Informatics scientists presentation. Informatics presentation on "great computer scientists"

Leonardo da Vinci For more than 300 years, it was believed that the author of the first calculating machine was Blaise Pascal. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts were found in the National Library of Madrid by Leonardo da Vinci (), one of the titans of the Renaissance, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer. Among the drawings, a sketch of a thirteen-bit adder with ten-toothed wheels was found. For advertising purposes, it was collected by the company. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished IBM manuscripts were found in the National Library of Madrid and turned out to be quite workable.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a calculating device was discovered in the Stuttgart city library, from which it followed that another calculating machine project appeared at least 20 years earlier than the "Pascal wheel". It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than an absent attachment to the previously published letter to I. Kepler of the professor of the University of Tübingen Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine invented by him. The machine contained an adder and a multiplier, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a dozen or a hundred and how it takes away what it keeps in mind when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became a professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he study mathematics. Shikkard listened to this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and his family members died of cholera. The scientist's works were forgotten ...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () is one of the most famous people in human history. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. knows the name of their author. For example, now very few will say that the most ordinary wheelbarrow is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses for multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes for the first type of regular public urban transport. When he was very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device, a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal system. In this machine, the numbers were set by the corresponding turns of the disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in the windows, one for each number. The disks were mechanically linked, and the addition took into account the transfer of the unit to the next digit. The disc of units was associated with the disc of tens, the disc of tens with the disc of hundreds, etc. The main drawback of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations with its help, except for addition.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name is also among the outstanding inventors of calculating devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661, Leibniz becomes a student. He is studying philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666 he defended two dissertations at once for the title of associate professor in jurisprudence and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations the astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, the creation of which he completed in 1694. Developing Pascal's ideas, Leibniz used the shift operation to multiply numbers bitwise. One copy of Leibniz's car came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wishing to impress him with European technical achievements. Leibniz also came close to the creation of mathematical logic: he proposed using mathematical symbols in logic and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of using a binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Boole George Boole (). After Leibniz, research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system was carried out by many outstanding scientists, but the real success here came to the English self-taught mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to graduate only from elementary school for the poor. After some time, Boole, having changed several professions, opened a small school, where he taught himself. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, "Investigation of the laws of thought, on which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based." how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the XX century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Herman Hollerith An American, the son of German emigrants, Hermann Hollerith () made a significant contribution to the automation of information processing. He is the founder of the counting and punching technique. In the process of processing the statistical information of the population census conducted in the United States in 1890, Hollerith built a hand-held punch that was used to apply digital data on punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards, depending on the place of punches. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which "probed" the holes on the punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which it was possible to punch 20 holes corresponding to such data as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. The census agents entered the respondents' answers into special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information contained in them was transferred to the cards using a puncher. Then the punched cards were loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were strung on thin needles. The needle, falling into the hole, passed it, closing the contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, caused the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, to move forward one position.

John Vincent Atanasov In 1973, through the court, it was established that the patent rights for the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. Bulgarian by origin, John Vincent Atanasov () became an American in the second generation. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate computations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students studying elasticity theory, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they faced involved partial differential equations. To solve them, it was necessary to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. Therefore, the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, taking electron tubes as an element base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer machine designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to call it ABC (Аtanasoff Berry Computer). The initial data, presented in decimal notation, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted to binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the car was largely completed; however, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer to the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first working computer with programmed control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent from childhood and, while still in school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream of a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of humans while still a student. Unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse resigned from the company where he worked. He set up a "workshop" on a small table in his parents' house. After about two years, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​about 4 m2 and was a tangle of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, of the surname Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for entering data. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreier proposed to create a device of a fundamentally new type, based on vacuum electronic tubes. The new machine was supposed to act hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in the belligerent Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler banned all "long-term" scientific research, because he was confident in a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Planckal-kühl, "calculus of plans"). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod, In 1921 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E.Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a teacher at the university, which he graduated from, and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and the author (together with PS Zhdanov) of the book "Stability of Parallel Operation of Electrical Systems", widely known among experts in the field of electrical engineering. In the late 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which is one of the first in the world and the first in Europe with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (ITM and VT of the USSR Academy of Sciences) in Moscow and became the chief designer of the BESM, and then the director of the institute. Then BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the United States. Soon the car was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. At BESM-2, calculations were performed for the launch of artificial earth satellites and the first spacecraft with a man on board. In 1967, the serial production was started under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikov's original architecture BESM-6 with a speed of about 1 million op./s: BESM-6 was one of the most productive computers in the world and had many "features" of the next, third generation machines. It was the first large domestic machine, which began to be supplied to users along with advanced software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke the ancient Greek language, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the United States. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. He carried out fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the founders of the Monte Carlo method of a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the simulation of random variables. "According to von Neumann," the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic logic unit is provided for them. The control of its work and, in general, of the entire machine is carried out using a control device. The role of the information storage is performed by random access memory. It stores information for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (command).

Claude Elwood Shannon As a teenager, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made model airplanes and radios, built a radio-controlled boat, and connected his house with a friend's house with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was at the same time his distant relative (nevertheless, they never met). In 1937, Shannon presented his thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", on which he concluded that Boolean algebra can be successfully used to analyze and synthesize switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. The most famous work of Claude Elwood Shannon is Mathematical Communication Theory, published in 1948, which presents considerations concerning the new science of information theory that he created. One of the tasks of information theory is the search for the most economical coding methods that make it possible to convey the necessary information using the minimum number of characters. Shannon defined the basic unit of information (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads tails, yes no, etc. A bit can be represented as 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in the circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member at the University of Washington (Universite of Washington) and chairman of United Way International. Gates and his high school buddy Paul Allen entered the entrepreneurial world at the age of fifteen. They wrote a traffic control software and formed a company to distribute it; made dollars on this project and never went to high school again. In 1973, Gates entered his freshman year at Harvard University. During their time at Harvard, Bill Gates wrote the first operating system with Paul Allen, developing the BASIC programming language for the first mini-computer, MITS Altair. In his third year, Bill Gates left his studies at Harvard, deciding to devote himself entirely to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates created the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of computers in the world and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as the chief software architect of Microsoft's corporation, but also as the youngest billionaire to achieve it on his own. Today Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, they sing praises to him. People magazine, for example, says "that" Gates means as much to programming as Edison does to a light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part merchant, but invariably a genius. "

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Great scientists of computer science. Completed: Pupil 7 "a" class MBOU secondary school school №3 Zaitseva Veronika Checked: Mymrina Irina Vyacheslavovna

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Wilhelm Schickard appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became a professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he study mathematics. Shikkard listened to this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and his family members died of cholera. The scientist's works were forgotten.

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Pascal Blaise (1623-62), one of the most famous people in human history, French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher and writer. Formulated one of the main theorems of projective geometry. Works on arithmetic, number theory, algebra, probability theory. He designed (1641 - 1642) a summing machine. One of the founders of hydrostatics, established its basic law, named after him. A very religious man, adhered to the Jansenist movement, from 1655 he led a semi-monastic lifestyle. The controversy with the Jesuits was reflected in Letters to a Provincial (1656-57), a masterpiece of French satirical prose. In Thoughts (published in 1669), Pascal develops the idea of ​​the tragedy and fragility of a person who is between two abysses - infinity and insignificance (a person is a “thinking reed”). He saw the way of comprehending the secrets of being and saving man from despair in Christianity. He played a significant role in the formation of French classical prose.

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George Boole is rightfully considered the father of mathematical logic. Boulle's scientific works reflected his conviction about the possibility of studying the properties of mathematical operations, which are not necessarily carried out on numbers. The scientist spoke about the symbolic method, which he applied both to the study of differentiation and integration, and to logical inference and to theoretical and probabilistic reasoning. It was he who built one of the branches of formal logic in the form of some "algebra", analogous to the algebra of numbers, but not reducible to it. Boole invented a kind of algebra (later called Boolean) - a system of notation and rules applicable to all kinds of objects, from numbers to sentences. Boole hoped that his system, by clearing logical arguments from verbal husks, would make it easier to find the right conclusion and make it always attainable. Most of the logicians of that time either ignored or sharply criticized the Boulle system, but its capabilities were so great that it could not remain unattended for long. After a while, it became clear that Boulle's system is well suited for describing electrical switch circuits. This was the first scientist who realized the American logician Charles Sanders Pierce and applied the theory to describe electrical switching circuits.

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Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was born on November 2, 1902 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a teacher. Mother Anastasia Petrovna (nee Mavrina) left a rich noble estate to become a teacher at an educational institution for girls from poor families. Alexei Ivanovich Lebedev, Sergei's father, left an orphan early, lived with his aunt in the village. At the age of nine he returned to his widowed mother in Kostroma, for two years he attended a parish school. After that, for five years he worked as a clerk in the same weaving factory as his mother, and he read a lot. Having become close to peers who were carried away by the ideas of populism, he firmly decided to become a rural teacher. With five rubles accumulated over the long months of work, he went to the Yaroslavl province to enter the school opened by Ushinsky for orphans. After graduating with honors from the teacher's institute, he began to teach in the village of Rodniki (now the town of Rodniki, Ivanovo region). In December 1890, together with other members of the underground People's Will organization, he was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison. After the release, the family moved to Nizhny Novgorod. One after another, four children appeared - Ekaterina, Tatiana, Sergei and Elena. During the 1905 revolution, AI Lebedev became one of the organizers of the Peasant Union, the provincial committee of which elected him chairman. His brochures "What to read to peasants and workers", "Dictionary of political terms" and others had almost millions of copies. In the same years, AI Lebedev created numerous works on pedagogy. Four editions were published by his Primer, The Book for Reading in Rural Schools, The World in Pictures, and others were popular.

Computer scientists Charles Babbage Charles Babbage displayed his talent as a mathematician and inventor quite widely. Babbage went down in history as the designer of the first full-fledged computer. Babbage owns such ideas as installing "black boxes" on trains to register the circumstances of the accident. The scientist all his life was passionately fond of all kinds of keys - locks, ciphers and mechanical dolls.

Some problems at work Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see the embodiment of most of his revolutionary ideas. The work of a scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that the ideas of Charles Babbage were too ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers, in principle, could not be built in that era.

Herman Hollerith Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but badly educated and lazy. When Herman was 14 years old, he left the walls of the municipal secondary educational institution forever. The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous Professor Trowbridge. When Herman was 14 years old, he left the walls of the municipal secondary educational institution forever. The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous Professor Trowbridge.

Building a New Machine In 1882, Hollerith took a job teaching applied mechanics at the Massachusetts University of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, collected mainly from scrap metal found in university garbage dumps. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and torn. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from tape more promising. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and torn. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from tape more promising.

Work for the State The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for a competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the labor of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and so the industrial design of the punch-card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney Design Bureau. Stellar period in the life of Hermann He received an unprecedented fee of ten thousand dollars, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, his system was adopted by the Canadians, Norwegians, Austrians, and later the British. The Franklin Institute awarded him the prestigious Elliot Cresson Medal. The French presented him with a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1893. Almost all scientific societies in Europe and America have registered him as an "honorary member". In 1896, Herman Hollerith donated funds from the well-deserved fame without a trace in the creation of the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC).

Sources of information htm htm html html html Encyclopedia for children Avanta +, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta +, 2003 Encyclopedia for children Avanta +, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta +, 2003 D.М. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye prudy, 2005 D.М. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye prudy, 2005 Newspaper "Informatika", Newspaper "Informatika"

They changed the world

Informatics

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

italian artist and inventor

His works contain drawings of devices that perform mechanical calculations.

Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680)

• According to his drawings, a computing machine was built that could perform simple arithmetic, geometric and astronomical calculations. In addition, she could encrypt messages, calculate Easter dates, and compose music. The manual for this machine consisted of 850 pages, and the "algorithms" were verses in Latin that users had to learn by heart.

German encyclopedic scientist and inventor

John Neper (1550-1617)

• came up with an original device for fast multiplication

(Napier's sticks)

• went down in history as an inventor

wonderful

computing

instrument - logarithms.

Slide rule

Scottish mathematician

Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635)

German scientist, astronomer, mathematician

• Schickard's computing machine contained an adder and a multiplier, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results.

and orientalist

"Counting hours"

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

French mathematician, mechanic, physicist, writer and philosopher.

• created a summing machine "Pascaline"

Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716)

• Invented adding machine, which was based on the device - the "Leibniz" wheel.

Saxon philosopher, mathematician, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist.

Joseph Marie Jacquard (d) (1752-1834)

french inventor of the diaper loom

• Jacquard machine -

a vivid example of a car

programmed,

created long ago

before the appearance

computing machines.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

English mathematician

• Babbage, without a doubt, is the first author of the idea of ​​creating a computing machine, which today is called a computer.

Andrey Andreevich Markov (1856 - 1922)

Russian mathematician

• He created the theory of normal algorithms, laid the foundations for the theory of the complexity of algorithms, and proposed an original language for describing the operation of computers.

John von Neumann (1903 - 1957)

American mathematician

• dealt with issues related to the theory of games, the theory of automata, made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application.

Konrad Tsuse (1910 -1995)

• created the first working programmable computer (1941) and a high-level programming language (1948).

german engineer

• "The Computer Society recognized A. A. Lyapunov as the founder of Soviet cybernetics and programming."

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (1912 - 1986)

• L. V. Kantorovich's direct participation in the development of computer technology is associated with work in computational mathematics. He led the design of new computing devices, he owns a number of inventions in this area. Together with his students, he developed original principles of machine programming for numerical calculations.

Soviet mathematician and economist

• in 1948-1950, under his leadership, the first Small Electronic Counting Machine (MESM) was developed in the USSR and continental Europe.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov

• The founder of school computer science.

Aristotle (years BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: "How do we reason", studied the rules of thinking. Subjected human thinking to a comprehensive analysis. Defined the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, inference. His treatises on logic are combined in the collection "Organon". In the books of the Organon: Topeka, Analytics, Hermeneutics and others, the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thinking, creates a theory of proof, formulates a system of deductive inferences. Deduction (from Lat. Deductio - deduction) allows you to deduce true knowledge about individual phenomena, based on general laws. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

Leonardo da Vinci is a sculptor, artist, musician, architect, scientist and ingenious inventor. A native of Florence, he was the son of a judicial officer, Piero da Vinci. His works contain drawings and drawings of the human body, flying birds, strange machines. Leonardo invented a flying machine with bird wings, submarines, a huge bow, a flywheel, a helicopter, and powerful cannons. Also, his works contain drawings of devices that produce mechanical calculations. Leonardo da Vinci ()

John Napier () In 1614 the Scottish mathematician John Napier invented tables of logarithms. Their principle was that each number corresponds to its own special number - the logarithm. Logarithms make division and multiplication very easy. For example, to multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. the result is found in the table of logarithms. Later he invented the slide rule

Blaise Pascal () In 1642 Gudo, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal constructed a calculating device to facilitate the work of his father, a tax inspector, who had to perform many complex calculations. Pascal's device is "skillful" only in addition and subtraction. Father and son invested a lot of money in the creation of their device, but clerks opposed Pascal's calculator - they were afraid of losing their jobs because of him, as well as employers, who believed that it was better to hire cheap bookkeepers than buy an expensive car.

Gottfried Leibniz In 1673, the eminent German scientist Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine capable of mechanically performing all four operations of arithmetic. A number of its most important mechanisms were used until the middle of the 20th century in some types of machines. all machines, in particular the first computers, which performed multiplication as multiple addition, and division as multiple subtraction, can be attributed to the Leibniz machine type. The main advantage of the milestones of these machines was the higher speed and accuracy of calculations than that of humans. Their creation demonstrated the fundamental possibility of mechanizing human intellectual activity Leibniz was the first to understand the meaning and role of the binary number system in a manuscript in Latin, written in March 1679, Leibniz explains how to perform a calculation in a binary system, in particular multiplication, and later develops a project in general terms a computer operating in a binary number system. This is what he writes: “Calculations of this kind could be performed on a machine. Undoubtedly, it is very simple and inexpensive to do this as follows: you need to make holes in the can so that they can be opened and closed. holes that correspond to 1, and closed holes correspond to 0. Small cubes or balls will fall through the open holes into the gutters, but nothing will fall out through the closed holes. The jar will move and shift from column to column, as multiplication requires. , and not a single ball can get from one groove to any other until the machine starts to work ... ". Later, in numerous letters and in the treatise "Explication de l`Arithmetique Binairy" (1703), Leibniz again and again returned to binary arithmetic. Leibniz's idea of ​​using the binary number system in computers will remain forgotten for 250 years.

George Boole George Boole (). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. He is considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Boole began his mathematical research with the development of operator methods of analysis and the theory of differential equations, then he took up mathematical logic. In the main works of Boole, "the mathematical analysis of logic, which is the experience of calculating deductive reasoning" and "the study of the laws of thinking, in which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based" laid the foundations of mathematical logic. Boulle's main work "A Study of the Laws of Thinking". Boole attempted to construct formal logic in the form of some kind of "calculus", "algebra". Boole's logical ideas were further developed in the following years. Logical calculi, built in accordance with Boole's ideas, are now widely used in applications of mathematical logic to technology, in particular to the theory of relay-contact circuits. In modern algebra there are Boolean rings, Boolean algebras, algebraic systems, in programming, variables and constants of type boolean. Boolean space is known, in mathematical problems of control systems Boolean scatter, Boolean decomposition, Boolean regular point of the kernel. In his works, logic acquired its own alphabet, its own spelling and its own grammar.

Was born in Sweden. In 1866 V. T. Odner graduated from the Stockholm Institute of Technology. In 1869 he came to St. Petersburg, where he remained until the end of his life. In St. Petersburg, he first of all turned to his compatriot E.L. Nobel, who in 1862 founded the Russian Diesel plant on the Vyborg side. At this plant in 1874 the first sample of the Odner adding machine was made. "V.T. Odner, still a very young engineer, had the opportunity to correct the Thomas calculating machine and at the same time came to the conviction that it was possible to solve the problem of mechanical calculus in a simpler and more expedient way. After long deliberation and long experiments, Mr. Odner finally succeeded in 1873 with household means to arrange a model of a calculating machine of his design. This apparatus attracted the interest of the commercial advisor Ludwig Nobel, who presented Mr. Odner with the opportunity to develop an idea at his plant. " So, according to Odner, the date of invention of the adding machine can be considered 1873, when the experimental model was created. The invention of W. Odner - a gear adding machine with a variable number of teeth - played a special role in the development of computers. Its design was so perfect that adding machines of this type of modification Felix were produced from 1873 practically unchanged for almost a hundred years. Such calculating machines greatly facilitated the work of a person, however, without his participation, the machine could not count. In this case, a person was assigned the role of an operator.

Charles Babbage At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Babbage formulated the main provisions that should underlie the design of a computer of a fundamentally new type: a computer A computer must have a "warehouse" for storing digital information. (In modern computers, this is a memory device.) The machine must have a device that performs operations on numbers taken from the "warehouse". Babbage called such a device a "mill". (In modern computers, there is an arithmetic device.) The machine must have a device for controlling the sequence of operations, transferring numbers from the "warehouse" to the "mill" and vice versa, i.e. control device. The machine must have a device for inputting initial data and displaying the results, i.e. input-output device. These initial principles, outlined more than 150 years ago, are fully implemented in modern computers, but for the 19th century they turned out to be premature. Babbage made an attempt to create a machine of this type on the basis of a mechanical adding machine, but its design turned out to be very expensive, and the work on the manufacture of a working machine could not be completed. From 1834 until the end of his life, Babbage worked on the project of the analytical engine, without trying to build it. Only in 1906 did his son make demonstration models of some parts of the machine. If the analytic engine was complete, Babbage estimated that addition and subtraction took 2 seconds, and multiplication and division took 1.

A German scientist, orientalist and mathematician, professor at the University of Tyubin, in letters to his friend Johann Kepler, described the device of a "counting clock" - a counting machine with a number setting device and rollers with a slide and a window for reading the result. This machine could only add and subtract (some sources say that this machine could still multiply and divide, while it facilitated the process of multiplying and dividing large numbers). But, unfortunately, not a single working model of it remained, and some researchers give the palm to the French mathematician Blaise Pascal

Norbert Wiener () Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned "Cybernetics") at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and worries. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "where he served until the last days of his inconspicuous life." This or something like this could end a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, he hid in the shadow of his own glory.

Konrad Zuse He began his work in 1933, and three years later he built a model of a mechanical computer, which used a binary number system, a form of representation of floating-point numbers, a three-address programming system and punched cards. A conditional branch was not provided during programming. Then, as an element base, Zuse chooses a relay, which by that time had long been used in various fields of technology. binary system In 1938, Zuse made a model of a machine Z1 with 16 machine words, the next year a model Z2, and after another 2 years he built the world's first working computer with programmed control (model Z3), which was demonstrated at the German Research and Development center of aviation. It was a binary relay machine with 6422-bit floating point memory: programmed model Z3 7 bits for order and 15 for mantissa. Parallel arithmetic was used in the arithmetic unit. The team included the operational and address parts. Data were entered using a decimal keyboard. Digital output is provided, as well as automatic conversion of decimal numbers to binary and vice versa. The folding time for the Z3 is 0.3 seconds. All of these samples of machines were destroyed during the bombing during the Second World War. After the war, Zuse made the Z4 and Z5. Zuse in 1945 created the PLANKALKUL language ("plan calculus"), which belongs to the earliest forms of algorithmic languages. This language was mostly machine-oriented, but in some points concerning the structure of objects, in their capabilities they even surpassed ALGOL, which was oriented only to working with numbers.

Herman Hollerith While dealing with the processing of statistical data in the 80s of the last century, he created a system that automates the processing process. Hollerith pioneered (1889) a hand-held puncher that was used to apply digital data to punched cards, and introduced mechanical sorting to arrange these punched cards according to the location of the punches. Hollerith's storage medium, the 80-column punch card, has not undergone significant changes to date. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which probed holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers, and counted them.

Ada Lovelace Babbage's scientific ideas captivated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers, programming had not yet emerged, and nevertheless, Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not compose more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article in French. Babbage Babbage Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated, but added its own programs that the machine could use to carry out complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original article volume was tripled, and Babbage was given the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first programs in the world are widely used by modern programmers. Babbage

Emil Leon Post Emil Leon Post () is an American mathematician and logician. He obtained a number of fundamental results in mathematical logic; one of the most common definitions of the concepts of consistency and completeness of formal systems (calculus); proofs of functional completeness and deductive completeness (in the wide and narrow sense) of the propositional calculus; study of multi-valued logic systems with more than 3 truth values. One of the first (independently of AM Turing) Post gave a definition of the concept of an algorithm in terms of an "abstract computing machine" and formulated the main thesis of the theory of algorithms. He also owns the first (simultaneously with A.A. Markov) proofs of algorithmic undecidability of a number of problems in mathematical logic.

John von Neumann () In 1946. brilliant American mathematician of Hungarian origin John von Neumann formulated the basic concept of storing computer instructions in his own internal memory, which served as a huge impetus to the development of electronic computing technology.

Claude Shannon () American engineer and mathematician. The man who is called the father of modern theories of information and communication. As a young engineer, he wrote the Magna Carta of the Information Age, Mathematical Communication Theory, in 1948. His work was called “the greatest work in the annals of technical thought.” His discoverer's intuition has been compared to the genius of Einstein. flying disc on a rocket engine, he rode while juggling on a unicycle through the corridors of Bell Labs. And he once said: "I have always followed my interests, not thinking about what they cost me or their value for the world. I wasted a lot of time on completely useless things. " During the war years, he was engaged in the development of cryptographic systems, and later this helped him to discover methods of coding with error correction. And in his free time, he began to develop ideas, which later resulted in information theory. Shannon's original goal was to improve the transmission of information over a telegraph or telephone channel, under the influence of electrical noise. He quickly concluded that the best solution to the problem was packaging information more efficiently.

Edsger Weib Dijkstra Edsger Weib Dijkstra () is an outstanding Dutch scientist whose ideas had a huge impact on the development of the computer industry. Dijkstra became famous for his work in the field of application of mathematical logic in the development of computer programs. He was actively involved in the development of the Algol programming language and wrote the first Algol-60 compiler. As one of the originators of the concept of structured programming, he advocated the rejection of the GOTO instruction. He also came up with the idea of ​​using "semaphores" to synchronize processes in multitasking systems and an algorithm for finding the shortest path on a directed graph with non-negative edge weights, known as Dijkstra's Algorithm. In 1972, Dijkstra won the Turing Prize. Dijkstra was an active writer, his pen (he preferred a fountain pen to a keyboard) owns many books and articles, the most famous of which are the books "The Discipline of Programming" and "Notes on Structured Programming", and the article "On the Dangers of the GOTO Operator" Dijkstra also gained considerable fame outside academia thanks to his harsh and aphoristic statements on topical issues in the computer industry.

Tim Bernes-Lee was born on June 8, 1955. Tim Bernes-Lee is the person who turned the idea of ​​the world wide web, the creator of the World Wide Web and the hypertext system. In 1989, Bernes-Lee, an Oxford University alumnus at the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva (CERN), developed HTML, a hypertext markup language for Web pages, enabling users to view documents on remote computers. In 1990, Tim invented the first primitive browser, and his computer is naturally considered the first Web server. Bernes-Lee did not patent his fateful discoveries, which, in general, is not uncommon in the greedy world (remember, for example, Douglas Engelbart and his legendary mouse). In the book Weaving the Web, he admitted that at the right time he simply did not make money on his own inventions, considering (oddly enough) this idea was risky. "A place in the sun" was immediately taken by the world giants Microsoft and Netscape. In 1994, Bernes-Lee became the chairman of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which develops Internet standards. Today Bernes-Lee is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), remaining a British national. It cannot be said that his name is known to a wide range of users, nevertheless, for the development of web technologies, Bernes-Lee has repeatedly received honorary prizes and awards. In 2002, Bernes-Lee received the Prince of Asturias Prize for Technical Research, and was named by Time magazine as one of the twenty outstanding thinkers of the twentieth century. On New Year's Eve 2004, Tim Bernes-Lee was awarded the title of Knight of the British Empire (a title awarded personally by Queen Elizabeth II), and on April 15 this year, at a ceremony in Espoo, Finland, the Finnish Technology Award Foundation presented “ the founding father of WWW ”€ 1 million the largest award for a great discovery

Gordon Moore Gordon Moore was born in San Francisco (USA) on January 3, 1929. Together with Robert Noyce, Moore founded Intel in 1968 and served as the corporation's executive vice president for the next seven years. Gordon Moore received his BS in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley and his degrees in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology. G. Moore is a director of Gilead Sciences Inc., a member of the National Academy of Engineering Sciences and a member of the IEEE. Moore is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology. In 1975, he became president and CEO of Intel and held both positions until 1979, when the president was replaced by chairman of the board of directors. Dr. Moore served as CEO of Intel Corporation until 1987, and served as Chairman of the Board of Directors until 1997, when he was awarded the title of Honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors. Today, Gordon Moore remains the honorary chairman of the board of directors of Intel Corporation and resides in Hawaii.

Dennis Ritchie Dennis Ritchie was born on September 9, 1941 in the United States. While attending Harvard University, Ritchie was especially interested in physics and applied mathematics. In 1968 he defended his doctoral dissertation on "Subrecursive function hierarchies". But he did not strive to be an expert in the theory of algorithms, he was much more interested in procedural programming languages. In 1967, D. Ritchie came to Bell Labs after his father, who had long linked his career with this firm. Ritchie happened to be the first user of the Unix system on the PDP-11. In 1970, he helped Ken Thompson transfer it to the new PDP-11. During this period, Ritchie developed and wrote a compiler from the C programming language. The C language is the foundation of the portability of the UNIX operating system. The most important technical solution that was added to the UNIX operating system by Denn Ritchie was the development of a mechanism for interaction flows and interconnection of devices, protocols and applications.

Perhaps we can say that Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the gift of foresight when they set up their firm in 1975. However, they could hardly even dream of the results of their step, since then no one could foresee the brilliant future of personal computers in general. In fact, Gates and Allen were just doing what they loved. Isn't it surprising: At 21, Bill Gates graduated from Harvard and launched Microsoft. And at 41, he surpassed many competitors and amassed a fortune of $ 23.9 billion. In 1996, when Microsofta was up 88%, he was making $ 30 million a day! Today Microsoft is not just a leading firm in the global computer market. Its activities today have an impact on the entire development of human civilization, and the history of its development is the most impressive commercial rise of the twentieth century.

Andrey Andreyevich Markov Andrey Andreyevich Markov (junior) () mathematician, corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the son of an outstanding mathematician, specialist in probability theory, also Markov Andrei Andreevich (senior). Major works on topology, topological algebra, theory of dynamical systems, theory of algorithms and constructive mathematics. He proved the undecidability of the homeomorphism problem in topology, created a school of constructive mathematics and logic in the USSR, the author of the concept of a normal algorithm. From 1959 until the end of his life, Andrei Andreevich headed the Department of Mathematical Logic of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University. He worked in many fields (theory of plasticity, applied geophysics, celestial mechanics, topology, etc.), but made the greatest contribution to mathematical logic (in particular, he founded the constructive direction in mathematics), the theory of the complexity of algorithms and cybernetics. He created a large mathematical school, his students are now working in many countries. He wrote poems that were not published during his lifetime.

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov The breadth of Kolmogorov's scientific interests and scientific pursuits has few, if any, precedents in the 20th century. Their spectrum ranges from meteorology to poetry. In Van Hayenoort's famous anthology "From Frege to Gödel", devoted to mathematical logic, one can find an English translation of the twenty-two-year-old Kolmogorov's article, which the author of the anthology described as "the first systematic study of intuitionistic logic." The article was the first Russian article on logic, containing the actual mathematical results. Kolmogorov laid the foundations for the theory of operations on sets. He plays an essential role in transforming Shannon's information theory into a rigorous mathematical science, as well as building information theory on a fundamentally different foundation, different from Shannon's. He is one of the founders of the theory of dynamical systems, he owns the definition of the general concept of an algorithm. In mathematical logic, he made an outstanding contribution to the theory of proofs, in the theory of dynamical systems to the development of the so-called ergodic theory, where he was quite unexpectedly able to introduce and successfully apply the ideas of information theory.

Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn () is widely known for his outstanding scientific works in mathematics, aerodynamics and meteorology, which played a decisive role in the creation of computational fluid dynamics. Much in him was determined by his natural endowments and outstanding industriousness, personal inclinations, devotion to science and love for calculations, which he performed independently until the end of his life. If all this allows one to guess the origins of the formation of a scientist's personality, then the foundations of the breadth of the topics of his scientific research remain a mystery. A.A. Dorodnitsyn published works on ordinary differential equations, algebra, meteorology, wing theory (elliptic equations), boundary layer (parabolic equations), supersonic gas dynamics (hyperbolic equations), the numerical method of integral relations (for all these types of equations), small parameter method for the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as on various issues of computer science

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov ()

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov () His scientific interests, as well as the range of his awareness and competence, were extremely wide. He began his scientific career at the renowned scientific school of academician N.N. Luzin. Today the alley leading to the grave of Lyapunov at the Vvedenskoye cemetery passes by the place where the ashes of his teacher are buried. Only the years of the Great Patriotic War interrupted Lyapunov's scientific research for a while. He volunteered for the front, and immediately after the war, his works on the theory of shooting appeared, which, in fact, were the result of wartime reflections. Lyapunov carried his interest in the theory of sets throughout his life and repeatedly returned to his studies in the "cybernetic period." Moreover, in cybernetic problems, he often noticed circumstances of a set-theoretic nature and drew the attention of students and colleagues to them. Lyapunov's fascination with abstract problems of set theory was surprisingly combined with a keen interest in the natural sciences in general. Therefore, it is no coincidence that he was one of the first in the USSR to appreciate the prospects of cybernetics and was one of the pioneers of Russian cybernetic research. Lyapunov organized the first in our country research seminar on cybernetics at Moscow State University, which he led for ten years. Already in the fifties, his work on the theory of programming gained great fame. In 1953, he proposed a method for the preliminary description of programs using operator schemes, which are focused on clearly identifying the main types of operators and on building a kind of algebra of program transformations. Due to the algebraic notation, this method turned out to be much more convenient than the previously used block diagram method. It became the main means of programming automation and was the basis for the development of ideas from the Soviet programming school. Lyapunov's participation in the development of work on the automatic translation of texts from one language to another was very significant. Attempts to create translation algorithms have shown that existing grammars are not always suitable for these purposes; translation programs have a specific structure and differ from the structure of programs for computational problems. Lyapunov formulated general ideas related to an attempt to overcome these difficulties. A large group of his students worked on the problems in collaboration with linguists. This work resulted in theoretical results in mathematical linguistics and practical development of some algorithms for translation from French and English into Russian. An important place in his work is occupied by the issues of control processes in living organisms. The use of mathematical modeling methods in biology and the introduction into biological theory and practice of precise definitions and demonstrative reasoning of a mathematical nature became Lyapunov's favorite brainchild, the actual founder of "mathematical biology" in science. A deserved recognition of A.A. Lyapunov's achievements was his election as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1964.

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich ()

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich () an outstanding Soviet mathematician and economist, academician, Nobel Prize laureate in economics. He made a very significant contribution to world science, having received a number of fundamental results, which include: the creation of a theory of semi-ordered spaces in functional analysis, called K-spaces in honor of L.V. Kantorovich, the creation of a new direction in mathematics and economics for solving optimization problems, called linear programming; methods of "large-block" programming of tasks on a computer. L. V. Kantorovich's scientific activity is a vivid evidence of how Russian mathematical schools influenced the development of computer technology and its areas. An interest in mathematical problems of the economics of industry, agriculture, transport arose in L.V. Kantorovich in 1938. The mathematical generalization of a class of problems that did not find proper solutions in the arsenal of methods of classical mathematics led L.V. Kantorovich to create a new direction in mathematics and the economy. This direction was later called linear programming. Now linear programming is studied at all economics and mathematics departments, it is reported in school textbooks. These methods are included in the applied computer software, which is constantly being improved. Economic analysis is now unthinkable without their application. L. V. Kantorovich created a school of "large-block" programming in Leningrad, which was looking for ways to overcome the well-known semantic gap between the input language of the machine, in which executable programs are presented, and the mathematical language for describing the algorithm for solving the problem. The ideas proposed by L. V. Kantorovich's school largely anticipated the development of programming for the next 30 years. Now this direction is associated with functional programming (programming based on functions), in which the execution of a program in a functional language, informally speaking, consists in calling a function, the arguments of which are the values ​​of other functions, and these latter, in turn, can also be superpositions in the general case arbitrary depth. Many solutions found then in large-block circuit symbols are still relevant today. Kantorovich's schemes, model (tiered) approach, translation methods, flexibly combining compilation and interpretation, are reflected in modern programming systems. We can say that L. V. Kantorovich at the dawn of programming theory, when programs were still developed in machine codes, was able to correctly indicate the fundamental paths of its development for more than 30 years ahead. In 1975 L. V. Kantorovich together with the American mathematician T. Koopmans was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Many foreign academies and scientific societies elected L. V. Kantorovich as their honorary member. He was an honorary doctor of the universities of Glasgow, Warsaw, Grenoble, Nice, Munich, Helsinki, Paris (Sorbonne), Cambridge, Pennsylvania, the Statistical Institute in Calcutta.

SA Lebedev At the beginning of the 50s in Kiev, in the laboratory of modeling and computer technology of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the leadership of Academician SA Lebedev, MESM, the first Soviet computer, was created. The functional and structural organization of MESM was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first test run of the model of the machine took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. MESM operated in a binary system, with a three-address command system, and the computation program was stored in an operational memory device. Lebedev's parallel word processing machine was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first computers in the world and the first on the European continent with a program stored in memory. MESM binary system The fame and recognition of Poletaev's work was largely due to his work on the popularization of cybernetics in the 50s. By that time, a fairly strong group of young and outstanding scientists who were engaged in this science had formed. Instead of ranks and positions, they shared risk and cost, but went about their business with unheard of selfless devotion. In 1958 Poletaev's book "Signal" was published, which could be considered an introduction to the basic concepts of cybernetics. The book contained a concentrated processing of the main provisions and applications of this then young science. At the same time, the author of the book had to solve problems related to the direct application of cybernetics in military affairs. One of the first military cybernetic tasks was the use of computers that appeared then for an air defense system: linear programming to serve a mass of "clients" in airspace. However, later, having received an order to write the book "Military Cybernetics", Poletaev refused it, motivating him as follows: "What can be written is not interesting, but what is needed is not." At this time, he is already beginning to move away from purely technical and applied problems, his interests are shifting to the field of research on large-scale systems, economic systems, systems of control and management. He retained interest in modeling complex systems until the last years of his scientific activity. Intriguing results were obtained on quite elementary and low-power computers from the point of view of today. The economic model included not only resources and activities for their processing, but also the price of the products obtained, without providing for restrictions and regulation of this parameter. After being "launched" in a computer, the model, after several cycles of productive activity ... switched to the naked resale of products within itself. The delight of the authors of the experiment was great, but the corresponding experience for the edification of the next generations remained unclaimed. The largest initiative, in which Poletaev was actively involved in the years, is an attempt to create large computers for dual use: for managing the economy in peacetime and managing the army in case of war. The authors of the project hoped that as a result of its implementation, the economy would become truly planned in a reasonable way, and computer technology in the country would receive the right impetus for development, and the army would eventually meet the requirements and tasks of the moment. The project stumbled over the Main Political Directorate of the Army. The general, who examined the document, asked a question that was quite reasonable from his point of view: "And where is the leading role of the party here, in your car?" The latter, one must think, was not algorithmized in the project. And the project was swept away. In 1961 Poletaev received a job offer at the Novosibirsk Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences. Having moved to Novosibirsk, he began to work with great enthusiasm on various problems in the field of cybernetics. Such were the problems of recognition, and a rigorous analysis of the subject of cybernetics and its basic concepts (information, model, etc.), and the modeling of economic systems and physiological processes. Many of the ideas expressed by Poletaev in his books, lectures, scientific disputes remain relevant Academician Andrei Petrovich Ershov () - one of the founders of theoretical and system programming, the founder of the Siberian School of Informatics. His significant contribution to the formation of informatics as a new branch of science and a new phenomenon of social life is widely recognized in our country and abroad. While still a student at Moscow State University, under the influence of A. A. Lyapunov, he became interested in programming. After graduating from the university, A.P. Ershov went to work at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science, an organization that formed one of the first Soviet teams of programmers. In 1957 he was appointed head of the programming automation department at the newly created Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In connection with the formation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the request of the director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician S.L. Sobolev, he assumed the responsibility of organizer and actual head of the programming department of this institute, and then transferred to the Computing Center of the SB RAS. A. P. Ershov's fundamental research in the field of program schemes and compilation theory had a noticeable influence on his many students and followers. The book by A. P. Ershov "Programming program for the electronic computer BESM" was one of the world's first monographs on programming automation. For his significant contribution to the theory of mixed computing, A.P. Ershov was awarded the Academician A.N. Krylov Prize. Ershov's work on programming technology laid the foundations for this scientific direction in our country. More than 20 years ago, he began experiments in teaching programming in high school, which led to the introduction of computer science and computer science courses in the country's high schools and enriched us with the "programming is the second literacy" thesis. It is difficult to overestimate the role of A.P. Ershov as an organizer of science: he took the most active part in the preparation of many international conferences and congresses, was an editor or a member of the editorial board of both the Russian journals Microprocessor Tools and Systems, Cybernetics, Programming, and international - Acta Informatica, Information Processing Letters, Theoretical Computer Science. After the death of Academician A.P. Ershov, his heirs transferred the library to the Institute of Informatics Systems, which by that time had separated from the Computing Center. Now it is the Memorial Library. A.P. Ershov. Memorial Library In 1988, the A.P. Ershov Charitable Foundation was created, the main goal of which was the development of informatics as invention, creativity, art and educational activity. A.P. Ershov Foundation He wrote poetry, translated poems by R. Kipling and other English poets into Russian, he played very well

For the development of the theory of digital automata, the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers and the organization of the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the international organization IEEE Computer Society in 1998 posthumously awarded Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov the Computer Pioneer medal. Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov was born on August 24, 1923 in Rostov-on-Don in the family of a mining engineer. VM Glushkov graduated from secondary school 1 in Shakhty with a gold medal. In 1943 he became a student at the Novocherkassk Industrial Institute, in the fourth year he decided to transfer to the Faculty of Mathematics of Rostov University. To this end, he passed all the exams for the four years of the university course in mathematics and physics as an external student and became a fifth-year student at Rostov University. In August 1956, V.M. Glushkov radically changed his field of activity, linking it with cybernetics, computing technology and applied mathematics. In 1957, V.M. Glushkov became director of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR with the rights of a research organization. Five years later, in December 1962, on the basis of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR was organized. V.M. Glushkov became its director. In 1964, V.M. Glushkov was awarded the Lenin Prize for a series of papers on the theory of automata. The development of the macroconveyor computer was carried out at the Institute of Cybernetics under the direction of V.M. Glushkov. The EC-2701 machine (in 1984) and the EC-1766 computer system (in 1987) were transferred to serial production. At that time, these were the most powerful computing systems in the USSR. They had no analogues in world practice and were the original development of ES computers in the direction of high-performance systems. Glushkov did not have to see them in action.

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