The main refineries in Russia operating today were built in the post-war years, when the consumption of fuel of all grades by transport and industry increased sharply.

When choosing the plant sites, we were guided by the proximity both to the places of production in order to reduce the cost of transporting oil, and to areas of intensive fuel consumption.

Distribution of capacities across the country

The largest oil refining capacities are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Perm, Saratov regions, the republics of Tatarstan, Mari El, Bashkortostan) - 122 million tons per year.

Large capacities of Russian refineries operate in Central(Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions) and in Siberian(Omsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk regions and Krasnoyarsk Territory) federal districts. The plants of each of these districts can process more than 40 million tons of oil per year.

refinery Southern Federal District designed to process 28 million tons, Northwestern– 25 million tons, Far East– 12 million tons, Ural- 7 million tons. The total capacity of refineries in Russia is 296 million tons of oil per year.

The largest refineries in Russia are the Omsk Refinery (21 million tons), KirishiNOS (20 million tons, Leningrad Region), RNK (19 million tons, Ryazan Region), Lukoil-NORSI (17 million tons, Nizhny Novgorod Region), Volgograd refinery(16 million tons), YaroslavNOS (15 million tons).

Virtually any questions about oil refining today can be answered from the mass media. Any information about refineries is available on the Internet, how many refineries there are in Russia, where they produce gasoline, diesel fuel, what else they produce, at which plants they produce especially high-quality products. If desired, it is easy to find.

Depth of oil refining

An important indicator of the oil refining industry, along with the volume of output, is the depth of oil refining, which refineries in Russia have reached. Today it is 74%, while in Europe this figure is 85%, and in the US - 96%.

The depth of refining is estimated as the quotient of the mass of produced products minus fuel oil and gas divided by the mass of oil received for processing.

The low output of the main oil products is due to the lack of high modern technologies at the refineries. Some of them were laid down in the pre-war and post-war years, the processing processes used on them are outdated, and the permanent crises since the beginning of the 90s have not given a chance for the modernization of production. Today, investments are gradually increasing, new shops and processing complexes are appearing, the quality and yield of petroleum products is growing.

From oil obtained by direct processing:

More complex refining processes make it possible to obtain substances, materials and products from oil, the list of which takes up many pages. The higher the degree of oil refining, the less it is required, and the lower the cost of production.

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Refinery is an industrial enterprise, the main function of which is the processing of oil into gasoline, aviation kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, lubricants, bitumen, petroleum coke, raw materials for petrochemicals.

The production cycle of a refinery usually consists of preparation of raw materials, primary distillation of oil and secondary processing of oil fractions: catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, coking, visbreaking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating and mixing components of finished petroleum products.

Refineries are characterized by the following indicators:

Oil refining option: fuel, fuel-oil and fuel-petrochemical.

Processing volume (in million tons).

Depth of refining (yield of oil products in terms of oil, in % by weight minus fuel oil and gas).

Today, refineries are becoming more versatile.
For example, the availability of catalytic cracking at refineries makes it possible to establish the production of polypropylene from propylene, which is obtained in significant quantities during cracking as a by-product.
In the Russian oil refining industry, there are 3 profiles of refineries, depending on the oil refining scheme:
- fuel,
- fuel oil,
- fuel and petrochemical.

First, oil is dehydrated and desalted in special installations to separate salts and other impurities that cause equipment corrosion, slow down cracking and reduce the quality of refined products.
No more than 3-4 mg / l of salts and about 0.1% of water remain in the oil.
Then the oil goes to the primary distillation.

Primary processing - distillation

Liquid petroleum hydrocarbons have different boiling points. Distillation is based on this property.
When heated in a distillation column to 350 °C, various fractions are separated from the oil sequentially with an increase in temperature.
Oil at the first refineries was distilled into the following fractions:
- straight-run gasoline (it boils away in the temperature range of 28-180 ° C),
- jet fuel (180-240 °C),
- diesel fuel (240-350 °С).

The remainder of the oil distillation was fuel oil.
Until the end of the 19th century, it was thrown away as waste products.

For the distillation of oil, 5 distillation columns are usually used, in which various oil products are sequentially separated.
The yield of gasoline during the primary distillation of oil is negligible, therefore, its secondary processing is carried out to obtain a larger volume of automotive fuel.

Recycling - cracking

Secondary oil refining is carried out by thermal or chemical catalytic splitting of products of primary oil distillation to obtain a larger amount of gasoline fractions, as well as raw materials for the subsequent production of aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene and others.
One of the most common technologies of this cycle is cracking.
In 1891, engineers V. G. Shukhov and S. P. Gavrilov proposed the world’s first industrial installation for the continuous implementation of a thermal cracking process: a continuous tubular reactor, where forced circulation of fuel oil or other heavy oil feedstock is carried out through pipes, and in the annular space is supplied with heated flue gases.
The yield of light components during the cracking process, from which gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel can then be prepared, ranges from 40-45 to 55-60%.
The cracking process makes it possible to produce components from fuel oil for the production of lubricating oils.

Catalytic cracking was discovered in the 1930s.
The catalyst selects from the feedstock and sorbs on itself, first of all, those molecules that are able to dehydrogenate quite easily (give off hydrogen).
The resulting unsaturated hydrocarbons, having an increased adsorption capacity, come into contact with the active centers of the catalyst.
Polymerization of hydrocarbons occurs, resins and coke appear.
The released hydrogen takes an active part in the reactions of hydrocracking, isomerization, etc.
The cracked product is enriched with light high-quality hydrocarbons and as a result a wide gasoline fraction and diesel fuel fractions related to light oil products are obtained.
As a result, hydrocarbon gases (20%), gasoline fraction (50%), diesel fraction (20%), heavy gas oil and coke are obtained.

Hydrotreating

Hydrotreating is carried out on hydrogenating catalysts using aluminum, cobalt and molybdenum compounds. One of the most important processes in oil refining.

The task of the process is the purification of gasoline, kerosene and diesel fractions, as well as vacuum gas oil from sulfur, nitrogen-containing, tar compounds and oxygen. Hydrotreating plants can be fed with recycled distillates from cracking or coking plants, in which case the olefin hydrogenation process also takes place. The capacity of the installations existing in the Russian Federation ranges from 600 to 3000 thousand tons per year. The hydrogen required for hydrotreating reactions comes from catalytic reformers or is produced in special plants.

The raw material is mixed with hydrogen-containing gas with a concentration of 85-95% by volume, coming from circulating compressors that maintain pressure in the system. The resulting mixture is heated in an oven to 280-340 °C, depending on the raw material, then enters the reactor. The reaction takes place on catalysts containing nickel, cobalt or molybdenum under pressure up to 50 atm. Under such conditions, the destruction of sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds with the formation of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, as well as the saturation of olefins. In the process, due to thermal decomposition, an insignificant (1.5-2%) amount of low-octane gasoline is formed, and during the hydrotreatment of vacuum gas oil, 6-8% of the diesel fraction is also formed. In the purified diesel fraction, the sulfur content can decrease from 1.0% to 0.005% and below. Process gases are subjected to purification in order to extract hydrogen sulfide, which is supplied to the production of elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.

Claus Process (Oxidative Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to Elemental Sulfur)

The Claus plant is actively used at oil refineries for the processing of hydrogen sulfide from hydrogenation plants and amine gas treatment plants to produce sulfur.

Formation of finished products

Gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and technical oils are divided into different grades depending on the chemical composition.
The final stage of refinery production is the mixing of the obtained components to obtain finished products of the required composition.
This process is also called compounding or blending.

The largest oil refineries in Russia

1. Gazpromneft-ONPZ (20.89 million tons)

2. Kirishinefteorgsintez (20.1 million tons)

3. Ryazan oil refinery (18.8 million tons)

4. Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez (17 million tons)

5. Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka (15.7 million tons)

6. Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (15 million tons)

7. TANECO (14 million tons)

8. Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez (13.1 million tons)

9. Gazprom Neft - Moscow Refinery (12.15 million tons)

10. RN-Tuapse Refinery (12 million tons)

Large independent refineries in Russia

1. Antipinsky Oil Refinery (9.04 million tons)

2. Afipsky refinery (6 million tons)

3. Yaya Oil Refinery (3 million tons)

4. Mari Refinery (1.4 million tons)

5. Kochenevsky refinery (1 million tons)

About Gazprom Management and Control Bodies Production Gas and Oil Reserves Gas and Oil Production Transportation Underground Gas Storage Gas and Oil Processing Energy Gasification Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel Industrial Safety Marketing Strategy Subsidiaries History Legal Information Management Systems Arbitration Court Production Gas and Oil Reserves Gas and Oil Production of oil Transportation Underground gas storage Gas and oil processing Power industry Gasification Natural gas motor fuel Industrial safety

Gas and oil processing

Strategy

Prospects for the development of Gazprom as one of the world's energy leaders are closely linked to the improvement of hydrocarbon processing. The company aims to increase the depth of processing and increase the volume of production of products with increased added value.

Processing capacities

The Gazprom Group's refining complex includes gas and gas condensate processing plants of PJSC Gazprom and oil refining facilities of PJSC Gazprom Neft. The Group also includes OOO Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat, one of the largest oil refining and petrochemical production complexes in Russia. Gazprom constantly modernizes existing and creates new processing enterprises. The Amur Gas Processing Plant (GPP) under construction will become one of the largest in the world.

Gas processing

Key capacities of the Gazprom Group for gas processing and petrochemicals as of December 31, 2018:

Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant (GPP);

Orenburg GPP;

Sosnogorsk GPP;

Yuzhno-Priobsky GPP (Gazprom Group's access to 50% of capacity);

Orenburg helium plant;

Tomsk methanol plant;

Plant "Monomer" LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Gas chemical plant LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Plant for the production of mineral fertilizers of Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat LLC.

In 2018, the Gazprom Group processed 30.1 billion cubic meters, excluding tolling raw materials. m of natural and associated gas.

Volumes of natural and associated gas processing in 2014-2018, bcm m (excluding customer-supplied raw materials)

Oil and gas condensate processing

Key capacities of Gazprom Group for processing liquid hydrocarbon feedstock (oil, gas condensate, fuel oil) as of December 31, 2018:

Surgut Condensate Stabilization Plant. V. S. Chernomyrdin;

Urengoy plant for the preparation of condensate for transport;

Astrakhan GPP;

Orenburg GPP;

Sosnogorsk GPP;

Oil refinery (refinery) LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Moscow Refinery of the Gazprom Neft Group;

Omsk Refinery of the Gazprom Neft Group;

Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (Gazprom Group's access to 50% of its capacity through PJSC NGK Slavneft);

Mozyr Refinery, Republic of Belarus (up to 50% of the volume of oil supplied to the refinery, access by the Gazprom Group through PJSC NGK Slavneft);

Refineries of the Gazprom Neft Group in Pancevo and Novi Sad, Serbia.

The main refinery of the Gazprom Group is the Omsk Refinery, one of the most modern refineries in Russia and one of the largest in the world.

In 2018, the Gazprom Group processed 67.4 mmt of liquid hydrocarbons.

Volumes of oil and gas condensate refining, mmt

Processed products

Production of the main types of products of processing, gas and petrochemicals by the Gazprom Group (excluding raw materials tolling)

	For the year ended 31 December
	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Stable gas condensate and oil, thousand tons	6410,8	7448,1	8216,4	8688,7	8234,3
Dry gas, bcm m	23,3	24,2	24,0	23,6	23,6
LPG, thousand tons	3371,1	3463,3	3525,4	3522,5	3614,3
including abroad	130,4	137,9	115,0	103,0	97,0
Automobile gasoline, thousand tons	12 067,9	12 395,2	12 270,0	11 675,6	12 044,9
including abroad	762,7	646,8	516,0	469,0	515,7
Diesel fuel, thousand tons	16 281,4	14 837,0	14 971,4	14 322,1	15 662,5
including abroad	1493,8	1470,1	1363,0	1299,0	1571,2
Aviation fuel, thousand tons	3161,9	3171,0	3213,2	3148,8	3553,3
including abroad	108,5	107,9	122,0	155,0	190,4
Fuel oil, thousand tons	9318,0	8371,4	7787,2	6585,9	6880,6
including abroad	717,8	450,6	334,0	318,0	253,7
Marine fuel, thousand tons	4139,0	4172,2	3177,2	3367,3	2952,0
Bitumen, thousand tons	1949,2	1883,8	2112,0	2662,1	3122,3
including abroad	262,2	333,0	335,0	553,3	600,3
Oils, thousand tons	374,3	404,1	421,0	480,0	487,2
Sulfur, thousand tons	4747,8	4793,8	4905,6	5013,6	5179,7
including abroad	15,6	17,8	22,0	24,0	23,0
Helium, thousand cubic meters m	3997,5	4969,7	5054,1	5102,2	5088,9
NGL, thousand tons	1534,7	1728,6	1807,0	1294,8	1465,5
Ethane fraction, thousand tons	373,8	377,4	377,9	363,0	347,3
Monomers, thousand tons	262,2	243,4	294,0	264,9	335,8
Polymers, thousand tons	161,8	157,9	179,1	154,3	185,6
Products of organic synthesis, thousand tons	83,5	90,4	89,6	44,7	71,3
Mineral fertilizers and raw materials for them, thousand tons	778,2	775,9	953,0	985,5	836,4

An oil refinery is an industrial enterprise whose main function is to refine oil into gasoline, aviation kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, lubricants, bitumen, petroleum coke, raw materials for petrochemicals. The production cycle of a refinery usually consists of preparation of raw materials, primary distillation of oil and secondary processing of oil fractions: catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, coking, visbreaking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating and mixing components of finished petroleum products. There are many oil refineries in Russia. Some refineries have been operating for a long time - since the war years, others have been put into operation relatively recently. The Achinsk Oil Refinery turned out to be the youngest plant among the considered enterprises; it has been operating since 2002.

The site compiled a rating of refineries supplying Russian regions with petroleum products.
1. - an oil refinery located in the Bolsheuluysky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The company was founded on September 5, 2002. Owned by Rosneft.
2. Komsomolsk Oil Refinery is a Russian oil refinery located in the Khabarovsk Territory in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Also owned by OAO NK Rosneft. Built in 1942. It occupies a significant place in oil refining in the Russian Far East.
3. - Russian oil refinery in the Samara region. Included in the group of OAO NK Rosneft. Year of foundation - 1945.
4. - an oil refining enterprise, located in Moscow, in the Kapotnya district. The plant was commissioned in 1938.
5. - Russian oil refinery in the Samara region. Included in the group of OAO NK Rosneft. The refinery was founded in 1951.
6. Omsk oil refinery is one of the largest oil refineries in Russia. Owned by Gazprom Neft. September 5, 1955 put into operation.
7. - Russian oil refinery. Also known as "Cracking". Part of the TNK-BP group. Located in the city of Saratov. Founded in 1934.
8. - Russian oil refinery in the Samara region. Included in the group of OAO NK Rosneft. Works since 1942.
9. - Russian oil refinery in the Krasnodar Territory. The plant is a single production complex with a sea terminal of Rosneft's oil product supply enterprise - OAO NK Rosneft-Tuapsenefteprodukt. The main part of the products is exported. It is part of the Rosneft oil company. The year of foundation is 1929.
10. - Russian refinery, a leading Far Eastern manufacturer of motor and boiler fuel. It is part of the NK "Alliance". The enterprise's capacity is 4.35 million tons of oil per year. Founded in 1935.