Ready-made business projects for students. Samples for drawing up a business plan with detailed calculations

Any business idea is worthless without a business plan. That is, before launching it, you will need to predict everything and justify it on paper. But few people know how exactly a business plan is drawn up. Especially people who just want to become entrepreneurs. And most requests on the Internet lead to the fact that we receive near-thematic articles, where there are more thoughts than practicalities.

It's time to change the situation. Here you will find answers to the following questions:

• What is a business plan
• Why do you need a business plan?
• How to structure it
• How to write a business plan yourself
• What mistakes can you make when drawing up business plans?

We will also consider several options for business plans.

How to write a business plan yourself

There are three types of aspiring entrepreneurs. The first ones, having a bare idea in their hands, immediately rush into the pool headlong, just to get off to a quicker start. Usually, their enthusiasm is dashed by unforeseen problems, things stall, and they abandon the idea (at this time the next one is already brewing in their minds).

The second type is thinking about the startup option, making plans, but doing all this only mentally and for a very long time. So long that the idea gradually loses its sparkle. Such an entrepreneur still doesn’t understand how to approach it.

And the third type is everyone else. Those who plan their activities on paper, try to calculate costs, risks and possible profits, formalize this in the form of a business plan and begin to act. These have the best chance of success.

What is a business plan

In dry language, a business plan is a guide that, with the help of specific prescribed actions, leads an idea to implementation.

Simply put, a business plan is a detailed plan for the implementation of a business idea that will be understandable to both the creator and the investor. It describes step-by-step actions from start to profit, describes the goals and tools with which these goals will be achieved.

Three pillars on which the business plan is based

Drawing up a business plan is based on three main points that you will need to extract from your idea:

• The level you are at now
• The result you want to achieve
• Steps that will lead from level to result

You need to determine your level in order to understand what else you need to learn. This applies to both knowledge and resources. How much money do you have, what skills are you missing, do you have premises, connections, etc.

The result is determined in order to understand where to go. That is, an abstract dream of wealth will not fit here. Determine what turnover you want to see at the end of the first period (the business plan is not drawn up for an infinite number of years), determine what place in the market you want to achieve. In general, everything should be specific.

The main thing is steps. Once the first two criteria are defined, it won't be too difficult to figure out what steps you need to follow. Break the entire period into several main stages with your goals and objectives, then break each of these stages into several more. The more detailed the plan, the easier it will be to implement and the clearer it will become for you.

Why write a business plan?

As a rule, there are only two reasons for drawing up a business plan:

1. To convince an investor to invest money in your idea.
2. For your own understanding of the next steps.

Depending on what your goal is, there will be different requirements for your business plan.

If you are doing this for an investor, then the main thing is that everything is convincing, intelligible, understandable and beautiful. Because your task is to get money. And this can only be done by convincing the person of the rationality of what you are offering.

Requirements for a business plan for an investor:

• It must be presented logically. There should be no unnecessary terms, no confusing descriptions, no water. And if you don’t know something, then it’s better not to use it. Otherwise they might even ask you in person.
• The plan must be beautifully laid out. This is not only proof of the rationality of the idea, it is also its sale through a presentation, the role of which will be played by the business plan. Therefore, it is permissible to even slightly smooth out problem areas (within reason, of course), to replace words with a negative connotation (meaning) with neutral or positive ones. The main thing is not to overdo it and don’t take on something that you really can’t do even with the investor’s money.
• The material must be presented confidently. And this does not mean that you need to smartly use complex terminology. On the contrary, make everything as clear as possible. Then there will be no problems with confidence. This applies to both the business plan and communication on the topic with the investor.

Requirements for a business plan for yourself

If it is compiled only as a guide for your loved one, then all of the above rules can be neglected. Moreover, the plan can be made in a way that is convenient and understandable for you. Because the main task in this case is to calculate everything, not forget anything and make a step-by-step reminder.

It may look as simple as possible: “... I need to equip an office so that I can work in it. For work I need: table 1 piece, chair 1 piece, computer 1 piece, telephone 1 piece, filing cabinet 1 piece, internet 1 piece, lamp 4 pieces….

...table 6,000 rubles, chair 1,000 rubles, computer 60,000 rubles....

The budget is too big, so we take a computer from home, a wardrobe from the dacha... we cut the budget, it turns out..."

The main mistake is mixing these two types of plans. And if you do it beautifully and convincingly for yourself, it’s not scary, but there’s no need to skimp on home chairs for an investor. There will be specifics both in terms of needs and numbers.

Assessing your own capabilities before drawing up a business plan

Many novice entrepreneurs think that they need to start quickly, and that what is missing (including knowledge) will come with time, or can be obtained along the way. It almost always doesn't work.

It is very important to understand what level you are at before you start implementing an idea. And “get” knowledge and resources in advance. But to know what to “get”, you need to know what is missing.

To do this you need to select

Advantages

Internal advantages are based on your capabilities. This may be an opportunity to achieve a low cost of a future product due to the fact that you will produce it yourself. Maybe this will be a high-class specialist, because that is who you are or the one with whom you are organizing a business. It may be the idea itself that is innovative. Maybe it will be a packaging design that can win over the consumer. Anything.

Flaws

Disadvantages include the lack of retail space on property, or the need to start building brand awareness from scratch.

At the same time, they often begin to consider external factors first, such as, for example, the unfavorable economic situation in the region, the purchasing power of the population, etc., and then move from them to specific shortcomings of the internal character.

Possibilities

These are the benefits that may arise if certain actions are taken. For example, the opportunity to receive a government grant. Or, for example, you can get an additional advertising effect if you use local flavor in the packaging design. And so on.

Threats

These include both the external unfavorable factors that we described above and, for example, high customs duties and increased competition in the field.

In fact, this approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses has a very specific name - SWOT analysis (from the English names of the four highlighted positions). There are also professionals who focus specifically on conducting a SWOT analysis. You can turn to them if you don't think you can handle it yourself.

The main thing is to do this in advance - to highlight all four sections. This will give you an understanding of what level you are at now, what needs to be done urgently and will adjust the preparation of your business plan.

Business plan. Structure.

After understanding for whom the business plan is being written, as well as after identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the current stage, you can begin to draw it up.

Title page

Don't think that the title page is an unimportant part. The investor's acquaintance and first impression will begin with him. To do everything correctly and beautifully, put the following information on the title page:

• Full project name
• Name of the organization for which the project is tailored
• Country and city in which the organization intends to operate
• Organization contact details
• Date of creation of the business plan

If you want to immediately interest an investor, you can try to include a brief financial component there as well. But don’t overdo it; the title page should not be overloaded. Such information may include:

• Description of the payback time of the project
• Planned income level
• The amount of investment required to implement the project.

It is advisable to additionally indicate in one sentence whether the document can be shown to third parties.

Summary

Before writing a summary, you need to understand that the investor will form an opinion on the project specifically in this section, since it is a summary of everything that is in the project. And yes, he goes first. This is not a course work.

Note: Don't try to embellish it too much. Investors are not stupid people, and most likely know more than you, having no problems recognizing such positions.

Important! This section should be written after completing all the others! But it is inserted first.

The resume contains information about:

• Project goals
• Resources that need to be spent on the project
• Methods that will allow the project to be implemented
• The degree of possible implementation (is it possible at all?) of the project. Attention is paid to the novelty and relevance of the idea for target consumers
• The amount required as an investment or loan
• Terms and methods of returning the borrowed amount
• Efficiency. The planned indicators are briefly described.

Resume is not a section for pretty descriptions. This is clear, specific, condensed information that will allow you to familiarize yourself with the entire project at once. Typically, no more than one and a half or two pages are allocated for a resume. The purpose of the resume is to interest and convince that the project needs to be implemented.

Setting goals

As we have already said, setting goals must be specific. This will help in identifying the steps and stages correctly. The goal may be a specific activity, product, or service.

When setting goals, it is important to highlight:

• Technological processes. But without a full explanation. To indicate all the details and describe the processes, it is better to additionally create a separate application.
• Consumer benefits must be supported by evidence. Moreover, they need to be specifically and clearly formulated.
• Uniqueness must also be accompanied by evidence. You can prove it in different ways, based on what this uniqueness is based on. Perhaps this will be the lowest price due to our own production, or contracts with direct suppliers.
• It should be noted that this is not the final stage of the whole matter. that you will not stop, but will continue to develop. In this case, it is necessary to indicate what development paths there are. Maybe this will be a further increase in production volumes, entry into the markets of other regions, etc.
• If the project has patents or copyrights on something, then this should also be noted. This point increases investor loyalty, as it hints at the actual originality of the proposal.

All these points must be filled out competently and accurately, because they form the investor’s opinion about the project in the first place.

Industry Analysis

This section gives an idea of ​​your preparedness and serious attitude.

In order to fill it out correctly, you will need to conduct an analysis of the market in which the project will operate. You will need to find out what state it is in now, which goods and services are selling well in this market, and which ones are selling poorly. How technically equipped is it?

The more relevant data you provide in this section, the more valuable your work will be.

A description of the internal state of the market is accompanied by an indication of external factors that will definitely influence. This could be a general economic downturn, or it could be a lack of specialized specialists.

The more problematic issues you find, as well as solutions for them, the more impressive your project will be. In addition, all this will be useful during implementation; the project owner will understand what and how to do, based on the data that has already been analyzed.

In this section you also need to analyze the market from a competition point of view. If the project does not describe a unique product, then you can dwell in more detail on listing the products and their strong qualities among competitors. This will indicate that you have thoroughly approached the study of the market around you. Of course, you need to take into account that this will only work if your product stands out from the competition in some way.

Market analysis also includes drawing up a portrait of the average buyer. You will need to identify your target audience. Identify a specific reason why this audience will need you and the reasons why buyers will come to you.

There is no need to analyze situations and describe them. Just give an idea of ​​the average buyer. If you use at least basic knowledge of psychology or statistics, the value of the project will immediately increase.

Assessing a firm's capabilities within an industry

This section will demonstrate what you are capable of if you set out to implement your idea.

This should contain the following information:

• Description of the services and products that your company will offer. Direction of activity.
• Administrative information, which includes the time of creation of the organization, the number of employees on staff, partners, who these partners are. The general structure is described - who is the owner, what is the organizational and legal form.
• Economic and financial indicators of the company. There is no need for deep details. General information only.
• Information about what kind of property the organization has, where it is physically located, the address of the areas owned.
• Detailed information about the type of activity. For example, if the type of activity is agriculture, then indicate seasonality. If it’s an alcohol market, then indicate the opening hours – night or day.

This point is important primarily for a new company and new business, while the rest are more suitable for an existing organization, as you may have noticed.

You can also enter here information about the likelihood of positive development of the business, as well as the abilities and skills of the owner himself (if there is something to be proud of).

Full product information

The description of the products sold occurs from the point of view of what a potential consumer will pay attention to.

The product is described as follows:

1. Name
2. Its purpose (what it should be used for)
3. Description of characteristics both important basic and additional
4. Advantages of the product and its competitive qualities
5. Do you have copyrights (can be for the entire product, or for part/part of it).
6. Indication of the need to obtain a license
7. Information about quality certificates
8. Information about how the product affects the environment and human health
9. Information about the appearance, packaging and delivery of goods.
10. Product warranties, service options – where and how you can get it
11. Product performance characteristics
12. Options for disposal of goods after expiration of use

Marketing plan

From the description of the product, its properties, assessment of the industry, the place of the product in the market, we move on to a scheme for its promotion.

To correctly compile a section, you will need to calculate consumption volumes, the number of possible buyers and ways to stimulate demand. Additionally, you will need to indicate options for selling the product, describe the advertising policy and all the promotion details.

When describing sales, indicate exactly how the buyer will purchase your product. Will it be a wholesale purchase, or only retail, will it be the end consumer, or will the product be purchased for subsequent sale.

Consider the status of buyers - ordinary consumers, individuals, or corporate clients.

The following plan will help:

• Research potential consumers
• Determine the competitive advantages of the product
• Understand how you can realize these benefits.

Calculate the entire journey of the product - from the moment it is produced to the moment it reaches the end buyer. It will look something like this:

1. Outer shell of the product
2. Method and place of storage
3. Service after purchase
4. Sales form

In what ways will you attract your audience?

1. Advertising, promotions
2. Free samples
3. Exhibition events

This entire description should reflect the connection between several parameters: price – quality – profitability.

This point of the business plan is one of the most difficult, because it describes many mechanisms that require separate study. Consumer behavior, interests, forecasts, options for manipulating attention, etc.

Production plan

All information about how the product is produced with a description of the technical processes will be located here.

At the same time, attention is paid to assets - what premises, what equipment, what specialists. Methods for increasing and decreasing production volumes are described.

In the description of the technical production chain, all details must be taken into account.

If you do not act alone, but with a partner who will take on any obligations, this should also be noted with a description of the division of responsibilities.

If the partnership involves the supply of raw materials, materials or equipment, describe here what resources are spent on this and how profitable it is.

This section contains a calculation of the cost of goods, describes variable expenses with criteria for changing their quantity and fixed expenses.

Instructions for filling out the section. Describe:

• Development of production capacities. Indicate what original solutions there are in production, how convenient the material is supplied, and how high quality it is.
• Describe the production technology, indicate why this particular technology was chosen.
• Check – Is there a need for additional rental? premises.
• Decide do you need to hire staff? in order to implement the project, as well as what experience of people is required, with what qualities.
• Be sure to bring evidence that your product is safe for people and the environment.
• Production capacity also needs to be assessed at the time of necessary additions. As are resources.
• The following describes subcontractors, suppliers, as well as all contracts with their terms.
• If you create several variants of goods and services, then each must have its own cost calculation.
• It appears estimate with expenses at this moment.

Organizational plan

This section is needed to provide excerpts from legislative or regulatory acts that will contain regulations for the selected industry for the project.

Here you need to display the project implementation deadlines point by point.

Financial plan

It is better to arrange this section sequentially. The design plan is approximately as follows:

• Income and expenses for several years
• Duration of the planned implementation of the project. The first year should be outlined as clearly and in detail as possible for each month of work.
• Cash and asset transfer plan
• Approximate planned balance for the first year.
• Break-even analysis. Here you will need to study the prospects, build activity charts with financial indicators. The task is to identify break-even points. Here the emphasis is on investment. That is, you consider the possible need for investment at all stages, plan how you will receive this money, try to understand how profitable it will be to use it and, of course, how you will return it.

This part of the business plan ends with an analysis of operational efficiency. According to the following structure:

• Reporting on profits and expenses for the annual period
• Tax payments and their structure
• Description of the dynamics of financial indicators for one annual period.
• Amount of required investment
• Expenses that will be realized using these invested funds.

Risk analysis

Risks are no less important part of the forecast than profits and implementation deadlines. A competent business plan writer should pay great attention to this in any case - whether the plan is being drawn up for himself or is to be presented to an investor.

This section provides strategies for solving certain difficulties that are likely to stand in the way of the project.

If you are making a business plan to receive investment, determine the degree of each risk and justify it confidently. Why it will arise and what it threatens the case. Understanding the problem is an important step towards possible solutions.

It will be useful to find not just one solution, but the maximum number of them. The more you can do up front, the fewer problems you'll have later. We described SWOT analysis above, and it can also be used as a guide when compiling this section.

Options for standard solutions that can help resolve the problem:

• Government subsidies
• Insurance
• Collateral option
• Bank guarantee
• Option with transfer of rights
• Finished goods guarantee

Applications for a business plan. What does it include?

Applications can include data of any nature, and anything that will help understand the business plan can be placed there. Especially if the business plan itself has to refer to any documents.

The application could be:

• Copies of contracts
• Confirmation of product characteristics
• Supplier Directories
• Financial reporting (so as not to insert it into the main text, as this will significantly complicate its perception).

Let's sum it up

We have provided a general standard structure for drawing up a business plan. It is universal and suitable for both existing and planned companies.

Naturally, based on each specific case, you will enter your own data, some items will not need to be described, others will need to be added. But the main thing is that, based on our scheme, you can make your own business plan.

And if you have any difficulties with anything (for example, conducting market analysis or marketing), you can always turn to specialists. Moreover, asking them not to draw up a whole business plan, which is not cheap. And buy help on a specific topic.

Mistakes when drawing up a business plan

A business plan, especially if it is drawn up with the aim of receiving money from investors, is a big and time-consuming job. And it is not surprising that mistakes can be made when compiling it. Another thing is that if you know what mistakes are usually made among the masses, you will be more likely to avoid them.

There are mainly three types of errors:

1. Technical. This may include poorly processed data, incorrect data, inaccuracies in calculations, lack of sources of information and conclusions.
2. Conceptual. Such oversights usually occur when there is a lack of experience, knowledge and professionalism. When a person does not understand, for example, sales technology or how this or that system works.
3. Methodological. The most profound ones are when the method for solving a problem is initially chosen incorrectly, for example. Read on for more details about this method.

Mistake #1. The investor will pay for everything.

The essence of the mistake is that the writer of the business plan, getting excited about the idea of ​​getting investment, expects that the big guy will cover the entire cost of his project. But reality looks different. If the idea is really worthwhile, the investor is ready to sponsor it and invest funds, but not more than 70 percent.

The fact is that it is important for any investor to see not only the eyes sparkling with the idea and confident evidence of the viability of the project, but also the financial interest of the author.

1. By investing your 30% in the project, you prove to the investor that you are committed to its implementation. Without this, the project will not be approved.
2. You need to repay the money borrowed for the project not after the project reaches payback, but immediately from the first profit.

The second point is no less important. It is also proof of your self-confidence, which is what the money is allocated for.

Mistake #2. Unclear deadlines

To describe this mistake, a common but correct phrase is suitable - no one owes anyone anything.

The investor doesn't owe you anything either. He should not give money without his desire, he should not happily consider the idea. And certainly should not act at a loss.

Therefore, it is natural that your project will be primarily assessed in terms of how much you need to invest, how quickly these investments will be returned, and how much you can earn from it.

If the project does not indicate clear numbers and deadlines, consider that the project is not completed. The investor must see what amounts you expect to receive at what time, and must see the exact date of their repayment, as well as what guarantees you provide for financing.

Mistake #3. The legislative framework is not prescribed

Any ambiguities with the legal framework in the project will lead to the investor refusing to work with you. For example, there are no documents confirming the ownership of premises, warehouses, and equipment.

Most often, problems of this nature arise when there is equity financing of an enterprise. If the question of an investor selling his share for profit is not spelled out, the person will immediately turn away from your project, as he will see only risks and no guarantees of profit.

Typically, such a section is compiled by a specialist, because it requires a large amount of knowledge on the legislative and documentary base. If you plan to do everything yourself, be prepared to spend a lot of time learning.

Mistake #4. I don't know how, but I'll do it myself anyway

The desire to create a business plan yourself is laudable and has undeniable advantages. Firstly, while you are doing it, you will be able to thoroughly study your own idea and go out into the world prepared with a lot of useful knowledge, and secondly, you will save money.

But investors often refuse because of this. For one simple reason - the business plan writer does not have enough skills to make his project attractive. Therefore, self-drafting is more suitable when a business plan is done for oneself, and not for the sake of obtaining financing.

If you need a plan that will become a ticket to investment from the outside, and you doubt even a little in your abilities, it is better to remember that there are specialists and entire companies who do this professionally.

Mistake #5. Not all expenses are included in the plan

A common and common mistake is that not all expenses are included in the business plan. This happens simply due to ignorance and insufficient understanding of business processes. Or simply due to carelessness.

However, minor forgetfulness can have significant consequences.

People usually forget to include the following expenses:

• Unloading and loading of goods is not taken into account.
• Cases of non-payment of money by the client.
• Loss of part of the product due to a manufacturing defect.
• Financial losses during storage of goods.
• Installation costs are not taken into account.
• Additional training of employees in special skills is not taken into account.

Mistake #6. Risks forgotten

We will not tire of repeating that it is important for an investor to return the money he invests in your project. Therefore, knowing all the risks before the start of financing is a priority task for him.

For risks, as we remember, there is a separate section. And despite the fact that he is last on the list, this does not diminish his importance one bit. If you limit yourself to a few phrases with the meaning “the risks are minimal, everything is fine,” the investor will simply think that you are taking him for a fool.

On the other hand, a description of all possible risks, what they actually are, can lead to the investor’s refusal simply for the reason that the planned profit does not cover such “dangers.”

It is important to work out the section so that the benefits at least balance the risks.

But this does not mean that something needs to be hidden and downplayed. Honesty will help here. And the impression will be strengthened by the fact that those risks that do not depend on you in any way (the fall of the ruble, for example) will be taken into account.

These are the most common mistakes that lead to refusals of financing for entrepreneurs who prefer to independently develop a business plan for investors.

FAQ

Question No. 1: What is a feasibility study, and is it possible to do it instead of a business plan?

Answer: Feasibility study – feasibility study. This document is simpler than a business plan, but its goals are simpler. It is usually used for formal procedures. For example, a feasibility study can be used when it is necessary to convince an investor of the need to expand the store area.

A business plan is written for the entire project, where there are risks, where everything needs to be justified thoroughly with benefits and deadlines. The objectives of these two documents are different, so you cannot use a feasibility study instead of a business plan.

Question No. 2: How much does it cost to order a business plan from professionals?

Answer: Professionals first estimate the amount of work that needs to be done to create a proper business plan. It is quite possible to order the development of a document for 30 thousand rubles. But this price is for standard work, where investments in the project do not exceed 20 million rubles, where there is no need to conduct complex market research, where there is no need to search for a lot of information, and the number of goods sold is small.

In other cases, for the development of a high-quality business plan they may ask for 100 thousand rubles or more. It all depends on the complexity.

Question #3: How long will it take to develop a business plan?

Answer: As with cost, the main criterion for time is the amount of work. For example, for professionals, a standard business plan without searching for information and a small number of goods and services sold will take about 10 days. If additional data is required, then 20 days. That is, the more information the customer provides, the faster the document will be made to him.

If you plan to write a plan yourself, then everything will depend only on you, which is logical.

Question No. 4: Why should I turn to professionals if I can draw up a business plan for myself?

Answer: We have already briefly covered this issue in the article. Professionals are professionals because they can do what others cannot. And they do it efficiently.

This doesn’t mean you can’t take on the task of compiling it yourself. You just need to soberly assess your strengths and skills. And also understand the goals of drawing up a business plan.

Note: The business plan you present to investors for analysis only makes an impression once. If they refuse you, and a month later you bring a “refined” project, then it will also be rejected, because there is only one impression, and all you are doing is just adjusting the numbers to lure money (even if you really improve it well).

The business plan must work the first time.

This is actually why most people turn to professionals.

Question No. 5: How is the business plan for receiving subsidies different?

Answer: Subsidies are assistance from the state. That is, the investor in this case is the state budget. Accordingly, increased attention from officials who make decisions on your project will be caused by expense items (yes, even more increased). You will also need to prove the break-even nature of your project and the minimal risks.

There is also a rule here: the more money you invest yourself, the more the state will be willing to give you.

An excellent tool in this regard would be the creation of jobs and the development of a priority industry.

Question #6: Why do few people write a business plan?

Answer: This is not true. If we take large companies that are starting a new activity, or experienced entrepreneurs, then 99% start with a business plan.

The more money a person manages, the more he understands that the risks of losing everything out of the blue are enormous. And the safety net in this case is the analysis of these risks and planning in the project.

So that you understand, this question arose due to the actions of small and micro businesses. The situation here is really worse. Many entrepreneurs decide to act with only a business plan in their head. This is wrong, and slowly but surely this practice is fading away.

A good proof of the inconsistency of this approach can be found in statistics, which show us that out of ten new businesses, only three survive the first year of existence! Seven are closed without going beyond the payback line.

Bottom line

In any case, you need to develop a business plan. This will help you plan all your steps and avoid many risks, increase the chances of business survival, and in some cases, get funding from an investor.

Developing a business plan yourself has one undeniable advantage. While you do this, you will be able to gain a deeper understanding of not only your own idea, but also the processes that you will encounter during its implementation.

Another thing is that creating a document yourself is more suitable for those who do not expect to work with an investor. Otherwise, it is better to turn to professionals.

A brief example of a pizzeria business plan

As an illustrative example, we took the cafe format. The catering industry is one of the largest in business. All kinds of cafes, restaurants, and fast food outlets are very attractive to budding entrepreneurs due to their huge potential audience. And business plans for this category are a frequent request.

Market analysis

To select a suitable location, the future establishment must also walk around the block or area around this location. The goal is to evaluate competitors.

The fact is that any bakeries, summer cafes, restaurants, coffee shops, confectioneries, bakeries will be competitors for you, which will spoil your opportunities from the very beginning. These establishments have an advantage over you - regular customers, whom you are not sure that you will be able to entice.

Choosing a cafe format:

• A mini-cafe that will sell fast food to take away.
• Self-service cafe.
• Fast food cafe.
• Cafe with delivery of its own products.

Cafe is a general name, but what will be prepared and sold there must be chosen right away. Decide on the assortment of dishes - it will be wide, or focused on one type, aimed at children, or maybe it will be a sushi bar altogether.

For example, we chose the pizzeria format.

Menu

When developing a strategy, we came to the conclusion that making pizza is a slow process, so we decided to add light snacks to our menu that the client can enjoy while waiting for their pizza.

It will also be important to serve quick and tasty Italian desserts after meals.

Drinks will also be available to the general public. Tea, coffee, juices, non-alcoholic beer, water.

The assortment of main courses will also include unusual types of pizza, namely a vegetarian option and a fruit one, which will surprise visitors with a combination of sweet and salty flavors.

Another planned service that will provide benefits in the future is a pizza constructor. Customers will choose what their pizza will consist of. The product basis will be:

• Cheeses and sausages
• Mushrooms
• Chopped vegetables and herbs
• Seafood
• Black olives, olives, pickled onions
• Meat of different cooking methods
• Fruits
• Sauces

Business registration

Before registration, you need to resolve the issue with the premises. Otherwise nothing will work. When choosing a room, lighting factors, total area and location of the future establishment should be taken into account.

Note: a separate building will require both more funds and more time to complete documentation. This is due to the fact that the owners of the premises who rent them out have already completed the documents themselves with the SES, the fire service and submitted the architectural design for approval.

After you have rented the premises, you will need to draw up a lease agreement, register the right to business activity and inform the city authorities about the opening of a new business.

For a pizzeria, the LLC form is best suited. It will allow you to pay taxes under a simplified taxation system. This is either 6% of income or 15% of the difference between income and expenses.

Shopping centers often greatly inflate the rent for their space, because they have no shortage of clients. And it is better to carry out calculations in advance so as not to doubt the advisability of renting premises in a shopping center.

Rent of premises – 130 thousand rubles per month.

You will receive an average of 50 orders per day on weekdays and 100 orders on weekends. That is 1700 orders per month.

The average cost of one order is 530 rubles. The standard markup is 250-300%.

Revenue – 900 thousand rubles per month.

Financial plan

The main cost items will consist of:

• Payments for renting premises. 260,000 rubles. This is the amount for 2 months, during which the establishment will be renovated and opened until the first profit is received.

Note: in some cases, it is possible to agree with the rental department of a shopping center that the fee will be charged not from the moment of signing the contract, but from the moment of opening. This will significantly reduce costs.

• Lawyer services. 100,000 rubles. This includes the preparation of papers and contracts.
• Development of a pizzeria design and price for finishing work according to the design. 460,000 rubles.
• Advertising expenses for two months. 130,000 rubles.
• Equipment and inventory. 940,000 rubles.
• Formation of food stock. 70,000 rubles.

Result: 2,000,000 rubles.

Savings on some parameters are acceptable, such as advertising materials. However, under no circumstances – not on the equipment. Because all activities and impressions of the consumer will depend on this.

Equipment needed for a pizzeria:

• Dough kneading machine.
• Flour sifter.
• Dough divider.
• A device for rolling out dough.
• Press.
• Bake.

Optional equipment:

• Device for grating cheese.
• Device for cutting vegetables.
• Slicer.

Furniture and installation:

• Showcase
• Refrigeration units.
• Cooking tables.
• Cabinets.
• Rack.

Marketing plan

If a pizzeria opens in a city with a population of more than 500 thousand people, then one of the main problems will be intense competition. Thus, the creation of a large advertising company is justified.

In order to create an effective marketing strategy, you need to consider:

• Age category of the audience: from 16 to 45 years.
• Opportunity to carry out advertising activities in the shopping center itself.
• The ability to actively use Internet resources to attract a larger audience.

Methods to attract new visitors:

• Distribution of flyers and leaflets
• Outdoor advertising in shopping centers
• Advertising on social networks and mass groups
• Holding a celebration on opening day with free food, promotions and other effective tools that can introduce people to the new brand.

After opening:

• Installation of banners and banners with descriptions of dishes, attractive prices and promotions.
• Launch of audio advertising in shopping centers.
• Outdoor advertising within the shopping center area.

All methods must be tested, after which some of them are excluded from the marketing program to reduce costs, and the most effective ones are strengthened.

Particular attention should be paid to regular customers and a program should be created that will give them advantages, so that other customers also want to become regulars and receive these bonuses.

Opening schedule

On average, the minimum period for opening such an establishment is two months. But everything will depend on how quickly you solve all the problems:

• Find staff
• Make repairs and prepare the premises for launch
• Complete registration documents

Income level

Some of them were in the previous section. Let's add monthly ones:

• Payroll – 213,500 rubles.
• The rental fee for the premises is 130,000 rubles.
• Utility bills – 24,000 rubles.
• Advertising – 30,000 rubles.
• Payment for transport – 20,000 rubles.
• Accounting services – 8,000 rubles.
• Payments to the insurance fund – 64,500 rubles.
• The item “unforeseen expenses” is 15,000 rubles.
• Purchase of raw materials – 160,000 rubles.

The personnel expense item in this case is the most voluminous. It is calculated based on the fact that people will be invited to work according to the following positions:

1. Chef – 1 person.
2. Ordinary cook – 5 people.
3. Administrator – 1 person.
4. Cleaning lady – 1 person.
5. Dishwashers – 3 people.
6. Waiter or delivery person – 4 people.
7. Outsourced accountant.

Thus, the expenditure part is 665,500 rubles. It must be subtracted from the calculated income of 915,000 rubles. The result is 249,500 rubles. Now from here we subtract 15% of tax revenues under the simplified tax system (37,500 rubles). We receive an income of 211,500 rubles.

Here we can observe that in our case, a rate of 15% under the simplified tax system is more profitable than 6%. And you can also calculate that with stable operation based on these data, the institution will need 16 months to achieve payback.

Over time, profits will increase further, as new customers will come, attracted by advertising and rumors (if you can organize high-quality service and delicious dishes).

Examples of business plans

In this section you will find several examples of business plans in the field of small business.

Yes, your own business plan will be completely different because you will create it based on your region, city and district, and industry data. But familiarizing yourself with the various options will be extremely useful for understanding the structure and principles.

Cafe business plan

In any city, regardless of population, there are dozens and hundreds of enterprises of this format. This is due to the fact that the catering industry will always be a tasty morsel for business with its constant demand, which is little subject to change.

Thousands of students, office workers, and employees go to cafes for lunch, and even more people choose cafes as a place to relax in the evening.

Naturally, this industry also has the other side of the coin - competition. Therefore, you need to approach drawing up a business plan extremely responsibly, calculating all the risks and identifying the strengths of your business, which will become competitive advantages in a tough competition.

Business plan for a business center

Business centers in the city, as a rule, are separate buildings that house many offices of the business sector. Life is in full swing here every day, deals are made, but the main thing is that these spaces are in demand by business, and accordingly there is a demand for it.

Today shows that it is impossible to open a business center anywhere. There are many criteria that entrepreneurs will pay attention to when choosing the future location of their offices. The location should be convenient, the design should be beautiful, parking should be free and large, etc.

Naturally, the construction of such a building requires considerable investment. From 10 million rubles minimum in the most insignificant option. The payback period is also long – at least 5 years.

Therefore, when creating a business plan, you need to carefully calculate the advantages and risks.

Beauty salon business plan

The beauty industry is another equally popular area of ​​business, which has many directions and is characterized by constant demand, as well as great competition, which involves not only large companies, but also individual entrepreneurs, as well as persons providing some services at home. This is a complex industry that requires a carefully designed plan and a responsible approach, as well as certain skills and abilities for successful implementation.

Beauty salons are becoming the target of many aspiring entrepreneurs who see how wide the audience and great opportunities are in this business. But according to statistics, three out of four salons that open reach profitability and do not close after a year.

The problem lies in the fact that many salons are opening for “female management”. In no way do we mean that women cannot competently manage business. As much as they can. It’s just that most of the salons are the result of the husband giving money to the woman for the business so that she doesn’t sit at home. That is, the initial goal was different - not to take a responsible approach to creating a business, but to simply do something. What kind of competent and well-developed business plan can we talk about here?

In the meantime, it is the preliminary study and analysis of the surrounding market that will increase the chances of survival in such an environment as the beauty industry.

Restaurant business plan

Unlike cafes, restaurants are a more difficult business, but it makes no sense to compare them, since the goals and objectives are actually different. Typically, restaurants are aimed at a different audience - with a large income, the average bill in them is several orders of magnitude higher, the income is more tempting, but you will also have to make more investments in such a business.

The establishment's payback will take several years, and the marketing component will be of greater importance. All this is done for the sake of greater final profit, which the entrepreneur can receive after promoting the restaurant and entering the payback zone.

Business plan for an online store

The Internet is no longer the future. This is already real. And if it seems to you that people are still distrustful of online shopping, then you are deeply mistaken. That time has passed. Nowadays you can buy anything through online stores, not just cheap Chinese crafts.

Moreover, the market for online stores has already reached such a level that competition in this segment is almost greater than in the offline sector for the same products and services.

And since the structure of the online trading platform, interaction with customers, logistics and warehouse operations will all be different from physical markets, thinking through a step-by-step scheme even before implementation is the primary task of the entrepreneur.

Car wash business plan

How budding entrepreneurs think. Here's a car wash. What is there to invent and calculate? You find a place, open it, customers come, and you make a profit. It's simple. But it was precisely because of this mirage of ease that many starts burned out.

Let's start with the fact that there are car washes on every corner. This time. How will you be different from others?

Now there are many options for car washes - from the simplest to self-service, mobile and mobile washes. That's two. Which option will you open?

What audience will your business be aimed at? How many people will work, or do you plan to handle everything yourself? There are a lot of such nuances. And it won’t be possible to take everything into account without first drawing up a business plan, as in any other type of business.

Coffee shop business plan

Coffee is one of the best-selling products in the food service industry. Look at any place - a cafe, a snack bar, a bakery, an island in a shopping center, a sushi bar - everywhere, in addition to the main dishes, there is coffee.

The formats for selling coffee are completely different, from vending machines to professional coffee shops with a large assortment of bean coffee and desserts.

But opening a coffee shop is not at all easy. As you may have guessed, they are on every corner in every neighborhood. Meanwhile, a good coffee shop requires not only professional skills from the employee who will brew the coffee, but also considerable investment, and in general, take into account everything that can bring it to a level that will distinguish your establishment from a number of similar ones. And you won’t be able to do this without a plan, even if you have a mega-idea.

Hair salon business plan

Previously, we considered a plan to open a beauty salon. And they correctly noted that this industry has many branches. The main branch is hairdressing salons. Which, in turn, are now divided into barbershops.

However, a good hairdresser, aimed not at the business class, but not at the usual average level of clients who will come to you every month for reasonable prices, can bring a decent profit to any responsible entrepreneur.

But as in other areas, not a single hairdressing salon will enter the payback zone without a preliminary understanding of where it will be located, who it will be designed for, how much will be required to invest in it, what the monthly profit will be and whether the business will pay off specifically in this place and with such a structure.

Farm business plan

Farming has never lost its relevance. It was just not as noticeable, especially when small urban businesses boomed. But now everything is changing. And even city entrepreneurs began to pay attention to this branch of the business industry. Because new types of stores began to appear, environmental products began to be popularized.

And the state continues to support those who are trying to develop this particular industry. But business is far from easy, even taking into account the benefits and subsidies allocated to agriculture.

And precisely in connection with these two factors, drawing up a business plan is more relevant here than anywhere else. Because the investor in such a business can be the state budget. And to receive investment, you will have to arrange everything very competently and correctly.

And in any case, even if you do not aim at subsidizing, drawing up instructions for yourself will save you from many unexpected problems in the future and will help in resolving issues.

Hotel business plan

The hotel business itself is a complex structure. Here you need to know a lot of things, take into account a lot of nuances - from seasonality to the average number of visitors who will need your services.

It is difficult to create a marketing strategy, because you need to understand what territory the advertising should cover, since tourists will be the basis of your audience. But investing money in vain or covering it to the maximum is not an option.

To do this, you need to draw up a clear, thoughtful business plan with sound data and market research. This will help you decide on many details - the size of the future hotel, its location, the use of advertising tools, the amount of financial investments already at the development stage, etc.

Business plan for a gym

But gyms can be of different formats. There are huge fitness clubs that only large companies can open, because they require considerable investment. There are also so-called “yard options”, which are aimed at a small number of visitors among residents of a residential area. And there are many options between these two boundaries.

You can only understand which gym to open after you analyze the potential demand, evaluate the audience and your capabilities, understand how much time it will take to implement the project, and whether it is worth it, or is it better to reduce your appetite.

Business plan for an investment project

This is one of the most difficult categories, requiring certain additional knowledge and skills in the field of economics and marketing. But the more interesting it is to implement it. The problem is that you will need to constantly convince people that by investing money in your project, they will win. That is, in fact, you start your investment project with a business plan, which at the same time will become your first project.

There is no longer any question of turning a blind eye to drawing up a business plan.

Flower shop business plan

A flower shop may seem like an easy business. But in fact, it is fraught with many nuances that will leave those who have not taken them into account, not just without profit, but in general with constant additional expenses.

You need to choose the right location, which is difficult, because flower shops are everywhere, you need to know how to store flowers and what percentage of loss of this product is acceptable, you need to understand what products are in demand as related products, and how much you can earn from it...

Car service business plan

The automobile business is another vein for entrepreneurs who see that the market is only growing, and people will not stop doing car repairs. High-quality car services are in demand. But if you pay attention to the structure of the existing ones, you will see that only the largest services offer most of the most popular services. And often one car service center does only a certain set of repairs.

That is, a business plan will help you, at a minimum, choose what you will do. Because car service can include many different areas - from body work to electrical work.

A business plan will help you figure out how much you will need to invest in the business, and how much more to spend on monthly items, such as payroll, taxes, ordering consumables and spare parts. And accordingly, you will be able to understand how long it will take to expect a net profit, whether you will manage the investment, what will be the greatest difficulty, and what advantages you will use in the marketing component.

Pharmacy business plan

The pharmacy business has long ceased to belong to the state, although it continues to be strictly controlled by it. It belongs to those categories of business that are characterized by constant demand that does not even depend on the economic situation in the country, but at the same time it has so many pitfalls that you can’t count on luck here. All you need is a competent, responsible, clear and thorough approach that will give you answers to all your questions.

What suppliers should you work with, how to get goods at a good price, what markup should you make, where to hire specialists for the staff (after all, you can’t hire just anyone here as a salesperson), how much money will you need to invest monthly in replenishing stocks so that everything is always in stock, what licenses will be needed, where and how they can be obtained, how long it will take for the business to break even. There are a lot of questions, and all of them need to be thoroughly worked out before deciding whether to open a pharmacy or not.

• 1. Sample business plan
  • 1.1. Sections of a business plan
  • 1.2. Project Description
  • 1.3. Production plan
  • 1.4. Marketing plan
  • 1.5. Financial plan

Each company, in the course of its activities, must clearly understand the needs for all types of resources, and also be able to accurately calculate the amount of funds required to implement its business ideas. In a market economy, it is necessary to be able to plan, regularly analyze the internal and external environment, and assess one’s own prospects and capabilities. For clarity, consider a sample business plan with calculations. Also at the very end of the article you can download a detailed business plan for a grocery store.

Business plan for a web studio - sample with calculations

1. Sample business plan

The article presents a sample business plan with calculations for opening a website development company. Today, many companies decide to open their representative office on the Internet. As a result, there is a need to create an official website.

A business plan is an official document that will subsequently be presented to potential investors and partners. Therefore, when developing it, certain principles should be adhered to.

1.1. Sections of a business plan

• introduction,
• (brief description of the project and main financial indicators),
• project description,
• analysis of enterprise capabilities,
• production plan,
• marketing plan,
• financial plan,
• risk analysis,
• conclusion,
• links to sources.

1.2. Project Description

The company being designed is created for the purpose of developing websites and subsequently posting them on the Internet. The product of the enterprise is the website, made in accordance with the client’s requests, selected concept and functionality. The average price of a website (at the arithmetic mean) will be 64 thousand rubles.

At the moment, the development stage of the project is assessed as a business idea. The goal of the project is to position itself on the market as a professional company for creating websites of varying complexity, with a modern concept and user-friendly interface.

When recruiting personnel, it is planned to look for professional layout designers and web designers based on an assessment of their portfolio (resume).

1.3. Production plan

It is planned to spend 200 thousand rubles of own funds and 800,000 rubles of borrowed funds in the form of a bank loan, i.e. All in all 1 million rubles.

All information is given as an example - this business plan is a sample with approximate calculations

Currently, the IT technology segment is in a stage of dynamic growth. As a result of the penetration of broadband access into Russian regions and the development of mobile and wireless data networks, there is an increase in Internet users.

The preparatory period for the opening of the project is planned to be completed in full within six months.

The company's staff will consist of 6 people: CEO, accountant, employees and four programmers, each of whom is responsible for a specific project and is a highly specialized specialist.

Web studio company staff

Estimated payroll will be 1659 thousand rubles. in the first year, 1893 thousand rubles. in the second year and 1962 thousand rubles. in the third year of the project.

Planned revenue for the first year will be 3793.93 thousand rubles, for the second year - 6140.19 thousand rubles, and for the third year - 6278.12 thousand rubles.

Acquisition costs fixed assets are estimated at 634.88 thousand rubles. The amount of depreciation deductions is not calculated, since the organization will operate under a simplified taxation system.

Cost of services provided will amount to 3918.55 thousand rubles in 2017, 3491.906 thousand rubles in 2018 and 3527.547 thousand rubles in 2019, respectively. The decrease in cost in 2018 compared to 2017 is due to the write-off of the cost of fixed assets, and the increase in cost in 2019 compared to 2018 is due to an increase in the cost of paying staff and purchasing consumables for the subsequent creation of services. It should be noted that business plan calculation samples depend on the specific economic situation in the country.

1.4. Marketing plan

Marketing expenses are estimated at 13% of revenue in 2017, 4.2% in 2018 and 4.15% in 2019.

1.5. Financial plan

The financial results of the project are assessed as follows. In the first year of activity, the financial result will be negative and the loss in 2017 will be 124.62 thousand rubles.

In 2019, the profit will be 2,648,284 rubles, and the maximum profit of 2,750,573 rubles will be achieved in 2019.

Net profit on an accrual basis at the end of 2017 will be -230.807 thousand rubles, at the end of 2018 – +1813.725 thousand rubles, and at the end of 2019 – +4215.028 thousand rubles.

We will calculate the efficiency of investments for the project

1. Net present value:
   NPV = 2947.435 rub.
2. Internal rate of return (IRR):
   2947.435 / (1 + x) 3 = 100 * 0.579;
   2947.435 = 57.9 * (1 + x) 3;
   (1 + x) 3 = 50.91;
   x = 2.71, IRR = 271%.
3. Profitability Index (PI):
   PI = A / KV = 2947.435 / 1000.0 = 2.647
   Investment return index > 1. This indicates that this project is effective.
4. Payback period (PP):
   PP = 2 + = 2 + 0.7 = 2.7 quarters
5. Discounted payback period (DPP):
   DPP = 3 + = 3 + 0.74 = 3.74 quarters

Thus, the payback period of the business project is 3.74 quarters; also, a year after the start of the project, there will be a guaranteed repayment of the loan and receipt of income if the specified conditions for the project are met.

2. How to write a business plan - video + ready-made sample

This sample includes all the main points and necessary calculations and can be used as an example of a business plan for your own developments. It should also be noted that a detailed business plan sample with calculations can be purchased from specialized companies.

You can also view a detailed grocery store business plan

3. Create and implement a business plan

Now that you know the basic principles of writing a concrete business plan, try to implement your long-held business idea. Carefully consider each step; the business plan should be drawn up taking into account the characteristics of the market you are going to enter.

Of course, to achieve success in business, a business plan alone, even if thought out to the smallest detail, will not be enough. Therefore, we advise you to read books by successful people with the secrets of achieving really big goals in business. We invite you to download a free book about the 10 main secrets of rich people.

Business plan: sample and purpose of the document + reasons for drafting + 5 stages of creation + features of writing for investors and for personal purposes + structure + 15 tips + 7 illustrative examples.

Any actions must be planned and displayed on paper. This is especially true for entrepreneurship. Without business planning, i.e. detailed optimization of resources and determination of further tasks, even an experienced entrepreneur will not be able to achieve his goals.

That's why it's so important to have on hand sample business plan and compose it correctly. This material will help you with this.

Why and who needs a business plan?

There are several definitions of a business plan on the Internet.

Here are the most common ones:

Those. A business plan is a document that describes in detail the ways of its implementation. Thanks to it, you can thoroughly justify your project, evaluate the effectiveness of decisions made from all sides, and understand the feasibility of financing a particular activity.

The business plan shows:

• business development prospects;
• volumes of the sales market, potential consumers;
• profitability of the project;
• upcoming costs for the production and sale of products, supplying them to the market, etc.

A business development plan is a tool that evaluates the final results of activities for a specific period of time. It can be used to attract investors and is necessary in creating a business concept and company strategy.

Drawing up a business plan is one of the important, responsible stages of planning. It is developed both for those enterprises that produce goods and for those whose specialization is the provision of services.

Before writing a business plan, specialists or the owner of the company determine the tasks and means for their implementation. The developed document can attract lenders to implement ideas. For this reason, it is impossible to exaggerate its importance.

Purpose of the business development plan:

• analysis of aspects of entrepreneurship;
• competent management of finances and operations;
• justification for the need to receive investments (bank loans, equity participation of companies in the project, budget allocations, etc.);
• taking into account the financial capabilities and threats (risks) of the enterprise;
• choosing the optimal direction of development.

Entrepreneurs write business plans for the following reasons:

Features of drawing up a plan for personal purposes and creditors

It is important to see the difference between a business plan, which is written for internal use, and a “front door” document, so to speak, to be transferred to creditors.

1. Create a plan for personal goals.

If you intend to use the sample business plan and write it for yourself, please note that it will be in the form of a practical guide to further actions.

In this case, the business development plan should answer the following questions:

1. What activities are you (will you be) involved in?
2. What product/service does your company offer to the market?
3. Who are the consumers, clients?
4. What goals should you achieve?
5. What means are needed to achieve the goals?
6. Who is responsible for completing certain tasks?
7. How long does it take to complete it?
8. What capital investments will be required?
9. What results should the actions lead to?

You need to understand that when drawing up a working document, you need to reflect the real state of things in order to know in which direction to move, what to do, what to strive for.

2. Document for investors.

When developing a business plan to present to creditors/investors, the methodology is different. The person or organization that will finance your enterprise should receive a document detailing the situation and main objectives.

You must convince investors that their money will be used rationally and indicate the benefits for them. A business plan must be drawn up logically, every action must be justified.

If you have doubts in any area, study it more carefully, because lenders will likely have “uncomfortable” questions regarding the program you outline. And the amount of initial investment to open/develop your own business will depend on how you answer them.

Confidence in delivery is also of particular importance. It’s good if you can display statistics in a business plan, citing the example of another company. This will increase your chances of receiving investment.

When writing a business plan, you should adhere to a business style and follow the structure.

Sample business plan: structure

Regardless of the purpose for which you draw up a plan, working with it takes place in 5 stages:

As a business creator, you will have no problem making up the first two points. But what should be the proper structure of a business plan?

Let's look at the main sections, what information they contain and how to compose them correctly.

No. 1. Title page.

It acts as a calling card for itself. It indicates: the name of your company, contact information, address information, phone numbers of the founders.

In addition, the title must contain the contents of the entire document (chapter - page number). When writing your title, be brief and present information concisely.

The total volume of the business plan is about 30-35 pages, including applications.

*Business plan (sample title page)

No. 2. Introductory part of a sample business development plan.

It takes up approximately 2 A4 sheets. The introduction describes the main aspects of your business, its essence, and what advantages it has.

It is necessary to write down why the product/service is attractive to buyers and what the expected profit is. If you intend to raise funds for your business, the introductory part indicates the amount of capital you need.

Typically, the introduction is devoted to the following points of the plan:

The introductory part is compiled last, because it describes the overall picture of the company's activities.
You can fully portray it only after studying all the nuances of the case.

You can study a sample of this and other parts of the plan at the end of this material - examples of this document for the main areas of business are collected there.

No. 3. The main part of a business plan.

The main section concerns the type of activity and all its key points, the cost of the project.

It consists of subsections:

• production;
• financial;
• marketing;
• organizational;
• calculating business efficiency;
• risks.

We will look at them separately.

At the end it follows final part. In it you need to summarize the work done and give a clear definition of the tasks.

Subsections of the main part of business plans

No. 1. Development of the production subsection of the business plan.

The main section of the document is the most capacious. Its subsections describe each aspect of your business.

For example, industrial shows what equipment will be used, what premises you have, how much money you will need to purchase and start a business.

This plan is also designed to help you calculate production capacity and determine the likely prospects for growth in production volumes.

In addition, it contains information on the full supply of raw materials, components, and covers issues about the need for labor, temporary and fixed costs of the business.

To ensure that the production subsection of the plan has a clear structure and contains all the necessary information, indicate:

• How streamlined is the production process, are there innovative solutions;
• methods of supplying resources, the degree of development of the transport system;
• a complete description of the technologies and why they were chosen;
• Do you need to buy/rent premises to run a business;
• composition of the required personnel and all data about them, labor costs;
• possible maximum volume of output;
• information about suppliers, subcontractors of the business;
• the cost of each product;
• estimate mentioning current expenses, etc.

No. 2. Development of the financial subsection of the plan.

Financial plan summarizes all the presented data with economic indicators for the business, i.e. in cost terms.

This includes business reports:

• Balance sheet plan (confirming the company’s ability to timely pay its monetary obligations).

About financial results, profits and losses.

It highlights the sources of profit, how losses occurred, provides an assessment of changes in business income/expenses that occurred during the reporting period, etc.

About the movement of money.

This report allows you to see operating results, long-term creditworthiness, and short-term liquidity.

The financial subsection of a business plan is also characterized by the presence of:

• schedules of future financial activities,
• descriptions of likely investments.

Carefully consider the possibility of investing, whether it will be profitable, and the target orientation of the investment. Write how you will return the funds raised into the business.

Try to ensure that the financial part of your business plan includes:

No. 3. Development of the marketing subsection of a business plan.

The marketing subsection concerns the analysis of the market for the products manufactured by your company. You must indicate in the plan the size, dynamics and trends of the market, its segments, and conditions.

In addition, the subsection informs about who the consumers of the business’s products are and what product promotion strategy will be used.

Here, consumption volumes are calculated, the estimated share occupied in the market, the levers used to influence demand (advertising campaign, pricing, product improvement, etc.), and business competitiveness are described.

It is necessary to evaluate your product from the consumer’s perspective, why it is attractive, what its consumer value is, whether it is safe to use, and its service life.

When drawing up a marketing plan, rely on the following points:

To draw up a marketing plan, information is taken from the external environment, relevant research and surveys are conducted, and professional marketers are hired to study the market situation.

No. 4. Development of an organizational subsection of the plan.

In terms of doing business, organizational issues are considered no less important. Therefore, in this subsection you are required to describe all the steps that will be taken to implement the project.

For example, as shown in the example in the picture:

It is better to present the information in the plan in tabular form so that the sequence of your actions is clearly visible. It would not hurt to mention the regulatory and legislative acts that regulate the selected industry.

In organizational terms, it is worth describing the management side, the responsibilities of all employees, the system of subordination and incentives (remuneration), and describing the internal regime of the company.

Remember that you need to follow the structure as in the example:

No. 5. How to calculate the effectiveness and probable risks?

In the penultimate sections, you need to give an objective assessment of the company’s performance, show the expected prospects based on the estimate, balance sheet, profitability threshold, and planned sales volume.

The business plan developer must write the payback period, NPV (net present value).

The best option would be to arrange this in a table, as in the example below:

Business risks should also be taken into account. Be sure to indicate in the plan what measures you will take to minimize them if they arise, and what self-insurance program you will resort to.

Experienced business plan authors pay special attention to risks, and consider the likelihood of the worst outcome. Making notes on how to resolve perceived difficulties will make your future work easier. If losses and financial losses occur, you will already know how to compensate for them.

When this section of the business plan causes difficulties, turn to experts for help.

A SWOT analysis of a business is often used for this purpose:

This is a method of identifying external/internal factors that influence business development.

Thanks to it you will be able to appreciate:

• your weaknesses (for example, the need to rent a building, lack of brand recognition),
• advantages (low price, high service, professional staff),
• indicate opportunities (these may include the availability of funds for introducing innovations, the use of modern equipment, coverage of a larger market segment, etc.).

And, ultimately, threats that you cannot cancel occur are considered, for example:

• economic crisis,
• deterioration of the demographic situation,
• increase in customs duties,
• growing political tension,
• tough competition, etc.

If you provide a clear and justified algorithm for solving risks in the document, this is guaranteed to attract partners and creditors for your business.

15 tips for beginners to competently draw up a business plan

very painstaking and complex. In the process of compiling it, many questions will arise. For this reason, most beginners make mistakes.

To avoid them and make your business plan worthwhile, follow these recommendations:

Before you start writing, it is better to look at more than one example of a business plan.

It’s easy to find illustrative examples on the Internet, and perhaps they will even relate to your line of business.

There is no need to “pour water”, thinking that the document is supposed to be voluminous.

A business plan should contain only important, realistic information that is interesting to investors and useful to you in running your business (as in the samples below).

1. Errors, corrections, and typos are strictly prohibited.
2. The business plan should reflect the possibility of your enterprise reaching a higher level and the strengths of the management team.
3. When developing a business plan, one cannot underestimate competition and possible difficulties.
4. If the information you want to display is sensitive, you should skip it.

Do not complete the document hastily.

Such a plan will not have the desired effect on creditors. If you are composing it for yourself, all the same, it should not look like a draft version.

Use more tables, graphs (as in the samples below).

Providing statistics in this way makes the material more visual.

Market analysis is often inaccurate.

Therefore, approach the marketing section responsibly and collect all the necessary data.

Be sure to include competitive and distinctive characteristics in your business plan.

Throw out too abstruse expressions from your business plan, as well as those that are understood ambiguously and demonstrate your insolvency.

For example, “a product that has no analogues”, “at the stage of consideration”, “ease of sale”, etc.

Take into account absolutely all business expenses.

Lenders consider this column particularly important. Therefore, they may have a lot of questions for you on such items as staff salaries, taxes, purchase of raw materials, etc.

Don't ignore risk considerations.

As mentioned, this will protect you from problems encountered on the way to achieving your goals, and will also allow investors to see you as a serious, responsible entrepreneur.

5. In your business plan, focus not on the first profit or big earnings, but on a stable cash flow.

Don't forget to include time limits.

Any task has a deadline (a quarter, a year, several years).

If you are not sure that you can complete a business plan on your own, even using the samples below, do not waste money on a specialist.

He understands this issue more than you, so he will draw up the document accurately, without technical, methodological and conceptual mistakes that you may make without proper experience.

A detailed outline of a high-quality business plan with explanations

you will find in this video:

Ready-made business plans (samples) for different areas of activity

The pharmaceutical business does not lose its relevance, because the need for medicines does not disappear. Moreover, most of the family budget, as a rule, goes to medicines.

Because of this, opening a pharmacy is a very profitable business.

Therefore, it makes sense to take a closer look at the example of drawing up such a business plan in this sample:.

If you want to enter a different field, consider opening a cafe.

There are quite a lot of similar establishments and the competition is great. However, the demand for them is growing. If you take into account all the aspects of the arrangement and offer healthy food, you will definitely be successful.

To draw up a document correctly, check out the sample cafe business plan!

The male half of the population may be interested in the idea of ​​organizing a car service center.

The owner of a service station will not be left without income if the repair and maintenance of vehicles is outlined in detail with all the ensuing factors in the business plan.

Women will find it more pleasant to open a beauty salon.

We assure you that, regardless of the number of existing establishments providing cosmetic services, your “enterprise” in the beauty industry will be in demand. This is due to the fact that every client wants the salon to be nearby and not have to travel to another block.

Representatives of the fair half of humanity can delve into trading activities and create a flower shop. The main advantage of the idea is the small start-up capital.

This small business also requires planning. And although flower shops are not exactly popular in Russia, who knows, maybe you will change that.

To do this, you need to draw up a well-thought-out business plan (a sample of which you can study at this link).

Hotel business is a much more complex option, which involves taking into account many factors, especially marketing ones.

If you don’t know what size room you need or what investments are required, get the information you need in a standard sample:
business plan for a hotel.

The process of implementing a farming project is no less labor-intensive. But in this case, you will have the opportunity to receive financial support and benefits from the state.

A good sample plan that can attract public investors, clearly demonstrates the goals, .

The implementation of any idea begins with drawing up a business plan. Without it, it is impossible to determine the necessary tasks and understand the feasibility of investments and costs. Many businessmen needlessly ignore this fact and do not use this useful tool.

If you have no experience in writing, any sample business plan given here will help you understand all the drafting standards, thanks to which you can easily set yourself a guideline for further actions.

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In an unbridled desire to quickly open their own business, many novice businessmen often neglect to draw up a business plan. At best, this is fraught with loss of profit, at worst - the complete collapse of the business idea. Why is a business plan so important, what does it look like, is it possible to find a sample business plan with calculations and how to correctly approach its preparation?

Business plan concept

In the most general case, a business plan can be described as a detailed and maximally transparent guide for the creator and potential investors, describing the implementation of a certain business idea in real economic conditions.

Such a document can be created on the basis of three factors fundamental to any business idea:
• Honest awareness of your place and skill level. A complete analysis of one’s own knowledge, skills and abilities, financial capabilities (prospects for raising additional funds, if necessary), the need for premises, equipment, business connections, etc.
• Predicting the final result. There should be no abstract concepts like “I want to earn a lot of money.” Only clear planning of future business turnover, profit, market place, etc.
• A detailed description of the steps that can, within a predetermined time frame, carry out the transition from the first step to the second.

Business plan for yourself and for an investor - what is the difference

Depending on who the business plan is being drawn up for, some nuances should be taken into account:
• Business plan for potential investors. In this case, the main goal of the document is to convince the investor that the project is capable of generating profit and money can be allocated for it. The idea should be presented as effectively and beautifully as possible. Possible risks can be slightly downplayed (at least not focused on them), but you shouldn’t promise mountains of gold either - this will raise fair doubts.
• Business plan for yourself. Should be as close to reality as possible. It is a kind of guide to action. The document should describe everything necessary for opening and further development of a business.

It often happens that an entrepreneur mixes up these two documents that are identical in name, but somewhat different in essence. As a result, instead of clearly and concisely explaining to the investor what his money will be spent on, the novice businessman tells how they can save it.

Business plan structure

Before presenting a specific sample for drawing up a business plan yourself, you should carefully study the step-by-step instructions, which will describe in detail how to draw up a business plan and what to pay attention to first.

Any business plan must start with a title page. It would be useful to include information about the name of the project, the legal and actual address of the organization, comprehensive contact information and the date of development of the document.

To interest the investor, some prefer to show basic financial data on the title page - the payback period of the project, the expected profitability and the required amount of borrowed funds.

Next comes the main informative part of the document (many investors draw conclusions about the advisability of investing solely based on this part of the business plan), which represents concise information about all sections and the main conclusions.

The summary is compiled last, when all the calculations are ready and all the necessary information has been collected.

Description of the business plan

In this section, all the details of the project are described in detail, in the smallest detail.

There are many organizations that, for a certain amount of money, are ready to draw up a business plan for any project. Whether to resort to their services is up to each novice businessman to decide for himself. On the one hand, this approach will help to avoid many common mistakes, because professionals know exactly how to write a good business plan, on the other hand, it will not always accurately reflect the features of this particular business idea, and it can cost quite a lot.

In addition, independently drawing up a business plan will help an entrepreneur plunge headlong into his idea and study it down to the smallest detail, which will have a very positive impact on the future conduct of business.

Example of a business plan

And yet, it is more convenient to understand all the intricacies of drawing up a business plan using a specific example. Based on the recommendations described, let’s try to create an example of a competent and detailed business plan, understandable even for schoolchildren, telling how to open a gym from scratch in a small Russian city.

Summary

The project seems very promising, since in recent years citizens have seen a steady increase in interest in a healthy lifestyle and active recreation. The commercial justification for the project can be considered the lack of gyms for the middle class in the city. The main goal of the business is to occupy this niche.

Market assessment

The company will be open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. For classes, you will need to purchase a subscription, which will be offered for 2, 5, 10 or 20 visits. Compared to the basic one, each subsequent type of subscription will provide a discount (in terms of 1 visit) in the amount of 5, 10 and 15%. A serious competitive advantage will be the extended validity period of subscriptions: 1, 2, 3 and 4 months, respectively.

The duration of the visit can be 30 minutes or 1 hour. To optimize the occupancy of the hall, it is proposed to give a 20% discount on visits in the morning (from 10.00 to 13.00) and 10% in the afternoon (from 13.00 to 17.00).

An aggressive advertising campaign will be launched prior to the official opening of the gym. This will allow you to form a customer base in advance. In order to be able to pre-sell season tickets, already at this stage it will be necessary to ensure the full functioning of the reception area, including renovation of the premises, staff work and communications.

After the first three months of operation, an analysis of the workload of the halls in each shift will be carried out and adjustments will be made to optimize the workload. This could be a redistribution of discounts, the introduction of additional incentives (every 10th visit as a gift, a free drink from the establishment, etc.).

Manufacturing process

It is planned to open a gym in the central part of the city, including two training rooms, two locker rooms and two showers. It is also planned to create a recreation area with a vending machine for hot drinks. Once every three months the establishment will be closed for sanitation. Accounting will be carried out during this same period.

The maximum capacity of the halls is 10 people. An instructor is always present in the hall. His tasks include the distribution of visitors and consultation. The instructor's work shift is 6 hours without lunch. The instructors' work schedule will be set according to their wishes for the week ahead.

Personal belongings can be left in the locker room, where personal lockers will be installed. Having locked the booth with a key, the visitor takes it with him for the duration of the lesson.

An administrator will constantly work in the lobby, whose tasks will include selling subscriptions, answering telephone calls, keeping a log of visitors, and informing clients about the congestion of the halls.

Leave for employees will be provided in the summer, since at this time a seasonal decline in demand for gym services is expected (due to the holiday season and the possibility of independent exercise in the fresh air).

It is planned to install modern exercise equipment in each hall:
• Swedish wall – 3 sections.
• Treadmill – 2.
• Exercise bike – 3.
• Strength trainer – 1.
• Abdominal trainer – 2.
• Rowing simulator - 2.

Premises requirement:
• Gym (at least 30 sq.m.) – 2.
• Locker room (at least 15 sq.m.) – 2.
• Locker room for employees (at least 6 sq.m.) – 1.
• Recreation area (about 9 sq.m.) – 1.
• Hall with wardrobe (about 15 sq.m.) – 1.
• Director's office (about 9 sq.m.) – 1.
• Administration room (9 sq.m.) – 1.
• Utility room – 1.
• Shower room – 2.
• Toilet – 2.

The total area of ​​premises for a business project must be at least 160 sq.m.

Manufacturing program

The average price of one hour of classes will be determined at 100 rubles. The gym will be open seven days a week, except holidays and sanitary days. There will be 14 such days during the year. Working days, respectively, 351.

The approximate annual revenue will be 351 days * 11 hours * 10 people (hall capacity) * 2 halls * 100 rubles = 7,722,000 rubles.

It is almost impossible to achieve constant full occupancy of the halls. Practice shows that in the morning the hall is 60-80% full, while in the evening it can be overcrowded.

We will set the actual amount of revenue at 90% of the maximum, which will be 6,949,800 rubles.

Amount of investment

Staffing and payroll

We accept the production rate for one instructor based on a 40-hour work week. Considering that the halls will work 351 days a year for 11 hours, we get the total number of working hours in the amount of 351 * 11 * 2 = 7722 hours.

Next, we calculate the maximum number of working hours per year for one employee. Each employee works approximately 250 calendar days per year. Subtracting from them 20 days of vacation, 5 days of sick leave, 6 days of educational leave and 1 day for performing government duties, we get, on average, 218 days or, in terms of hours, 218 * 8 = 1744 hours.

Thus, the need for instructors will be 7722 / 1744 = 4.42 = 5 people.

In a similar way, the need for administrators and security officers can be determined. Considering that their services extend to both halls at the same time, the need for such specialists will be 3 and 3 people, respectively.

In addition, two cleaners will work in the gym premises with a work schedule every other day. The senior administrator will be responsible for the operation of the beverage sales machine, for scheduling employees, and for the company’s marketing policy.

Basic salary rates for employees will be set in accordance with the staffing schedule. If, based on the results of work for the quarter, 90% occupancy of the halls was ensured, employees will be awarded a bonus. At the end of the year, management is considering the possibility of paying an annual bonus.

The projected wage fund will be 240,000 rubles per month.

Cost estimate

The production cost estimate for the first year of operation of the gym is based on a 90% load rate.

For convenience, the general estimate will be divided into several parts:

Direct cost estimate:
• Employee salary – 116,000 * 12 = 1,392,000 rubles.
• Social security contributions – 1,392,000 * 0.32 = 445,440 rubles.
• Depreciation of simulators - 212,000 rubles.
• Expenses for printing services - 24,000 rubles.

Estimate for maintenance and operation of equipment:
• Purchase of spare parts – 4,000 rubles.
• Services of specialists – 8,000 rub.

Estimate for general company expenses:
• Rent of premises – 32,000 * 12 = 384,000 rub.
• Payment of utilities – 6,000 * 12 = 72,000 rub.
• Electricity costs – 2,400 * 12 = 28,800 rubles.
• Salary of management and maintenance personnel – 124,000 * 12 = 1,488,000 rubles.
• Social security contributions – 476,160 rubles.
• Other expenses – 60,000 rub.
• Depreciation of fixed assets - 243,280 rubles.

The estimate for commercial expenses will only include advertising costs in the amount of 72,000 rubles per year.

Total production costs per year will be 4,909,680 rubles.

Balance sheet profit amount

This indicator can be determined by subtracting the total production costs from the planned sales volume: 6,949,800 – 4,909,680 = 2,040,120 rubles.

Calculation of tax deductions and production profitability

First of all, we determine the amount of non-operating expenses. They will consist of:
• Education tax (1% of the wage fund) – 28,800 rubles.
• Tax on the maintenance of social and cultural facilities and housing (1.5% of sales volume) – 125,096 rubles.

Balance sheet profit, taking into account non-operating expenses, will be 2,040,120 – 28,800 – 125,096 = 1,886,224.

Income tax (33%) = 622,454 rubles.

Net profit = 1,886,224 – 622,454 = 1,263,770 rubles.

Based on these indicators, you can calculate the value of specific profitability, which shows the profit per 1 ruble of sales. Determined by the ratio of balance sheet profit to turnover:

Rd = P / T * 100% = 1,886,224 / 6,949,800 * 100% = 27.1%

Project efficiency

To simplify the assessment of efficiency, we will assume that sales volumes will remain unchanged for several years. Let's calculate the net income of a business project for a certain period of time:

BH = PP * T – K,

Where PE is net profit,
T – time interval (let’s take it equal to 5 years),
K – investment amount calculated earlier.

BH = 1,263,770 * 5 – 1,758,600 = 4,560,250 rub.

Another important indicator is the profitability index, i.e. the amount of profit over a certain period of time received per 1 ruble of invested funds:

ID = PE * T / C = 1,263,770 * 5 / 1,758,600 = 3.59

Also, the presented business project will be perfectly characterized by such an indicator as the payback period. This is the number of years required for net profit to become equal to the amount of investment:

T ok = K / PE av = 1,758,600 / 1,263,770 = 1.39 years

Type of ownership

In accordance with current legislation, a limited liability company was chosen as the form of ownership. After the implementation of a business project, the company can be transformed into a Closed Joint Stock Company.

conclusions

The maximum price for one hour of training in our gym will be 100 rubles, which will be the optimal amount for clients with average incomes. Purchasing subscriptions will allow you to receive significant discounts.

The specific profitability of the project will be 27.1%, and the profitability index will be 3.59 rubles over five years for every ruble invested in the business. These indicators are above the industry average and also exceed the yield on bank deposits.

The project promises to pay for itself in 1.39 years, which should prove very attractive to potential investors.

The considered example not only shows an example of a good business plan for an enterprise, it can serve as a kind of algorithm that clearly demonstrates how a project can be made for almost any idea. Of course, the numbers will vary, but the general structure will remain similar.

Business plan for a small business from scratch: recommendations and samples with calculations

How to write a business plan correctly? We share recommendations, convenient methods, samples and calculations.

Business plan is the document from which implementation should begin. If you do not first calculate expenses and income, do not take into account demand and the presence of already operating competitors, you can waste your budget. In our article you will find a sample business plan with calculations and learn how to prepare it for yourself.

But when the development of a business plan for a small enterprise is needed specifically for investors, guarantors, and creditors, then the document must comply with the requirements of the Federal Small Business Support Fund. You can learn how to draw up a business plan in accordance with these requirements from, and we will look at the brief structure of the plan here.

Structure of a business plan from the Federal Small Business Support Fund:

If you follow all the recommendations of the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, then it is quite difficult to draw up your own business plan. But there is another way to calculate the prospects of your project - using the SME Business Navigator.

How to write a business plan yourself

If you decide to open such a store, you will need to find the missing amount of 1.7 million rubles. Of course, you can take out a loan, especially since Business Navigator offers you to choose one of the partner banks. However, we must not forget that such interest-bearing borrowed funds increase the cost of the project and extend its payback period. You need to carefully weigh whether this is worth doing.

If you do not want to attract additional funds to the project, especially borrowed funds, then the navigator will prompt you to select the type of business based on the volume of investment. We go to the appropriate tab and see an extensive list of projects that you can start using only your own funds. All that remains is to select several areas that interest you and calculate their payback.

Now you know how to make a business plan with calculations for a small business in a specific situation. On the Internet you will find many more methods for writing and drawing up business plans, samples for different businesses (coffee shop, car service center, beauty salon, etc.). But remember - you need a business plan for your specific business, an individual one, and no one has ever written one for you. This video briefly and succinctly describes how to do this “on the fingers of a milling machine operator”:

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