Calculation of the cost of fixed production assets. Basic production assets Calculate the main production assets
The concept of the average annual price (hereinafter - SP) in the economy is interpreted as a value that reflects the change in the price of fixed production assets (OPF) throughout the year as a result of their introduction and liquidation. The calculation of the average annual cost is necessary for the analysis of the economic efficiency of production, it is made taking into account the initial cost of funds. We will tell in the article how the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated, by what formula and indicators.
Characteristics of the average annual price of fixed production assets
When making calculations, the accountant must be guided by the following documents in force in the Russian Federation.
| Title of the document | What does it include? |
| PBU 6/01 No. 26n | OPF accounting |
| Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets No. 91n dated 10/13/2003 | Rules for organizing accounting of OPF |
| Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 03-05-05-01/55 dated 07/15/2011 | On the average value of property on which property tax is calculated |
| Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 376 | Determining the tax base |
Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets
There are several options for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets. The accountant has the right to choose one or even a number of calculation methods, depending on the goals pursued.
| SP calculation method | Formula for calculating SP | Characteristic |
| The month of input (output) of fixed assets is not counted | SP = (OPF price at the beginning of the year (January 1) + OPF price at the end of the year (December 31)) / 2; price of OPF at the beginning of the year + price of introduced OPF - price of written off | The book price of the OPF is involved in the calculation; this option is recognized as less accurate, since the month when the deposit and withdrawal of the OPF took place is not counted |
| The month of input (output) of the main assets is counted | Formula 1 (for economic indicators of capital productivity, etc.): SP = price at the beginning of the year + the number of months from the date of the assets input - the number of months from the moment the assets were withdrawn until the end of the year; Formula 2 (Intermediate): SP = (price at the beginning of the first month Price at the end of the first month Price at the beginning of the second month Price by the end of the second month, etc... Price at the beginning of the last month Price by the end of the last month) / 12; Formula 3 (definition of SP for taxation in the tax period): SP = (residual price at the beginning of the first month Residual price at the beginning of the second month, etc. Residual price at the beginning of the last month when calculating the advance for half a year, 3, 9 months, a denominator is taken equal to the sum of months and one | A reliable method, since all the proposed formulas take into account the month of withdrawal (input) of assets, in addition, the method makes it possible to use several calculation options |
The data for the calculation is taken from the available documents:
- balance sheet (value of assets);
- turnover balance sheet for account. "Main assets" (the value of the introduced assets);
- credit turnover on account. "Main Assets".
Of the described calculation options, taking into account the month of input (output) of funds, the formula for calculating the average level is recognized as the most accurate. This formula 2, by which the chronological average is calculated, is also recognized as the most reliable. As for the SP calculation for property tax calculations, formula 3 is considered the only one acceptable for this kind of calculation. Other calculation options do not apply to property tax calculation.
Example 1. Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account the month of their commissioning (write-off)
The results of this calculation option look more convincing, because the month of input (output) of assets is taken into account in the calculations. The following values are used for calculations:
- price at the beginning of the year (10 thousand rubles);
- the price of the introduced OPF (150 thousand rubles - March, 100 thousand rubles - June and 200 thousand rubles - August);
- the prices of written-off OPF are 50 rubles (250 thousand for February, October).
So, the calculation is carried out according to the formula: price at the beginning of the year + (number of months from the time of entry / 12 * price of entered OPF) - (number from the time of withdrawal / 12 * price of written off OPF).
According to the SP calculation, it turns out: 10,000 + (9/12 * 150 + 6 / 12 * 100 + 4 / 12 * 200) - (10 / 12 * 50 + 2 / 12 * 250) = 10,000 + (112 + 50 + 66) - (41 + 41) = 10,146 rubles. This is the value of the SP of the main assets.
Example 2. Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets without taking into account the month of their entry (write-off)
This is a simplified calculation method, less accurate than the one used in the previous example. The SP is calculated according to the formula: (OPF price at the beginning of the year (January 1) + OPF price at the end of the year (December 31)) / 2.
The cost at the end of the year is calculated as follows: the price of OPF at the beginning of the year + the price of introduced OPF - the price of written-off OPF. For calculations, the numerical data given in example 1 are used.
Analysis of the values obtained when calculating the average annual value of fixed assets in examples 1 and 2 So, in the two examples given, the same numerical values were used. These data show that the commissioning and write-off of assets were uneven throughout the year. Thus, OPF were introduced in March, June and August, and write-offs were made in February, October.
The calculation of the SP was carried out in two different ways: without taking into account the month of commissioning (writing off) assets and taking into account it. The SP calculation option described in example 1 takes into account the month of commissioning (writing off) of fixed assets. It is complex, but more reliable. In example 2, a simplified method of calculation was used for the calculation (without taking into account the month of entry and write-off of assets). But it was he who gave the wrong result.
The difference in the obtained digital totals for the SP in the calculations in the two examples is obvious. The value of the SP in one and the second examples is somewhat different (10,145 rubles and 10,075 rubles). The difference is 70 rubles. Thus, if the input (output) of fixed assets is uneven, the calculation of SP can be carried out in any way, but the one that takes into account the month of input and write-off of assets will be more accurate.
Common mistakes related to calculating the average annual value of fixed assets
A fairly common mistake is to include the value of land plots on the balance sheet in property tax calculations. First, property tax is not calculated from land plots. Secondly, only those lands that are the property of the organization are included in the OPF.
Another error is observed in the calculation of SP. When calculating property tax calculations, the cost indicator of fixed assets is taken, the tax base of which is determined as the cadastral value. At the same time, the price of such funds for calculating the residual value of assets when calculating the SP does not need to be taken.
Economic indicators characterizing the efficiency of using fixed assets
The degree of effectiveness of the application of the OPF is determined by the core economic indicators - capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio. So, the return on assets reflects the ratio of finished products per ruble of OPF. Capital intensity is the amount of funds for each ruble of finished products. Fund arming testifies to the degree of provision of working organizations with assets.
The analysis of the considered economic indicators is aimed at finding, eliminating and preventing problem situations in relation to the profitability of enterprises. To carry out calculation operations on these indicators, the SP of the main assets is used. Calculations are carried out according to different formulas:
- For return on assets: the volume of output / SP of the main assets.
- For capital intensity: SP of fixed assets / volume of output.
- For capital arming: SP of main assets / average number of employees.
The dynamics of these economic indicators throughout the year characterizes the consistency of the use of funds from different sides. Thus, the positive development of the return on assets indicator, that is, its increase, indicates the effectiveness of the use of the OPF. Low capital intensity indicates sufficient efficiency of the equipment. In interrelation, both indicators manifest themselves as follows.
The capital intensity is growing, but the return on assets is decreasing, which means that there is an irrational use of funds by the organization. Accordingly, urgent action should be taken.
For studies on the use of fixed assets, the dynamics of changes in each indicator separately is taken into consideration. Thus, the inconsistency in the use of resources is also indicated by an increase in the capital-labor ratio with a low growth in labor productivity in comparison with the indicator.
Since the technical condition of funds depends on the degree of their wear and tear, the relative wear rate is also of no small importance for characterizing fixed production assets. The depreciation coefficient is calculated as follows: the credited amount of depreciation for the period of use (end, beginning of the year) / initial price of the OPF (beginning, end of the year). If, during the calculation, it turns out that the depreciation coefficient at the end of the year is less than at the beginning of the year, then the condition of the assets has improved.
Answers to questions on the calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets
Question number 1. How do return on assets and average annual cost relate to each other?
The return on assets is considered by economists as a general economic indicator that shows the effectiveness of the application of the OPF. A high rate of return on assets that is above the industry average indicates that the organization is highly competitive, and vice versa. The level of capital productivity below the average value in the industry indicates the non-competitiveness of the organization.
Question number 2. How does capital productivity (fixed assets) affect profit?
When OPF and capital productivity exceed the value of production and sales expenses, profit will also grow. The return on assets is increasing - economic stability is also growing, as well as the efficiency of the use of funds. With a fall in the level of capital productivity, these characteristics are reduced.
All calculations for the average annual price are carried out according to the above standard formulas. However, it is more appropriate to use the exact calculation method shown in example 1. If a number of OPFs were introduced and written off in a year, then the SP is calculated for each asset, taking into account the period of use. Finally, the results are summed up.
Question number 4. How to correct accounting errors made in the last year (period) in the data that was used to calculate property tax?
Standard calculation options:
- OPF input coefficient = price of entered OPF for the period / OPF price according to the balance sheet at the end of the year.
- OPF write-off ratio = prices of written-off OPF for the period / OPF price for the balance sheet at the beginning of the year.
For one of the enterprises in the industry, the following data are available, presented in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
| Types of fixed production assets | OPF cost as of 01.01.08 | Put into operation for the year | OPF retired for the year | Annual depreciation rate for renovation | ||||||
| by residual value, thousand rubles | wear factor (%) | at full initial cost, thousand rubles. | wear factor (%) | at full initial cost, thousand rubles. | their residual value, thousand rubles. | wear factor (%) | ||||
| Building | 500 | 300 | 0,4 | 01.04.08100 | 0 | 0 | 01.10.0830 | 5 | 0,84 | 5,4 |
| Structures | 150 | 147 | 2 | 01.03.0880 | 70 | 0,13 | 01.09.0820 | 2 | 0,9 | 6,0 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 50 | 0,38 | 01.07.0830 | 29,7 | 1 | 5,0 | |||
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 1656 | 10 | 01.05.08200 | 192 | 4 | 01.04.08100 | 10 | 90 | 11,8 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 90 | 0,55 | 01.11.0812 | 10 | 0,17 | 12,2 | |||
Define
1. The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment of the full initial cost at the end of the year.
2. The average annual cost of fixed production assets (according to the full initial and residual value) for their active part and for the enterprise as a whole.
3. The average rate of depreciation for renovation.
4. Indicators of the structure of fixed production assets at full initial cost at the beginning and end of the year.
5. Indicators of wear and tear of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year.
6. Indicators of input and disposal of fixed production assets.
7. Indicators of return on assets of all fixed assets and their active part. Show the relationship between them.
8. Indicators of capital-labor ratio and capital intensity of manufactured products.
9. Growth in the cost of manufactured products due to an increase in the volume of fixed production assets, due to an increase in the efficiency of their use (thousand rubles).
10. Justify the necessary increase in the cost of production assets for the next year, if the company plans to increase output by 15% (thousand rubles).
Analyze the results. Draw your own conclusions.
Solution
1. The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment at full historical cost at the end of the year can be calculated using the formula:
K \u003d N + P - V
where K is the value of funds at the end of the year;
H is the value of funds at the beginning of the year;
P - the cost of funds received during the year;
B is the value of funds retired during the year.
Calculate the cost of funds for each category:
Buildings: K \u003d 500 + 100 - 30 \u003d 570 thousand rubles.
Structures: K \u003d 150 + 80 - 20 \u003d 210 thousand rubles.
Transfer devices: K \u003d 80 + 30 - 0 \u003d 110 thousand rubles.
Machinery and equipment: K \u003d 1840 + 200 - 100 \u003d 1940 thousand rubles.
Vehicles: K \u003d 198 + 12 - 0 \u003d 210 thousand rubles.
Total: K \u003d 570 + 210 + 110 + 1940 + 210 \u003d 3040 thousand rubles.
The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment of the full initial cost at the end of the year amounted to 3040 thousand rubles.
2. The average annual cost of fixed production assets can be calculated using the formula:
where Ссг is the average annual cost of funds;
C n - the cost of funds at the beginning of the year;
C in - the cost of funds introduced during the year;
With vyb - the cost of funds retired during the year;
M is the number of months of operation of the funds per year.
Calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets for the whole enterprise at historical cost:
The active part of the funds is represented by a group of machines and equipment, since only they have a direct impact on the object of labor.
Calculate the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets at historical cost:
The residual value of funds can be determined as the product of the original cost and the coefficient of validity (1 - depreciation coefficient).
For example, the residual value of structures at the beginning of the year will be:
C rest \u003d 150 * (1 - 0.02) \u003d 147 thousand rubles.
Calculate the average annual value of fixed assets for the whole enterprise at the residual value:
Calculate the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets at the residual value:
3. We define the average depreciation rate as the arithmetic average:
4. The structure of fixed assets shows the ratio between groups of fixed production assets. The share of each group is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets of this group to the total initial cost of all funds. For example, the share of buildings at the beginning of the year will be 18.1% (500*100/2768).
We present the structure of funds in the table:
| Types of OPF | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | ||
| sum | % | sum | % | |
| Building | 500 | 18,1 | 570 | 18,8 |
| Structures | 150 | 5,4 | 210 | 6,9 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 2,9 | 110 | 3,6 |
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 66,5 | 1940 | 63,8 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 7,2 | 210 | 6,9 |
| Total | 2768 | 100 | 3040 | 100 |
5. The coefficient of validity of fixed assets, reflects the share of the value of funds saved during the operation:
where C p - the initial cost of fixed assets;
С ost - the residual value of fixed assets.
The depreciation coefficient of fixed assets reflects the share of the value of assets lost during the operation:
K and \u003d 1 - K g
Let's calculate the indicators for the building group at the beginning of the year:
K and \u003d 1 - 0.6 \u003d 0.4Similarly, we calculate the indicators for other groups in the table:
| Types of OPF | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | ||||||
| Initial price | residual value | K g | K and | Initial price | residual value | K g | K and | |
| Building | 500 | 300 | 0,60 | 0,40 | 570 | 395 | 0,69 | 0,31 |
| Structures | 150 | 147 | 0,98 | 0,02 | 210 | 215 | 1,02 | -0,02 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 50 | 0,63 | 0,38 | 110 | 79,7 | 0,72 | 0,28 |
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 1656 | 0,90 | 0,10 | 1940 | 1838 | 0,95 | 0,05 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 90 | 0,45 | 0,55 | 210 | 100 | 0,48 | 0,52 |
6. Coefficient of introduction - shows the share of fixed assets introduced during the year in the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise:
The retirement ratio reflects the share of retired fixed assets in the average annual value of fixed assets:
7. Return on assets - an indicator of output per 1 ruble of the value of fixed assets. To calculate the return on assets, the formula is used:
F otd \u003d VP / OF average year
where Ф otd - capital productivity, rub.;
VP is the annual output of marketable (gross) products, rub.;
OF average year - the average annual cost of fixed assets, rub.
Calculate the return on assets of all fixed assets:
To assess the return on assets of active funds, we determine their average annual cost.
The average annual cost of fixed assets is an indicator that characterizes the average cost of a company's fixed assets. It also allows you to evaluate how efficiently the company uses its own resources. In the article, methods of calculation and scope of the indicator.
What are fixed assets
Fixed assets are property owned by an enterprise on a long-term basis, and which are used in the activities of the company.
Fixed assets are both industrial and non-productive purposes. For example, spinning machines in a weaving factory belong to the funds for production purposes, they are a means of labor and take part in the manufacture of fabric. As for fixed assets for non-production purposes, they include, for example, sanatoriums, educational institutions, residential buildings - in other words, property transferred to the jurisdiction of non-profit structures.
Download and get to work:
The formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account the time of their write-off and commissioning
The basic formula for calculating the average annual cost of OPF is convenient to use, but has a significant drawback. Since it does not take into account the moment of commissioning of fixed assets and the moment of their write-off, it cannot be used in a situation in which high accuracy of calculations is fundamental.
For such a case, a different formula is more suitable, taking into account the dynamics of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets.
Wed. = Sn.g. + M1 /1 2 * Cin. - M2 / 12 * Sel.
where Cng is the cost of OPF at the beginning of the year,
With input. – cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year,
From choice - the value of assets written off during the year,
M1 - time during which the introduced OF were used (in months)
M2 - the time during which the written-off fixed assets were not used. (in months)
Example 2
Let's take the initial data of example 1 as a basis and calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account their input (write-off):
Avg \u003d 20,000 + (8 / 12 * 300 + 5 / 12 * 200 + 3 / 12 * 400) - (10 / 12 * 100 + 11 / 12 * 500) \u003d 19841.67 thousand rubles.
Note that this method of calculation is more time-consuming, but at the same time more accurate - since it allows you to take into account the uneven operation of funds. The average annual cost of fixed assets calculated in this way is also called the average annual total book value of fixed assets.
Calculation of the average annual cost of OPF according to the balance sheet
The average annual cost of the OPF can also be determined using the balance sheet indicators as a basis.
The formula used for this calculation will look like:
Wed. \u003d Sat + (Svved. * M) / 12 - (Svyb. * (12 - Mf)) / 12
where Sat is the book value of fixed assets,
Cvved. - the cost of the OPF, commissioned funds,
Cvyb. - the cost of decommissioned fixed assets,
M is the time that has elapsed since the start of using the OPF (in months),
Mf - the time during which the fixed assets were used before its disposal (in months).
The residual (book) value of all OPF of the organization is indicated on line 150 of the balance sheet.
Determination of the average annual cost of the OPF according to the average chronological
If the goal of the calculations is maximum accuracy, it is advisable to apply the chronological average method. First, determine the average cost of the OPF for each month (including input and write-off), and then divide the sum of these values by 12.
Cav = ((From 01.01 + From 31.01) / 2 + (From 01.02 + From 28.02) / 2 ... + (From 01.12 + From 31.12) / 2) / 12
where C as of 01.01 is the cost of the OPF at the beginning of the first month of the year;
From 31.01 - the cost of the OPF at the end of the first month, and so on.
Example 4
Let's determine the average annual cost of OPF according to the data from the first example
C on 01.01 = C on 31.01 = C on 01.02 = C on 28.02 = C on 01.03 = C on 31.03 31 = C on 01.04 = 20000
C on 30.04 = 20000+300= 203000= C on 01.05 = C on 31.05 = C on 01.06 = C on 30.06 = C on 01.07
From 31.07 = 20300 + 200 = 20500 = From 01.08 = From 31.08 = From 01.09
From 30.09 = 20500 + 400 = 20900 = From 01.10
From 31.10 = 20900 - 100 = 20800 = From 01.11
From 30.11 = 20800 - 500 = 20300 = From 01.12 = From 31.12
C \u003d ((20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20900) /2 + (20900+20800) / 2 + (20800 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2) / 12 = 20337.5 thousand rubles
The method that uses the chronological average is the most accurate, but at the same time the most labor-intensive algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of the OPF.
Calculation of the average annual cost of OF according to the rules of the Tax Code
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes a special algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, which taxpayers are required to use when calculating corporate property tax.
Avg= (Status on 01.01+ Status on 01.02 + ... + Status on 01.12 + Status on 31.12) / 13
Example 5
Table 1. Residual value of fixed assets of the enterprise (thousand rubles)
|
OPF cost |
Calculate the average annual cost of OF:
(400 + 380 + 360 + 340 + 320 + 300 + 280 + 260 + 240 + 220 + 200 +180 + 160): (12 months + 1) = 280 thousand rubles.
Using the average annual cost of OPF in economic analysis
Let's consider the scope of application of the average annual cost of OPF in the calculation of other economic indicators.
If we take the volume of products manufactured by the enterprise and divide it by the average annual cost of the OPF, then we get return on assets ratio, which actually shows , how many manufactured products in monetary terms account for 1 ruble of fixed assets.
If, over time, the return on assets of the enterprise increases, this allows us to conclude that the company's capacities are used efficiently. Decrease in return on assets - on the contrary, says the opposite.
If the average annual cost of the OPF is taken as a dividend, and the volume of output is used as a divisor, then the capital intensity ratio will be obtained, which allows you to determine what value of fixed assets is needed to manufacture a unit of output.
If we divide the average annual cost of the OPF by the average number of employees, this will allow us to calculate the capital-labor ratio, which shows the extent to which each of the employees of the enterprise is provided with the necessary means of labor.
If the average annual cost of the OPF is multiplied by the depreciation rate coefficient characterizing the operating conditions of the funds, we will get the amount of depreciation deductions for the year. This indicator can be used not only as a retrospective, but also in the preparation of business plans, as a forecast.
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MAINPRODUCTION FUNDS
Fixed production assets - an integral part of the production assets. The role of fixed production assets in the formation of the material basis of production. Classification, composition and structure of fixed production assets, their active and passive part. Forms of reproduction of fixed production assets (capital construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, replacement and modernization of equipment). Methods of accounting and evaluation. Physical and moral depreciation, their forms and methods of determination. Depreciation of fixed production assets. Methods for calculating depreciation rates. Repair of fixed assets. Indicators characterizing the use of fixed production assets: capital productivity, capital intensity, shift ratio and equipment load. Specific capital intensity of a unit of work and a unit of production. Determination of the prospective need for fixed production assets. Rent. Valuation of property. Rental forms.
The basis of any production process is human labor, a necessary condition for the application of which is the availability of means and objects of labor. The means of labor is a set of material means by which the worker acts on the object of labor, changing its physical and chemical properties. The leading part of the means of labor is the tools of labor. Unlike objects of labor (raw materials, materials, etc.), which are consumed during one production cycle, tools of labor participate in production processes many times, performing qualitatively different functions. Gradually wearing out, they transfer their value to the created product in parts over a number of years (depreciation).
In accordance with the standard classification, the fixed production assets of an enterprise are divided into eight groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics.
The active part of fixed production assets includes: transmission devices, machinery and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. By industry, the active part of fixed assets is subdivided according to the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and the impact on the formation of products.
ü 2. Indicators characterizing the composition and structure of the main production assets
To assess the change in the qualitative composition of fixed production assets, a system of indicators is used, which includes: the renewal coefficient, i.e. the share of fixed production assets commissioned in the reporting year in their total value at the end of the year (the higher the renewal coefficient, the greater the opportunities for replacing physically and obsolete fixed production assets with new, more progressive and economical ones); retirement (liquidation) ratio, i.e. the share of fixed production assets that retired in the reporting year in their total value at the beginning of the year; coefficient of growth of fixed production assets, i.e., the share of their real growth in the total value of fixed production assets at the end of the year.
ü 3. Depreciation, restoration and replacement of equipment
Wear processes are subject to all tools of production, machinery and equipment. Depreciation can be physical and moral. Physical wear and tear manifests itself in two forms: mechanical wear and tear of the means of labor and the loss of technical and production qualities during their operation; destruction of means of labor as a result of the influence of natural conditions (metal rusting, corrosion, etc.).
Physical wear is a natural phenomenon. The main task is to prevent its premature occurrence. Completely physically worn-out funds are replaced: the active part - with new equipment; buildings and structures - through capital construction.
Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms. The first form is the result of an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the level of technical equipment of production, when there is a reduction in labor costs and, as a result, the cost of products. Tools of labor lose part of their value in proportion to the decrease in socially necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in their purpose, but they completely retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor they make it possible to produce the same amount of products as new tools of labor.
The second form of obsolescence is associated with scientific and technological progress, thanks to which more advanced tools of labor appear - both in terms of their design and technical parameters, and in terms of operational indicators. Elimination of obsolescence can be carried out by both replacement and modernization.
ü 4. Types of valuation
There are the following types of valuation of fixed production assets:
The initial cost, which is determined as the sum of the acquisition cost (price) and the cost of transporting and installing tools;
In capital construction - the estimated cost established for the object put into operation;
Replacement cost - the cost of the goods, determined not by the time that is actually spent on its production, but by the time that is necessary for the reproduction of the goods in modern conditions. It is calculated by the formula:
,
where Tsper - initial cost, rub.;
P - the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry as a whole;
t - time lag (from the year of issue to the moment of assessment).
Due to the sharp rise in the cost of fixed capital, the initial information for revaluation should be the full balance sheet value of fixed production assets and indexes of conversion factors. The replacement cost is used in the revaluation of fixed production assets. According to the recommendations of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the revaluation is carried out in 10-20 years at low inflation rates and annually at high inflation rates;
Residual value is that part of the cost of fixed production assets that is not transferred to finished products as a result of the fact that the further use of this technique is not economically justified, and is determined by the formula:
Tsost \u003d Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1 - On Tk),
where Na is the depreciation rate, in fractions of a unit;
Tek - period of operation, in years;
Salvage value - the cost of selling dismantled equipment at Tslik > TsOST.
Excess value is directed to the income of the enterprise. If Tslik< Цост, потери зачисляются в убыток, а при оценке эффективности новой техники, поступающей на замену ликвидированной, потери приплюсовываются к новой стоимости, но только для оценки эффективности замены.
ü 5. Methods for calculating depreciation rates
Depreciation- Gradual transfer of the cost of fixed production assets to the manufactured product. Depreciation and the formation of an amortization fund are carried out by establishing norms in percentages or fractions of a unit of the balance sheet value of fixed production assets.
There are several methods for calculating depreciation rates.
The proportional method provides for the calculation of the depreciation rate (Na) in any period of operation of fixed production assets, i.e.
Na \u003d 1 / Tn, where Tn is the standard service life of the equipment, in years.
The most common method for determining the standard service life is that as the service life of fixed assets increases, annual depreciation charges (Ai) decrease, and the costs of maintaining fixed assets in working condition
(3pi) grow. The economically justified service life (Teo) will be determined by the year (Teoi) in which the annual total costs, i.e. annual depreciation charges (Ai) plus repair costs (3pj), will be minimal: Teoi = Ai + 3pi = min.
The need to establish an economically justified period is explained by the fact that if the standard service life of the equipment is overestimated, then full physical wear and tear will occur before the cost of fixed assets is transferred to finished products. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the value of fixed assets is transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.
The accelerated method is that a large share of depreciation accounts for the first years of operation of fixed production assets. In this case, the standard service life is calculated in conventional years. For example, at Tn = 10 years, the conditional amount will be: Tus = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55. In the first year, Nai = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second - Na2 = 9/55 = = 16.3%, in the third - Na3 = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth - Na10 = 1/55 = 1.8%.
This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence of the active part of fixed production assets. It is beneficial in cases where the fixed production assets are used beyond the standard useful life, since the tax for the use of equipment is paid in the amount of the depreciation rate in the last year of the equipment's useful life. With the accelerated method (Tn = 10 years) Na = 1.8%; with the proportional method - Na = 10%. Another method of accelerated depreciation provides for a 2-fold increase in the depreciation rate for the active part, calculated in a proportional (uniform) way.
Along with accelerated depreciation, enterprises in priority industries that ensure technical progress can additionally write off up to 50% of the initial cost of equipment with a service life of more than 3 years. In case of misuse, the additional amount of depreciation is included in the taxable base and is subject to income tax.
ü 6. Main indicators of the use of fixed production assets
The effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets is evaluated by general and particular indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed production assets is capital productivity. There are several methods for calculating return on assets. The most common is the method of calculating the value of gross output, i.e., comparing the cost of gross output (GRP) and the average annual cost of fixed production assets. However, this method does not take into account the impact of material costs, which artificially affect the value of capital productivity. Other methods involve the use of: marketable products, own, private and conditionally private products, profits. Particular indicators include the shift factor, the load factor, the utilization factor of dimensional parameters, etc.
The shift ratio (Kcm) of equipment operation or full-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the actual number of machine-shifts worked during the day (C) to the number of installed equipment (nu): Kcm \u003d (C1 + C2 + C3) / n. The load factor (Кзг) or intra-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the time of its actual operation (machine capacity of the annual program - SEg) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment: Кзт = SEg / Fef.
The coefficient of use of dimensional parameters of equipment is defined as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the dimensional parameter (interval) of the part by the load factor of the machine with the details of this interval, and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine by the total coefficient of its load:
,
Where is the i-th dimensional interval of the part, mm;
Dimensional parameter of the machine, mm;
Kzgi - load factor of the machine with details of the i-th dimensional interval;
- total load factor of the machine;
k- number of dimensional intervals (i = 1, 2, 3, ..., To);
T - dimensional parameter of the machine (length - l; height - h; diameter - d etc.).
The overall utilization factor of dimensional parameters is determined by the formula:
,
Where P- the number of dimensional parameters.
The average annual cost of fixed assets can be calculated in two ways. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:
,
Where OPFng, OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the reporting year;
The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February (i = 2) and ending in December (n = 12).
,
Where OPFng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;
;- the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed assets in the i-th month;
Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months.
ü 7. The relationship and impact of labor productivity on capital productivity
Return on assets, defined as the ratio of the cost of gross output (VP) to the average annual cost of fixed production assets (OPFavg. g), can be calculated using the formula:
=
output / capital-labor ratio,
Where H- the average number of workers.
The return on assets increases, provided that the growth rate of output (productivity) outstrips the growth rate of capital-labor ratio.
ü 8. Total and direct capital intensity
The index of capital intensity of production is used mainly in substantiating the rates and proportions of expanded reproduction, assessing the effectiveness of the sectoral structure and location of production, pricing and determining the long-term need for fixed production assets.
In general, capital intensity reflects the cost of fixed production assets per 1 ruble. manufactured products. It is an inverse indicator of return on assets, i.e. FE = 1 / FO.
Depending on the participation of fixed production assets in the output of products, capital intensity can be of three types. Direct capital intensity of production takes into account the cost of fixed assets of a particular enterprise, such as an automobile plant. The indirect capital intensity of products includes only the cost of fixed production assets that operate at allied enterprises and indirectly participate in the creation of components for a particular enterprise. So, associated enterprises for an automobile plant are metallurgical plants, instrument-making and petrochemical industries, etc.
Full capital intensity production is the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity. For example, in the automotive industry, the cost of fixed production assets per 100 thousand rubles. products, is 30 thousand rubles. (direct capital intensity). However, the manufacturing technology of automotive products is associated with the costs of not only living, but also materialized labor (means and objects of labor with which products for the automotive industry are manufactured (metallurgy, instrument making, etc.)). This is indirect capital intensity. Taking into account its value, the total capital intensity of automotive products is 152 thousand rubles. for 100 thousand rubles. products.
Incremental capital intensity- this is the ratio of the increase in the value of fixed production assets for a certain period (month, quarter, year) to the increase in production for the same period. It is used to establish the reasons that affect the level of capital intensity in the study period.
ü 9. Specific capital intensity
The calculation of the specific capital intensity for each item of multi-product production is associated with certain difficulties. Therefore, the entire range of manufactured products is grouped on the basis of the similarity of certain classification features. In each group, a typical representative is allocated, for which the specific capital intensity is calculated.
The cost of fixed production assets of various departments of the enterprise is determined by the method of direct differential calculation of the specific capital intensity of a unit of production. The specific capital intensity of a unit of production is the product of the specific capital intensity of work and the machine-tool intensity of the product. The specific capital intensity of work is determined by dividing the cost of the enterprise's fixed production assets by the machine intensity of the annual program.
This method consists in the consistent establishment of the cost of all elements of fixed production assets attributable to the production of a unit of work and products. In this case, the calculation is carried out from the previous stage of the manufacturing process to the next, with access to the final technological operation.
The production process is heterogeneous in its internal structure and content. It can be divided into a large number of components, i.e., private processes, each of which differs in the form and originality of its organization.
Information on the distribution of the value of fixed production assets cannot serve as a basis for predicting future needs or assessing the excess cost of fixed capital, since the results obtained are typical for the production conditions prevailing at the time of calculation and take into account all negative deviations associated with the use of fixed production assets.
Consequently, the real current and future need for fixed production assets (as well as their surplus) should be based on the standard specific capital intensity of a unit of production for each year of the prospective period, since the market requires competitive products that require a more advanced production technology compared to that used by a competitor.
ü 10. Lease of fixed production assets
The classic form of lease is the temporary transfer by the owner of the property of the legal right to use tools and other elements of fixed production assets to the tenant. The relationship between the parties to the transaction is legitimized by the lease agreement.
The buyout of leased property is a kind of sale by installments, therefore one of the main issues of lease relations is the valuation of the leased property. The valuation of property is understood as the total costs for the formation of the entire set of production assets, as well as the costs of maintaining them in working condition.
One of the forms of long-term lease of machinery, equipment and other types of property with periodic payment of its cost is leasing.
If leasing is a lease from 5 to 20 years, then hiring is a medium-term lease from one year to 5 years, and the rating is short-term (up to one year).
The leasing form of rent is the most progressive and has a number of advantages for both the landlord and the tenant. It is implemented on the basis of a concluded agreement, which reflects all the conditions that allow the lessor to transfer the object of lease to the other party - the lessee for a certain fee. In the contract, all the main articles are formulated in detail and clearly in order to eliminate disagreements.
Tasks and guidelines
■ Task 1.
Determine the coefficients characterizing the structure of fixed production assets.
Initial data: the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 15 million rubles. During the year, OPFvv was introduced - 5.4 million rubles, written off from the balance sheet of the enterprise OPFlik - 2.7 million rubles.
Guidelines
The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets:
where OPFkg - fixed production assets at the end of the year:
OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr (here OPFpr \u003d OPFvv - OPFlik).
Retirement rate: Click = OLFlick / 0PFng.
Growth coefficient: Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.
§ Task 2.
Determine the cost of input (OPFvv) and disposal (OPFlik), growth rate (Kpr) and disposal (Click).
Initial data: cost of OPFng = 2.0 million rubles; increase in OPFpr = 0.2 million rubles; renewal coefficient Kobn = 0.35.
Guidelines
The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year
OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr.
The cost of entering OPFvv = OPFkg Cobn.
OPFlik disposal cost = OPFvv - OPFpr.
Growth coefficient Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.
Retirement rate Click = OPFlik / OPFng.
§ Task 3.
Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets (two methods).
Initial data: OPFact = 4.0 million rubles; share of the active part αact = 0.4; introduced during the year: March - 0.5 million rubles; July - 0.1 million rubles; retired: May - 200 thousand rubles; August - 150 thousand rubles.
Guidelines
Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets can be carried out by two methods. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets takes the following form:
where OPFng; OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning (January 1) and end (December 31) of the reporting year;
The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February ( i= 2 ) and ending with December ( n = 12 ).
According to the second method, the input and disposal are timed to the end of the analyzed period:
where OPFvvi; OPFliki, - the cost of the introduced and liquidated fixed assets in i-th month;
Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months;
n, m - the number of measures to enter and write off the balance of fixed assets.
The disadvantage of the second method is that on its basis the average annual cost of fixed production assets introduced and written off from the balance sheet is determined, and according to the first method, the average annual cost of all cash funds participating in production on a monthly basis. When calculating by the second method, an error (decrease) in the average annual cost occurs, the value of which can be determined by the formula:
§ Task 4.
Determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment () with an age equal to t1 , = 6 years; t2= 8 years; t3= 14 years; t4= 18 years old.
Guidelines
As equipment ages, the potential for its operating time decreases, i.e., depending on the number of years of operation, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time decreases.
The annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift does not change with the age of up to 5 years and is 1870 hours, where 0.1 is the proportion of time allotted for repairs. As the age of the equipment increases, the annual fund of time decreases: for the age from 6 to 10 years - annually by 1.5%, from 11 to 15 years - by 2.0%, over 15 years - by 2.5%.
So, for the age group up to 5 years = 1870 hours; from 6 to 10 years = 1870 (1 - ); from 10 to 15 years old = 1870 (1 - ); over 15 years = 1870 (1 - ).
According to the aggregated assessment, the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift with the actual age can be determined by the formula:
where tf is the actual age of the equipment.
§ Task 5.
Determine the annual effective fund of equipment fleet operation time.
Initial data: the equipment park (Pb) consists of 20 units, of which 5-year-old equipment is 8 units; 12 years old - 8 units, 16 years old - 4 units.
Guidelines
The annual fund of operating time of the equipment fleet can be calculated in two ways.
According to the first method, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time for each age group is equal to:
,
where is the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment i-th age group;
ni- the number of pieces of equipment of the Z-th age group;
m-number of age groups ( i= 1, 2, 3, ..., t).
According to the second method, the annual fund of the operating time of the equipment fleet is determined as the product of the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment of middle age () by the amount of equipment in the fleet ( nP):
.
In its turn
,
Where ti- actual age i th group of equipment;
ni- number of pieces of equipment i- th age group.
1870 (1) = 1870 x 0.925 = 1729 hours, and the annual effective fund of the equipment fleet will be:
.
§ Task 6.
Determine the economic life of the equipment.
Initial data: the price of a piece of equipment Tsob = 6 thousand rubles, the costs of maintaining the equipment in working condition are carried out in the third year of operation of the equipment and are: 3z = 0.2 thousand rubles; 34 = 0.5 thousand rubles; 35 = 0.7 thousand rubles; 36 \u003d 0.8 thousand rubles; 37 \u003d 0.9 thousand rubles; 38 = = 0.9 thousand rubles; 39 = 1.0 thousand rubles; 310 \u003d 1.2 thousand rubles.
Guidelines
It is known that as the service life of fixed production assets increases, annual depreciation deductions decrease, as the depreciation rate (Na) changes: Na = 1/T, where T is the service life of the equipment. Therefore, the longer the life of the equipment, the lower the depreciation deductions. However, an increase in the service life of equipment is accompanied by an increase in the cost of its repair. The economically justified service life of the equipment is determined by the year (Teo) when the total costs, i.e. annual depreciation (Ai) plus repair costs (3 pi), will be minimal. In other words, the following condition must be met:
Ai + 3pi = min, where Аi - annual depreciation charges in the i-th year:
Аi = Цj, Nai. So, at T1 = 1 year, Na = 1.0; at T2 = 2 years Ha = 0.5; at T3 = 3 years Ha = 0.33, ..., at T10 = 10 years Ha = 0.1.
§ Task 7.
Determine the depreciation rate using the method of proportional and accelerated transfer of the cost of fixed assets.
Initial data: the price of a piece of equipment Tsob = 10 thousand rubles; service life T = 12 years.
Guidelines
The proportional depreciation method provides for the calculation of an equal depreciation rate in any period of operation of fixed production assets: Na = 1/Tn 100%; for example, at T \u003d 5 years, Na \u003d (1/5) 100 \u003d 20%, or 0.2.
The advantage of this method is the straight-line accumulation of depreciation charges, and the disadvantage is the obviously fixed constant value of the depreciation period. In addition, this method of depreciation does not provide sufficient incentives to improve the efficiency of equipment use.
The accelerated method is that the main share of depreciation accounts for the first years of equipment service. In this case, its service life is calculated in conventional years, that is, it is expressed as the sum of natural numbers from one to n, where n is the service life in years. So, at T= 10 years, the conditional number of years is: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55 arb. years. In the first year, Ha = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second, Ha = 9/55 = 16.3%, in the third year, Ha = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth, Ha = 1/55 = 1.8%. This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence. It is beneficial in cases where fixed assets are used beyond their normal useful life, since the tax on equipment is the depreciation rate in the last year of its useful life. With the proportional method, it will be 10%, with the accelerated method - 1.8%. The accelerated method allows you to increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise, as it has more opportunities for updating the equipment fleet.
■ Task 8.
Determine the initial, replacement and residual value of fixed assets.
Initial data: purchase price of a piece of equipment Tsob - 5 thousand rubles; transport and installation costs Ztm = = 1.0 thousand rubles; average annual growth rates of labor productivity in the industry Cond = 0.03, or 3%; depreciation rate
Ha = 10%, or 0.1; Tek operation period - 7 years.
Guidelines
The initial cost is the cost of acquiring a piece of equipment (Tsob) plus transport and installation costs (3tm): Tsper = Tsob + Ztm. The replacement cost is the cost of equipment for the year of revaluation:
Tsvos = Tsper(1 + P)t, where P is the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry; t is the time between the years of production of equipment and revaluation, for example, the year of acquisition is 1989, the year of revaluation is 1997, t = 8 years.
Residual value is the initial value reduced by the amount of the transferred value: Cost = Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1- On Tek)
■ Task 9.
Determine the utilization coefficients of the whole-shift (shift factor) and intra-shift operating time of the equipment, the integral utilization coefficient.
Initial data: installed equipment in the amount of n = 30 units. worked in the first shift S1= 30 stankosmen in the second S2 = 15 stankosmen. The machine-tool capacity of the annual production program: products A - SEB = 15 thousand hours. The average age of the equipment fleet is Tav - 9 years.
Guidelines
The shift ratio is the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked per day to the number of installed equipment (ny): Kcm = (S1 + S2) / ny
Coefficient of tselosmennoe use of the fleet of installed equipment: Ksm. use = Ksm/Kr, where Kp - equipment operation mode (number of shifts per day,
Cr from 1 to 3).
The equipment load factor is the ratio of the machine-tool capacity of the annual production program (SE year) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment fleet:
Kzg \u003d SE year / Fef ( 
- the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment with an average age T).
Integral utilization factor of the installed equipment fleet:
§ Task 10.
Determine the return on assets for gross and net output.
Initial data: the value of gross output at the end of the year VPkg = 5 million rubles; the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation αmz = 0.6. The cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 2 million rubles; introduced during the year (July) - 2 million rubles; retired (September) - 1.5 million rubles.
Guidelines
Return on assets is the cost of production per 1 rub. the average annual cost of fixed production assets. In the practice of planning and analyzing the efficiency of production, several methods are used to calculate the return on assets: by gross output, by net output, etc.
The gross output of an enterprise is the volume of production in monetary terms produced for a certain period:
where Цi - unit price of the i-th nomenclature of manufactured products;
Ai - annual volume of the i-th product;
To- the number of nomenclature positions.
Net output is the value newly created in the production process, which is calculated as the difference between gross output and material costs (MZ), including depreciation (A):
PE \u003d VP-(MZ + A) \u003d VP (1-αmZ),
Where αmz is the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation.
The average annual cost of fixed production assets - see task 3 of this topic and guidelines for it.
■ Task 11.
Determine the rate of growth of capital productivity.
Initial data: the value of gross output VP= 12 million rubles, the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFNG= 6 million rubles; the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year αact n = 0.6; load factor Kzg = 0.75. By the end of the year, the share of the active part will increase to αact k = 0.7, the load factor Kzg = 0,85.
Guidelines
The cost of the active part of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:
OPFact=OPFαact,
Where OPF- the cost of fixed production assets;
αact - the share of the active part of fixed production assets.
Growth in gross output as a result of:
a) growth of the active part:
VPact \u003d FOact. ng(OPFact. kg-OPFact.ng)
Where FOact. ng - return on assets of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;
OP Fact. ng, OP Fact. kg - the cost of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;
αact ng; αact kg - the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;
b) reduction of intra-shift losses:
,
Where Kzg. ng; Kzg. kg- load factor at the beginning and end of the year.
Total increase in gross output: Vpo5sch= VPakt + VPv/cm.
The growth rate of capital productivity is the ratio of capital productivity at the end of the year to capital productivity at the beginning of the year: tp FO \u003d FOCG / FONT.
§ Task 12.
Determine the utilization factor of the dimensional parameters of the equipment.
Guidelines
At the first stage, the parts are grouped by dimensional intervals and the machine capacity or load factor for each dimensional interval is determined.
The coefficient of use of the dimensional parameters of the equipment is set as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the i-th dimensional interval of the part (Rdi) and the load factor of the machine with parts of the corresponding dimensional interval (Кзгi), and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine (m) on the total load factor:
,
Where ; - dimensional interval of the part and the machine for the corresponding m-th characteristic ( l- length, d- diameter, h- height, etc.);
To- the number of dimensional intervals of the part (i=1,2, 3, ..., k).
The overall coefficient of use of dimensional parameters Ki(total) is defined as the sum of the coefficients of use of dimensional parameters divided by the number of characteristics:
, or 
Where ; ; - equipment utilization factors
by diameter ( d), length ( l), m-th characteristic;
b is the number of characteristics (i = 1, 2, ..., b).
When evaluating the use of dimensional parameters of equipment, it should be borne in mind that its characteristics indicate the size of the part being processed or installed.
For equipment, the dimensional parameter of which is determined by the diameter and length of the product to be installed, it should be taken into account that when the diameter is fully used, the possibilities of processing the length are reduced to 50%.
Then 
If the length of the installed product is fully used, the possibility of processing the part in diameter should not exceed 60%.
The calculation formula for the utilization factor of the diameter of the machine takes the following form:
§ Task 13.
Determine the change in the value of fixed production assets in the reporting year, if in the base year the cost of fixed production assets amounted to OPF base - 5.0 million rubles; machine-tool intensity of the annual program
SE = 200 thousand hours; machine-tool capacity of a unit of product A - SEA = 150 h; products
B-SEB = 400 h; annual volume of the product A - QA = 600 units; products B - QB = 275 units.
In the reporting year, QA = 400 units; QB = 600 units
Guidelines
The distribution of the cost of fixed production assets by products is based on the specific capital intensity of work (UFErab), which is defined as the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets (OPF) to the machine intensity of the annual program (SE): UFE6 = OPF / SE.
The need for fixed production assets for the annual program of the i-th product is determined by the formula: ;
for the annual program of the entire issue:
;
where k is the number of products.
The change in value is defined as the difference between the cost of fixed production assets in the reporting and base years.
■ Task 14.
Determine the price of the leasing contract in order to confirm that this transaction is economically beneficial for both the landlord and the tenant.
Initial data: Tar lease term = 5 years; the initial cost of the leased equipment Tsper = 15 thousand rubles; depreciation rate Na - 0.125; net income standard NPV = 0.11; expenses of the landlord Tsar = 16,850 rubles; annual interest rate for the loan D = 0.1. There are no benefits for the tenant.
Guidelines
The leasing transaction is economically justified:
for the lessor, provided that the actual value of net income (NPV) exceeds its standard value (NPV):
NRF > NPV;
for the tenant, provided that the amount of the loan for the purchase of the leased equipment (the initial price of the equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan) exceeds the cost of the license contract, i.e. CCR>CL.
The price of a license contract is determined by the formula:
where Cp - the initial price of the leased equipment;
depreciation rate is taken equal to 1.0;
Kni - coefficient taking into account property tax: Kni = (1 + 0.2) = 1.2.
Capital investments for the purchase of leased equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan, are calculated according to the formula:
where D is the annual interest rate for a loan (in fractions of a unit).
Questions:
1) What is the criterion for classifying the property of an enterprise as fixed production assets (OPF)?
2) Expand the essence of the technological, specific (production) and age structure of the BPF.
3) What are the types of OPF valuations and what are they used for?
4) What is the essence of the physical and obsolescence of the OPF, the factors influencing them?
5) What are the essence and significance of the reproductive policy at the micro level?
6) What are the main indicators characterizing the level of use of 0PF?
7) What is the essence of depreciation and what changes have occurred in depreciation policy in recent years?
8) What are the most important and realistic ways to improve usage
OPF at the enterprise?
8) What methods of depreciation calculation are used
9) What are the methods of depreciation calculation?
Educational edition
MAIN PRODUCTION ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE
Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline "Economics, Enterprise Management" for IV-year students studying in the direction 200100 "Instrument Engineering", specialties: 200101 "Instrument Engineering", 200106 "Information and Measuring Equipment and Technologies", 200102 "Instruments and Control Methods quality and diagnostics.
Scientific editor
candidate of technical sciences,
assistant professor
Editor
Layout
Cover design
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Signed for publication on 00.00.2008. Format 60x84/16. Paper "Snow Maiden". Xerox printing. Conv. oven l. 1.63.-ed. l. 1.47 Order 42Circulation 30 copies. |
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Tomsk Polytechnic University Quality Management System Tomsk Polytechnic University is certified NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE according to ISO 9001:2000 | ||
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. Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30.In recent years, due to the steady growth in the range of products and the pace of its renewal, the nature of industrial enterprises has changed. Enterprise management has become impossible without effective planning of its activities and control over the implementation of plans. Satisfying the needs of consumers required the acceleration of the organization of the release of new products, i.e. flexible development of enterprises. The elements of the flexible development of the enterprise should also include the process of manufacturing competitive products in conditions of limited financial opportunities using all available resources.
In market conditions, when developing new areas of activity, the ideology of budgeting as an element of strategic control becomes the main instrument of corporate governance.
The formation of the company's budget - the basis of financial management and the economic regulator of relations between its structural divisions and the external environment - is one of the main factors in ensuring competitiveness.
The means of production at the disposal of factories are divided into means of labor (buildings, machines, machine tools) and objects of labor (materials, semi-finished products, fuel, locomotives and wagons).
The means of production form production assets, which are divided into fixed and circulating.
Fixed production assets (OPF) are means of labor that fully or partially retain their natural-material form for many production cycles (usually years) and transfer their value to finished products in parts, as they wear out.
The results of modern production are increasingly determined by the renewal and improvement of production assets and depend on the degree of their use.
According to the composition, purpose, functions performed in the production process, fixed assets are usually divided into the following groups that characterize their structure: buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment.
According to the role in the production process, the active and passive parts of fixed assets are distinguished.
Active fixed assets are tools of labor that directly affect output, i.e. involved in the transformation of objects of labor into finished products. These are machines and equipment installed in the main workshops of enterprises, adjustable instruments and devices, tools.
Passive fixed assets are those that ensure the normal functioning of the active part of the funds. These are buildings, roads, power plants that supply working machines with electricity, transmission devices that deliver this energy, and vehicles.
The initial cost of fixed assets is expressed in the prices of their acquisition or commissioning. At these prices, fixed assets are taken into account in the balance sheet of the enterprise and depreciation is charged. The initial cost of equipment included in fixed assets consists of the purchase price, transportation costs for delivery and costs for construction and installation works (construction of the foundation, installation and debugging).
Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets. It takes into account the same costs as the initial cost, but in modern conditions, and allows you to compare the volume of fixed assets across enterprises. For these purposes, an inventory and revaluation of fixed assets is periodically carried out.
The full (original and replacement) cost is the cost of fixed assets in a new, unworn condition. At full cost, the funds are accounted for on the balance sheet of the plant during the entire period of their operation.
The residual value is calculated as the difference between the full original cost and the amount of depreciation. It expresses that part of the value of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to the cost of products manufactured with their help, and is determined by the formula:
F srg = F ng + (F cc* p) / 12 - F select * (12 - p) / 12, ( 1.1)
where f srg - average annual cost of fixed assets;
F ng - initial (book) cost of fixed assets;
F centuries - the cost of fixed assets introduced;
n - the number of months of operation of the commissioned / retired fixed assets;
F sb - liquidation value;
The return on assets is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the value of fixed production assets, calculated by the formula:
F otd = V vp / F srg , ( 1.2)
where f otd - capital productivity;
V vp - volume of output;
F srg - average annual cost of fixed assets.
Capital intensity - is an inverse indicator of capital productivity and shows the number of fixed assets required for the production of products per 1 ruble. Determined by the formula:
F capacity = F srg /V vp , (1.3)
where f capacity - capital intensity.
The capital-labor ratio shows the share of fixed production assets per worker, that is, it characterizes the level of provision of production personnel with the means of production. Calculated according to the formula:
F voor = F srg / h cn , (1.4)
where f voor - capital-labor ratio;
H cn - headcount.
Profitability of sales - an indicator of the financial performance of the organization, showing what part of the organization's revenue is profit. In this case, various profit indicators can be used as a financial result in the calculation. Determined by the formula:
R=P/S*100%, (1.5)
where R - profitability of sales;
P - profit from sales;
C - cost.
Calculations of the average annual cost of fixed assets are made according to the balance sheet. In turn, this indicator serves as the basis for calculating the performance indicators for the use of fixed assets and studying the dynamics of changes in their value.
In the system of indicators for assessing the movement of fixed assets, the characteristic of the intensity of their renewal is also important.
To do this, calculate the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets for a certain period:
TO update = F input / F con. G , . ( 1.6)
where K o6n - update factor;
F input - the cost of newly introduced (arrived) fixed assets for a certain period;
F con. G. - the value of fixed assets at the end of the year (period) for which the fixed assets are analyzed.
The process of updating fixed assets involves studying the nature of their disposal. The assessment of this process is carried out according to the retirement rate of fixed assets for a certain period:
TO select = F select / F early , ( 1.7)
where K you6 - retirement rate;
F select - the cost of retiring fixed assets for a certain period;
F early - the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the same period.
The processes of renewal and disposal of fixed assets should be mutually evaluated. To do this, study the growth rate of fixed assets:
TO nature = (F input - F select ) /F ng , ( 1.8)
where K nature - coefficient of growth of fixed assets;
F ng - the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period.
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