What is non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia produces structural materials of various physical and chemical properties. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.
According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their obligatory enrichment (usually by flotation). Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially isolated (multi-stage process). The enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and converted into the so-called black metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities (refining). The resulting refined metal is used in the form of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).
The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous. Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, power engineering and other industries both in pure form and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminum (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel). Lead is used in the production of batteries, cables, and is used in the nuclear industry. Tin is used to make tinplate, bearings, etc. Nickel is one of the refractory metals. Many valuable alloys of nickel with other metals are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloyed steels, as well as in the application of protective coatings for metal products, etc.
Aluminum is used in various branches of mechanical engineering, including aircraft construction, electrical engineering, as well as in construction and the production of consumer goods. Magnesium is used in radio engineering, aviation, chemical, printing and other industries. Titanium (extraordinarily strong, resistant to acids, has antimagnetic properties) is used in shipbuilding, as well as in the manufacture of jet engines, nuclear reactors, etc.
The importance of the noble metal - gold - is great, in terms of the reserves of which Russia occupies the third place in the world (and in the production of which the country has slipped from the second to the sixth place). According to official data, South Africa extracts 583 tons of gold from its bowels, and Russia a little more than 100 tons. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Silver is obtained by refining heavy metals. It is used both in the manufacture of jewelry and in industry. Without silver, for example, film and photographic film cannot be made.
The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.
Ores of heavy non-ferrous metals differ from light ores with a low metal content.
So, ores containing copper, nickel, lead - about 1%, tin - less than 1% are considered industrial. To obtain 1 ton of copper, 100 tons of ore is required, 1 ton of tin - 300 tons of ore.
Another feature of heavy non-ferrous metal ores is their complexity. Dozens of other metals and sulfur are present in copper, tin, lead-zinc ores. Therefore, complex production of raw materials is of great importance. Thus, at the Norilsk copper-nickel plant, in addition to nickel, copper and cobalt, more than ten types of products are produced.
Of particular interest is the combination of heavy non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry, for example, the use of sulfur dioxide in the production of zinc and copper.
Even more complex territorial combinations of different industries arise in the production of light non-ferrous metals. So, in the complex processing of nephelines, alumina (and subsequently aluminum), potash and cement are obtained from this type of raw material (that is, it is combined with chemical industry enterprises and the production of building materials).
The fuel and energy factor plays a very important role in the location of enterprises for the smelting of light non-ferrous metals. Ores of light metals are much richer in metal content than ores of heavy metals, but their smelting (requires a huge amount of electricity, i.e., production is extremely energy intensive.
Thus, the raw material and energy factors affect the location of enterprises in individual non-ferrous metallurgy industries in different ways. Even in the same industry, their role is different depending on the stage of the technological process. The aluminum industry uses local and imported raw materials. The raw material resources of Russia (55 bauxite deposits are known, but only 10 are actively developed) are represented by bauxites, which are mined in the Urals (Severouralsk, Suleya) and in the North-Western economic region (Tikhvinskoye deposit), as well as nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (near the city of Kirovsk) and Siberia (Kiya-Shatlykskoe field). Raw materials for the aluminum industry are still imported (both bauxite and alumina).
The production of aluminum is divided into two stages: the production of aluminum oxide (alumina) and the smelting of pure metal. For the processing of nephelines, it is important to coincide on the territory of raw materials and fuel resources (as, for example, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - a plant in Achinsk). The production of alumina from bauxites, being less material-intensive, can be removed from sources of raw materials (bauxites can be imported) and is oriented towards cheap fuel.
The geography of the location of aluminum plants is quite diverse, but almost all of them (with the exception of the Urals) are to some extent remote from raw materials, but are located near hydroelectric power plants (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk) or large power plants operating on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).
Metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals
| Industry | economic region | Industrial centre | Enterprise type | Raw material base |
| Copper | Ural | Revda, Kirovograd, Krasnouralsk, Karabash, Mednogorsk | Blister copper production | |
| Upper Pyshma, Kyshtym | Copper refining | Copper ores of the Urals (deposits Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye, etc.) and concentrates from Kazakhstan | ||
| Northern | Monchegorsk | Full metallurgical cycle | Copper-nickel ores of the Komsomolsk Peninsula | |
| East Siberian | Norilsk | Full metallurgical cycle | ||
| Lead-zinc | North Caucasian | Vladikavkaz | Lead and zinc smelting | Local polymetallic (Sadon) and imported ores |
| Ural | Chelyabinsk | Zinc smelting | Copper-zinc ores of the Urals and imported concentrates | |
| West Siberian | Belovo | Smelting zinc and lead | Local polymetallic ores (salair) and ores of East Kazakhstan | |
| Far Eastern | Dalnegorsk | Lead smelting | Polymetallic ores of the Far East | |
| Nickel-cobalt | East Siberian | Norilsk | Full metallurgical cycle | Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit) |
| Ural | Orsk, Upper Ufaley | Full metallurgical cycle | ||
| Northern | dir | Semi-product | Local and imported raw materials (ores of the South Urals and Kazakhstan) | |
| Tin | West Siberian | Novosibirsk | Smelting of tin and alloys | Concentrates of GOKs of Yakutia and the Far East |
Metallurgy of light non-ferrous metals
| Industry | economic region | Industrial centre | Enterprise type | Raw material base |
| Aluminum | Northwestern | Volkhov | Full cycle (alumina) | Tikhvinskoye bauxite deposit in the Leningrad region; Severoonezhsky bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region; nephelines of the Murmansk region. |
| Boksitogorsk | Alumina production | |||
| Pikalevo | Alumina production | |||
| Northern | Nadvoitsy | aluminum smelting | ||
| Kandalaksha | aluminum smelting | |||
| Ural | Kamensk-Uralsky | Full cycle | North Ural bauxites of the Sverdlovsk region; South Ural bauxites of the Chelyabinsk region. | |
| Krasnoturinsk | Full cycle | |||
| Volga region | Volgograd | aluminum smelting | Imported raw materials | |
| West Siberian | Novokuznetsk | aluminum smelting | Nephelins, Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk Territory | |
| Titanium magnesium | Ural | Berezniki | Titanium and magnesium smelting | local raw materials |
| Solikamsk | Magnesium smelting | local raw materials |
The aluminum industry of Russia began its history in 1932, when the first smelting was carried out at the Volkhov plant. The appearance of the Sayan aluminum plant in 1985 ended the Soviet period of development of the aluminum industry. After the collapse of the USSR, the problems of maintaining the level of production and redistribution of property arose. Prior to the merger of the Irkutsk and Ural aluminum smelters (in 1996), primary aluminum production in Russia was produced by 11 plants with a total capacity of more than 3 million tons per year.
More than 75% of output is now accounted for by four large aluminum smelters: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuznetsk. Moreover, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters are the largest in the world in terms of production volume. The main advantage of the Sayan Aluminum Plant is its technological leadership (75% of aluminum is a high-grade metal). In 1998, the plant exported up to 90% of its products.
Compared to other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry experienced the smallest drop in production. For the period 1990-1999. the volume of output of primary aluminum did not decrease (about 2.9 million tons). However, the production of bauxite and alumina over the same period decreased by 40% and 27%, respectively. A characteristic feature of the Russian aluminum industry at the present stage is its dependence on tolling (the production of primary aluminum from foreign raw materials).
Nevertheless, our country is still in the group of world leaders both in the production of primary aluminum (second place after the USA) and in the smelting of aluminum from secondary raw materials (along with the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Great Britain) and is included in the top six primary aluminum exporting countries in the world. 80% of aluminum produced in the country is now exported.
The main centers of the aluminum industry are located in the cities: Achinsk, Bratsk, Boksitogorsk, Volkhov, Volgograd, Kamensk-Uralsky, Kandalaksha, Krasnoturinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Nadvoitsy, Novokuznetsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhov, etc. (see table "Metallurgy of light non-ferrous metals").
copper industry. The main deposits of copper ores in Russia (copper pyrites) are located in the Urals: Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, as well as the best Gayskoye deposit in the country (where ores contain an average of 4% copper). It is planned to develop a unique (Udokan) deposit of copper ores in Siberia.
The Urals is characterized by the predominance of metallurgical processing plants (Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, etc.) over enterprises for the extraction and enrichment of copper ores. As a result, imported concentrates and semi-finished products are also used (mainly copper ores from Kazakhstani deposits).
Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw material bases. Enterprises specializing in this stage of production are located either where there is a metallurgical redistribution (factories of the Ural economic region), or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
The lead-zinc industry is characterized by a more complex location of production, but on the whole is confined to areas of distribution and extraction of polymetallic ores. These are the North Caucasus (Sadonskoye deposit), Kuzbass (Salairskoye deposit), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk deposits) and Far Eastern Primorye (Dalnegorsk, Khrustalny). But ore beneficiation and metallurgical processing are often separated from each other (since lead-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are transportable).
For the production of lead-zinc concentrates without metallurgical processing, Transbaikalia stands out; metal lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbass (Belove); for the smelting of lead and zinc - the North Caucasus (Vladikavkaz); for the production of metallic zinc from imported concentrates - Ural (Chelyabinsk).
The nickel industry has been developed: in the Northern economic region (Monchegorsk) - on the basis of explored nickel deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; in the Urals (Upper Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh) - on local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on the copper-nickel ores of the Talnakh deposit of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, (see the table "Metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals").
The production of the main types of non-ferrous metallurgy products (with the exception of aluminum production) has significantly decreased compared to 1990: in the smelting of lead (by more than 50%), tin, zinc, nickel (by 35-40%), etc.
At the same time, the crisis phenomena in the Russian economy and financial system, as well as the narrowing of the domestic market (all enterprises have reduced the consumption of metal products) are forcing metallurgists to increase exports. Thus, Russia is the largest supplier of nickel to the world market (100-140 thousand tons per year) and one of the world leaders in the export of aluminum (about 2 million tons, second after the USA) and other non-ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important branches of heavy industry. Its tasks include the extraction, processing and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Three areas of this industry are of the greatest importance: aluminum, nickel and copper.
general characteristics
Non-ferrous metals are widely in demand in the industry, but they are of the greatest importance in construction, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.
During the production of non-ferrous metals, it is possible to distinguish 3 main stages :
- extraction of natural raw materials and their subsequent enrichment;
- redistribution of non-ferrous ore - obtaining an intermediate product;
- pure metal production.
Rice. 1. Non-ferrous ores.
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is closely connected with scientific and technical progress, thanks to which the scope of application of non-ferrous metals and their alloys has significantly expanded. If at the beginning of the 20th century no more than 15 metals were in demand in the industry, at present this industry actively uses about 70 types of various non-ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has a number of features that affect its placement . These include:
- High energy intensity of production. The development of the industry will only be effective when production is located close to sources of inexpensive energy resources.
- High material consumption. Since non-ferrous metals are contained in ores in small quantities, it is advisable to build facilities for their enrichment and processing directly near the extraction sites of natural raw materials.
- The raw materials used are complex. This means that the vast majority of non-ferrous metal ores contain several metals. To maximize their use, the most effective way is to combine them.
- Non-ferrous metallurgy is widely used in the production of secondary raw materials - scrap metal .
Rice. 2. Production of scrap metal.
Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. The richest deposits of non-ferrous ores are located in South Africa, Australia, Chile, India, Guinea, Venezuela, Peru. To improve the efficiency of developments in non-ferrous metallurgy, many countries are actively cooperating with each other.
TOP 2 articleswho read along with this
Rice. 3. Aluminum deposit.
The aluminum industry plays a leading role in the global non-ferrous metallurgy. The main part of the ore reserves with this valuable metal is concentrated in the equatorial zone. However, successful aluminum production is possible only in countries that have large sources of inexpensive energy:
- Canada, Norway, Russia, Brazil and the USA have significant hydrological resources and powerful hydroelectric power plants.
- The Netherlands, UAE, Iraq, Great Britain are rich in natural gas.
- China, India, Australia have large reserves of coal.
In countries with expensive energy (Austria, Hungary, France), where aluminum smelting was considered a traditional type of industry, the production of this non-ferrous metal is gradually fading away.
Table “Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy”
|
Copper |
Aluminum |
Lead and zinc |
Tin |
|
|
Areas for the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores |
Chile, USA, Peru, Canada, Russia |
Jamaica, Guinea, Australia |
USA, Australia, Russia, Mexico, Peru |
Brazil, Malaysia, Bolivia, Thailand |
|
Ore concentration centers |
Black copper. USA, Chile, Zaire, Japan, Zambia, Canada |
Alumina. Canada, USA, Australia, Russia, Jamaica, Brazil |
||
|
Metal production centers |
Refined copper. Russia, USA, Chile, Japan |
Venezuela, Russia, Canada, USA, China, India |
Russia, USA |
Malaysia, Indonesia, Bolivia, Brazil, Thailand |
The production of non-ferrous metals poses a great threat to the environment. At the same time, all components of nature suffer: the atmosphere, surface and groundwater, soil. For example, sulfur dioxide, which annually enters the air in huge quantities, falls on the Earth's surface in the form of acid rain, which has a detrimental effect on all living things.
What have we learned?
When studying the topic "Non-ferrous metallurgy" in the 9th grade geography program, we learned what the production of non-ferrous metals is. We found out how important it is in modern industry, what factors determine its location and what its main problem is.
Topic quiz
Report Evaluation
Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 296.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that produces structural materials. It includes mining, enrichment of metals, processing of non-ferrous metals, production of alloys, rolled products, processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. In the former USSR, 7 million tons of non-ferrous metals were produced.
The development of scientific and technical progress requires an increase in the production of strong, ductile, corrosion-resistant, light structural materials (alloys based on aluminum and titanium). They are widely used in aviation, rocket industry, space technology, shipbuilding, chemical industry equipment manufacturing.
Copper widely used in mechanical engineering and electrometallurgy, both in pure form and in the form of alloys - with tin (bronze), with aluminum (duralumin), with zinc (brass), with nickel (cupronickel).
Lead used in the production of batteries, cables, in the nuclear industry.
Zinc and Nickel used in ferrous metallurgy.
Tin used in the production of tinplate and bearings.
Noble metals have high ductility, and platinum - refractoriness. Therefore, they are widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and technology. Without silver salts, it is impossible to make film and photographic film. According to their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be conditionally divided into 4 groups.
Classification of non-ferrous metals:
Main
heavy– copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel
lungs– aluminum, titanium, magnesium
small– arsenic, mercury, antimony, cobalt
Alloying - molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, silicon
noble- gold, silver, platinum
rare and scattered– gallium, selenium, tellurium, uranium, zirconium, germanium
Branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:
lead-zinc heavy metal metallurgy
nickel-cobalt
pewteraluminum
titanium-magnesium metallurgy of light metals
Non-ferrous metals have excellent physical properties: electrical conductivity, ductility, fusibility, ability to form alloys, heat capacity.
According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into:
Extraction and enrichment of ore raw materials (GOK - mining and processing plants). Mining and processing plants are based near the sources of raw materials, since the production of one ton of non-ferrous metal requires an average of 100 tons of ore.
Converting metallurgy. Enriched ores enter the redistribution. The raw materials are based production related to copper and zinc. Energy sources have production related to aluminum, zinc, titanium, and magnesium. The consumer has production related to tin.
Processing, rolling, production of alloys. Enterprises are based at the consumer.
Russia has many types of non-ferrous metals. 70% of non-ferrous metal ores are mined by open pit mining.
Specificity non-ferrous metal ores consists of:
a) in their complex composition (multicomponent)
b) in the low content of useful components in the ore - only a few%, sometimes a fraction of%:
copper - 1-5%
zinc - 4-6%
lead - 1.5%
tin - 0.01-0.7%
To obtain 1 ton of copper concentrate, 100 tons of ore are used, 1 ton of nickel concentrate - 200 tons, tin concentrate - 300 tons.
All ores are preliminary enriched at mining and processing plants and in the metallurgical process. Concentrates are produced there:
copper - 75%
zinc - 42-62%
tin - 40-70%
Due to the significant material consumption, non-ferrous metallurgy is oriented towards raw material bases. Since the ores of non-ferrous and rare metals have a multicomponent composition, the complex use of raw materials is of practical importance. The integrated use of raw materials and the utilization of industrial waste connects non-ferrous metallurgy with other industries. On this basis, entire industrial complexes are formed, for example, the Urals. Of particular interest is the combination of non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry. Using sulfur dioxide in industry, zinc and copper are produced.
Placement factors:
raw materials– copper, nickel, lead
fuel and energy– titanium, magnesium, aluminum
consumer- tin
Metallurgy of heavy metals (copper, nickel, zinc, tin, lead).
Heavy metal ores are characterized by a low metal content per ore unit.
copper industry.
The copper industry is confined to the areas of raw materials due to the low content in the concentrate, except for the refining of crude metal. Main types of ores:
copper pyrites- focused on the Urals. Krasno Uralsk (Sverdlovsk region), Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Guy (very high metal content - 4%), Sibay, Baymak.
copper-nickel. Talnakhskoye (north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory). Norilsk Combine is based on it
copper sandstones. A promising field is Udokanskoye in the Chita region to the north of the city of Gary.
Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials (copper is obtained from them in the form of matte).
Copper production breaks down into 2 cycles:
production of blister copper (matte)
production of refined copper (purification by electrolysis)
Copper smelters are located at:
Ural: Krasno Uralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, Karabash.
Electrolytic plants:
Kyshtym, Upper Pyshma.
In the Urals, the utilization of industrial waste for chemical purposes is widely developed: Krasno Uralsk, Revda. After burning zinc and copper, sulfur dioxide gases are obtained. On the basis of sulfuric gases, sulfuric acid is obtained, with the help of which phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of imported apatites from the Kola Peninsula.
Copper, together with nickel, is produced in Norilsk on the basis of the Tanakh deposit.
Kazakhstan. Dzhezkazgan, Kounrad, Sayak (Dzhezkazgan region), Bozshakul (in Pavlodar region).
Copper smelters - Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan. Irtysh in the city of Glubokoe (East Kazakhstan region) uses polymetallic and copper-nickel ores.
Uzbekistan. Almalyk - copper smelter + deposit.
Nickel-cobalt industry (nickel production).
It is closely related to the sources of raw materials due to the low content of metal in the ore. In Russia - two types of ores:
sulfide(copper-nickel) – Kola Peninsula (Nikel), Norilsk
oxidized ores in the Urals
Enterprises:
Ural - Rezh (north of Yekaterinburg), Upper Ufaley (north of Chelyabinsk), Orsk
Norilsk
Monchegorsk, Severonikel (ores of the Sobelevsky deposit are used) - Murmansk region
Lead-zinc industry.
It uses polymetallic ores. In general, it is confined to ore. Lead-zinc concentrates have a high content of a useful component (up to 62%), and, therefore, they are transportable, so enrichment and metallurgical processing are separated from each other, unlike the copper industry. Thus, zinc production in Chelyabinsk is based on imported concentrates from Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The lead-zinc industry excels in chemical waste disposal. By electrolysis of a solution of zinc sulphate, sulfuric acid is obtained, which can also be produced from sulfur dioxide gases obtained during the roasting of zinc concentrates. Place of Birth:
Sadonskoye (North Ossetia)
Salair (Kemerovo region)
Nerchinsk deposits (Chita region)
Dalnegorskoye (Primorsky Territory)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc at the local deposit enterprise "Sadonskoye" in Vladikavkaz
Production of zinc from imported concentrates - Chelyabinsk (cheap electricity - GRES), Belovo (based on the Salair deposit). Transportation over long distances is possible due to the high content of zinc in the concentrate - up to 62%. Raw materials are imported from the Nerchinsk deposit
Production of metallic lead - Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Territory)
Kazakhstan.Place of Birth:
Zaryanovskoye (V-K region)
Leninogorsk (V-K region)
Tekeli (Taldy-Kurgan region)
Achisai (Chimkent region)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc - Leninogorsk (VK region), Ust-Kamenogorsk (VK region)
Lead production - Shymkent
Ukraine. Zinc production from imported Sadon concentrates - Konstantinovka. Donbass - electricity
Kyrgyzstan. Aktyuz - mining and enrichment of polymetallic ores
Tajikistan. Kansai - mining and processing of ores
Tin mining industry.
Place of Birth:
Sherlovskaya mountain (Chita region)
Khabcheranga (Chita region)
ESE-Khaya - in the basin of the river. Lena (Republic of Sakha)
Irradiation (Jewish Autonomous Region)
Solnechny (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
Kavalerovo (Khrustalnoye) - Primorsky Krai
The tin mining industry is divided into stages of the technological process. The metallurgical processing is not connected with the sources of raw materials. He focuses on finished product consumption areas: Moscow, Podolsk, Kolchugino (north of the Vladimir region), St. Petersburg or located on the routes of concentrates: Novosibirsk. This is due to the fact that the extraction of raw materials is dispersed over small deposits, and concentrates are highly transportable (concentrate content - up to 70%).
Metallurgy of light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium).
aluminum industry.
Aluminum production breaks down into two cycles:
obtaining alumina (alumina). At the same time, soda and cement are produced, i.e., the chemical industry is combined with the production of building materials. Alumina production, being a material-intensive industry, gravitates towards raw materials.
Plan
Introduction page 2
1. The structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry 3-5 pages.
2. Placement of non-ferrous metallurgy 5-8 pages.
3.Economic and geographical features of production location 8-13 pp.
Conclusion page 13
References 14 pages.
Introduction
The location of production is influenced by a combination of many factors. Their number and ratio, in relation to the conditions of a particular time and place, may be different. The location factors of production are among the dynamic ones. A change in their composition and nature occurs due to a change in factors. Their number and ratio depend on the characteristics of the economic system of society and the nature of the social system as a whole, the progressive development of scientific and technological progress, the economic and geographical conditions of a particular territory, and many others.
In the course of locating production across the territory of Russia, it is also important to take into account the evolution of ideas about social production, characteristic of the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It can no longer be identified exclusively with the sphere of material or material production. An increasing share in the economy of most countries is beginning to acquire the sphere of non-material production, or, as it is sometimes called, the service sector. It should rightfully enter into social production, since it is important for society to produce not only the means of life, but also to carry out the production of life itself in all its forms. That is why, in the composition of social production, such areas as health care, education, information services, and others are becoming more and more significant. Objects representing the named and other spheres of social production are also subject to placement in the geographical space with all the laws inherent in this process.
1. Structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry
The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, that is, a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the production of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex industry. It carries out mining operations for the extraction of minerals; their enrichment, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates; production of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing products, soda-containing products, mineral fertilizers, cement, etc.; processing of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals and their alloys into products and semi-finished products (pipes, rolled products, hard alloys); processing of scrap and waste of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals; production of carbon products (carbon and graphite electrodes, etc.); repair production for industry-specific equipment; ensuring the development of the social sphere in remote and uninhabited areas.
It is possible to distinguish the mining industry, including the enrichment of mined ores, the metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary industries - repair and engineering. Further, 14 industrial sub-sectors are distinguished, which include enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership:
aluminum. Extraction of bauxites and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminium, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and building materials;
Copper. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of blister and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials;
Lead-zinc. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials;
Nickel-cobalt. Extraction and enrichment of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral wool and other building materials;
Titanium-magnesium. Extraction and enrichment of titanium raw materials, production of titanium, magnesium and their derivatives;
Tungsten-molybdenum. Extraction and enrichment of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and intermediate products;
Tin. Extraction and enrichment of ore and production of tin;
Antimony-mercury. Extraction and enrichment of antimony and mercury ores, production of antimony, mercury and their compounds;
Rare metals and semiconductor materials. Extraction and enrichment of ores of rare metals and semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds and products from them;
precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold-bearing ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, secondary processing of precious metals;
Processing of non-ferrous metals. Production of all types of rolled products and pipes from non-ferrous metals and alloys;
Secondary non-ferrous metals. Collection and primary processing of scrap and waste and smelting of secondary non-ferrous metals;
Electrode. Production of carbon and graphite electrode products;
Hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals. Production of hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals, non-regrind plates and rolled products from heat-resistant and hard alloys.
Non-ferrous metallurgy as a branch of industry has a number of features that, of course, affect the efficiency of its functioning:
Non-ferrous metallurgy is the most material-intensive industry. It processes polymetallic raw materials, poor in the content of useful components and having a complex material composition. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises often process ores with a valuable component content of 0.3-2.1% (ores of the main heavy non-ferrous metals) and from hundredths to 0.5% (ores of rare and alloying metals). Only aluminum production is based on richer raw materials: the richest bauxites contain 40-45% alumina. However, the share of such raw materials is constantly decreasing. More than 300 tons of ore are spent on the production of 1 ton of tin; 1 ton of nickel - 200 tons of ore; 1 ton of copper - 100 tons of ore.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a fuel and electricity-intensive industry. The most fuel-intensive are the production of copper, nickel, cobalt, lead. When producing aluminum, 18,000-20,000 kWh of electricity is required, and when electric nickel is smelted, more than 30,000 kWh of electricity is required. (For comparison, the consumption of electricity for the smelting of 1 ton of steel is 500 kWh).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by high labor costs.
Ores processed at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as a rule, are polymetallic. Therefore, one of the main features of non-ferrous metallurgy is the complexity of processing raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by multi-stage technological processes. The full cycle involves the extraction of ore, its enrichment, metallurgical processing, metal processing.
The efficiency of production activities in non-ferrous metallurgy depends on the natural raw material factor.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a high environmental hazard of production.
The features of non-ferrous metallurgy also include high capital intensity, capital intensity, long duration of the construction and installation cycle.
2.Accommodation of non-ferrous metallurgy
This branch of industry includes the extraction and enrichment of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals, the smelting of metals, their refining, the production of alloys and rolled products.
Russia is a country with powerful non-ferrous metallurgy. The main distinguishing feature of the industry in our country is its development based on the use of its own large and diverse resources. Russia occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of reserves of the most important types of non-ferrous metals. All branches of non-ferrous metallurgy have been created. About a million tons of non-ferrous metals are exported annually.
Unlike ferrous metallurgy, the cost of products produced in non-ferrous metallurgy is very high, which affects the location of the industry. The high cost of non-ferrous metals and products from them makes it possible to obtain them far beyond the main consumer areas with a developed engineering industry. Transportation costs increase the cost of non-ferrous metallurgy products for consumers to a much lesser extent than when transporting ferrous metals.
The location of the production of non-ferrous metals is greatly influenced by technical progress in the industry. As a result of using the latest enrichment methods, it is possible to obtain concentrates with a metal content of 40-60% and higher. So, copper ores have a copper content of not more than 5%; its content in the concentrate rises to 35%. In lead-zinc ores there is no more than 6% lead, in concentrate - up to 78%, etc. Therefore, the extraction and enrichment of ores, which accounts for at least 3/4 of all costs for the production of non-ferrous metals, is increasingly turn into an independent production process. Its significance increases with the involvement in the production of poorer ores. A large amount of work associated with the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores and their enrichment, the capital intensity of these processes, as a result of which an expensive concentrate is obtained, allows its further metallurgical processing outside the areas of semi-product production.
The possibility of a territorial gap between the processes of producing concentrates and smelting non-ferrous metals themselves is also due to the high energy intensity of producing many of them. The production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, blister copper, zinc by the distillation method requires a large consumption of process fuel (sometimes up to 50 tons of standard fuel per 1 ton of finished products). The refining of these metals and the smelting of most of the remaining non-ferrous metals are associated with the cost of electrical energy (from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products). Therefore, it is not always profitable to create energy-intensive production facilities for the smelting of non-ferrous metals in the regions and centers of ore mining and concentrate production. Relatively non-energy-intensive production of zinc can also be created in places where the concentrate is produced, and its refining and smelting of most other non-ferrous metals - in areas of cheap energy and fuel.
A feature of non-ferrous metal ores is their complex composition, which can be different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit at different ore mining sites. Polymetallic ores, in addition to the main components - lead and zinc, also contain other non-ferrous metals (copper), noble (gold, silver), rare and scattered (selenium, cadmium, bismuth, etc.). The same takes place in copper, nickel and other ores. The content of a number of components is small, which makes it advantageous to further process locally only one of the main components, and others - at specialized enterprises in other areas. The extraction of noble, rare and scattered metals is carried out, as a rule, in the process of refining non-ferrous metals at specialized plants, which are often located outside the areas not only of ore mining, but also of metal smelting.
In some cases, it is cost-effective to combine the processes of mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting a number of associated metals and refining them in one point. This leads to intra-industry combination in non-ferrous metallurgy. A number of enterprises (mining and metallurgical plants) are organized according to this principle.
In non-ferrous metallurgy, its interbranch combination with the chemical industry has also acquired great importance. The basis for it is most often the use of sulfur compounds of non-ferrous metals, during the firing process of which a significant amount of sulfur compounds is released. This determines the profile of enterprises (Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant), which, in addition to metal, produce sulfuric acid and sulfur. Excesses of cheap sulfuric acid at non-ferrous metallurgy plants make it profitable to create there on the basis of imported raw materials (apatite concentrate or phosphorites) the production of phosphate fertilizers (Krasnouralsk and Sredneuralsk copper smelters, Volkhov aluminum, etc.). one
A number of non-ferrous metallurgy plants using ores containing potassium (carnallite, etc.) to obtain metallic magnesium (Berezniki titanium-magnesium plants, Kalush and Solikamsk magnesium plants) give potassium chloride, a highly concentrated fertilizer, in the waste. Increasingly, during the processing of such ores, chlorine, one of the most important types of raw materials for various branches of the chemical industry, is also utilized along the way. In the process of processing nephelines, soda products are obtained in the waste - soda ash and potash, alunites - sulfuric acid, potash fertilizers, etc. 2
The possibility and necessity of complex processing of non-ferrous metal ores, the organization of intra-industry and inter-industry combination lead to a large increase in the size of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The very processes of mining and enrichment of ore, as well as the smelting of some metals, are water-intensive. Even more water-intensive chemical production, organized at such plants. Meanwhile, the majority of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in water-deficient areas (the North Caucasus, the Urals). This greatly affects the size and composition of enterprises in the industry.
Popular
- Program for changing the angle of attack and pitch
- Actual output speed Calculation of closed gear train
- What is the procedure for the use of official transport by an employee
- aircraft fuel system
- Agreement for the evacuation of a vehicle Standard agreement for the evacuation of a vehicle
- Bulldozer performance and how to improve it Basic information about bulldozers
- Toyota Production System (TPS) and Lean Manufacturing
- Examination tickets by profession line pipe fitter
- What to do if you don't feel like doing anything
- Globus - shops for the whole family