian artist and architect A.P. Bryullov. A part of the memorial manor park has also been preserved.
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1 slide.(The music sounds “Among the worlds of the twinkling of the stars ...”).
Her portrait hangs in the math classrooms of almost all secondary schools. She is the first female mathematician in Russia to become a professor and receive a degree. It so happened that she had to get an education and teach abroad. Today we will tell about the dramatic fate of Sofia Kovalevskaya - our compatriot.
2 slide.(Video “In the moonlight the snow is silvering…” video.mail.ru/mail/herrmann06/573/558.html 1 verse with a chorus)
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The lady used to keep telling me: "You'll see, there will be a boy." But no, here you go! - a girl was born. The lady was so upset that she did not even want to look at her. She was born in the winter of January 3, 1850.
4 slide.
Sophia spent her childhood in Polibino. (Little Sophia walks around the stage, playing ball, spinning the top.)
5 slide.
(Sofya sits down at the table, turns on the lamp, flips through the book)
She studied in the first grade and verbally solved problems on movement, easily coped with problems of geometric content, easily extracted square roots from numbers, performed actions with negative values, etc.
"How do you think?" the girl was asked.
“I don’t think, I think,” was her reply.
Going to bed, she took a course of algebra with her, and when everyone fell asleep, she read it, near the night lamp.
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Sofia: Praise only strengthened my determination to go to university. However, at least two obstacles stand in the way of higher education.
The first was ... gender: at that time, the entrance to domestic universities for girls was ordered. She had only one way out - to go abroad.
To travel abroad, you need a "residence permit". This document was issued only to married ladies.
Sofya: Everything is decided: I will marry fictitiously. I know a lot of people do this. I will study abroad.
(At the click, the waltz music “Winter blizzard is like a friend ...” sounds. They dance a waltz. On the second chorus, the sound is gradually reduced. The couple bows and leaves.)
Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky was found as a groom for Sophia. (Kovalevsky enters, then Sofia). He was 26 years old, Sofya - 18. (Sofya and Kovalevsky are talking animatedly, walking around the stage) He struck the imagination of a young lady. His life was more exciting than any novel. He impressed everyone with his memory, translated and printed books that the progressive people of Russia needed. (They stop, say goodbye and disperse in different directions)
7 slide.(Video. “In the moonlight in early spring…” video.mail.ru/mail/herrmann06/573/558.html Verses 2 and 3 with choruses. Vladimir and Sophia are walking towards each other already in front of the stage. Vladimir takes Sophia by the arm. They walk around the hall, they leave when the 3rd verse about the wedding starts)
8 slide.
In those years, women were not allowed into the university, especially in the mathematics department. But Sofya Vasilievna was so persistent and purposeful that she ensured that one of the greatest mathematicians of that time, Karl Weierstrass, examined her for the right to be his private student.
9 slide.(Music sounds. “Her eyes are not like stars ....” Weierstrass takes out a chair and sits in it, leafing through something. By the end of the music, Sophia appears and turns to Weierstrass.)
Sophia: I do mathematics. I swear to you, this is not a joke.
Weierstrass: You are too beautiful to do such stupid things. This is the lot of old people and freaks.
Sofia: I went to you from Russia.
Weierstrass: I will let you listen to my lectures, provided that you solve one problem. I give you two hours. (Gives her a task)
Sophia: Thank you so much. (leaves)
10 slide.
Weierstrass did not believe in the mathematical abilities of women, and therefore, in order to get rid of the annoying visitor, he offered her the most difficult problems to check. The professor was sure that the foreigner would not appear again. Imagine his surprise when Sofia Kovalevskaya visited the scientist's office and said that she had solved the problems. (Sofya enters and gives Weierstrass a sheet of tasks)
Weierstrass: It can't be. What a miracle, after all, only a few minutes had passed. I have always said that Russians are a mystery.
11 slide.
Inspired by success, Kovalevskaya aspires to her homeland to teach mathematics at the university. Twenty-four-year-old Sophia returns to her homeland. However, she does not leave literary work either.
Have you ever had to indifferently
Walk aimlessly among the crowd
And suddenly some passionate song
Do you happen to hear sounds?
On you with an unexpected wave
Smell the memory of the past.
And something sweet, dear
In the soul responded in response.
It seemed to you that these sounds
You heard it many times as a child.
So much happiness, bliss, torment
They remembered for you.
You hurried with your usual hearing
To catch a familiar chant,
Wanted you behind every sound,
Follow every word.
12 slide.
Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya looked at her studies in mathematics not only as a personal matter, she wanted to discover new road women and prove that they, too, can successfully engage in science.
13 slide.(Video “Laws of rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point… www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKk790OT0Us)
14 slide.
I feel that I am destined to serve the truth - science, and to pave a new way for women, because it means - to serve justice.
If you are in life, even for a moment
I felt the truth in my heart
If a ray of truth through darkness and doubt
With a bright radiance your path lit up:
So that in its unchanging decision
Rock did not appoint you ahead -
The memory of this sacred moment
Keep forever, like a shrine in your chest.
The clouds will gather in a discordant bulk
The sky will be covered with black mist,
With clear determination, with calm faith,
Meet the storm and face the storm.
Returning to Russia, she was happy and full of hope. But soon her hopes were dashed: she was not allowed to work at universities and even teach at the higher women's courses, pennies remained from Sophia's inheritance. In the family collapse, she blamed her husband entirely. Romantic feelings disappeared, as if they were not there.
Vladimir Kovalevsky, who was declared bankrupt, committed suicide. Before his death, Kovalevsky wrote in an unsent letter to his brother: “Write to Sophia that my constant thought was about her and about how much I am to blame for her and how I ruined her life ...”.
15 slide.(The theme of fate from Beethoven's heroic symphony sounds. A man in a black cloak with a lit lantern walks across the stage, extinguishes the lantern and puts it on the table. The volume of the music gradually decreases)
16 slide.(Music sounds. “I was guessed love ...)
Shortly before her death, she was in love, full of fun and life. The last attempt to find a loved one was the namesake and well-known sociologist Maxim Maksimovich Kovalevsky, in whom the woman scientist found a Russian lone wanderer similar to her. Law professor, intelligent and educated person.
17 slide.(Video “In the moonlight the snow is silvering ...” video.mail.ru/mail/herrmann06/573/558.html repetition of 1 verse with a chorus)
18 slide.
Sophia's life was suddenly cut short by a banal cold. At the end of January 1891, Sofya Vasilievna, with a bad cold, returned to Stockholm. On February 10, she died of pneumonia. Her cryptic last words: "Too much happiness"
19 slide.
"Sofya Vasilievna! Thanks to your knowledge, your talent and your character, you have always been and will be the glory of our Motherland ... "
Soul of flame and thoughts
Has your airship landed
To the country where your mind soared
Call truly obedient?
20 slide.
In that starry world so often you
On the wings of thought flew away,
When, having gone into your dreams,
Thinking about the universe ...
( At the click, the final romance "And if my heart is heavy ..." sounds. On a loss, all the performers take turns taking the stage and singing. On the second loss, the guys take turns giving a rose to Sofya the girl (Sofya takes the rose, the couple moves aside), Sofya the girl (Sofya takes the rose, the couple moves back) and Sofya the woman (Sofya takes the rose, the couple moves away). All in pairs, in turn, gradually disperse by the end of the romance.)
And if my heart is heavy
I'm looking for an answer from her.
But because it does not need light.
Not because it is light from her,
But because with it you do not need light
Among the worlds of twinkling luminaries
One star I repeat the name
Not because I love her
Not because I love her
But because I'm dark with others.
21 slide.(Sonnet No. 130 “Her eyes are not like stars ...” sounds. All the characters, with the beginning of the music, take turns going to the center in front of the stage and bowing. After the last speakers leave, they all bow together again and then also take turns leaving.)
The scenario "Sofya Kovalevskaya - the Queen of Mathematics" is an example of the use of means information technologies to create performances and theatrical performances in school subjects and extracurricular activities. The use of modern ICT expands the horizons of children, in the process of searching for audiovisual materials for presentation, instills in them good taste, develops design skills, contributes to the entertainment of the event and the development of a kind of professional skills in the use of ICT. The staged performance according to this scenario in our Education Center as part of the Week of Knowledge was highly appreciated by both students and an adult audience. This performance can be successfully shown at school events dedicated to March 8th.
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Slides captions:
Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya Years of life (January 3, 1850 - January 29, 1891) DID YOU ... Have you ever had to walk indifferently, Aimlessly among the crowd And suddenly hear some passionate song Accidentally hear sounds? The memory of former years smelled on you with an unexpected wave, And something sweet, dear In the soul responded in response. S.V. Kovalevskaya
Born Korvin-Krukovskaya - b. in Moscow in 1850, mind. in Stockholm in 1891. Her father, lieutenant general of artillery, according to the first teacher of Kovalevskaya, I. I. Malevich, loved mathematics and wished that her daughter also studied this subject. Her mother was the granddaughter of the famous astronomer Schubert. The family of the Korvin-Krukovskys, according to family legend, descended from the Hungarian king Matvey Korvin, an enlightened patron of sciences; thus, Sophia's love for the sciences was, as it were, hereditary.
The first years of her childhood were spent in Moscow under the exclusive influence of a nanny, and then in Kaluga, where her father was transferred, she began to study with a French governess. After retiring, her father and his family settled on the estate and soon the system of children's education changed. Was taken teacher, I. I. Malevich, and an Englishwoman. Malevich, although he received only a secondary education, was an experienced teacher. His classes were not in vain, and, according to Kovalevskaya, she owes her first serious knowledge of mathematics to him.
Even during her lifetime, there were legends about Sofya Kovalevskaya's mathematical talent: some said that her brain was arranged differently and weighed more than that of mere mortals; others claimed that the genes of brilliant scientists on the mother's side speak in it. And only the closest people knew that Sophia's scientific work was sometimes only a substitute for love for her ... But this forced sacrifice was not in vain. After the recognition of the merits of Kovalevskaya, few of the pundits undertook to assert that talent and genius are a secondary male sexual characteristic. The statements of the English philosopher Herbert Spencer that a woman and mathematics are “two incompatible things” have also lost their relevance.
“My fame has deprived me of ordinary female happiness ... Why can’t anyone love me? I could give more to my beloved than many women, why do they love the most insignificant, and only nobody loves me? Meanwhile, Kovalevskaya wrote:
The “princess of science,” as her mathematician friends called Kovalevskaya, over her short but bright life, refuted many of the arguments of men. She experienced a lot: scientific fame and literary recognition, and in her personal life - dislike, disorder, doubts, dissatisfaction with herself and loneliness. Being a woman, she was well aware that in life feelings mean much more. But her mathematical mind, which worked out with the highest precision what true love should be, did not allow her to enjoy other love, for example, to accept the feelings and care of others without personal reciprocity.
The path of Kovalevskaya in mathematics was thorny, like no other, for the simple reason that she was ... a woman. In order to simply be able to get a higher education, she had to enter into a fictitious marriage with an unloved man, whom she was very burdened with, and which she later considered a big mistake. But only in this way was she able to leave her parental home - first to St. Petersburg, and then abroad.
Since 1866, in St. Petersburg, Sophia took lessons in higher mathematics from the famous teacher A. N. Strannolyubsky. Despite the prohibitions of higher "female" education, she obtained permission to listen to lectures by I. M. Sechenov and study anatomy with V. L. Gruber at the Military Medical Academy. In 1869 she left for Germany, where she studied mathematics and attended lectures by the German scientists Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, and Du Bois-Reymond. Since 1870, for four years she worked with the great mathematician Weierstrass, who gave her private lessons, because. women were not admitted to the University of Berlin. In July 1874, in absentia, without a formal defense, on the basis of three mathematical papers presented by Weierstrass, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics and Master of Fine Arts "with the highest praise." Three excellent works were enough to forgive "Sony's belonging to the weaker sex."
O winged with success, "certified" Kovalevskaya rushed to her homeland to teach mathematics in St. Petersburg. However, she could not get a place not only at the university, but even at the Higher Courses for Women, after which she moved away from scientific work. In 1879, at the suggestion of the mathematician P. L. Chebyshev, at the VI Congress of Russian natural scientists and doctors, Kovalevskaya read a report on Abelian integrals. In the spring of 1880, in search of work, she moved to Moscow, but at Moscow University she was also not allowed to take the master's exams. Having lost hope of being useful to her homeland, she left the country, going to Berlin, and then to Paris.
Stockholm University. Kovalevskaya's attempts to get a professorship at the Higher Women's Courses in France were also unsuccessful. And she returned to Russia again. At the 7th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors in 1883, Kovalevskaya reported her work “On the Refraction of Light in Crystals”, which was met with a bang, but there were no job offers again ... And only in 1883 did justice prevail. Sofya Kovalevskaya received an invitation to take the position of Privatdozent at Stockholm University and left for Sweden. In the summer of 1884, she was appointed professor at Stockholm University and delivered twelve courses of lectures over the course of eight years, including one in mechanics.
In 1888, Kovalevskaya wrote the work "The problem of the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point." After Euler and Lagrange, Kovalevskaya was the first to advance the solution of this problem by finding a new case of rotation of a not quite symmetrical gyroscope, when the solution of the problem is completed. In the same year, the Paris Academy of Sciences awarded Kovalevskaya the Borden Prize for this work, increased due to the great value of this work. IN next year for the second work on the rotation of a rigid body, she was awarded the prize of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya received worldwide recognition as a scientist.
Here is what Sofia Kovalevskaya herself writes about this: “The results exceeded my expectations. There were about fifteen works in all, but mine was recognized as worthy of the prize. But this is not enough. In view of the fact that the same topic had already been asked three times in a row and each time remained unanswered, and also because of the importance of the results I had achieved, the Academy decided to increase the assigned initial bonus and the amount of 3,000 francs to 5,000 francs. After that, the envelope was opened, and everyone knew that I was the author of this work. I was immediately notified, and I went to Paris to attend the meeting of the Academy of Sciences scheduled on this occasion. I was received extremely solemnly, seated next to the president, who made a flattering speech, and in general I was showered with honors.
In her book Memoirs and Letters, Sofia Kovalevskaya says: “I understand that you are so surprised that I can do both literature and mathematics. Many who have never had a chance to learn more about mathematics confuse it with arithmetic and consider it a dry and barren science. In essence, this is a science that requires the most imagination, and one of the first mathematicians of our century says correctly that one cannot be a mathematician without being at the same time a poet at heart.
Sophia, the day before her death, said that she would start writing the story "When there is no more death." Russian and foreign newspapers and magazines published articles in memory of Sofya Kovalevskaya, imbued with deep surprise at her abilities. Correspondence came daily from Stockholm to Russia with detailed description all the honors given to her in a foreign country. Living in a foreign land and serving another country, Sofya Kovalevskaya remained Russian until the end of her days and loved Russia ...
On the death of Sofia Kovalevskaya Farewell! With your glory, You, forever parting with us, You will live in the memory of people With other glorious minds, As long as the wonderful starlight From heaven to earth will pour, And in the host of shining planets, the Ring of Saturn will not be eclipsed by Fritz Leffler
Thanks for attention!
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