Characteristic for legal, administrative and social activities. For such a phenomenon as the culture of speech, the official business style is very important, because it is used to draw up documents and business papers related to state tasks, court cases and diplomatic communication. It is characterized by isolation, the stability of many speech turns, specific vocabulary and special syntactic turns. Documents written in a formal business manner are compact and filled with clichés and language clichés. These are international treaties, state decrees and acts, legal laws and court rulings, various charters and official correspondence, as well as other types of business papers that differ in accuracy and language standard.

This is a special culture of speech. The official business style, in addition to clichés and language clichés, includes professional terminology and archaisms in abundance. Polysemantic words are not used at all when using this style. Documents also avoid synonyms, and if they are used, then their style is also strictly observed and the vocabulary, as it were, is shackled into a framework, beyond which it is forbidden.

But the official business style uses nouns in abundance, naming people on the basis of activity, positions are always called in the masculine gender. Often words with a particle are used not as antonyms for the same words when they are used without a negative particle. Popular in business documents are both complex and infinitives in the designations of actions performed or being performed. A rather large place in this style of speech is given to complex words.

Formal business style favors homogeneous members. Passive constructions are also often used, that is, impersonal sentences without indicating the person performing the action. The genitive case of nouns forms a chain of syntactic constructions; sentences are often very common and burdened with a clause clause.

The official business style has two varieties: official documentary and everyday business style. The first group is the language of such legislative acts as the Constitution of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, charters and programs of parties, as well as diplomatic documents of international importance, such as a communiqué, memorandum, convention, etc. The second group includes the language used in the process of conducting official correspondence and compiling private business papers. These include various certificates, business letters, powers of attorney, announcements, statements, receipts, autobiographies, etc. It is known how the listed papers are standardized, which greatly facilitates their compilation. The information they contain is brief and used in a minimal amount.

It is known that English is a means of international communication. Therefore, official-business style of English is used in the diplomatic sub-style, when business papers are to be translated. Varieties of business speech in this case are determined by the scope of use. Trade agreements and contracts are maintained in the style of commercial correspondence. In the field of law, the language of codes, legal provisions, state and parliamentary decisions is used. Separately, the language of paramilitary business papers stands out.

Thus, the official business style of the English language is intended to play the role of a tool by which an understanding of the essence of the matter is achieved by the parties, which leads to the signing of various agreements.

Formal business style- This is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliche(French clich). The document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd the document, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, hblack cash, shadow business;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal manner of presentation has given way to impersonal ( One can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for the future social reorganization.To modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).

6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of causal relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with various types of unions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, while, meanwhile, while and etc.).

7. Used in scientific speech and a group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (according to our opinion, according to belief, according to the concept, according to information, according to the message, from the point of view, according to the hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true cause - the goal, and does not follow an external stimulus.

8. For scientific works, the compositional connectedness of the presentation is characteristic. The interconnection of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, also, also, nevertheless, still, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, moreover, however, in spite of, above all, in first of all, at first, in the end, finally, Consequently).

PUBLICISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH

The journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language, serving a wide range of public relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, etc. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentary films , some types of oratory (reports, speeches, speeches at meetings, rallies, in state and public organizations, etc.).

The selection and organization of linguistic means of a journalistic style is determined by its main functions - informative and influencing.

The function of the message (informative) is that the authors of journalism texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, listeners about problems that are significant for society. The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in a journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the daily life of citizens. The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence (expressive). The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality, which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways of solving it are analyzed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic style is characterized by the alternation of standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language means, intelligibility, conciseness, consistency of presentation with informative saturation.

Language features npublicisticWowstylei speech

Lexical Features

1. The functional purpose of the words and expressions used in the journalistic style is not the same; among them we can distinguish neutral vocabulary and phraseology ( event, play a role, shape, buyer, situation etc.) and stylistically colored, emotionally-evaluative - positive ( mercy, motherland, fraternal, dare) and negative ( clique, puppet, philistine, planting, sop to public opinionYu).

2. In a journalistic style, ready-made standard formulas are used - speech clichés ( to matter, to need amendments, to cause damage, the course of reforms, the composition of the government, the ruble exchange rate, negative consequences, financial market, pay attention and etc.). Newspaper clichés (stable phrases and whole sentences) are used next to expressive, expressive, emotionally affecting the audience means of language.

3. The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of "high", bookish style ( power, self-sacrifice, army etc.) with a colloquial style, colloquial and slang vocabulary ( hype, fuss, wet- meaning 'to kill', run into– in the meaning of ‘make claims’, etc.).

4. In a journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( humanity, publicity,president, democracy, peaceful, federal and etc.).

5. Journalistic style characterizes the use of phraseological turns and stable combinations.

Word-building features

In a journalistic style are often used:

1) abstract nouns with suffixes -awn , -stv (about), -nej(e) -andj(e): identity, greed, cooperation, annulment,confidence and etc.;

2) nouns and adjectives with lexicalized prefixes inter-, all-, general-, over - : international,all-Russian,nationwide,cutting-edge and etc.;

3) nouns and adjectives with international suffixes and prefixes -ism- ,- ist-, -ant- , -acyj(but), anti-,counter-,de- : globalism,authoritarianism,moralist, figurant, computerization,anti-vandal, counter-reform, depoliticization and etc.;

4) words with emotionally expressive suffixes, for example, -chin (a): military, Stalinism and etc.;

5) words formed by addition: socio-political, socio-economic and etc.;

Morphological features

The morphological features of the journalistic style include the frequent use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech:

6) elliptical sentences - incomplete sentences in which the absence of a verb-predicate is the norm: Behind the actor's house is a large garden.

TALKYY STYLE

The colloquial style is opposed to book styles in general. This determines its special place in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conversational style is the most traditional communicative style serving the everyday sphere of communication. It provides for a close acquaintance, social community of the participants in the conversation, the absence of an element of formality in communication.

Conversational style is characterized by mass use. It is used by people of all ages, all professions, not only in everyday life, but also in informal, personal communication in the socio-political, industrial, labor, educational and scientific fields of activity. It is widely featured in fiction. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in modern Russian. This is the original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of a later (often even historically recent) period.

A specific defining feature of colloquial speech is that it is used in conditions of unprepared, unconstrained communication with the direct participation of the speakers.

Language features of the conversational style of speech

Intonation and pronunciation

In everyday colloquial speech, for which the oral form is primordial, intonation plays an extremely important role. In interaction with syntax and vocabulary, it creates the impression of colloquialism. Unconstrained speech is often accompanied by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, lengthening of consonants, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, as well as its rhythm.

Everyday colloquial vocabulary is words that are accepted in everyday life In the vocabulary of everyday colloquial speech, in addition to neutral, includes words that are characterized by expressiveness, evaluativeness. Among them: words colloquial and colloquial coloring (excites, unfortunate, living creatures, blond, crazy, warm). The everyday colloquial style is characterized by an abundance colloquial phraseology.

Colloquial speech is also characterized by words with a situational meaning, the so-called situational vocabulary. These words can denote any concepts, and even entire situations, if they are well known to the participants in the dialogue ( thing, thing, carousel, music, parsley, bandura, business, question, trifles, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, pies, toys). For example: I can't figure this thing out! i.e.: “I just can’t understand how (TV, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) works.”

The main signs of colloquialism in the field of word formation are:

1) the use of words with suffixes of pronounced expressiveness, emotionality, stylistic reduction, for example: - eh (liar), - ash - (trader), - un - (talker), - ush - (large), - ast - (handy), -sha - (doctor), - their-a (watchman);

2) the widespread use of words formed according to specific colloquial patterns of "semantic contraction" (abbreviation), i.e., combining two or more words into one: evening paper- evening; urgent care- ambulance; foreign literature course – foreigner : higher mathematics- tower; thesis- diploma.

Morphology

1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. So, we can note the absence in colloquial speech of participles and gerunds, short adjectives (in their syntactic opposition to complete ones), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, an increase in the proportion of particles.

2. Colloquial speech is no less peculiar in the distribution of case forms. Typical, for example, is the predominance of the nominative case: House shoes / where to go out? Porridge/ look // Not burnt?

3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: Kat! Mom!

4. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of service words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: really, well, so that, at least, as well as truncated variants of nouns: five kilo orange (right: kilograms of oranges).

Colloquial style syntax

Colloquial syntax is different. The conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (the unpreparedness of the utterance, the ease of verbal communication, the influence of the situation) affect its syntactic structure with particular force. The main syntactic features of the colloquial style of speech include:

1) the predominance of simple sentences;

2) widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

3) the use of sentence words ( Yes. Not.);

4) the use of incomplete sentences on a large scale, the so-called "chopped speech" ( This dress/nowhere. No / well, nothing at all / if with a belt);

5) in the syntactic construction of colloquial speech, pauses are allowed due to various reasons (search for the right word, the speaker's excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.), repeated questions, repetitions.

These syntactic features in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:

A: Are you cold? B: Not at all!; A: Have you wet your feet again? B: But how! What a rain!; A: How interesting it was! B: Charm!-, A: Milk ran away! B: Nightmare! The whole slab was flooded//; A: He almost got hit by a car! B: Horror!, A. They again rolled him a deuce / / B: C go crazy!. A: Do you know who was there? Efremov // B: wowyou!. A: Let's move to the dacha tomorrow! B: Goes!

STYLE OF ART LITERATURE

Fiction style(or art style) is used in works of fiction: novels, short stories, plays. Its functions are not only to inform the reader and influence him, but to create a vivid vivid picture, depict an object or events, convey to the reader the emotions and thoughts of the author. Unlike other styles, the style of artistic speech also has an aesthetic function. That is why the artistic style is distinguished by expressiveness, figurativeness, emotionality and aesthetic significance of each of its elements. It involves a preliminary selection of language means.

Imagery of artistic style created with trails(metaphors, comparisons, personifications). In artistic speech can be used archaisms, historicisms(to give color to the era about which the story is told), dialectisms and even elements of conversational style(in order to more accurately convey the speech of the heroes, to more fully reveal their images).

In this way, fiction stylecombines features and elements of different styles. That is why it is not always singled out as a special style of the Russian literary language. And yet it has the right to exist as one of the independent styles of the language. Thus, the artistic style has its own expressive means of speech. These include rhythm, rhyme, harmonic organization of speech.

In the artistic style of speech is widely used verbal ambiguity of a word, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial and colloquial speech.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e., changing the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.

Russian language and culture of speech: a course of lectures Trofimova Galina Konstantinovna

Lecture 1 Features of the official business style. business man speech

Features of the official business style. business man speech

1. Features of the official business style.

2. Culture of business communication.

3. Conditions for successful business communication.

4. National features of business communication.

Everyone knows the tale of two bear cubs who shared the found cheese. They did not trust each other and asked the fox to share the cheese. As a result, the fox ate all the cheese, and the cubs got nothing. Also instructive is the story of two sisters who had only one orange. They cut him in half. It turned out at the same time that one of the sisters needed a peel, and the second - juice. Each of them would receive twice as much if they took into account the interests of each other.

For success in communication, it is very important to take into account the interests, values ​​​​of the addressee, his expectations and goals, as well as the scope of communication. This principle is especially important in business communication, which serves the formal business style.

The official business style serves the sphere of official business relations, that is, relations that arise between state bodies, between organizations or within them, between organizations and individuals in the process of production, legal activity.

In the official business sphere, the language of people connected by the interests of the case is used, who have the necessary authority to establish business relations, resolve business problems. That's why they talk about business communication.

Oral business speech is addressed to the interlocutor and suggests the possibility of influencing him. For this purpose, in addition to verbal, non-verbal language is used. Business communication has its own lexico-grammatical and stylistic specifics.

The vocabulary of official business speech uses a large number of international vocabulary, standardized expressions, cognate words, nouns with a generic meaning, as well as abbreviations, compound words. Verbs and verb formations are widely used - participles, gerunds, verbal nouns and adjectives.

The syntax is characterized by the presence of incomplete, impersonal sentences, appeals, connecting constructions, simple sentences, introductory words and phrases. Prepositions and passive constructions are used, a large number of homogeneous members of the sentence.

Business communication requires the strict use of speech structures, a standard, jargon, etc. is not allowed. Business communication requires knowledge of a professional language, knowledge of terms specific to a particular area of ​​communication (legal, diplomatic, managerial).

The main requirements for the oral speech of a business person are as follows:

- accuracy and clarity (use of words in the correct meaning, exclusion of foreign words used without necessity),

- brevity (no repetitions, tautologies),

- concreteness

- correctness

- normativity,

- logic

- reasoning

- standardized speech formulations.

Business communication can be necessary (when it is impossible to carry out joint activities without interpersonal contacts), desirable (certain contacts contribute to a more successful implementation of tasks), neutral, undesirable (makes it difficult to achieve the goal).

Business people have to constantly communicate with people at different levels of the corporate ladder. Therefore, they talk about vertical and horizontal relations. On the vertical, these are subordinate relations, they are determined by social status, administrative and legal norms and are characterized by the subordination of the younger to the senior in rank. A vertical dialogue has historically developed in Russia.

Horizontal relations involve participation in joint activities on the principles of cooperation, mutual understanding, taking into account common interests. Currently, in the business life of Russia, there is a transition to subordination and partnership relations.

A specific feature of business communication is its regulation, i.e., obedience to established rules and restrictions. There are so-called written and unwritten rules of conduct. Regulation (protocol) implies compliance with the norms of business etiquette, which reflects the accumulated experience, moral attitudes of certain social groups and people of different nationalities. The protocol prescribes how to behave in a business setting, at a meeting, negotiations, as well as how to dress, what to give, how to conduct business correspondence and much more. A very important place is given to speech etiquette. At present, a whole system of speech formulas has been created for each speech situation.

The regulation of business communication also means its limited time frame. Business meetings have strict rules. To this end, a range of issues to be discussed is outlined in advance and thorough preparations are made for the meeting.

When communicating, it is very important to create a favorable psychological climate. For this it is recommended:

- Greet the interlocutor with a sincere smile, a friendly look, address him by his first name or patronymic or using the addresses adopted in a particular country.

- Show your desire to understand the position of the interlocutor, focus on the result expected by the interlocutor.

– Try to identify the positive qualities of the interlocutor.

- Consider the emotional state of the interlocutor.

- Emphasize equality of positions, behave calmly and confidently.

- Emotionally support the conversation.

- Express sincere approval (all people love to be praised, talk about their merits).

- Give compliments. Any business conversation, commercial negotiations can be started with them. The more compliments a person makes, the more he gets them.

An important feature of business communication is the strict observance by its participants of the role role: boss - subordinate, partners, colleagues, etc.

According to psychologists, each of us in communication represents one or another type. Depending on the role in communication, the type of character, various groups are distinguished. Currently, entire systems have been created for determining the type of personality based on various signs.

So, the American psychologist Everett Shostrom believes that a manipulator sits in every person. It distinguishes the following types:

- dictator (dominates, orders, governs),

- a victim of a dictator (obeys orders),

- calculator (deceives, lies, tries to outwit),

- stuck (craves to be the subject of worries, makes you do everything for yourself),

- bully (exaggerates aggressiveness, manages with the help of threats),

- nice guy (kills with kindness, moralist),

- judge (does not trust anyone, critical),

- protector (cares for others, overemphasizing it). Based on them, 4 types of people in business communication are distinguished:

- active - plays the role of a person full of strength;

- passive - pretends to be stupid and helpless ("Kazan orphan");

- Competitor - a fighter in the tournament;

- indifferent - plays a role, knocking out concessions.

Curious is the so-called psycho-geometric approach to personality typology, which was substantiated by the American psychologist S. Dellinger. This approach is based on what kind of geometric figure a person prefers.

For example, a “square” loves to work, loves stability and order, lives according to a plan. His speech is logical, consistent, detailed, monotonous, with clichés and terms.

"Triangle" - leader, energetic, decisive, pragmatic, ambitious, non-self-critical, detonator of interpersonal relationships. Speech is logical, clear, focused on the essence of the matter, fast.

The Rectangle is dissatisfied with itself, inconsistent, tends to be supportive. Speech is confused, emotional, unclear.

"Circle" strives for harmony in relations, benevolent, seeks to empathize, tries to please everyone, often indecisive. Speech - often deviating from the main topic, smooth, emotional.

"Zigzag" likes to sharpen the conflict, is witty, strives for independence, feels the mood of people, is unrestrained, expressive, does not bring things to the end. Speech is inconsistent, associative, bright.

Successful business interaction is determined by how the goal is set, the interests of partners are determined, the strategy and tactics are chosen.

In business communication, such qualities as commitment, loyalty to the word, organization, observance of moral standards are valued.

In practice, there are different forms of business communication: conversation, negotiations, meetings, presentations, telephone conversations, briefings. All of them have their own characteristics and scope, but the flow process is approximately the same.

As a rule, the following stages are distinguished in business communication: establishing contact, orientation in a situation, discussing issues, making a decision, achieving a goal, getting out of contact.

Establishing contact is very important. Sometimes a person is hindered in establishing contact:

- the halo effect - everything good is attributed to a positive person, with a negative attitude towards a person - everything bad, even his positive actions are regarded in this case as negative;

- typification effect - a judgment about a person is made from the point of view of one's own experience or the opinions of others;

- the effect of primacy - the first impression of a person is the strongest and it is difficult to reverse it.

In business communication, both the pros and cons of a person's individual characteristics are demonstrated. Therefore, business communication requires introspection and constant monitoring. In ancient Rome, according to custom, a slave was placed behind the victorious commander, who during the procession shouted out the phrase: “Be careful not to fall”, thus reminding him that he is just a man.

In the process of business communication, various techniques are used to help achieve the goal. (Cialdini described them in The Psychology of Influence.)

The principle of contrast, when the difference is exaggerated. (Perfectly used by sellers. They show first an expensive item, and then a cheap one, first a bad house, and then a good one, but not the best, but the one that needs to be sold.)

The principle of reciprocity. People try to pay for services rendered. (They give a gift for testing, forcing them to buy something that is not necessary at all.) In this case, the person feels obligated and often gives more than they did to him.

The principle of social proof. People are guided by other people in a similar situation. The principle of participation in advertising of famous athletes, politicians. This principle takes into account that only 5% of people are initiators, the rest are imitators.

The principle of favor. People are more willing to comply with the requirements of those they like or know. This is primarily due to physical attractiveness. In this case, positive qualities are automatically attributed to a person. We like people who are like us.

Lunch method. While eating, people are more willing to make positive decisions, make concessions. Therefore, many contracts are signed and decisions are made during a business lunch or dinner.

In the oral speech of business people, it is necessary to take into account etiquette norms. Experts advise: never talk about your personal life and do not ask about someone else's. And politely evade conversations on personal topics. So, when communicating on business, it is not recommended to keep talking about politics, religion, ask questions about income, salary.

The pace of internationalization of the economy, new electronic means of communication lead to the expansion of international contacts, the emergence of a large number of joint ventures, and interaction between representatives of business circles from different countries. At present, knowledge and understanding of the national characteristics of all participants in communication is the most important condition for the effective solution of emerging problems.

Each nation has developed its own traditions of business communication, which are expressed in language, movements, gestures, etc. Thus, the culture of the United States is characterized as informal, individualistic, materialistic, focused on the value of time. In Japan and China, more time is given to the group than to the individual. Submission and cooperation are more important there. In Latin America or Saudi Arabia, great importance is attached to tradition, ceremony, where it is customary to first talk on irrelevant topics and only then move on to the issue of discussion.

Each nation has features that need to be taken into account in business communication.

The characteristic features of Americans are energy, independence, enterprise, diligence. They are patriots. Their philosophy is to earn as much as possible and quickly. Their style is highly professional, they are individualists, they like to act without regard to their superiors. They are democratic, often behave informally, love jokes, value honesty and frankness, they save time and are distinguished by punctuality. They do not like pauses, decisions are made quickly and rarely change it.

The English are considered honest, reasonable, courteous. They are characterized by restraint, isolation, efficiency and enterprise. They prefer not to touch personal topics, they are conservative, gardening is a national passion. They solve problems not by phone, but, as a rule, by letters. Their word can be trusted. Verbosity is regarded as a violation of the rules of communication, the imposition of one's opinion.

The Japanese are very polite, so they don’t say “no”, looking into the eyes is considered bad manners, not handshakes are accepted, but bows, the more important the guest, the more bows. They negotiate as a team, never make decisions right away. If they are treated with courtesy, they usually make concessions. Russian journalist V. Tsvetov in the book "The Fifteenth Stone of the Reanji Garden" gives an example of negotiations between Japanese and American companies. When the Americans talked about their company, about the possibilities and benefits of cooperation, the Japanese nodded their heads and listened decorously. And then they began to ask questions that seemed irrelevant. The Japanese believed that the Americans were putting pressure on them, and the Americans were surprised by the requests of the other side and their questions. The negotiations were terminated.

Thus, business communication involves knowledge of speech etiquette, the rules for constructing business conversations and meetings, knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the use of the necessary speech formulas according to the situation. The effectiveness of business communication also depends on the knowledge of the psychological characteristics of the individual, which reflects the language, on the knowledge of the national characteristics of business people.

1. About What do you need to remember when preparing for a business conversation?

2. What techniques are most often used in business communication, what techniques do you use to achieve your goal?

APPENDIX

Sample interview questions

1. Why do you want to work in our company?

2. What is your work experience?

3. What can you say about the company and its leader?

4. Are you willing to work as long as it takes?

5. What salary do you want to receive?

6. What kind of student were you?

7. What goal do you want to achieve?

8. How do you spend your free time?

10. Why did you leave your previous job?

11. Your strengths and weaknesses.

12. What is the most important thing in your life?

13. Do you like to work in a team?

When writing a resume

1. All information should fit on one page.

2. The text of the resume is typed on a computer.

4. Titles must be highlighted.

5. The resume is beautifully designed and on good quality paper.

6. All names are written in full.

7. Provide information that emphasizes your strengths and may influence the employer's decision.

8. Numbers are written in reverse chronological order.

9. Eliminate unnecessary random information. 10. Avoid blots, grammatical errors.

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Section 4 Culture of official business speech

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Official business style of speech (general characteristic)

Formal business style- This is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

For formal business style characteristic dryness, lack of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliches (French. clich ).

Formal business styleis the style of documents of different genres, such as:

• international treaties,
  

• state acts,
  

• legal laws,
  

• decrees,
  

• charters,

• instructions
  

• business correspondence,
  

• business papers, etc.
  

But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and the most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of interpretation;

2) locale.

These traits find their expression:

A) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic);

b) in the preparation of business documents.

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

Lexical (dictionary) system of official business style, except for common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In formal business style unacceptable use polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, but synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style:

supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Formal business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result, her vocabulary is extremely generalized. In the official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example:

• arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.),
  

• vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.),

• locality (instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological signs of official business speech style

The morphological features of this style include repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, InspectorIvanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle not-(deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behindnon-payment will be fined… ).

7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below etc. ).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

TO syntactic features official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10), for example:

… fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police… );

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses:

If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee.

Genre diversity of the official business style of speech

According to the theme and variety of genres in the style under consideration, there are two varieties:

I- official documentary style and II- casual business style .

In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single outjthe language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), andkthe language of diplomatic acts related to international relations (memorandum, communiqué, convention, statement). In everyday business style, they distinguishjthe language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, andkthe language of private business papers, on the other.

All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) - characterized by well-known standardization, facilitating their compilation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Questions and tasks

1. What areas of activity does the official business style serve?

2. What are the common features of the official business style?

3. List the language features of the official business style (lexical, morphological, syntactic).

4. What are the main genres of official business style.

Structural-logical scheme "Official-business style of speech and its varieties"

There are five styles of speech in Russian:

1. colloquial;
2. art;
3. journalistic;
4. official business;
5. scientific.

In general, all styles of speech can be divided into two large groups: conversational style on the one hand and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official business, scientific) on the other.

Styles of speech serve to serve any aspect of human life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two features: the scope of communication and the purpose of communication.

Table 1. Styles of literary language.

In addition to the features listed above, the styles of the Russian language have a specific set of language tools for each of them, as well as genres in which the style is implemented.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used by people to communicate in everyday life in order to convey their thoughts, feelings, as well as messages about something.

For a long time there was a misconception that the main language means of spoken language are spoken words. This is not true.

In fact, the basis of the conversational style is the neutral means of the language, that is, the words used in all styles of speech: family, go, dinner, evening, etc.

A smaller percentage is made up of colloquial words (blank, pinned, hostel), vernacular (today, just now, go) and jargon (kid, grandmas (money), etc.)

A feature of the syntactic construction of the conversational style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is behind her.). This is due to the fact that during a conversation there is always the opportunity to ask again, show for discussion.

In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing some of the information that could be expressed in words. Complex sentences are very rarely used, and if they are used, then these are mostly non-union sentences (I come home, I see - again my brother brought his friends.).

The conversational style is characterized by appeals, incentives and interrogative sentences. Introductory words, interjections, modal particles are often used in colloquial speech (Imagine an exam tomorrow. But I'm not ready!).

Words with emotional evaluation suffixes (for example, diminutive ones) are also widely used: mommy, kitty, as well as truncated forms of nouns, especially proper names: dads, moms, Mish, Van, etc.

Art style

Artistic style is used in artistic creation, its purpose is to influence readers through the created images.

For example:
White sail lonely
In the blue mist of the sea.
What is he looking for in a distant land?
What did he throw in his native land? (M. Yu. Lermontov)

In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov, the image of a lonely sail on the blue expanse of the sea is created, through which the author influences the thoughts and feelings of readers.

In the artistic style, figurative and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, etc.) are common. In addition, to create an image in an artistic style, any language means are appropriate (neutral vocabulary, dialect and slang words, emotionally colored words, etc.).

The genres of the artistic style depend on the genre: prose, lyrics or drama. It will be a novel, a story or a short story, an elegy, an ode, a tragedy, a comedy or a drama, respectively.

Journalistic style

It is used in agitation and mass activities and the media, its purpose is to influence through the call. The genres of journalistic style are: article, essay, speech, etc.

Any text of a journalistic style has a bright emotional coloring (often reaching pathos), therefore, in a journalistic style, figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, ambiguous words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, solemn, lofty words, civil vocabulary, a combination of bookish and colloquial words and structures.

The syntactic structure of journalistic style texts is dominated by simple syntactic constructions, rhetorical questions and exclamations, particles, introductory words, repetitions, the use of homogeneous sentence members (with gradation).

Formal business style

It is used in the official business environment for communication of citizens with institutions and institutions among themselves, the purpose of this style is the communication of official business information. The genres of official business style are law, decree, power of attorney, statement, act, protocol, etc.

The peculiarity of the official business style is the accuracy, reliability of information, its objectivity, which excludes ambiguity of interpretation, and therefore figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring are inappropriate in it.

In this style, neutral words are used, as well as words in the literal sense, abstract vocabulary (fulfillment, observance), standardized turns (according to the order ..., we, the signatories below ...), complex sentences with compound conjunctions, terms, words of obligation (should, must , should, should).

Sentences in an official business style are always narrative, common, as a rule, complicated by participial and participial constructions or homogeneous members of the sentence.

Often the texts of the official business style are divided into parts indicated by numbers (articles of laws), or have a strictly limited and regulated position on the page (the header of statements and other documents).

scientific style

Used in the field of science, its purpose is the communication of scientific information. Scientific style genres - monograph, scientific article, dissertation, diploma, report, abstract, review, abstract, etc.

As well as the official business style, the scientific style is characterized by accuracy, rigor, conciseness of expressions, therefore, figurative and expressive means, words with expressive coloring, figurative vocabulary are not acceptable in the scientific style.

Scientific terms, special phraseological units, complex syntactic constructions, introductory words, sentences with generalized generic names are used in this style.