Production of purified water. Necessary documents and equipment for the production of drinking water

Along with the current increase in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, the consumption of purified bottled water is also increasing. And since the quality of tap water in Russia is very far from ideal, many consumers today are willing to pay for a good product. And you can make good money on this trend if you open your own production of bottled drinking water. Drinking water is water that has gone through several stages of purification and filtration. The final product can be packaged in different containers - plastic, glass.

Our business assessment:

Starting investments – from 2,000,000 rubles.

Market saturation is high.

The difficulty of starting a business is 6/10.

Business in the production of drinking water is characterized by many advantages that make this niche attractive to many beginning entrepreneurs:

• Carbonated and still drinking water is in high demand.
• You can set up your own workshop in literally any region of our country, since there are no problems with the supply of “raw materials”.
• This business is variable, which will allow the entrepreneur to choose the development path that is more suitable in a particular case - taking into account the available investments.
• With well-established distribution channels, even significant investments pay off fairly quickly.

But, as is the case with any other direction, there are also disadvantages that should definitely be taken into account when drawing up a business plan for the production of drinking water:

Are difficulties not scary? Then you can open a plant for the production and bottling of drinking water.

For a novice entrepreneur starting a small workshop, it is better to buy a water bottling line, which is equipped with the following equipment:

• Incoming water purification system (aeration and reagent dosing system).
• Automatic filling machine.

Water filling line

In addition to the main machines, it is possible to equip the line with a machine for producing plastic bottles from special blanks. Over time, you can even buy an entire line that will recycle plastic waste into bottles. This way you can save significantly on the purchase of necessary raw materials.

The price of equipment for bottled drinking water, not taking into account additional machines, is at least 1,000,000 rubles. And most of the funds will be spent on the cleaning system. A supported line can be purchased for 600,000 rubles.

Sales options for finished products and profitability of the planned business

The high price of a drinking water bottling line will begin to pay off when supply channels for finished products to customers are established. And here there are 2 options:

• Organizing your own water delivery service (this means producing water for coolers).
• Sales of finished products to retail outlets.

The business plan being drawn up must necessarily resolve the issue of further sales of finished products, since it affects both the purchase of additional equipment and the development of a marketing policy.

Delivery of drinking water will require your own fleet of vehicles. Otherwise, even the profit will not cover transportation costs. There is real scope for activity here, since every second office today has coolers installed. And in order to offer potential clients favorable terms of cooperation, you can provide them with coolers for free use. But this is also an additional expense.

Selling finished products to retail outlets can be more profitable than producing and transporting drinking water to offices. But here it is important to establish wholesale distribution.

As for the profit that an entrepreneur should count on, everything is strictly individual - the main influence is exerted by the investments that the production and sale of drinking water will require. The minimum investment required to organize a workshop (purchase of equipment and its commissioning + obtaining all permits and licenses + preparing the premises for work + purchasing containers) is 2,000,000 rubles. This amount will increase significantly if we start talking about drilling our own well or organizing a delivery service. You can calculate the amount of expected profit based on what the cost of drinking water will be and how much of it will be sold to customers monthly. The price of bottled water ranges from 100-180 rubles/5 liters.

Any products and liquids must be of good quality so that a person is not at risk of serious poisoning and illness. The requirements for water are even stricter, because without it no life is possible. But there are few reserves of pure natural water that can be drunk without pre-treatment. The tap liquid has to be passed through a filter, settled or boiled. But when you are thirsty, there is no time or desire for such procedures. It’s easier to buy bottled water in a store or order it home through a delivery service. There is never enough drinking water, and demand is growing. This enables the entrepreneur to develop a business plan for the production of drinking water and offer his range on the market.

To understand what investments are needed to implement the idea, it is advisable to prepare a business plan for the production of drinking water with calculations. It can be presented as a clear example to banks or other partners who decide to help financially.

Summary

It is planned to launch the production of carbonated and still drinking water without any additives. The main activity is aimed at the production of soft drinks.

The raw materials will come from a personal well. The deposit was found, the quality and composition of the water was determined in the state laboratory. The well is located in a forested area. There is no opportunity to establish production directly at the source. Therefore, water will be pumped into reservoirs and delivered to production located in the suburbs.

Premises: 2-storey building with adjacent territory. The area of ​​the premises is 300 sq. m. On the 1st floor there will be a workshop and warehouse, on the 2nd floor there will be rooms for staff and administration. The building requires repairs, redevelopment, and communications.

Form of activity: LLC (limited liability company). Activity code No. 11.07 – “Production of soft drinks, various bottled drinking waters.”

Taxation – simplified (STS).

Service list

• Production of drinking water, carbonated and still.
• Wholesale sales to grocery stores and supermarkets.
• Targeted delivery to customers upon call.

Production mode

Production: daily from 09.00 to 19.00.

Address delivery service: from 08.00 to 20.00.

Preparation of documents

Based on the fact that the raw materials will be used from your own well, you need to draw up documents for this site. Having received permission and the right to work, we submit the water for testing to a state laboratory. The expert report is in hand. The water does not contain large impurities, which will reduce the number of purification steps. The worse the water, the more expensive it will be to produce and the more difficult it will be to compete with water with better taste.

• Permission from the administration to open a drinking water plant.
• Lease agreement for premises in which drinking water production will be located.
• Conclusion of the SES on the possibility of opening a workshop in the selected area.
• Conclusion of the fire department on safety conditions.
• Quality certificates for equipment that will be used at the enterprise.
• Certificate of quality of water that will be supplied to the consumer. Without this passport, stores will not accept the goods on their shelves.
• An agreement with a power supply company to connect a high-power line, because the production line is fully automated.
• Employees must have a health certificate and an employment contract.

Project estimate

Let's move on to the important part of the business plan - calculations. This will allow you to determine the costs that will arise during the preparation phase for launching a bottled water line. Expense items are shown in the table:

Type of expenses	Amount of investment, thousand rubles.
Collection of documentation and business registration (water analysis, well registration, approval by inspection agencies, product licensing)	250
Equipment of the production area	–
Automatic blow molding machine for plastic bottles from 0.5 to 10 l	800
Molds for containers	50
Line for automatic filling of water into containers (up to 3 thousand bottles per hour)	900
Apparatus for gluing labels on bottles and stamps with production date	300
Device for screwing caps on bottles	150
Saturator (apparatus for the formation of gases in water)	300
General PET Film Bottle Packing Machine for Transport	400
Submersible pump for pumping water from a well into a tank	100
Accessories for underground water supply connecting pump and reservoir	500
Water containers	300
Ozonator for disinfection and saturation of water with oxygen	150
Coarse and fine filters	250
Industrial water treatment station	2 500
Total	6 million 150 thousand

These are the costs of equipping a well and a water production workshop with equipment. Additionally, funds will be required for cosmetic finishing, furnishings, and communications.

Investment information is preliminary. The cost of equipment, finishing materials, and various services may vary because performers and suppliers have not yet been selected. But first, to launch the production of drinking water, investments of more than 10 million rubles are required. Transportation costs for moving raw materials from the well to the plant, delivering products to customers, and funds for production until the first profit is not taken into account are not taken into account. Let's add 1.5 million rubles to these costs. The final estimate is 11.5 million rubles.

Personnel issue

Manufacturing requires employees to work at the groundwater extraction site and in the plant. For full operation of the complex you will need:

• Specialists in underground water extraction – 2 people.
• Driver for transportation of raw materials and bottled water – 2 people.
• Equipment adjustment engineer – 2 people, shift work schedule.
• Operator for water production line – 2 people. in shifts.
• Operator for a container blowing machine – 2 people. in shifts.
• Manager of finished products warehouse – 2 people. in shifts.
• Sales manager – 1 person, working mode 5/2
• Dispatcher for receiving individual applications – 2 people. in shifts.
• Production manager – 1 person.
• Accountant with HR functions – 1 person.
• General workers – 4 people.
• Cleaner of production and office areas – 2 people.

It may be necessary to expand the staff as the plant develops. Salary costs are shown in the table:

Employee category	Quantity, pcs. units	Salary	TOTAL
Water extraction specialist	2	15000	30000
Driver	2	18000	36000
Engineer	2	20000	40000
Operator	4	15000	60000
Warehouse Manager	2	10000	20000
Manager	1	20000	20000
Dispatcher	2	10000	20000
Production Manager	1	30000	30000
Accountant	1	25000	25000
Handyman	4	12000	48000
Cleaning woman	2	8000	16000
FZP	23	–	345000
Contributions	–	–	103500
General expenses			448500

The plant provides a shift work schedule for some employees. This is due to the daily work of production in order to quickly reach the required profitability of the enterprise.

We are planning preparations for the opening

So that the preparation process does not drag on, we will set a time frame for each stage and follow this plan:

It will take about 6 months for the workshop to operate at full capacity. Perhaps the deadlines will shift due to unforeseen circumstances. It is desirable that water becomes available to consumers in the summer season. At this time, the demand for bottled water increases due to high air temperatures and increased thirst. You can quickly make a profit and analyze the profitability of your business.

Range and price level of water

The production is young and has not yet found its client. Therefore, you should not open a line of a wide range of bottled water. The list of products and prices are shown in the table:

As we reach the breakeven point, water for children and mineral water may be added to the range.

What do we get as a result?

Let's calculate the possible profit that water production should bring to an entrepreneur. We will take as a basis the sale of the entire assortment, provided that there will be a daily shipment of 2000 bottles of different sizes.

Product type	Quantity, pcs.	Price per one. rub.	Revenue per day, rub.
Drinking water, still, volume 0.5 l	250	15	3750
Drinking water, still, volume 1 l	250	20	5000
Drinking water, still, volume 1.5 l	300	28	8400
Drinking water, still, volume 5 l	250	80	20000
Drinking water, still, volume 10 l	300	140	42000
Drinking water, carbonated, volume 0.5 l	100	18	1800
Drinking water, carbonated, volume 1 l	200	22	4400
Drinking water, carbonated, volume 1.5 l	200	32	6400
Drinking water, still, volume 2 l	150	40	6000
RESULT			97750

Provided that daily revenue is 98,000 rubles and shipments are made at least 5 times a week, monthly revenue is planned to be 1,960,000 rubles. Now you can calculate the profitability and net profit that will be received per month. Income and expenses are reflected in the table:

At the initial stage, investments were made in the amount of 11.5 million rubles. The company will reach payback in 2.5 years. The deadline may change if the monthly turnover is higher than that taken as the basis for the calculation in the business plan.

We are strengthening our position in the segment

There are many drinking water producers on the market, so there is a serious struggle ahead. You need to think over a strategy to consolidate your position in the market and attract an audience that already buys bottled water. You will need the help of a specialist who knows the state of the niche and the positions of other manufacturers. We will turn our attention to the production side to provide people with quality water.

At the initial stage, our main focus is on delivering water upon individual request, so that local residents learn about our products. For this:

• Together with the supplier, we will launch a promotion designed for a large volume of supplies. For example, every 3rd bottle is free, or with a one-time payment of 10 bottles of water, a 10% discount on the entire volume.
• Conduct a water tasting in a supermarket so that consumers evaluate the quality and submit an application.
• Send electronic and written messages about cooperation with enterprises and offices on favorable terms.
• Offer services to kindergartens, schools, and universities at a reduced price for a one-time application of at least 5 bottles.
• Design a website on which to post information about your production and favorable terms of cooperation for retail and wholesale customers.

Monitor the pricing policies of your competitors so as not to get out of line with the excessive cost of drinking water.

Eventually

It is possible to earn substantial capital in the production of drinking water if you have the finances for this, a good source of groundwater and territory for a workshop. The investments required are huge, because the process of purifying raw materials requires only a high-quality automated line. Don't be afraid of competition. Consumers usually prefer water from local producers, believing that it is not profitable for a businessman to deceive his fellow countrymen. But you should be prepared for frequent SES checks on the quality and composition of products so that there is no threat to the health of consumers.

Manufacturers and suppliers. There are 110 companies in the 2020 catalog. Production and wholesale sales. Table water factories included in the exhibition list:

• Alonka Group of Companies;
• KavMinVody;
• Fonte Aqua LLC;
• Slavda Group of Companies;
• LLC "Union Food Products";
• Soft drink factory "Tonus", etc.

The products of the manufacturing company "Achaluki" are also popular. Enterprises extract water from wells in ecologically clean areas of the republics, territories and regions of Russia. Drinking mineral and spring water in Russia is traditionally used to improve health and treat chronic diseases of the stomach and duodenum. The therapeutic and prophylactic properties of water from Zheleznovodsk and Essentuki have been confirmed. The Crimean springs of mineral and table waters are famous. The products are bottled, PET containers and glass. Possible bottling into large volume containers upon order.

New brands and product names are being introduced to the market. Contact information for the production – address, phone number, website in the “Contacts” tab. Delivery in Moscow and the Moscow region, regions of the country and the CIS by transport organizations. Leave feedback about the service and purchases!

We invite bottle suppliers, health institutions, dealers, and pharmacies to cooperate. To buy in bulk, download the price list - contact the manager. Prices for large wholesale are negotiated individually over the phone!

confidence in the quality of the product

Water is a unique food product. The human body’s absorption of various essential substances from a liquid medium is an order of magnitude or more greater than their absorption from solid food. To a large extent, this concerns the set of micro- and macroelements contained in natural water.

The main natural chemical composition of water is associated with the mineral components dissolved in it: macro- and microelements. The first - ions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates, depending on the predominance of certain substances, determine the hydrochemical class of water. However, the taste characteristics of water can also be determined by the presence of microelements in it, for example, iron, manganese, zinc, copper. The organoleptic properties and especially the taste of water are of important physiological importance for maintaining the water-salt balance of the human body and largely determine the process of its preparation.

The taste qualities of water are determined primarily by the content and ratio of calcium and magnesium cations, bicarbonate ions, as well as the concentration and ratio of sulfates, chlorides and carbonates. These macroelements of water primarily determine the physiological usefulness of water for the body. The organoleptic properties of water affect the secretory activity of the stomach, and changes in the taste sensations of water affect the sensitivity of achromatic vision and heart rate. Thus, the content of hardness salts in drinking water in the range of 1 – 4 mEq/l not only improves its taste, but also promotes normal metabolic processes in the body. With drinking water, a person receives (according to standards) 1–2 g of mineral salts per day, and due to the fact that, unlike many foods, the ions in water are in a hydrated state, their absorption by the body increases by an order of magnitude.

Calcium ions are of particular importance for the human body, as the main structural component in the formation of supporting tissues. A lack of calcium in the body leads to osteoporosis, and a lack of calcium in water metabolism leads to edema. At the same time, an increased calcium content in water (100 – 500 mg/l) promotes stone formation in the kidneys and bladder. The presence of calcium ions in drinking water in the required quantities affects both excitatory and inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex, stimulates hematopoiesis and secretion of the salivary and pancreas, maintains a high level of metabolism and enhances the body's defense reactions. A decrease in the level of calcium ions in the blood causes an increase in heart rate and an increase in blood pressure.

Magnesium ions are the second most important for the human body. They actively participate in metabolic reactions, in the construction of a number of enzyme systems, necessary for the implementation of the hexokinase reaction, i.e. for phosphorylation of glucose and its use by body cells. Magnesium ions activate the inhibition process in the cerebral cortex, indirectly, through sodium and potassium ions, stimulate the activity of adenosine triphosphoric acid in brain tissue, which enhances glycolysis and the respiration process in brain tissue, helps improve overall well-being, has an antispastic and vasodilating effect, increases stability mucous membranes and skin to the penetration of bacteria and toxic substances. At the same time, an excess of magnesium ions leads to metabolic disorders and growth inhibition.

Sodium and potassium ions as antagonists are of no small importance in the water metabolism of the human body. Thus, the introduction of potassium ions promotes the excretion of sodium ions. A lack of potassium ions contributes to water retention in the body and the development of edema, and a lack of sodium ions leads to dehydration of the body.

Among anions, chloride ions are of particular importance for the human body. They maintain the osmotic pressure of blood plasma, lymph, cellular contents of the cerebrospinal fluid, regulate the body's water balance, participate in the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice and maintain gastric acid balance. Increased chloride content negatively affects the functions of the digestive system.

With an increased content of sulfates in water, the function of the digestive system is disrupted and it has an unpleasant taste.

The presence of microelements in drinking water, especially fluorides and iodine, is of great importance for the human body. It is no coincidence that the regulatory document includes the mandatory content of these elements when bottling water in the first and highest quality categories.

Practical interest in fluoridation of drinking water is primarily due to the physiological role of this element. In addition to the well-known anti-caries effect of fluorine, it is noted that it is a biocatalyst for mineralization processes, which is used for medicinal purposes in osteoporosis, rickets and other diseases, as well as the ability of fluoride to stimulate immunoreactivity and hematopoiesis in the human body. Based on field observations, it has been shown that natural waters with a high fluorine content in combination with calcium have a positive effect on the body’s resistance to radiation damage. Fluorine is even capable of reducing the concentration of strontium in bone tissue by about 40%, and this process is not accompanied by a depletion of calcium in the human skeleton.

Scientific research of the Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after. A.N. Sysin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Dental Association of Russia showed that the problem of fluoridation is of decisive importance in the formation of healthy teeth in children and in the general prevention of caries. The problem of caries is also relevant for the adult population, since its consequences are not limited to the destruction of the masticatory apparatus. Complicated forms of caries often lead to inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial area, allergization of the body, diseases of the ENT organs, digestive, excretory and other systems.

According to WHO, the widespread incidence of dental caries is largely due to a deficiency of fluoride in drinking water. Thus, in the prevention of caries, the use of improved chewing gum is estimated at only 2–3%, and the use of modern fluoride-containing toothpastes at 25–30%. The highest preventive effect (from 40 to 70%) is ensured by the intake of fluoride into the body with water. Thus, without sufficient supply of fluoride to the body from drinking water, an effective solution to the problem of caries is almost impossible.

Unfortunately, the range and level of physiologically necessary fluoride concentrations in water is extremely narrow, low and amounts to 0.6-1.5 mg/l. At lower concentrations, there is practically no positive effect of this element on the human body, and an increase in concentrations to values ​​​​of more than 2-3 mg/l leads to serious damage to bone tissue and inhibition of the functional activity of the central nervous system.

Using the microelement fluorine as an example, the importance of microelements entering the human body through drinking water and food products containing a significant amount of liquid was examined in more detail.

The trace element iodine is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and affects the metabolic and regenerative processes of the body. In excess, it affects the activity of enzyme systems, changes the structural and functional characteristics of the thyroid gland, liver, and kidneys. With a deficiency, there is a change in the metabolic processes of the body, characteristic of hypofunction of the thyroid gland. The physiological value of iodine in drinking water and liquid products based on it is 10-125 mcg/l. At the same time, the intake of iodine into the body should not exceed 1 mg/day; if it is taken into the body in excess, in particular with water, it does not have time to be excreted and chronic poisoning may develop.

To date, domestic and foreign researchers have established the optimal parameters for the macro-mineral composition of drinking water, which largely coincide with the requirements SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" .

The standard divides water (still), packaged in containers, into two categories - “First” and “Higher”. The main difference between the categories is the presence in the requirements for the chemical composition of water of the “Highest Category” of restrictions not only on the maximum concentrations of individual substances, but also by limiting their minimum content.

Indicators (“Water of the highest category”) for which maximum and minimum values ​​are standardized:

Water sources with a suitable chemical composition are quite rare in nature. Even if bottled water production has access to a source of water whose composition complies with the standard, there are some subtleties that should be taken into account at the production design stage.

CALCULATION OF PRODUCTION NEED FOR TREATED WATER

When calculating water consumption for bottled water production, it is necessary to take into account not only the direct water consumption for the production of the product, but also a number of other factors influencing the consumption of prepared water.

Hourly consumption of prepared water for product production ( W h, l/h) is calculated using the formula -

Where:

Nh- maximum hourly productivity of the bottling line (in bottles);
Wb
kw

Daily water requirement ( Wd, l/day) is determined by the formula -

Where:

W h- hourly consumption of prepared water for product production (l/hour);
T w- duration of operation of the bottling line per day (hours);
kw- coefficient expressing the amount of water consumed for the final washing of containers.

When calculating the daily need for prepared water, it is also necessary to take into account the water consumption for the preparation of cleaning solutions and scheduled cleaning of bottling equipment.

If the design of the bottling line does not include its own tank and pump feeding the bottling unit, then it is necessary to calculate the peak flow rate of product water ( Wp, l/s), according to the formula -

Where:

Nb- the number of bottles simultaneously placed in the bottling unit (unit) (in pieces of bottles);
Wb- volume of one bottle (in liters);
T s- filling cycle time (in seconds).

Data on the maximum second flow rate is necessary for the correct selection of a pump (pumping station) supplying prepared water to the bottling line.

For final washing of containers, only food grade water should be used. Water consumption for final washing is usually 5 - 15% of the volume of water poured into the container. Respectively coefficient - kw is accepted within the range of 1.05 - 1.15, depending on the characteristics declared by the manufacturer of the specific bottling line equipment.

When calculating required productivity of the water supply source, you should also take into account the water consumption for the own needs of water treatment equipment, which depends on the technologies and water treatment equipment used. The total consumption of source water is calculated by the organization that carried out the calculation and selection of equipment, after agreeing with the Customer on the technology and composition of the water treatment station.

FEATURES OF WATER PURIFICATION AND PREPARATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NEEDS OF BOTTLED WATER PRODUCTION

Almost all existing purification and water treatment technologies can be used in preparing water for the production of bottled water. In this article we will not focus on technologies and equipment for water pre-treatment such as: mechanical filtration , lightening/deferrization, demanganization , hydrogen sulfide removal, reduction in the content of organic substances, reduction in oxidation, etc., but let’s consider the methods of final water treatment, since they determine the chemical composition, organoleptic properties and sanitary safety of the prepared water.

The final preparation of water can be divided into several stages, these are:

Depending on the chemical composition and other features of pre-purified water, the above stages may be located in different sequences or may be completely absent in the technological chain of final water preparation.

REDUCTION IN TOTAL SALT CONTENT

As stated, even if water from an enterprise’s water supply source meets the standard requirements in all respects, this does not mean that it can be directly bottled and satisfy the expectations of the end consumer (let’s talk about sanitary safety).

A little marketing

The main “problem” of natural waters is that they can cause scale formation, even at relatively low levels of hardness. Hardness in most natural waters is present in the form of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates Ca(HCO 3) 2, Mg(HCO 3) 2, which cause temporary water hardness. To prevent scale formation, it is necessary to reduce the hydrocarbonate alkalinity of commercial water.

 IT IS WORTH NOTING that any technology for reducing alkalinity implies a concomitant reduction in the hardness and total salt content of the treated water.

Technologies used to reduce total salt content:

DECARBONIZATION And NANOFILTRATION applicable at a relatively low content of hardness salts - up to 10 mg eq./l, alkalinity - up to 5 mg eq./l and total mineralization up to 900 mg/l. If the source water is highly mineralized, technology should be considered as a key technology REVERSE OSMOSIS or alternative methods of water desalination.

IN DECARBONIZATION Calcium and magnesium ions forming carbonate hardness are removed (replaced with hydrogen ions), non-carbonate hardness - also called “residual” hardness - remains. The decarbonization process also removes "temporary" alkalinity (HCO 3) associated with calcium and magnesium ions.

The effect of water purification by H-cation with starvation regeneration is influenced by the presence of sodium ions in the source water. When there is a lot of sodium in the source water, the alkalinity of the filtrate decreases from the beginning of the operating cycle, then increases and on average per cycle is 0.7-0.8 mg eq/l. At the beginning and end of the working cycle, a deeply softened filtrate is obtained; the appearance of non-carbonate hardness is observed in the middle part of the filter cycle. “Averaging” of the chemical composition of the filtrate in this case can be done in the intermediate storage tank of the treated water storage system.

A “side” effect of decarbonization is a low pH value (about 3 units) of the prepared water. That is, in the water treatment technology of a bottled water production enterprise, pH normalization will be required - either at the stage of storing product water, or at the stage of correcting the salt composition of the prepared water.

 TO THE BENEFITS Applications of a decarbonization plant can be attributed to relatively low equipment costs and operating costs.

 TO THE DISADVANTAGES - increased requirements for the safety of the water treatment room and the labor safety of operating personnel, due to the fact that for regeneration of the installation load it is used CONCENTRATED HORRICALS OR SULFURIC ACID . And also the need to neutralize regeneration effluents from the installation.

 WHEN USING NANOFILTRATION TECHNOLOGY membrane elements with a certain pore size are used, which ensures their selectivity to multiply charged and “large” ions. Monovalent ions (cations and anions) are generally not retained by the membrane. In reality, with selectivity for MgSO 4 at the level of 98-99%, selectivity for NaCl for various nanofiltration membranes is 20-70%. When water is passed through such a nanofiltration membrane, all suspended matter, colloids, bacteria and viruses, heavy metal cations and some organic contaminants are removed. There is a fairly deep cleaning of hardness salts - 10-50 times. The concentration of sodium salts decreases slightly. As a result, the water is softened and partially desalted.

The degree of water softening is determined by the characteristics of the membranes used and, since the selectivity of nanofiltration membranes to Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations is different, it depends on the composition of the water.

Selectivity of the “average” nanofiltration membrane for major ions:

The reduction in total salt content is, on average, 66%, and depends on the salt composition of the source water.

DIGNITY Nanofiltration of water is a reduction not only of water hardness, but also of alkalinity, salt content, as well as the removal of mechanical, organic and biological contaminants of water without the need to use reagents and problems with salt runoff with a relatively simple scheme. In some cases, the use of this technology allows you to refuse.

DISADVANTAGE - is a lower possible depth of water softening (although in the production of bottled water, in some cases, this can be an advantage), the need for more thorough pre-treatment of water than with ion exchange, and significantly larger volumes of water consumption, electricity and waste volume. True, since the latter are low-salt, their discharge is much easier to coordinate with environmental authorities.

USING REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY It is advisable for high, more than 1500 mg/l, salt content of the source water. The selectivity of the membrane of the reverse osmosis installation for the main ions is 99 - 90%, that is, deep desalination of water occurs.

Average selectivity of a reverse osmosis membrane for major ions (in real conditions):

The reduction in total salt content is, on average, 95.4%, and depends on the salt composition of the source water.

If the produced water must meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" - First category, then further adjustment of the salt composition is generally not required. In the case when it is planned to produce “Highest Category” water, the salt composition of commercial water will need to be changed.

Due to the similarity of design features and operating principles of nanofiltration units and reverse osmosis units, the specifics of their application are very similar, but there are also some operational differences.

TO ADVANTAGES Reverse osmosis technology can be attributed to a significant reduction in salt content and almost complete sterility of water treated with this method.

TO DISADVANTAGES - the need for more thorough pre-treatment of water than with ion exchange, and significantly larger volumes of water consumption, electricity and the volume of highly saline waste. Low pH level (5 - 6 units) of prepared water. The need for subsequent adjustment of the salt composition if the manufacturer decides to bottle “Higher Category” water.

CORRECTION OF SALT COMPOSITION

To improve the taste properties of water and bring the indicators of its chemical composition into compliance with SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02, "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers" - Highest category, in most cases it will be necessary to adjust the content of individual mineral substances or salt composition in general in. It may also be necessary to adjust the pH value.

The choice of method(s) by which the correction will be carried out depends on the chemical composition of the water supplied to the installation for reducing the total salt content and the technology used for desalination.

SUBMISSION it is advisable to use in cases where the source water does not have critical excesses of the maximum permissible concentration ( P extremely D omitted TO concentrations) of chemicals regulated standard. Critical excesses include excesses of more than ten times the maximum permissible concentration for individual ions.

Technically, the admixture is implemented by combining the flow of water supplied to the partial desalting equipment and the flow of desalted filtrate, with the speed of the first flow limited. The water supplied for correction should not contain substances whose permissible content is designated in the standard as “Absence” or “Traces”.

Required water flow in the mixing line ( W 2

 

Where:

From 0
C 1
W 1- filtrate flow (l/h);
C 2- content of the substance in the source water (mg/l).

Behind C 2 a substance with a maximum excess of the MPC standard is accepted. After calculating the required flow rate, it is necessary to check the calculated content of other ions in the treated water.

Checking the content of any substance after mixing ( C 0, mg/l) is calculated using the formula:

 

Where:

C 1- substance content in the filtrate (mg/l);
W 1- filtrate flow (l/h);
C 2- content of the substance in the source water (mg/l);
W 2- flow rate in the mixing line (l/h).

 DOSING solutions of necessary substances in demineralized water along with , is one of the most common methods of correcting the salt composition of bottled water. Unlike the latter, dosing correction allows you to “point-wise” change the chemical composition of water, although it is a more expensive solution, both in capital and operating costs.

The solution(s) are introduced into partially demineralized water using a dispenser pump from the reagent tank in which the solution is prepared and stored.

The dispenser pump and, accordingly, the amount of injected reagent are controlled either in proportion to the filtrate flow (via a water meter), or by devices that monitor the content of certain ions in the water or measure the total salt content of the filtrate after introducing the correction solution.

Calculation of the required capacity of the metering pump is carried out using the same formula as the calculation of the capacity of the mixing line, but with some nuances.

Required performance of the dosing pump ( W 2, l/h) is calculated using the formula:

Where:

From 0- required content of the substance in commercial water (mg/l);
C 1- substance content in the filtrate (mg/l);
W 1- filtrate flow (l/h);
C 2- substance content in the dosed solution (mg/l);
kw- dosage range.

Coefficient kw indicates the range within which the dosing pump can be adjusted. For example - taking kw = 1, when calculating, we obtain the value of the maximum pump performance, i.e. if necessary, we will not be able to increase the amount of the administered substance. Recommended coefficient values kw are in the range 0,3 - 0,7 .

FILTERING THROUGH PARTIALLY SOLUBLE LOADS applicable at pH levels below 6. In the process of filtering water through such media, the filter material gradually dissolves, saturating the water with various minerals. Simultaneously with the increase in salt content, the pH value of the treated water increases. Such materials usually have self-limiting properties; as the pH normalizes, the dissolution of the material stops.

A typical load used to correct the salt composition and pH of water is CALCITE , manufactured by CLACK CORP (USA). CALCITE granules mainly composed of natural calcium carbonate and, to a lesser extent, calcium chloride. Gradually dissolving, CALCITE passes into water in the form of calcium bicarbonate and chlorides. In addition, neutralization of free carbon dioxide contained in water occurs in the intergranular space and on the surface of the granules.

Structurally, the installation for correcting the salt composition based on partially soluble charges is a “regular” fast pressure filter.

The decision on the advisability of using one or another correction method depends on many factors. This is the chemical composition of the initial and pre-prepared water; and the selected pre-treatment technology; and economic factors that should certainly be taken into account. We should not forget that all of the above methods can be used not only individually, but also combined in any way. OZONATION OF WATER before serving it for bottling.

But what about ultraviolet disinfection or saturation of water with silver ions? - You ask.

UV DISINFECTION UNITS do not provide a prolonged sterilization effect, that is, the water leaving the sterilizer practically does not contain living microorganisms, but does not have antiseptic properties. Such water, coming into contact with microbiological contaminants present on the internal surfaces of pipelines, bottles, plugs and simply in the surrounding air, is re-inseminated. Microorganisms that get into such water begin to multiply and soon their number goes beyond the maximum permissible concentration limits standard .

About efficiency or "usefulness" TREATMENT OF WATER WITH SILVER IONS many articles have been written. We will express our point of view on this issue and provide several absolutely reliable facts that are easy to verify.

Domestic sanitary standards limit the maximum permissible concentration of silver ions in water - the value 50 µg/l. The death of some microorganisms (not all) in water is caused by silver concentrations over 250 µg/l. Silver - heavy metal, capable of accumulating in the human body, this metal belongs to the second hazard class(highly hazardous substances). At “maximum” concentrations, silver ions have a weak bacteriostatic effect (the ability to slow down the growth of microorganisms). The use of this method to ensure the antiseptic properties of water, in our opinion, is not only ineffective, but also dangerous.

OZONATION represents the only modern method of water treatment that is truly universal, since it manifests its effect simultaneously in bacteriological, physical and organoleptic terms. Ozone is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents that destroys bacteria, spores and viruses. The mechanism of water disinfection with ozone is based on its ability to inactivate complex organic protein substances contained in animal and plant organisms. During ozonation, simultaneously with disinfection, water becomes discolored, as well as its deodorization and improvement of taste.

The bleaching effect of ozone is due to the oxidation of compounds that cause color in water; they turn into simpler molecules that have no color. Ozonation gives water a distinct blue tint.

Ozone does not impart tastes or odors to water and has the very valuable property of self-decomposition - after completion of treatment, after some time (up to 12 hours, taking into account the decomposition of the gas phase), ozone turns back into oxygen. Thanks to this, ozone overdose is not a problem. At its core, water purification with ozone is equivalent to a multiply accelerated procedure for natural water purification, which occurs in natural conditions under the influence of atmospheric oxygen and solar radiation.

During ozonation, by-products such as ketones, aldehydes, bromates (if bromides are present), organic acids, and peroxides can be formed. Before using ozonation, it is necessary to make sure that there are no substances in the water treated with ozone that can form the indicated compounds.

CORRECTION OF MICROELEMENT CONTENTS

At the stage, correction of the content of elements such as fluorine and iodine is difficult for several reasons. This is a very strict “fork” of the MPC, within which it is necessary to maintain the concentration (Iodide ion - 0.04 - 0.06 mg/l, Fluoride ion - 0.6 - 1.2 mg/l), and the probability disintegration during storage and disinfection of prepared water.

Dosing solutions of such substances must be done directly into the bottle, introducing the required dose of the solution through the filling head at the moment of filling the bottle. For precise dosing of the solution, precision dispenser pumps synchronized with the filling unit are used.

Required performance of a precision metering pump( W 2, ml/s) is calculated using the formula:

The development of water treatment technology for the production of bottled water requires an integrated approach. The stability of the quality of the final product depends on the degree of automation of the entire complex of water treatment equipment and the degree of its integration with the bottling line.

Today it is possible to organize a business in almost any type of activity. It is not at all necessary to open a large production facility right away. You can start with a small workshop. For example, producing drinking water is not a very difficult task, although it requires patience, care and work.

Advantages and features

I must say that this business has its advantages:

High payback;

Possibility of expansion;

High demand for quality products.

Naturally, drinking water production is not without its drawbacks. For example, you will have to collect an impressive amount of start-up capital, since you cannot do without expensive equipment. In addition, you will need to constantly deal with the sanitary and epidemiological service, which monitors water quality. However, a properly organized business can generate high income. Naturally, to do this, you first need to outline a business plan, decide on the sales market and other nuances. It is important to consider the level of competition.

Be sure to decide what type of activity you will be doing. That is, you can sell water from your well that needs to be drilled; engage in bottling and supply of foreign water to city markets. At the same time, you must also decide on the method of obtaining water. It can be key or obtained from the tap and cleaned with state-of-the-art filters.

What documents are needed?

Now let’s look at the question of what, exactly, is needed in order to open the production of drinking water:

1. Certificate of a private entrepreneur.

2. Charter of the company.

3. Conclusions of the safety authorities (fire service and SES) on the compliance of your equipment with all established standards.

4. A certificate stating that the quality of water used in production fully satisfies all state requirements (also issued by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service).

5. Business license. To do this, you will naturally have to collect documents such as a lease agreement for premises and equipment, and all your personal data certified by a notary.

In principle, these documents are quite enough to open the production of drinking water. Naturally, you will need a bank account. In addition, you need to draw up agreements with suppliers of water (if you do not produce it yourself), containers and other consumables.

Features of choosing premises and personnel

Opening a drinking water production plant is not very difficult. It is much more difficult to keep it afloat. To work, you will definitely need a room (workshop) of sufficient size and full access. Naturally, the building must have a supply of all necessary energy resources, a telephone line, and the Internet.

It is advisable that the premises be renovated and not old. Pay special attention to the quality of electrical wiring. The fact is that the production of bottled water requires the use of a large amount of equipment.

The building will need to be divided into several parts: the area where the water will be extracted, the liquid purification room (multi-stage), as well as its spillage. In addition, you will need staff rooms where workers can change clothes, have lunch, and relax. A warehouse is required for finished products. Naturally, each room must meet sanitary standards.

What equipment is needed for the job?

The production of bottled water occurs using complex and quite expensive mechanisms. Their number depends on your financial capabilities and the scale of your business.

So, the work requires the following equipment for water production:

Mechanisms by which the extracted liquid is purified;

Water bottling machines.

If you want to reduce the cost of production, you can purchase a machine for making plastic containers into which you will package the liquid. However, this is not at all necessary. You can enter into an agreement with suppliers of plastic bottles. Moreover, in any case you have the opportunity to adjust the amount of containers.

Today, you can buy an entire automated production line for your drinking water bottling workshop, which consists of all the necessary units. However, such equipment should be purchased if you see prospects for further business expansion.

What quality should the products have?

Water is an essential element for the body, just like air. Naturally, it must meet the highest quality requirements and international standards. Before organizing the production of drinking bottled water, it should be taken into account that it must be harmless and safe in chemical composition. In addition, the liquid should not have an increased background radiation or contain harmful bacteria and microorganisms that can cause various types of epidemics.

Let's take a closer look at the water quality criteria. So, the liquid should not contain dangerous and harmful substances that may appear as a result of its extraction and processing. Also note that not all sources have water suitable for consumption. That is, the well should be drilled where there are deposits of maximum clean liquid.

The water must be taken for analysis by the sanitary and epidemiological service. After this, you will receive a response with a detailed description of the substances and compounds contained in the liquid, as well as their quantities. It should be noted that the source should not be contaminated with any mechanical debris. Be sure to make sure that there are no living organisms in the water. Otherwise, your products will quickly deteriorate and may harm your health.

Manufacturing technology

In order for you to get a finished product, you need to go through several stages. The production of drinking bottled water begins with the receipt of raw materials.

To store it, you will need large tanks made from environmentally friendly materials. After this, the liquid must undergo multi-stage cleaning:

Mechanical. Moreover, it is carried out in 2 stages: coarse (impurities 450 microns in size are eliminated) and fine, thanks to which the smallest particles of debris are removed from the water.

Chemical. Produced using the latest technologies and substances. Combined methods are used here: chlorination (the most common), ultraviolet or ozone treatment.

Now the prepared water can be poured into containers. This happens on an automated line that does not require human intervention. Additionally, you can enrich your products with oxygen.