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Will there be a benefit from 10 cows. Start in science

Shcherbakova Elizabeth

Project Manager:

Shcherbakova Lidia Vasilievna

Institution:

MBOU "Poroshevskaya basic comprehensive school" v. Poroshevo

In the presented research project in mathematics "Is it profitable to keep a cow?" Due to the fact that in Russia in recent years the number of cows has significantly decreased, the author studies how profitable it is for rural residents to keep a cow and whether it is profitable at all.

In the process of working on research project in mathematics "Is it profitable to keep a cow?" a 9th grade student set a goal to find out whether it is profitable for a rural family to keep a cow in a private farm.

In the research work in mathematics "Is it profitable to keep a cow?" an analysis of the literature on the conduct of subsidiary farming, a survey of the inhabitants of the village of Poroshevo, and economic calculations for the maintenance of one cow and calf are presented.

In the proposed mathematics project "Is it profitable to keep a cow?" the author proposed mathematical formulas, according to which the financial expenses and profits of a rural family were calculated, keeping one cow and a calf in the subsidiary farm.

Introduction
1. Keeping a cow: pros and cons.
Conclusion
Literature

Introduction

Humans get most of their calcium from milk. Milk in its importance in the nutrition of the population ranks second after bread. The choice of my research work was based on the words of my grandfather that it is profitable to keep a cow, but for some reason there have been fewer cows in our beloved village in recent years. Any Slavic village is unthinkable without a cow.

There were times when a cow was kept in every household, regardless of social status and wealth. The cow itself was considered a symbol of wealth. But times have changed, and so have priorities. According to many people, it is now more profitable to earn money in the social sphere, and not in the agricultural one.

There is a version that livestock today is easier to slaughter or hand over than to feed. Many do not even think about it - they keep it to feed their families. After all, milk, sour cream, butter, cheese can be sold and eat yourself. You won't leave hungry. But again, you need to work around the clock, 365 days a year, without holidays and weekends.

According to economists involved in calculating the profitability of keeping livestock, it is more profitable to rent than to feed. Especially in recent years, when due to weather conditions, a fairly large amount of grain crops has been lost, and not only.

Problem: Despite the benefits of milk and dairy products, various programs aimed at the development of agriculture, including cattle breeding, in recent years in Russia, there are fewer and fewer cows. There is an opinion that keeping cows is not profitable.

Target: to find out whether it is profitable for a rural family to keep a cow in a private farm

Tasks:

To study the literature on cattle in the subsidiary farm
Conduct a survey of residents of the village of Poroshevo and students of the Poroshevo school in order to find out the real costs of keeping a cow.
Monitor animals on the farm
Calculate the costs and benefits of keeping a cow for the whole year
Conduct an analysis of the reasons for the decrease in the number of cattle in the village.
Determine whether it is profitable for a rural family, today, to keep a cow in the household.

Object of study : black-and-white cow,

Reference: After interviewing the villagers, we found out that the black-motley breed of cows is most common in the village of Poroshevo. Therefore, the object of study is this breed of cows.

From the scientific literature it turned out that in terms of development these are quite large animals: the live weight of calves at birth is 30-35 kg, heifers at the age of one year - 322 (in breeding farms 355-370 kg), cows - 488 (in breeding farms 524-541 kg ), bulls - 850-1070 kg. Adult animals are quite tall (height at the withers of cows 128-135, bulls - 138-156 cm).

The suit is predominantly black-and-white. In herds in breeding farms, the average milk yield of cows is 6306 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.82% (milk fat production is 241 kg). In fact, when interviewing the inhabitants of our village, the milk yield of a cow of this color is approximately 3060 kg. (2750 liters).

In black-and-white cows, the protein content in milk is 3.2-3.4%, and the udder index is 40-43%, the milk yield rate is 1.68 kg/min. Animals are quite precocious: the average age at the first calving is 31, in breeding farms and breeding reproducers - 29-30 months.

Hypothesis: Subsistence farming helps in saving the family budget of our families.

Research method :

Observation, comparative analysis
Literature study

The results and course of the study allow expanding and deepening knowledge about the economic costs and benefits of household plots.

Practical value : Finding out the benefits of a subsidiary farm for the budget of a rural family.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE SAMARA REGION

MINISTRY OF PROPERTY RELATIONS

SAMARA REGION

State budgetary professional educational institution

Samara region "Khvorostyansky state technical school named after A.I. Yuri Ryabov"

Research work in economics:

"Is it profitable to keep a cow?"

Bychkova Nina Anatolyevna

economics teacher

Khvorostyanka, 2014

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM 3

2. PROBLEM 4

2.2. Purpose and objectives 4

2.3. Object of study 4

2.4. Hypothesis 5

2.5. Research Method 5

2.6.Theoretical and practical significance of work 5

3. CALCULATION OF FINANCIAL COSTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF A COW AND A CALF 5

4. CONCLUSION 9

5. LITERATURE 11

PROBLEM:

Despite the benefits of milk and dairy products, various programs aimed at the development of agriculture, including cattle breeding, in recent years in Russia, there are fewer and fewer cows. There is an opinion that keeping cows is not profitable.

Target:

Find out if it is profitable for a rural family to keep a cow in a private farm

Tasks:

To study the literature on cattle in the subsidiary farm

Conduct a survey of residents of the village of Khvorostyanka and students of the Khvorostyansky technical school in order to find out the real costs of keeping a cow.

Monitor animals on the farm

Conduct an analysis of the reasons for the decrease in the number of cattle in the village.

Determine whether it is profitable for a rural family, today, to keep a cow in the household

Object of study :

Black-motley cow,

Reference: After interviewing the villagers, we found out that the black-and-white breed of cows is most common in the village of Khvorostyanka, Samara Region. Therefore, the object of study is this breed of cows. From the scientific literature it turned out that in terms of development these are quite large animals: the live weight of calves at birth is 30-35 kg, heifers at the age of one year - 322 (in breeding farms 355-370 kg), cows - 488 (in breeding farms 524-541 kg ), bulls - 850-1070 kg. Adult animals are quite tall (height at the withers of cows 128-135, bulls - 138-156 cm). The suit is predominantly black-and-white. In herds in breeding farms, the average milk yield of cows is 6306 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.82% (milk fat production is 241 kg). In fact, when interviewing the inhabitants of our village, the milk yield of a cow of this color is approximately 3060 kg. intensity of return of milk 1.68 kg/min. Animals are quite precocious: the average age at the first calving is 31, in breeding farms and breeding reproducers - 29-30 months.

Hypothesis:

Subsistence farming helps to save the family budget of our families

Research method :

Observation, comparative analysis

Literature study

The theoretical significance of the work-

The results and course of the study allow expanding and deepening knowledge about the economic costs and benefits of household plots.

Practical value :

Finding out the benefits of subsidiary farming for the budget of a rural family.

CALCULATION OF FINANCIAL COSTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF A COW AND A CALF.

An adult cow brings one calf every year. A calf is also considered not a bad income from a cow. Therefore, we will calculate the costs and income from the calf.

Costs for keeping one cow .

1. One adult cow requires 10 feed units per day.

The cow must be kept in a stall for 6 months, and for 6 months the cow grazes on the pasture. How much feed does a cow need per year?

10 feed units is 20 kg of hay and 5 kg of compound feed per day.

We calculate the cost of hay.

180 days x 20 kg of hay = 3600 kg per year per cow.

800 rubles - 1 bale, 1 bale is equal to 100 kg.

100 kg = 1 centner. 3600 kg = 36.0 centners.

36.0 cents x 800 rubles = 28800 rubles.

It takes 28,800 rubles to buy hay for 1 cow .

2. We calculate how much is spent on feed.

180 days x 5 kg feed = 900 kg per year.

Approximately 900 kg of compound feed is needed per cow per year.

The price of 100 kg costs 600 rubles. 900 kg x 600 rubles = 5400 rubles.

It takes 5400 rubles to buy feed for 1 cow .

We sum up the cost of hay and feed per 1 cow:

5400+ 28800=34200 rubles.

For the maintenance of one cow, we spent 34,200 rubles.

During the warm period from May to November, the cow grazes on the pasture. To do this, we pay the shepherd 500.00 rubles a month.

500.00 x 6=3000.00

3. .

It takes half the cost of a cow to raise one calf to slaughter.

So, hay in the amount of 28800: 2 \u003d 14400 rubles

Compound feed 5400: 2 = 2700 rubles.

We summarize the costs of hay and feed per 1 calf:

14400+2700=17100 rubles.

4 . For water consumption for cattle and young animals we pay 100 rubles every month .

12 months x 100 rubles =1200 rubles per year.

We calculate the total amount of expenses for the maintenance of a cow and a calf

43200+8100.00+1200.00+3000.00=55500 rubles.

Product type

Price, rub.)

Quantity(c)

Cost, rub.)

hay

800,00

43200,00

Compound feed

600,00

13,5

8100,00

water

75,00

12 months

1200,00

Pasture

500,00

6 months

3000,00

Total expenses

55500

Income from one cow.

1. One cow brings one calf every year , after a year and a half the calf

gives meat about 320 kg. At this time, the average price for meat on the market is 280 rubles.

320 x 280 = 89600 rubles.

A bull-calf of one cow gives meat for 89,600 rubles.

2 .Income from milking 1 cow . A cow on average gives 11 liters of milk per day, the milking period is about 9 months minus 1 month for drinking calf milk, that is, 240 days.

240 days x 11 liters = 2640 liters per year (on average).

1 liter of milk on the market costs an average of 30 rubles.

2640 liters x 30 rubles = 79200 rubles per year.

We calculate the total income from one cow:

89600+79200= 168800 rubles.

Products

Qty

price

milk

2640 liters

79200

meat

320 kg

280

89600

Total income

168800,00

The formula for the profitability of keeping one cow .

P = S e - S h , Where

P- profitability

Sd - the amount of income

Sh - the amount of costs

The amount of costs is 52,500.00 rubles.

The amount of income is 178,700.00 rubles.

Р=168800.00-55500.00=113300.00 rubles .

Profitability: + 113300.00 rubles

CONCLUSION

This calculation is based on purely economic considerations, despite the fact that the cow has already been bought, a barn has been built, and there is its own transport. However, when interviewing residents, we found that

Not every family has the opportunity to buy a cow, since a cow costs an average of 35.0-45.0 thousand rubles, then buy feed because of low wages.;

Prices for feed, hay, straw, water are constantly rising;

The payment for the services of a tractor and a mowing machine is increasing, as diesel fuel is becoming more expensive and spare parts are becoming more expensive;

The marketing of dairy products has not been established, and if they are purchased, then it is below the market value;

In the Samara region, there are programs for the development of agriculture: issuing loans at low interest rates, subsidizing the cost of purchasing livestock and building barns, and purchasing agricultural vehicles. Earnings in the village are not big and this is not a secret. And some do not have a permanent income at all, and the land is not always registered in the proper manner. Therefore, it is difficult or simply impossible to get a loan from a bank.

But despite all the difficulties, “keeping a cow” is profitable, it really is a breadwinner for a rural family. Having a cow, you can provide a family with meat and milk. For the garden, you get manure, which is necessary for growing vegetables. The product that we consume without preservatives and chemical additives is good for health. To benefit from a subsidiary farm, you need an economic approach, diligence and diligence. Most residents are not afraid of the initial cost, but rather the constant daily attachment to the cow. After all, in order to keep a cow, you need to get up early every day and go to bed later, prepare feed, and establish sales of dairy products. But as my grandfather would say: “In the age of the Internet, washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaner robots, people just got lazy!”

Conclusion: It is profitable for a rural family to keep a cow in a private farm.

Bibliography:

Lebedko E.Ya. "Cow in a private household." Moscow: Aquarium, 2007.

Journal "Homesteading" Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2007.

Journal "Homesteading" Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2008.

Magazine "Amateur Gardener's Handbook". "Enlightenment", 2010

Internet resources.

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

1. Introduction

Milk and dairy products are a valuable food product. They have high biological qualities. Dairy products contain many minerals and almost all vitamins. Milk is widely used in the nutrition of people of different age groups, as well as in clinical nutrition. Humans get most of their calcium from milk. Milk in its importance in the nutrition of the population ranks second after bread. The choice of my research work was based on the words of my grandfather that it is profitable to keep a cow, but for some reason there have been fewer cows in our beloved village in recent years. Any Slavic village is unthinkable without a cow. There were times when a cow was kept in every household, regardless of social status and wealth. The cow itself was considered a symbol of wealth. But times have changed, and so have priorities. According to many people, it is now more profitable to earn money in the social sphere, and not in the agricultural one. There is a version that livestock today is easier to slaughter or hand over than to feed. Many do not even think about it - they keep it to feed their families. After all, milk, sour cream, butter, cheese can be sold and eat yourself. You won't leave hungry. But again, you need to work around the clock, 365 days a year, without holidays and weekends. According to economists involved in calculating the profitability of keeping livestock, it is more profitable to rent than to feed. Especially in recent years, when due to weather conditions, a fairly large amount of grain crops has been lost, and not only.

2 PROBLEM:

Why don't people want to keep a cow? Maybe it's not profitable? Therefore, the topic of my research sounds exactly like this.

And everyone, even a child, knows that milk is very useful. Milk can be used to make many healthy foods. But the cow must be looked after, cleaned, fed. And this requires a lot of effort. Maybe people are more "afraid" of work and this work is not worth the money that you can get from a cow.

2.2 Purpose: to find out whether it is possible to profit from cow's dairy products, and whether milk is really so useful.

Tasks:

To study the literature on cattle in the subsidiary farm

Monitor animals on the farm

Why is milk useful?

How to determine the quality of milk?

Is it possible to profit from a cow?

Determine whether it is profitable for a rural family, today, to keep a cow in the household

2.3 Object of study:

Black-motley cow,

2.4 Hypothesis:

Subsistence farming helps to save the family budget of our families

2.5 Research method:

Observation, comparative analysis

Literature study

3 Theoretical significance of the work-

The results and course of the study allow expanding and deepening knowledge about the economic costs and benefits of household plots.

Practical value:

Finding out the benefits of subsidiary farming for the budget of a rural family.

2.6 How did the first cows appear?

The first domestic animals appeared thousands of years ago. Primitive people began to domesticate wild animals in order to have a constant source of skins, milk and meat. The wolf, the ancestor of the modern dog, was the first to be tamed. It happened 130 centuries ago. Then sheep and goats were domesticated, and a little later - cows and pigs.

Cattle - cows are descended from the wild bull of the tour. Scientists believe and insist that the aurochs were domesticated eight to nine thousand years ago. Man worked and needed the strength and muscles of animals. It was then that people caught wild animals, forced bulls to pull heavy plows. Grandfather said that during the war in the villages on cows and bulls they plowed the land.

Now cows are the main animals in the village. They are bred mainly for milk and meat. Milk is used to produce cheese and butter, curdled milk, kefir and cottage cheese, sour cream and other dairy products. Every year a cow gives birth to a calf. The mother feeds the calf for up to nine months, but it can be taken away from her at about three months of age, when he begins to eat grass. The average annual milk yield of cows of dairy breeds is 4-5 thousand kg.

There are 22 yards in our village Energia. Only three families keep cows. I also wondered: do the families of my classmates keep cows? To do this, I conducted a survey among students in my class.

2.7 Why is milk useful?

Cow's milk, Undoubtedly, it is a valuable food product.

Nutrients in milk there are a lot - more than 200, and the main ones are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts. All these components play an important role in nutrition and ensuring the normal functioning of the body. Milk fat is also valuable, and it is considered the most complete of the dietary fats.

Even in the Ancient East, milk was used to treat diseases of the nervous system and mental disorders. Eastern doctors believed that milk promotes the development of intelligence, makes a person more intelligent, helps him understand the world around him and distinguish good from evil.

2.8 About milk quality

One of the main indicators of milk quality is fat content. The fat content of milk depends on many factors. (heredity, age, nutrition, temperature)

Milk from a domestic cow is richer and more valuable.

To determine the fat content of milk, various methods have been developed that are carried out in laboratories and with special devices (butyromers)

Experience 1

I determined the fat content of our cow's milk.

To determine the fat content of milk at home, you only need a glass 12-15 cm high, a ruler with divisions into millimeters and, of course, the test product itself, i.e. milk. . On the prepared glass, draw a line with a felt-tip pen at a level of 10 cm from the bottom. Then pour milk into the glass up to the indicated mark. . A glass of milk should be left on the table, at room temperature, for 8 hours. . During this time, cream should float to the surface of the milk poured into a glass. The height of the layer formed from them must be measured with a ruler with millimeter divisions. . Now you should determine the percentage of fat content of milk. It's not at all difficult to do this. The height of the milk layer, i.e. 100 mm, must be considered as 100%. . The number of millimeters of the layer of cream formed on the surface of the milk is the percentage of the fat content of the product. . Naturally, it is impossible to measure tenths of a millimeter of cream “by eye”. But determining the approximate fat content using such a simple method is quite easy.

Conclusion:fat content was 8% (Appendix 1 Fig. 1,2)

Experience 2

Milk bought in a store.

Conclusion:this milk is undiluted. Fat content - 3.2%

Homemade milk is fatter, which means healthier. (Appendix 1 Figure 3.4)

4 CALCULATION OF FINANCIAL EXPENSES FOR KEEPING A COW.

2.9 Expenses for keeping one cow. (Appendix 2 tab 1)

1. One adult cow needs 20 kg of hay and 5 kg of feed per day.

The cow must be kept in a stall for 6 months, and for 6 months the cow grazes on the pasture. How much feed does a cow need per year?

We calculate the cost of hay.

20kg x 180 days = 3600kg of hay per year per cow.

2000 rubles costs 1 bale, 1 bale is equal to 500 kg.

So 1 ton (1000 kg) = 2 bales = 4000 rubles

1kg of hay = 4000 rubles: 1000 kg = 4 rubles

So: 4 rubles x 3600 kg = 14,400 rubles

It takes 14,400 rubles to buy hay (3,600 kg) per cow.

2. We calculate how much is spent on feed.

5 kg of compound feed x 365 days = 1825 kg per year.

Approximately 1825 kg of compound feed is needed per cow per year.

The price of 100 kg of compound feed is 900 rubles, which means that 1 kg of compound feed is 9 rubles.

We calculate the cost of 1825 kg of feed: 9 rubles x 1825 kg = 16,425 rubles

It takes 16,425 rubles to buy feed for 1 cow.

3. We summarize the costs of hay and feed per 1 cow:

14,400 + 16,425 = 30,825 rubles

Conclusion: For the maintenance of one cow, we spent 30,825 rubles.

3.0 The cost of buying dairy products in the store if there is no cow (Appendix 2, tab. 2)

1. If you buy milk, cottage cheese, sour cream in the store, then you get the following costs:

Milk 1 liter (365 days) x 50 rubles = 18,250 rubles

Sour cream 500g (1 time per week - 52 times) x 150 rubles = 7,800 rubles

Cottage cheese 1 kg (1 time per week - 52 times) x 200 rubles = 10,400 rubles

Add up: 18,250 + 10,400 + 7,800 = 36,450 rubles

Conclusion: the purchase of dairy products in the store takes 36,450 rubles.

36,450 - 30,825 = 5,625 rubles per year - savings

Conclusion: it is profitable to keep a cow.

If we take into account the cost of a cow (50,000 rubles), then the purchase will justify itself in 6 years. Keeping one cow is unprofitable if you do not sell the rest of the milk! The rest of the milk can be sold to the population at 40 rubles per liter. Let's calculate the profit.

3 .1 Income from milking 1 cow . (Appendix 2, tab. 3) A cow on average gives 13 liters of milk per day: 1820+ 465 +976 +1587 = 4848 liters in total

4848: 365 = 13 liters of milk per day on average

The milking period is about 9 months minus 1 month for calf milking. Let's calculate:

270 days x 13 l \u003d 3510 liters per year (on average) - gives a cow

3.2 Let's calculate milk consumption for ourselves (Appendix 2, tab. 4

Milk every day for 1 liter (270 days) - 270 liters

Sour cream 1 time per week (52 times), To get 1 liter of sour cream, you need 10 liters of milk, Total: 10 x 52 \u003d 520 liters

Cottage cheese 1 time per week (52 times) To obtain 1 kg of cottage cheese, 5 liters of milk will be required. Total: 5 x 52 = 260 liters

To solder a calf for 30 days, 6 liters each (6 X 30 \u003d 180 liters)

We summarize: 270+ 520+260 + 180 = 1230 liters of milk we consume ourselves and for soldering the calf. Now let's find the excess milk.

Let's calculate: 3 510 l - 1230 l = 2280 liters can be sold

1 liter of milk on the market costs an average of 40 rubles.

2280 liters x 40 rubles = 91,200 rubles benefit per year

Conclusion: it is profitable for a rural family to keep a cow in a private farm .

In our village there is no way to sell all the leftover milk, so my parents sell excess dairy products to the city of Kinel. The benefits of homemade milk and the income that is obtained from the sale of milk to fellow villagers and residents of the city of Kinel clearly outweighs the cost of keeping a cow. So we will keep the cow!

CONCLUSION

But despite all the difficulties, “keeping a cow” is profitable, it really is a breadwinner for a rural family. Having a cow, you can provide a family with meat and milk. For the garden, you get manure, which is necessary for growing vegetables. The product that we consume without preservatives and chemical additives is good for health. To benefit from a subsidiary farm, you need an economic approach, diligence and diligence. Most residents are not afraid of the initial cost, but rather the constant daily attachment to the cow. After all, in order to keep a cow, you need to get up early every day and go to bed later, prepare feed, and establish sales of dairy products. But as my grandfather would say: “In the age of the Internet, automatic washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaner robots, people just got lazy!”

Bibliography:

Lebedko E.Ya. "Cow in a private household." Moscow: Aquarium, 2016.

Journal "Homesteading" Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2015.

Journal "Homesteading" Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2016.

Magazine "Amateur Gardener's Handbook". "Enlightenment", 2015

Internet resources.

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Table 1

table 2

table 3

Recently, fewer and fewer people have begun to keep a cow in their own backyard. A modern person is not always ready for life to exchange life in the city for life in the countryside, therefore only a small proportion of people arbitrarily dare to do this. Those who live in villages and towns, have a personal household, know how hard work is, what a person is responsible for his animals, for his family, and for food on the dinner table. And in order to make it profitable to keep a cow and other cattle, you need to put a lot of effort into maintenance, treatment and nutrition, as well as unforeseen expenses. Farming is a business for those who do not like haste and know how to wait.

You can’t keep a cow in an apartment, keeping it close to the city will also be extremely problematic. Therefore, the ideal place for a cow is when she is kept next to a private house in the village, where there is a paddock, pasture meadows and fields. Breeding one cow is not an easy and costly business, since it is necessary to build a room for an animal, because it cannot be kept on the street. The built premises must comply with sanitary and construction standards, the barn must be suitable for existence in winter and summer, in rain and in heat. Since the cow is not a small animal, it accordingly eats a lot, so it is imperative to store supplies for the winter, and for this you need another separate large room. To save on buildings, you will have to arm yourself with a tool.

From this we can conclude that keeping a cow is suitable only for those who are in love with farm life, love to swarm with living creatures, know how to wait, understand the physiology, psychology of animals, as well as a jack of all trades. Selfless, family people are perfect for farming.

It should be understood that in our time a cow is not very suitable as a business for beginners, but still the most courageous can try.

Purchase of livestock and feed

In your yard, under good conditions, you can keep more than one cow. But if you are an inexperienced cattle breeder, you must understand that cows, like people, are completely different, each with its own individual habits and characters.

If you want the cow to understand you perfectly in the future, you need to buy a very small heifer, but its maintenance will pay off in at least 2 years. Keeping an adult cow will pay off in about a year, but you cannot be sure that a cow will be perfect for you. It is possible that she will not successfully adapt to a new place, she may not give milk, kick, not obey or be perceived as your owner. When you realize that a cow is not suitable for you, quite a lot of time will pass. Therefore, in order to avoid this, if possible, it is better to buy several heifers or 2-4 adult cows.

If you want to build a business selling milk, you should consider the breed of the cow. Some breeds of dairy cows have reverently won the hearts of farmers and, according to positive reviews, the following varieties can be advised: Kholmogorskaya, Krasnaya Stepnaya, Ayshirskaya.

Reviews about each of these breeds are positive. Large milk yields are pleasing, they are unpretentious, hardy, easily acclimatized and quite resistant to diseases.

When buying livestock feed, you need to clearly know what is needed for adequate growth and development of an animal that is full of health. And these are roughage, grain crops, succulent feed, various vitamin supplements. This includes silage, root crops, meadow grass, tops, hay.

Equipment

For comfortable keeping, stall equipment is also needed, at minimal cost for cleaning manure and premises, you can get by with hand tools - buckets, ropes, shovels, brooms, feeding basins, devices for crushing cereals and making hay. Do not save on equipment - it will make your life easier, save valuable time and nerves, and it will be much easier to keep cows.

Feeding costs

To calculate feeding costs you need to know how many cows you plan to have. For the purchase, you need to take into account the season, for example, autumn is the most profitable period. By the way, good savings are obtained if you grind cereals on your own.

In a year, one cow needs about a ton of barley, 600 kg of bran, 4 tons of hay, about a ton of beets, and the same amount of silage. On average, about 25,000 Russian rubles are spent per cow from the calculation of these products under the most favorable purchase conditions. Of course, you can reduce the cost of feeding, but for this you need to take out cattle for grazing, as well as harvest hay yourself. This is quite realistic if you have only a few cows and 1-2 bulls.

Veterinarian services

A veterinarian is a must. This should include mandatory vaccination of animals, possible diseases, childbirth and routine examinations. If the number of livestock is large enough, you can not do without your own hired health worker - this includes his salary. Also in the services of a veterinarian can be attributed mating or insemination with the help of a doctor.

Vaccinations should not be skipped, especially for newcomers to your site, cows, and born calves.

Additional expenses

The cost of keeping cows is very dependent on the desired plan. If you do not plan to make money and build a business with the help of cows, then the cow is self-sustaining in the first year due to the return of milk. She will feed you, your family, living creatures in the courtyard. You can even earn some money by selling dairy and sour-milk products to neighbors and interested customers from nearby garden associations and villages. The amount of costs in this case will not exceed the income from the cow.

Sale of calves

Calves of sought-after breeds are valued quite expensively, they are easier to grow for meat and sell. Pedigree calves are many times more expensive than outbred calves. The following breeds are best for meat: black-and-white, Aberdeen Angus, Simmental.

The sale of calves is in demand for those who cannot raise bulls for meat, and it is also a good way to earn money for those who have already formed a farmstead and “extra” calves have been born.

Profit from the sale of milk

If you properly organize your business, the profit from one cow can be more than 500,000 rubles a year, and this is only from one cow. If you have more cows for milk, you can organize the sale of various products, and not just fresh milk, such as cheese, sour cream, cream, cottage cheese, kefir, and so on.

The average salary of a farmer exceeds the average income of a villager, so if you give yourself completely to the farming life, it's worth it.

Tip: the cost of 1 liter of milk ranges on average from 30 to 53 rubles per liter. If you develop a client base and recommend yourself and your products well, then the income will be high and stable. For this, development in social networks, ads in newspapers, as well as along with word of mouth will help.

The benefit of a large population

When raising livestock in the amount of more than 10 heads, more effort, time, money are required, and an additional purchase of equipment, a car, hired workers and a large courtyard area is also needed. With a large number of cows, bulls and calves, the profit will be a very large amount.

It is worth considering that the costs will become much higher, since you will not be able to cope on your own and even with your family. You will need the services of hired shepherds, laborers and a veterinarian, and they require wages.
The base must be large enough so that the milk does not go to waste. In the production of cheeses and other fermented milk products, you need to know the technology of their preparation so that the raw materials do not deteriorate either.
It is worth remembering that breeding cows and bulls for meat is not a matter of 5 minutes or even 1 month. You can see real profit in a few years, about 2 to 7 years, under favorable conditions in a year.
You don’t need to think that it will not bring you profit at all. Meat and milk are needed always and everywhere.

How to increase profit

In order to constantly increase the profit from the sale, you will need:

keep more cattle,
expand the territory and build new pens, haylofts and other buildings,
study the market, collect a client base,
study products that you can produce yourself,
study the demand for heifers, the sale of heads for meat,
not be limited to outbred cows, but to buy thoroughbred,
to develop a client base, use social networks - they quickly promote the business.

Keeping one or five cows is a lot of work, but doing it yourself, farming and spending time with your family is probably the best thing that can be for you.

WikiHow is a wiki, which means that many of our articles are written by multiple authors. When creating this article, 14 people worked on editing and improving it, including anonymously.

If you have the intention and the place to keep a cow, it will make a great addition to any farm. Your cow will supply you with milk, cheese and butter if you take good care of her. Cows are hardy animals that can help you make a quick dairy cash.

Steps

Choose your cow: There are many suitable breeds of dairy cows.
- Holstein Friesian breed: This is the most common breed in commercial dairy farms as it has the highest milk production.
- Jersey breed: The second most common dairy breed, valued for the high content of fat in the milk of this breed. Jerseys are lovely gentle creatures (with the exception of bulls) and are relatively easy to care for compared to Holsteiners, although some Jerseys may kick when it's time for milking.
- Other common dairy breeds for private farming include the Brown Swiss, Devonshire, Shorthorn, Dexter, Red Danish, Guernsey and Ayrshire.
Cow care: Like all animals, your cow will need food, water, shelter, and enough space to move around at will.
- Depending on where you live, your cow will need an appropriate shelter for the night and for rainy days. For this, a barn or stable is quite suitable. If your area has very cold and snowy winters, you will need an insulated barn for winter maintenance.
- Water is a prerequisite for keeping. It should be easily accessible 24/7/365.
- Rock mineral salt in the form of a lick bar or in bulk is very important for your cow, as the food she eats often lacks various nutrients that her body needs to function properly.
- You will need a fence of any type for grazing. The fence should be strong enough to keep her inside the perimeter and from escaping towards you. If you have a solid, well-built fence in excellent condition, it will be enough for you to check its condition once a week, not every day. If you need to graze it for several days in an area fenced with a temporary electric fence, its condition will have to be checked every day.
Health: Your cow can get sick and will almost certainly get sick. It's only a matter of time. Proper care and vaccination as recommended by your bovine veterinarian and attention to detail in feeding and grazing are essential.
- There are several factors that negatively affect the quality of milk that can be revealed during grazing, depending on the food, season and its reproductive period:
  - Grass, juicy and growing (with impurities of clover) can lead to bloating; if the soil is deficient in magnesium, it can get grass tetany. In times of drought or sudden frost, forage that freezes quickly or dries out due to lack of moisture can cause nitrate levels to rise; By eating such plants, she is at risk of nitrate intoxication.
- There are other potential diseases and disorders to watch out for, from digestive to reproductive, so talk to your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns about potential diseases or risks your cow may be exposed to.
  - You will know that she is sick if she does not behave normally or does not eat normally, her milk production drops or her temperature rises.
Feeding: Grass and mineral salts available to her in the required amount will be enough to feed her in spring and summer without additional feed. However, with the onset of winter, proper feed and supplements are required. Straw is also needed for bedding at night. Peak nutritional needs of a cow occur in the first 3 months after calving.
- Grassing is necessary during periods when grass grows, and you do not have to feed it daily. Depending on where you live, the general rule of thumb for calculating the amount of pasture required is that one 450 kg (1,000 lb) cow, with or without a calf, should have 0.4 hectares (1 acre) of pasture per month. Check with local experts for more accurate information on estimated grazing rates for your region.
- Winter feeding will be the most expensive and important part of feeding your cow. Make sure you stock up enough food for her to maintain her body and maintain her milk supply. Have your hay tested for nutrient levels (hay is better for dairy cows than straw) and supplement with dairy cow feed if needed.
  - Hay should be the main component of your cow's diet. It should be of good quality and easily accessible to the cow during the period when she cannot graze on her own. The daily diet should include 1-2.3 kg (2-5 pounds) per day of whole grains with added nutrients, as they are quite satisfying, and she can put on weight if you give them too much. She may become bloated, indigestion, and even acidosis if you feed her too much grain.
Milking: It is important to milk a cow at least once a day. Most people prefer one milking instead of the usual two milkings as it frees them up more time for other things. You will need a post or stall with a place to which she will be tied so that she does not suddenly decide to move away from you. You will also need to adhere to a milking schedule. You need to milk every day at the same time.
- Hand milking can be a little tiring at first, but with skill and skill it will become something you look forward to throughout the day. If you don't know how to do this, ask a local farmer or milkmaid to show you. You can also look for hints in the How to Milk a Cow article here on WikiHow.
- It is better to milk a cow in a barn, as both you and the cow will not be distracted by what is happening around, which will make the process more pleasant and relaxed for both of you.
- It is best to always put food in front of the cow during milking, which will distract her from the actual milking process.
- Clean her udder before milking. There is always dust or dirt on the udder that you don't want to see in your milk!
bearing offspring: In order to continue to give milk, she must endure and give birth to a calf.
- If she has already calved before, it is recommended to take a break of 45 to 80 days after the previous calving. This will give her uterus enough time to contract back to normal and enter a normal estrous cycle.
- In order for a cow to become pregnant, it must be inseminated. One of these methods is artificial insemination, which requires tracking the period of estrus to determine the best time for artificial insemination.
  - The bovine menstrual cycle lasts from 17 to 24 days, and the estrus period in it lasts for 24 hours. She will need to be artificially inseminated no later than 12 hours from the moment you saw signs of hunting.
- Another way of reproduction can be natural fertilization. For this you need a bull. If you have only one or two cows, it is better to let them pasture with the bulls of other farmers and this will be enough. But there is always a risk that the bull may be infertile (or a bull that produces very large offspring, depending on the breed), or that the bull is infected with trichomoniasis or other diseases of the reproductive system that can be transmitted to your cow. For example, Jersey bloodlines must be bred with bulls that produce small offspring, such as bulls of the same breed or the Angus breed, due to their smaller size and inability to produce large offspring.
  - If you have chosen natural insemination for your cows, you will either need to borrow a bull for a few months to stay with you, or give your cow to his owners for several months to be impregnated.
    - Therefore, it is highly recommended to opt for artificial insemination, because you want to continue milking your cow and maintain the milk production levels already achieved in the past.
Pregnancy and calving: A cow carries a calf for a little less than 9 months, or about 285 days. During this time, it is important to make sure that the cow is getting enough food for herself and her growing calf.
- As mentioned earlier, you will need to give her a two-month rest from lactation before calving, so that she rests and directs her energies to the needs of the fetus.
- By the time she is 3-4 months away from calving, she will have a significantly higher need for nutritional value and volume of feed. Gradually increase her diet, but make sure that her calcium intake decreases about 10 days before calving, which will prevent the development of postpartum mastitis.
- Keep an eye on her when the calving date approaches, and she shows its imminent signs. She may need help at the hotel, but help only if labor stops. Keep your veterinarian's phone number handy in case something goes wrong.
- After the fetus comes out, make sure the calf is alive and leave them alone for a while, making sure the cow has enough water and food.
  - The calf will need colostrum, which will be produced by the cow in the first 36-48 hours after calving.
Weaning: Offspring need mother's milk for the first 3 months of their life. But calves raised on dairy farms are usually weaned from the udder in the first day or two after birth. You don't have to do this with your cow, but start to gradually reduce the calf's dependence on mother's milk by the time he or she is a month old.
- You can at this time start feeding the calf so that he has to crawl under the mother's belly, encouraging him to start eating calf food, feeding him while you are milking the cow, and allowing him to suckle only when you have already received from the cow. the amount of milk you need. The calf should be completely weaned by the age of 3-4 months.
  - Some people prefer to abruptly wean calves from the cow when they reach the age of 3-4 or even 6 months. Separation from the mother or the use of a spiked muzzle are two common methods of weaning calves.
    - You can leave the heifer as a second dairy cow or castrate and fatten
- Stick to the vaccination schedule and other necessary activities to keep your cow healthy.
- Gestation period ~285 days
- Cows come into heat every 17-24 days for 24 hours.
  - The moment when a cow enters sexual hunting is difficult to notice if she is left to her own devices. But if she walks impatiently, reacts nervously, shows temper and even tries to butt you, these are classic signs of a cow entering the hunt.
- It is necessary to constantly monitor the good condition of the fences. Check their condition regularly.
- Cows are herd animals and prefer to have one or two friends living next to them. If you take a cow from the herd, she may become sad and languish without communication.
  - Most people will tell you that she'll get used to it, but you can decide to get another cow so she doesn't get lonely.
- Buy food well in advance of winter. Check the nutritional quality of the feed so she knows when and how much she needs to supplement.
- When buying a cow, make sure she healthy. It is acceptable to buy a cow that is three-quarters productive (one teat may be damaged by mastitis), but it is not acceptable to buy a cow that is sick, even if she does not show signs of illness at first.
  - Faded skin, downcast eyes, lethargy, runny nose, thinness (dehydration), emaciation, fever (normal ~ 38.3°C), and the like are signs that you will buy a sick cow.
  - You have a wide choice of what kind of cow you want. 3-in-1 (Pregnant cow with calf), pregnant cow or still infertile cow - these are the three options from which you can choose your first dairy cow.
- Maintain lactation for only 10 months of the year. So you give her a two-month rest before calving.

Will there be a benefit from 10 cows. Start in science

Introduction

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE SAMARA REGION

MINISTRY OF PROPERTY RELATIONS

SAMARA REGION

Purchase of livestock and feed

Equipment

Feeding costs

Veterinarian services

Additional expenses

Sale of calves

Profit from the sale of milk

The benefit of a large population

How to increase profit

Steps

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