Presentation on the theme of the variability of organisms. Presentation "hereditary variability of organisms"

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Topic: "Modification variability" Koshedova Anna Ivanovna Tasks: To characterize non-hereditary variability

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Variability Genetics studies not only heredity, but also the variability of organisms. Variability is the ability of living organisms to acquire new features and properties. Due to variability, organisms can adapt to changing environmental conditions. There are two types of variability: Non-hereditary, or phenotypic, - variability in which no changes in the genotype occur. It is also called group, specific, modification. Hereditary, or genotypic, individual, indefinite - changes in the characteristics of an organism due to a change in the genotype; it can be: combinative - resulting from the recombination of chromosomes in the process of sexual reproduction and sections of chromosomes in the process of crossing over; mutational - resulting from a sudden change in the state of genes;

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White hare in summer and winter. Variability? Modification, the genotype does not change. The ermine rabbit remains white at elevated temperatures. Variability? Modification, the genotype does not change.

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Modification variability An important role in the formation of the characteristics of organisms is played by its habitat. Each organism develops and lives in a certain environment, experiencing the action of its factors that can change the morphological and physiological properties of organisms, i.e. their phenotype. A classic example of the variability of traits under the influence of factors external environment is the heterogeneity of the arrowhead: the leaves immersed in water are ribbon-shaped, the leaves floating on the surface of the water are rounded, and those in the air are arrow-shaped. If the whole plant is completely immersed in water, its leaves are only ribbon-like.

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Modification variability Under the influence of ultraviolet rays in people (if they are not albinos), a tan occurs as a result of the accumulation of melanin in the skin, and in different people the intensity of skin color is different. Thus, changes in a number of characteristics of organisms are caused by the action of environmental factors. And these changes are not inherited. So, if you get offspring from newts grown on dark soil and place them on light soil, then they will all have a light color, and not dark, like their parents. I.e, this species variability does not affect the genotype and therefore is not transmitted to descendants.

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Modification variability The variability of organisms that occurs under the influence of environmental factors and does not affect the genotype is called modification. Modification variability is of a group nature, that is, all individuals of the same species, placed in the same conditions, acquire similar characteristics. For example, if a vessel with green euglenas is placed in darkness, then all of them will lose their green color, but if they are again exposed to light, they will all become green again. Modification variability is definite, that is, it always corresponds to the factors that cause it. So, ultraviolet rays change the color of human skin, increased physical activity affects the degree of muscle development.

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Modification variability Non-adaptive modifications: morphoses and phenocopies. Morphoses are non-hereditary changes caused by extreme or unusual environmental factors (X-ray morphosis, chemomorphosis) that change somatic cells. Morphoses are considered as "deformities" that are not inherited and are not adaptive. For example, when larvae of Drosophila are irradiated, adults with clippings in various parts of the wing are obtained, which are the result of the death of part of the cells of the imaginal wing discs due to irradiation. Phenocopies are non-hereditary changes similar to known mutations. Phenocopies are the result of the action of physical and chemical agents on a genetically normal organism. For example, when using thalidomide, children were often born with fecomelia - shortened flipper-shaped hands, which can also be caused by mutant alleles.

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Modification variability Despite the fact that under the influence of environmental conditions, signs can change, this variability is not unlimited. So, on a wheat field, you can find plants with large ears (20 cm or more) and very small ones (3-4 cm). This is explained by the fact that the genotype defines certain boundaries within which a trait change can occur. The degree of variation of a feature, or limits modification variability is called the reaction norm.

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Modification variability As a rule, quantitative traits (plant height, yield, leaf size, milk yield of cows, chicken egg production) have a wider reaction rate, that is, they can vary over a wide range than qualitative traits (wool color, milk fat content, flower structure, group blood). Knowledge of the reaction rate is of great importance for practice Agriculture Thus, modification variability is characterized by the following main properties: 1. Non-heritability; 2. Group character of changes; 3. Correspondence of changes to the action of the environmental factor.

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Modification variability To assess the severity of the studied trait, the following concept is used: EXPRESSIVENESS - the degree of phenotypic manifestation of a gene. This indicator depends on the interaction of the gene with other genes, or on the impact of external conditions. The presence of a given gene does not always mean that it will appear in the phenotype. To estimate the number of individuals in which this trait is phenotypically manifested, the term PENETRATION is used. Penetrance is the frequency of the phenotypic manifestation of a trait in individuals with the same genotype for this gene. The penetrance of congenital dislocation of the hip is, for example, 20%, in diabetes mellitus - 65%.

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Modification variability Statistical patterns of modification variability. The modification variability of many traits of plants, animals, and humans follows general patterns. These patterns are revealed on the basis of the analysis of the manifestation of the trait in a group of individuals (n). The degree of expression of the studied trait among the members of the sample is different. Each specific value of the studied attribute is called a variant and is denoted by the letter v. When studying the variability of a trait in a sample population, a variation series is compiled in which individuals are arranged in ascending order of the indicator of the trait under study.

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Modification variability Based on the variation series, a variation curve is constructed - a graphical display of the frequency of occurrence of each variant. The frequency of occurrence of individual variant is denoted by the letter p. For example, if you take 100 ears of wheat (n) and count the number of ears in an ear, then this number will be from 14 to 20 - this is the numerical value of option (v). Variation series: v = 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The frequency of occurrence of each variant p = 2 7 22 32 24 8 5 The average value of the trait occurs more often, and variations that differ significantly from it are much less common. This is called the normal distribution. The curve on the graph is usually symmetrical. Variations, both greater than average and lesser, occur with equal frequency.

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Modification variability It is easy to calculate the average value of this trait. To do this, use the formula:  (vּp) M = n where M is the average value of the feature, the numerator is the sum of the products of the variant by their frequency of occurrence, and the denominator is the number of variant. For this feature, the average value is 17.13. Knowledge of the patterns of modification variability is of great practical importance, since it makes it possible to foresee and plan in advance the degree of manifestation of many features of organisms depending on environmental conditions.

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Repetition Modification variability Characteristic Can it be considered a certain variability? Can it be considered group variability? Impact on the genotype? Effect on the phenotype? Inheritance of received changes? Significance for the organism: Significance for evolution.

"Biological evolution" - Animals of the Red Book. Soviet scientists are evolutionists. General degeneration - evolutionary changes that lead to a simplification of the organization. What is adaptation? What does progressive development mean? Idioadaptation. Increases the intensity of vital activity. What is aromorphosis? Aromorphosis. Why? What is idioadaptation?

"Evolutionary theories" - Improved the botanical language - established a uniform botanical terminology. How does K. Linnaeus explain the fitness of species? Darwin turns to the practice of agriculture. E. Darwin. And one more weak point in Lamarck's theory. But the theory was not accepted. Transformism. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in the family of a doctor.

"The Evolution of Life" - II. Question: What was the significance of the appearance of the membrane for the coacervate? The formation of planets from the remaining gases and dust in the territory of protostars. Organic compounds of the atmosphere Salt solutions Inorganic compounds Amino acids Peptides N.K. Gravitational contraction inside protostars. The theory of academician A.I. Oparina.

"Evolution of plants" - Autohori?ya (from the Greek. Origin of land plants. Evolution of plants. And the first land plants appeared only 420 million years ago. What we see in the forest is gametophytes. Appearance transport system. In gymnosperms and flowering leaves were formed from flattened terminal branches. In the figure, the xylem is colored red.

"Evolutionary Process" - Cactus spines. 2. Perform the same functions. Mole (mammal). The wing is a modified limb. Convergence - (appearance common features unrelated forms). The evolutionary process is based on divergence. The emergence of similar organs (butterfly wing and bird wing). Mammals. Bats.

"Biochemical evolution" - The atmosphere and the ocean are saturated with aldehydes, alcohols, amino acids. Third stage. Second phase. Hypotheses of abiogenesis: a hypothesis of biochemical evolution. Probiont nutrition types. More resistant coacervates with such RNA gave rise to probionts. Formation of coacervates acting as open systems. First step.

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Goals and objectives of the study. The goal is to determine the species composition of coprophages in Tenishevo village, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, to identify intraspecific variability of certain species. Tasks. 1. Reveal the composition and characteristics of coprophage species; 2. To identify rare and dominant species of coprophages; 3. To study the intraspecific variability of coprophages of Tenishevo village, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.

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Methodology and research methods.

Method of excavation of soil samples. soil washing method. Fixation and storage of insect material. Determination of the species composition of coprophages. Method for isolating insect phenes.

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Changes in the species composition of coprophages in the village. Tenishevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Table No. 3.

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The species composition of coprophages according to the points of study of the Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Table No. 4

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Intraspecific variability of chess aphodia. Examples of hair dryers in chess aphodia. Variation table of individuals of the chess aphodia species. Graph of the variation curve of intraspecific variability of the aphodia species is chess.

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Intraspecific variability of the Austrian kaloed. Examples of hair dryers of the Austrian kaloed type. Graph of the variation curve of the intraspecific variability of the Austrian kaloed species Variation table of individuals of the Austrian kaloed species

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Intraspecific variability of the two-spotted peanut species. Examples of hair dryers of the two-spotted peanut species. Hair dryer No. 1: spot area on the elytra - 0.5 mm2, No. 2 - 1 mm2, No. 3 - 1.5 mm2, No. 4 - 2 mm2, No. 5 - 3 mm2, No. 6 - 3.5 mm2. Graph of the variation curve of intraspecific variability of the two-spotted peanut species. Variation table of individuals of the two-spotted peanut species.

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CONCLUSIONS

1. The species composition of coprophages in the study area in 2002-2004 is represented by 18 species, of which 10 species of aphodiae: motley, red, wandering, digger, yellow, red-backed, dirty yellow, checkerboard, nondescript, yellow-green; 3 types of kaloeds: oval, weak-horned, Austrian; 3 species of karapuzik: four-spotted, two-spotted, carrion, rhinoceros beetle and moon copra. 2. The study points with forest and forest-steppe vegetation are inhabited by different numbers of species (18 and 13 species, respectively). At the point with forest-steppe vegetation, no species were found: yellow aphodium, yellow-green aphodium, chess aphodium, carrion carrion. At a point with forest vegetation, the following types of coprophages predominate: nondescript aphodia, weak-horned kaloed, four-spotted peanut, two-spotted peanut; and rarely found - aphodius digger, carrion carrion. In the forest-steppe zone, there are common and massive numbers of aphodia digger, red-backed aphodia, nondescript aphodia, oval kaloed, Austrian kaloed; rare aphodia dirty yellow, copra lunar.

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3. In the course of the research, rare species of coprophages were identified: carapace carrion, moon copra, digger aphodius, yellow-green aphodius, wandering aphodius, rhinoceros beetle. Dominant species: inconspicuous aphodia, four-spotted karapuzik, two-spotted karapuzik, weak-horned kaloed. 4. In the course of the work, the intraspecific variability of three types of coprophages was studied: the two-spotted peanut, the chess aphodia, and the Austrian kaloed. For the first time, an attempt was made to analyze the phenogenetic variability of the above three types of coprophages. Given short description and a technique for isolating individual hair dryers. Dana quantitative characteristic distribution of phenes within the study population certain types coprophages. It should be noted that data on the phenogenetics of some types of coprophages are very valuable, completely new; but at the same time, preliminary, and require further study and detail.

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Variability Hereditary (genotypic) Hereditary (genotypic) Phenotypic 2 Mutational (hereditary, indeterminate, individual). Correlative. Combinative (variability arising by crossing). Non-hereditary definite, group

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Types of phenotypic variability Modifications are non-hereditary changes in the genotype that occur under the influence of an environmental factor, are adaptive in nature and most often reversible (for example: an increase in red blood cells in the absence of oxygen). Morphoses are non-hereditary changes in the phenotype that occur under the influence of extreme environmental factors, are not adaptive in nature and are irreversible (for example: burns, scars). 12 Phenocopies are a non-hereditary change in the genotype that resembles hereditary diseases (enlargement of the thyroid gland in an area where there is not enough iodine in the water or land).

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Construction of a variation curve is the average value of the severity of the trait where M is the average value, V is the variant, P is the frequency of occurrence of the variant, n is the total number of variants of the variation series. 16 The variation curve is a graphic representation of the relationship between the range of variability of a trait and the frequency of occurrence of individual variants of this trait.

Variation series The variation series represents a series of variants (values ​​of a trait) arranged in descending or ascending order 17 (for example: if you collect leaves from the same tree and arrange them as the length of the leaf blade increases, then you get a variation series of variability of this trait).

Combinative variability is variability based on the formation of recombinations, i.e. such combinations of genes that the parents did not have. 20 Combinative variability is based on the sexual reproduction of organisms, as a result of which a huge variety of genotypes arises.

Sources of genetic variability Independent divergence of homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. Mutual exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes, or crossing over. Recombinant chromosomes, once in the zygote, contribute to the appearance of signs that are atypical for each of the parents. Random combination of gametes during fertilization. 22

Mutation theory Mutations arise suddenly, abruptly, as discrete changes in traits. These are qualitative changes that are passed down from generation to generation. Mutations manifest themselves in different ways and can be both beneficial and harmful. The probability of detecting mutations depends on the number of individuals studied. Similar mutations can occur repeatedly. Mutations are undirected (spontaneous), that is, any part of the chromosome can mutate. 24 G. De Vries in the years.

Classification of mutations: 25 Gene (change in the structure of the gene) - change in DNA - violation of the order of nucleotides Genomic (change in the number of chromosomes in the karyotype) - euploidy - aneuploidy: * trisomy * monosomy Chromosomal (change in the structure of chromosomes) - loss of a section of chromosomes - Doubling of a fragment of chromosomes - rotation parts of chromosomes per 180* Mutations 1. By the nature of the change in the genome

They occur when there is damage or disturbance in the order or replacement of nucleotides, the appearance of an internal duplication or deletion in the DNA molecule. These changes in individual genes often lead to severe degenerative diseases, in particular, numerous metabolic diseases due to impaired synthesis of proteins and enzymes. Gene mutations

A hereditary disease that leads to the death of children and adolescents. Instead of normal hemoglobin A, erythrocytes contain abnormal hemoglobin S. The anomaly is caused by a mutation in the sixth nucleotide triplet of the hemoglobin gene DNA, which leads to the replacement of glutamic (GLU) acid in the alpha chain of the hemoglobin protein with valine (VAL). 27 Sickle cell anemia (KLU) (SAL)

28 Hereditary disease found in one of the newborns. The disease is characterized by a pronounced mental retardation, which develops as a result of a violation of normal biochemical processes in the brain due to the accumulation of phenylalanine in the body. Phenylketonuria Gene Mutations

34 Generative (in germ cells) Detected only in the next generation Generative (in germ cells) Detected only in the next generation Somatic (in body cells) Manifested in a given organism and not transmitted to offspring during sexual reproduction Somatic (in body cells) Manifested in a given organism and are not transmitted to offspring during sexual reproduction Classification of mutations: 2. According to the place of occurrence:

Spontaneous Under natural conditions Under the influence of mutagenic factors Without human intervention Are the source material for natural selection Induced Under the directed action of a mutagenic factor With Human intervention Is the source material for artificial selection 37 Classification of mutations: 5. For reasons:

The law of homological series in hereditary variability Species and genera that are genetically similar are characterized by similar series of hereditary variability with such regularity that knowing a number of forms within one species, one can predict the presence of the same forms in other genera and species. N.I. Vavilov, 1920

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Variability

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Topic: "Hereditary variability". Objectives: To characterize hereditary variability (additional information in the buffer, below). Variability. Genetics studies not only heredity, but also the variability of organisms. Variability is the ability of living organisms to acquire new features and properties. Due to variability, organisms can adapt to changing environmental conditions. There are two types of variability: Non-hereditary, or phenotypic, - variability in which no changes in the genotype occur. mutational variability. 1848-1935 Dutch botanist and geneticist. - Variability.ppt

"Variability" biology

Variability. What does genetics study. "Variability" biology. "Variability" biology. property of living organisms. Forms of variability of organisms. Variation forms. Patterns of modification variability. Read the terms and give them a definition. environmental factors. The variability of the body, arising under the influence of factors. Identification of patterns of modification variability. Make a table. Using the data of the variation series, construct a variation curve. Variation curves of morphofunctional parameters variability. "Variability" biology. reaction rate. - "Variability" biology.ppt

Feature variability

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Variability. The ability of organisms to acquire characteristics. Variation that occurs through crossbreeding. modification variability. Two cuttings. Phenotype. 6. Plant. Reason for change. Non-heritability. Group character of changes. The meaning of the changes. Types of phenotypic variability. Conditionality of the limits of variability by genotype. Reaction rate for a certain kind plants. 15. Construction of a variation curve. Variation series. Genotypic variability. Combinative. Combination variability. Neck length and leg length. Sources of genetic variability. Mutations. - Feature variability.pptx

The variability of living organisms

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General biology. What does genetics study. The variability of living organisms. The variability of living organisms. Variability. Forms of variability of organisms. Variation forms. Patterns of modification variability. Concepts. Gene. Change in the body. Laboratory work. Variation series of variability. Variation series data. Variation curves. The variability of living organisms. reaction rate. Average values ​​of the feature. Characteristics of modification variability. average value sign. The variability of living organisms. Hereditary (genotypic) variability. Combination variability. - Variability of living organisms.ppt

Variability of signs of organisms

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Changes in traits in an organism. The ability of an organism to change in the process of ontogenesis. Variability. Non-hereditary variability. Combination variability. Changes in the characteristics of organisms. mutational variability. Mutation. Gene mutations. Genomic mutations. The biological significance of heredity. - Variability of signs of organisms.ppt

Human variability

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genetic phenomenon. Types of variability. Chromosomal abnormalities. Variability. Sources of information. property of all living organisms. According to the mechanisms of occurrence, variability is divided into. Human variability. modification variability. Classification of modification variability. Mods are not inherited. Monozygotic twins. Twins. A trait in pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. twin method. Combination variability. marriage systems. Human. mutational variability. Changes in hereditary material. Classification of mutagens. Teratogens. congenital defects. - Human variability.ppt

Patterns of variability

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General biology. Variability. What does genetics study? What is heredity? How are hereditary traits transmitted? Variation forms. Hereditary mutational genotypic. Non-hereditary modification phenotypic. Lesson topic Patterns of modification variability. Gene Phenotype Environmental factors Trait Genotype. Gene. Protein. Sign. Genotype. Phenotype. environmental factors. “The action program of genes in the genotype system resembles the score of a symphony. Fizkultminutka. Laboratory work. Topic: Revealing patterns of modification variability. - Patterns of variability.ppt

Heredity and variability

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On the topic: The history of the development of genetics. GENETICS (from the Greek genesis - origin), a science that studies the patterns of heredity and variability of organisms. Various speculative ideas about heredity and variability were expressed by ancient philosophers and doctors. The most valuable data were obtained by I. Kelreuter and A. Gertner (Germany), O. Sazhre and S. Noden (France), T. Knight (England). Darwin himself put a lot of effort into the study of heredity and variability. The most detailed was the third hypothesis proposed by the German zoologist A. Weismann. - Heredity and variability.ppt

Heredity and variability of organisms

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General lesson. Knowledge about the organismic level of life. Use knowledge and skills. Triangle of Knowledge. Multilevel score. Level of difficulty. Basic biological concepts. Basic genetic terms. Genetics. Level. The main patterns of heredity and variability. Founder of genetics. dominance rule. splitting rule. The law of independent inheritance of traits. Laws of inheritance. The laws of heredity. Variability. Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Heredity and variability of organisms. modification variability. Regularities of variability. - Heredity and variability of organisms.pptx

Non-hereditary variability

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Integrated lesson on the topic "Non-hereditary variability" (biology and computer science). Purpose of the lesson: Lesson plan: Non-hereditary variability. Phenotype = genotype + Environment. Reason for change. Changing environmental conditions. White cabbage in a hot climate does not form a head. The meaning of the changes. Adaptation - adaptation to given environmental conditions, survival, preservation of offspring. Breeds of horses and cows brought to the mountains become stunted. Properties of modification variability. Non-heritability. Group character of changes. Conditionality of the limits of variability by genotype. - Non-hereditary variability.ppt

Variability types

Regularities of variability. Reveal types of variability. Variability. modification variability. Change in leaf shape. Drosophila larvae genotype. Modifications. Limits of modification variability. instruction card. An object. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. Mutation types. Changes in the structure of chromosomes. Polyploidy. Down Syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome. Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome. Mutation factors. - Variability Types.ppt

Variability forms

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Variability. modification variability. reaction rate. The evolutionary significance of the reaction norm. Phenotype. Calculation of the average value of a feature. hereditary variability. Mutations and their causes. Colchicum. Variation forms. Variation forms. Mutation classification. Mutation classification. Variation forms. Mutations. Base pair substitutions. Phenylctouria. Gene mutation. deletion. Inversion. Marfan syndrome. spinal atrophy. Monosomic. Lejean syndrome. Down Syndrome. Genomic mutations in monoploid organisms. Disorders associated with various types of aneuploidy in humans. Chromosomes. - Variability Shapes.ppt

Types of variability

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Regularities of variability. The purpose of the lesson: to identify types of variability. Variability is the ability of organisms to acquire new traits. modification variability. The variability of the shape of the leaves of the arrowhead rooting under water. modification variability. Mods are not inherited. Limits of modification variability. instruction card for laboratory work. Make a conclusion. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. hereditary variability. Mutation types. Chromosomal - changes in the structure of chromosomes. Polyploidy is a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes in a cell. - Types of variability.ppt

Meaning and types of variability

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Variability, its causes and significance for evolution and selection. Types of variability. hereditary variability. Non-hereditary variability. Law of homologous series. Species and genera. Plant families. modification variability. reaction rate. The reaction rate of a quantitative trait. K. Naegeli. Rigorous quantitative approach. Bean variety. Cause of modification variability. Homogeneous genetic material. Adaptive modification mechanism. ontogenetic variability. functional changes. Morphoses. The degree of severity of morphosis. Phenotypic manifestation of mutations. -