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Environmental factors features of their interaction presentation. science ecology

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Completed by a student of 9 "a" class: Sidorova Olga. Teacher: S.V. Staroverova. Municipal educational institution"Ardatovskaya secondary school No. 1" Ardatov

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Science ecology. Ecology is a science that studies the relationship of living organisms between themselves and the environment, it is a science that studies the conditions for the existence of living organisms, the relationship between the environment in which they live. For the first time, the word "ecology" was introduced into scientific terminology by the German scientist Haeckel in 1866.

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Over time, this science began to be divided into theoretical or general ecology and applied. General ecology considers the biological aspects of ecology. It consists of the following main sections: autecology, population ecology (demecology), synecology. For all these areas, the main thing is the study of the survival of living beings in the environment. Applied ecology is based on knowledge of production technology, studies the mechanisms of destruction of the biosphere by man, ways to prevent this process and develops principles for the rational use natural resources. Applied ecology includes engineering, industrial, agricultural ecology, energy ecology.

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The object of ecology research is natural ecological systems and man-made systems (ecological systems are unified natural complexes formed by living organisms and their environment).

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Problems of ecology. Tasks of general ecology. Problems of Applied Ecology. Study of connections in ecosystems, assessment of their condition; Study of the processes occurring in the biosphere in order to maintain its stability; Modeling the state of ecosystems and global biological processes. forecasting and assessment of possible negative consequences in the environment under the influence of human activities; Preservation, reproduction and rational use natural resources.

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environmental factors. The living is inseparable from the environment. Each individual organism, being an independent biological system, is constantly in direct or indirect relationship with various components and phenomena of its environment or, in other words, the habitat that affects the state and properties of the organism. This influence is manifested in the form of environmental factors. Environmental factors are the properties of the environment that have some effect on the body.

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Classification of environmental factors. By the nature of the impact. By origin. By spending. By direction.

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Environmental factors by the nature of the impact. Direct acting. indirectly acting. directly affecting the body, mainly on metabolism. affecting the body through a change in directly acting factors (relief, exposure, altitude).

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Abiotic. Climatic. Edaphic. Topographic. - annual amount - mechanical - relief; temperatures; soil composition; - height above the average annual level - air permeability of the sea; temperature; soil; - steepness and exposure humidity; - soil acidity; air pressure - mechanical composition of the soil Chemical. Physical. gas composition of air; - noise; salt composition of water; - magnetic fields; concentration; - thermal conductivity; acidity; - radioactivity;

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Biotic. Phytogenic - the influence of plants. Mycogenic - the influence of fungi. Zoogenic - the influence of animals. Microbiogenic - the influence of microorganisms. The main forms of the relationship of living organisms are symbiosis, antibiosis, neutralism. Symbiosis is a form of relationship from which both partners, or at least one, benefit.

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Anthropogenic. Physical - the use of nuclear energy, travel in trains and planes, the impact of noise and vibration. Biological - food, organisms for which a person can be a habitat or source of food. Social - factors related to the relationship of people with life in society. Chemical - use mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the Earth's shells by industrial and transport waste.

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environmental factors. By spending. By direction. Resources - elements of the environment that the body consumes, reducing their supply in the environment (water, carbon dioxide, light). Conditions - elements of the environment that are not consumed by the body (temperature, air movement, soil acidity). Vectorized - directionally changing factors: waterlogging, soil salinization. Long-term cyclic - with alternating long-term periods of strengthening and weakening of the factor (for example, climate change due to the 11-year solar cycle. Oscillatory - fluctuations in both directions from a certain average value (daily temperature fluctuations).

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The action of environmental factors. Environmental factors usually act not individually, but as a whole complex. The action of one factor depends on the level of others. The action of one factor is not replaced by the action of another. Nevertheless, in the nature of their impact on the body and in the responses of living beings, a number of general patterns can be identified that fit into some general scheme the impact of the environmental factor on the vital activity of the organism.

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If the value of at least one of the environmental factors approaches a critical value or goes beyond it (below the minimum or maximum), then, despite the optimal combination of other conditions, the organisms are threatened with death. Such factors are called limiting. The concept of limiting factors was introduced by J. Liebig, who formulated the principle called Liebig's law of the minimum: "A substance that is at a minimum controls the yield and determines the magnitude and stability over time." As an illustration of Liebig's law of the minimum, a barrel is depicted, in which the boards forming the side surface have different heights. Liebig's barrel

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Conclusions. Thus, it should be noted that: 1. In nature, environmental factors act on biological systems in a complex way. 2. The degree of influence of one or another factor on the system is determined separately in each case. 3. In relation to each factor, it is possible to single out the zone of optimum (normal viability), the zone of pessimum (inhibition of viability), and the limits of the body's endurance. Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of an organism is impossible. 4. The action of environmental factors is determined by two basic laws: A. life opportunities are limited by environmental factors, the quantity and quality of which are close to the minimum required by the ecosystem. Reducing them leads to the death of the body - Liebig's law. B. limiting for the ecosystem (organism) can be both insufficient action of the factor, and excessive.

Subject ecology

Ecology - the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel.
Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences:

autecology studies relationships in communities;

population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations;

global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection.

Another approach in the ecology division Keywords: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology .

Tasks of ecology

To study the relationships of organisms;

To study the relationship between organisms and the environment;

To study the effect of the environment on the structure, life activity and behavior of organisms;

To trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities;

Develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The value of ecology

Helps to determine the place of man in nature;

Provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences economic activity human, correctly and rationally use natural resources;

Environmental knowledge is essential for development Agriculture, medicine, for the development of measures for the protection environment.

Ecology methods

observation
comparison
experiment
mathematical modeling
forecasting

Principles of ecological classification

Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment.
Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Classification of organisms by the nature of nutrition

1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs:

BUT). Phototrophs a) saprophytes

B). Chemotrophs b) holozoic:

- saprophages

- phytophages

- zoophagous

- necrophages

Autotrophs organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances.
Phototrophs- autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight for the synthesis of organic substances.
Chemotrophs- autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy for the synthesis of organic substances; connections.
Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances.
Saprophytes- heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds.
Holozoic- heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones:
Saprophages feed on dead plant debris;
Phytophages consumers of living plants;
Zoophages eat live animals;
Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology

The development of ecology was greatly influenced by:

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats.

C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms.

J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution.

K.Rulie (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution.

Ch.Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine.

E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, coined the term ecology in 1866.

C. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology.

A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, introduced the concept of an ecosystem in 1935.

V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses.

K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis.

V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist.

V.I.Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the theory of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat

Habitat - this is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it.
Environmental factors:

abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of living nature; anthropogenic associated with human activities.

The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, living organisms.

Water environment

In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of the water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them are:

neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water;

plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body;

nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column ;

benthos - benthic organisms.

soil environment

Soil dwellers are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture.

Ground-air environment

Living organism

Habitat adaptations

Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

Morphological adaptations

Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms.
For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are grown at low temperatures ; mimicry- imitation of some species by others in color and shape.
Often organisms with different evolutionary origins are endowed with common structural features.
Convergence- convergence of signs (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations

Physiological adaptations are manifested in a change in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals, which are able to receive heat due to biochemical reactions

Behavioral adaptations

Behavioral adaptations often associated with physiological, such as suspended animation, migration.

Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and diurnal rhythms, such as leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle.
The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism .
Under the influence of ecological rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of "biological clock" that provides orientation in time, preparation for expected changes.
For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15; calendula - from 9 to 16-18; wild rose - from 4-5 to 19-20

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Subject Ecology Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies the relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationship of individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationship between populations; global ecology studies the biosphere and questions of its protection. Another approach in the division of ecology: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, ecology of plants, ecology of animals, ecology of man, space ecology.

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The tasks of ecology are to study the relationships of organisms; - to study the relationship between organisms and the environment; - to study the effect of the environment on the structure, life and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

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The value of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - gives knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows predicting the consequences of human economic activity, correctly and rationally using natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, for the development of measures to protect the environment.

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Methods of ecology observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

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Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Various criteria can be used as the basis for ecological classification: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

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Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoic are heterotrophs that have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant residues; Phytophages are consumers of living plants; Zoophages eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

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The history of ecology A great influence on the development of ecology was exerted by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats. K. Linney (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Rulye (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, stressed the need to study evolution. C. Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, introduced the term ecology in 1866. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of an ecosystem. VN Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. VI Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of wildlife; anthropogenic - associated with human activities. The following main habitats can be distinguished: water, land-air, soil, organism.

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Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow velocity, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, "floating" in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Soil environment Inhabitants of soils are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and soil moisture are of great importance.

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Ground-air environment For the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, illumination.

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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and changes the environment itself. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain changes in the environment is called adaptation. But different organisms have different ability to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerance - the range of stability. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. able to live with various conditions environment (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow tolerance range that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

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Ecology -

the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"Proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Tasks of ecology

Studies the impact of the environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studying the structure of the population and their number

The study of how living organisms interact with each other

Studies the impact of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic - these are the types of influence on organisms from other animals.

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

Predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors -

these are forms of human activity that have an impact on wildlife (every year these factors increase

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors are constantly changing

Variability of factors

regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides. high tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flooding, forest fires)

Numerous and diverse factors simultaneously influence the body.

Each species has its own endurance limits.

wide range endurance animals living in high latitudes have temperature fluctuations. Thus, Arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 °C.

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some species of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2

THE ACTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance range

organism

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, which makes life worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death is the limit of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich

The history of ecology A great influence on the development of ecology was exerted by: Aristotle (BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the confinement of organisms to habitats. K. Linnaeus () - a Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationship of organisms. J. B. Lamarck () - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Ruler () - a Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depended on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. C. Darwin () - English naturalist, founder of evolutionary doctrine. E. Haeckel () German biologist, in 1866 introduced the term ecology. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - the founder of population ecology. A. Tensley () an English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of an ecosystem. V. N. Sukachev () Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K. A. Timiryazev () - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V. V. Dokuchaev () - Russian scientist - soil scientist. V. I. Vernadsky () Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic - factors of inanimate nature; biotic - factors of wildlife; anthropogenic - associated with human activities. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, terrestrial - air, soil, living organisms.

Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and changes the environment itself. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain changes in the environment is called adaptation. But different organisms have a different ability to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), that is, they have different tolerance - a range of stability. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, that is, capable of living under various environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow tolerance range that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

The intensity of the factor, the most favorable for the life of the organism, is called optimal. Environmental factors that adversely affect the life activity, impede the existence of the species, are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig () formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or communities of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting, or limiting, factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and resources of the environment, within which a species can exist in nature, is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, more often impossible, to characterize a completely ecological niche of an organism.
Morphological adaptations Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when raised at low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Often organisms with different evolutionary origins are endowed with common structural features. Convergence - the convergence of features (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations are manifested in a change in the vital processes of the organism, for example, the ability to thermoregulate in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to receive heat due to biochemical reactions 25 Many adaptations have developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example, leaf fall, night and day Lifestyle. The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of ecological rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of "biological clock" that provides orientation in time, preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 12 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to o'clock; calendula - from 9 to o'clock; wild rose - from 4-5 a.m.

Environmental factors features of their interaction presentation. science ecology

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